Based Camp - March 12, 2024


Abiogenesis： What Is the Probability Life Arose from Inorganic Chemicals？


Episode Stats

Length

32 minutes

Words per Minute

188.13156

Word Count

6,088

Sentence Count

371

Misogynist Sentences

5

Hate Speech Sentences

6


Summary

In this episode of the podcast, we have a guest on the show who is a science fiction and fantasy nerd. He's a writer, a podcaster, a nerd, and a skeptic who happens to be a scientist. We talk about the mystery of life on Earth and how it came to be, and why it might have happened.


Transcript

00:00:00.000 What you have communicated to me is that there have been far more viable pathways to life
00:00:07.960 springing out of no life than was previously something I thought was a thing.
00:00:15.100 You know, I thought, oh, something, something, lightning, something, something, hot air
00:00:17.460 vents, something, something, whatever chemical processes.
00:00:21.360 But you're indicating that there are a lot of different ways and that life coming to
00:00:26.900 exist is not that surprising, at least in our environment, in the earth.
00:00:31.880 In fact, I think the most compelling hypothesis for ambiogenesis is the clay hypothesis, which
00:00:37.100 we'll get to.
00:00:38.080 So it literally means the thing that later became life was originally clay.
00:00:41.460 That's so biblical.
00:00:42.860 Oh, my gosh.
00:00:44.160 Oh, shh.
00:00:45.340 What are you doing?
00:00:46.940 Would you like to know more?
00:00:48.260 I remember listening to a podcast or something with Andrew Tate, where he was talking about
00:00:55.260 him getting blood work done to prove that he wasn't doping.
00:01:00.000 And he couldn't remember really anything about his actual blood work results.
00:01:04.980 And he kept saying hydroglobin, which is not a part of it.
00:01:09.360 Hydroglobin?
00:01:09.980 It's not a thing.
00:01:12.220 Hydroglobin is not a thing.
00:01:14.060 Hydroglobin.
00:01:14.760 Do you think he made hemoglobin?
00:01:16.740 Yeah.
00:01:17.480 Yeah.
00:01:17.960 I mean, at first he knew, I think at first he got it wrong by mistake and then probably
00:01:22.540 saw how everyone was looking at him and then just kind of leaned into it.
00:01:25.220 Cause he's like, no, I'm not one of you.
00:01:28.320 Yeah.
00:01:28.760 Yeah.
00:01:28.980 I said it's hydroglobin.
00:01:30.700 It's now hydroglobin.
00:01:32.040 Yeah.
00:01:32.600 You know, the reason why I'm wearing a vest right now.
00:01:34.960 And the reason why people don't know this, you don't bottom button, the bottom button
00:01:38.260 on a vest is because the King, I want to say, I forget which, it might've been King Henry
00:01:43.180 the eights because he got so fat at one point.
00:01:44.840 I thought it was the regent.
00:01:46.820 Didn't you say it was the regent of the Prince regent during the Regency era?
00:01:50.320 Oh, it might've been.
00:01:50.860 I remember when bests were a thing.
00:01:52.320 So like, yeah, he couldn't wear the bottom button.
00:01:54.800 And then that just became the style.
00:01:56.280 You don't wear the bottom button.
00:01:57.720 So Andrew Tate makes a mistake in how he says hemoglobin.
00:02:00.760 And now that's the new style.
00:02:01.540 It's hydroglobin guys.
00:02:03.240 Yeah.
00:02:03.620 It's official.
00:02:04.500 At least if you're a baller.
00:02:06.300 It's one I have sort of been putting off for a while because it requires a lot of technicalities
00:02:10.240 to talk about, but it's in, to me, an incredibly important topic because I see it talked
00:02:14.760 about in online spaces.
00:02:16.180 We've entered a world in which education has gotten really, really bad.
00:02:19.980 Um, especially along things that could have like challenge woke stuff, but also stuff
00:02:26.720 that can be overly challenging sometimes to religious stuff.
00:02:29.880 Yeah.
00:02:30.080 So I'll ask you in school, did you ever study ambiogenesis?
00:02:33.460 Did you ever study how the first life evolved on the planet?
00:02:37.280 Never.
00:02:37.800 Definitely.
00:02:38.420 Certainly.
00:02:38.800 Absolutely.
00:02:39.120 Not in high school.
00:02:39.900 And then in college, in historical geology class, we did discuss like here are, and we
00:02:48.300 glazed over it.
00:02:49.640 Like it could have been chemical.
00:02:51.180 It could have been whatever.
00:02:52.980 And like here, but we didn't go in.
00:02:54.700 I never heard that word.
00:02:56.520 Yeah.
00:02:57.040 Well, and it's, it's, it's worse than that.
00:02:59.140 What really got me is actually talking to Robin Hanson.
00:03:01.440 Um, and he had said that he thought, he's talking about great filtration events, right?
00:03:06.160 He's talking about great filters.
00:03:07.220 So if you're talking about the Fermi paradox, this actually becomes a very important thing
00:03:10.440 to have information on and know about, because you need to judge in your calculations of like,
00:03:16.040 why haven't we seen other aliens yet?
00:03:18.040 Is it unlikely that life evolves on a planet with the preconditions for life?
00:03:23.180 Right.
00:03:24.080 And he said it was very unlikely.
00:03:26.620 Like that was one of the biggest filters was that the first life came on our planet.
00:03:30.220 And I think if it's a topic that you're particularly educated on, and he said, when he said it,
00:03:36.060 he's like, and weirdly, a lot of people who are studying this area don't think it's that
00:03:40.220 big a filter.
00:03:40.940 And he's like, and I don't understand why, like, and this to me just had me realize it
00:03:46.560 must just be that he's never dug that deep into it as a concept because it is actually
00:03:51.720 not a big filter life appearing on this planet.
00:03:54.900 And this is another problem with, with a lot of attacks that religious people will use
00:04:00.000 against atheism that just don't land very hard because they haven't studied these subjects
00:04:05.280 in a lot of detail, or they just haven't put a lot of thought into these subjects.
00:04:10.420 Life evolving on a planet like Earth was incredibly likely, almost guaranteed from what we understand
00:04:18.760 right now.
00:04:19.520 Old time.
00:04:20.120 So first you need to understand why it's almost guaranteed, because you need to understand
00:04:25.400 what you need as a prerequisite for life and all its complexity that we know it as having
00:04:31.320 now to first come about.
00:04:35.580 What you need is any type of, it does not need to be RNA.
00:04:40.480 It doesn't need to look like life today.
00:04:42.720 In fact, I think the most compelling hypothesis for ambiogenesis is the clay hypothesis, which
00:04:47.920 we'll get to.
00:04:48.880 So it literally means the thing that later became life was originally clay.
00:04:52.340 That's so biblical.
00:04:53.660 Oh my gosh.
00:04:54.960 Oh, shh.
00:04:56.180 What are you doing?
00:04:57.720 We just went over the Adam and Eve story and we didn't talk about clay.
00:05:00.960 Did you just talk about clay?
00:05:03.240 Well, I tell you, that story has all sorts of truths in it.
00:05:06.020 It did a very good job of capturing the truth of reality in a very big way.
00:05:10.400 And that's why I think that it had some sort of actual spiritualist or not spiritualist,
00:05:17.700 but like some sort of supernatural inspiration to it.
00:05:20.220 But let's go back to this and stop talking about the religious stuff, okay?
00:05:23.480 Clay, I think is the most likely answer.
00:05:25.860 And maybe the Bible is pointing to us that that actually is how life started.
00:05:29.960 But this is something that people really get wrong.
00:05:31.740 They think that the early life needs to kind of look like life today.
00:05:34.200 And it really doesn't.
00:05:35.100 All you need is a self-replicating pattern that has some degree of variability in its replication.
00:05:46.160 That is it.
00:05:47.660 You need nothing else.
00:05:50.740 Any simple self-replicating pattern will eventually, given enough time,
00:05:56.940 become something similar to life as we understand it,
00:05:59.740 so long as it has minor variabilities in that self-replication.
00:06:03.200 Because the minor variabilities allow for evolution.
00:06:07.860 So if you have something really, really, really...
00:06:10.920 So this then comes to something that a lot of people don't get, right?
00:06:14.720 So they talk about Spiegelman's monster.
00:06:16.900 So I should talk about Spiegelman's monster really quickly.
00:06:19.280 And they think that it makes it look unlikely that ambiogenesis happened,
00:06:23.100 when it's just a misunderstanding of ambiogenesis.
00:06:26.440 What is Spiegelman's monster?
00:06:28.200 Spiegelman's monster is an RNA chain of only 218 nucleotides
00:06:33.320 that is able to reproduce by the RNA replication enzyme,
00:06:36.840 RNA-dependent RNA polymerase, also called RNA replicase.
00:06:40.620 So basically, Spiegelman introduced RNA from a simple bacteriophage
00:06:45.180 into a solution which contained the bacteriophage replicase,
00:06:50.080 some free nucleotides, and some salts.
00:06:52.340 In this environment, the RNA started to replicate.
00:06:54.620 Oh, shit. He created life. You're not supposed to do that.
00:06:58.300 Not exactly. He took part of something that was already living
00:07:00.960 and then put it in a solution.
00:07:01.740 Oh, okay. Okay. Okay. Here we be remixed. Okay.
00:07:05.360 So shorter RNA chains were able to be replicated faster.
00:07:09.320 So the RNA became shorter and shorter as selection favored speed.
00:07:13.140 After 74 generations, the original strand was 4,500 nucleotide bases
00:07:19.080 ended up as a dwarf genome with only 218 bases.
00:07:23.060 This short RNA sequence replicated very quickly in these unnatural circumstances.
00:07:28.780 So when people are arguing against ambiogenesis, they go,
00:07:31.380 he took something alive, put it in another solution,
00:07:34.440 and it got simpler basically over time.
00:07:37.320 That is the antithesis of evolution in their mind.
00:07:41.140 But that's not. That is the thing that was more fit.
00:07:45.020 The thing that was able to replicate faster was in that environment,
00:07:48.740 out-competing the things that replicated more slowly.
00:07:51.800 And eventually, after a certain period of time,
00:07:55.780 the things that are replicating very faster,
00:07:57.680 one iteration of them will develop some mutation
00:08:00.860 that prevents the ones around them from replicating as fast.
00:08:04.840 Or maybe starts consuming some of the ones that were replicating around it
00:08:08.500 for the energy that are in them.
00:08:10.520 Or begins...
00:08:11.640 There's all sorts of little things that it might evolve,
00:08:15.040 little chemical tricks it might evolve,
00:08:17.000 that give it a leg up that allows it to out-compete the other ones.
00:08:19.840 And then you begin to get evolution going in the other direction.
00:08:23.600 But even when you are talking about evolution on Earth today,
00:08:27.680 typically when you first put something in an environment
00:08:30.820 that is just abundant in food and has no natural predators,
00:08:34.320 you are going to have that thing become, quote-unquote, simpler,
00:08:38.260 because it's losing its defenses.
00:08:40.360 It's losing all of the complicated things about it at first.
00:08:42.760 This is something we see in evolution.
00:08:44.180 The classic dodo bird, although that's not really a good example,
00:08:48.020 but it's the way that people think about it in their mind.
00:08:50.840 Like it lost flight, it lost a lot of its defensive mechanisms
00:08:53.020 because it didn't have those types of predators in its environment
00:08:55.480 and it didn't need those defensive mechanisms anymore.
00:08:57.800 And it was more efficient to just be a simpler bird.
00:09:00.540 But in Spiegelton's Monster,
00:09:02.080 you're having this on crack basically happen, right?
00:09:04.740 You're having the true simplest self-replicating pattern end up winning.
00:09:09.680 And I should also note that there has been further work.
00:09:11.900 So if you look at the work of M. Sumper and R. Luce
00:09:15.020 of Manfred Igg's Laboratory,
00:09:17.400 replicated the experiment except without adding RNA,
00:09:20.720 only RNA bases and replicase.
00:09:23.100 And they found that under the right conditions,
00:09:25.380 the replicase could spontaneously generate RNA,
00:09:28.140 which evolves into a similar form of Spiegelton Monster.
00:09:30.800 So what you're seeing here is sort of a convergent evolution
00:09:33.940 of this simple replicator within this environment, right?
00:09:37.740 But I actually don't think that this is particularly important to me.
00:09:40.260 So first, something to note.
00:09:41.900 Before we go further,
00:09:43.080 there are many hypotheses for how life first evolved.
00:09:46.520 And basically, whatever somebody studies,
00:09:49.780 they'll think that that was the first thing that evolved.
00:09:52.020 Because as soon as you understand something well,
00:09:54.620 a part of life,
00:09:56.600 you realize how it could form under natural circumstances
00:09:59.840 and then start to have evolutionary pressure
00:10:02.420 begin to apply to it.
00:10:04.000 So people who study lipid bilayers
00:10:07.680 think that the cell membrane was basically the first thing that evolved.
00:10:11.880 The people who study mitochondria
00:10:14.320 think that the very first thing that happened,
00:10:16.020 I think this is the second most likely answer,
00:10:18.060 is that the C cycle,
00:10:19.180 a simple C cycle,
00:10:20.180 a chemical cycle that creates energy,
00:10:23.340 was the very first thing that was self-replicating.
00:10:27.000 Because we see the self-replicate in nature all the time.
00:10:29.540 So it's already like a self-replicating thing.
00:10:31.880 All you need is some variation within it
00:10:33.520 and a stable enough environment for it to replicate for a while
00:10:36.140 that it begins to build up protective mechanisms and stuff like that.
00:10:39.080 People who study RNA and DNA,
00:10:40.680 well, they believe in the RNA world.
00:10:42.160 You know, they think that RNA was the very first thing that existed.
00:10:45.500 Availability heuristic.
00:10:46.700 There you go.
00:10:47.960 Well, it's not really,
00:10:48.980 it's more than the availability heuristic
00:10:50.580 because it shows a truth to me.
00:10:51.960 It shows that everyone who's a specialist
00:10:54.240 in a specific thing that could have been
00:10:56.300 the very first thing that led to life
00:10:58.340 believes it is so likely that their thing
00:11:01.820 was the first thing that evolved to life.
00:11:03.140 Oh, and so you're just trying to show that this is,
00:11:04.820 this shows,
00:11:05.360 this demonstrates the abundance of plausible ways
00:11:07.740 that you could create life.
00:11:08.800 That there's so, so many different,
00:11:10.580 very realistic pathways.
00:11:12.640 Yes.
00:11:13.280 And so this is really important to understanding all of this.
00:11:17.280 But I could take a moment to go over
00:11:19.720 some of these pathways because I think that they are,
00:11:22.000 so you've got chemical evolution,
00:11:23.480 you've got the RNA.
00:11:24.040 Oh, and then we'll rate them in the end
00:11:25.520 from who's the hottest to who's the ugliest.
00:11:28.940 Well, I don't,
00:11:30.460 actually I'm not going to go through them all
00:11:32.080 because I know you hate episodes
00:11:33.100 where it seems like I am just talking.
00:11:35.620 So I'll talk about some of the more specific ones, right?
00:11:38.660 Yes.
00:11:38.780 So the one that I find,
00:11:40.620 the two that I find the hottest,
00:11:41.880 the ones that I'm most convinced by,
00:11:44.100 it's a citric cycle hypothesis,
00:11:46.240 which says the citric cycle was a key metabolic pathway.
00:11:49.180 It can self-replicate.
00:11:51.840 Could it have been the first thing?
00:11:53.500 Yeah, it could have been the first thing.
00:11:54.980 The other one that I think is very likely
00:11:56.360 is the clay hypothesis.
00:11:58.020 Mineral surfaces of clay
00:11:58.580 Yeah, let's go into the clay.
00:12:00.000 Could concentrate organic molecules
00:12:01.640 and enable polymerization.
00:12:04.540 So basically it's concentrating organic molecules
00:12:07.260 in really simplistic patterns
00:12:09.260 and the molecules are replicating
00:12:11.260 within these sort of two-dimensional services
00:12:13.740 or crevices within the clay,
00:12:15.580 which creates these-
00:12:16.540 So clay is defined as like wet dirt.
00:12:19.700 Yes.
00:12:20.340 And the reason why the clay hypothesis
00:12:22.740 is so compelling to me
00:12:24.100 is because it creates such a stable environment.
00:12:27.260 And the stability of this early environment
00:12:29.540 is what makes it so plausible to me
00:12:32.100 because you have other things
00:12:33.600 like the beach hypothesis, basically.
00:12:35.600 This is to say that the environment
00:12:36.940 that created the first life
00:12:38.420 was the waves lapping on the beach.
00:12:41.200 So if you just have-
00:12:42.640 The repeated mechanical-
00:12:44.460 Yeah, you have a repeated mechanical thing
00:12:46.580 and then the thing that it's lapping against
00:12:48.340 could find a way to use that energy
00:12:50.740 to essentially self-replicate
00:12:52.280 some simple chemical pattern.
00:12:53.800 Interesting.
00:12:54.200 Or some simple lattice or something like that.
00:12:57.520 Well, I mean, yeah, you're putting matter
00:12:59.500 into so many different patterns and configurations
00:13:01.580 that eventually you're going to get something that's-
00:13:03.380 Yeah, the problem is that I think
00:13:05.340 that those patterns are too subject to-
00:13:09.660 Because you need energy,
00:13:10.700 but you need not so much energy
00:13:12.360 that it disrupts the patterns, right?
00:13:14.940 So if you have heat, for example,
00:13:17.400 the heat helps with this
00:13:18.760 because it's useful in a lot of sort of protein interactions
00:13:21.260 and different ways that energy is created.
00:13:22.620 But if you have too much heat,
00:13:23.920 it denatures everything, right?
00:13:26.220 And it's very hard to keep stable chemical reactions.
00:13:29.300 Actually, I want to talk about a side note here
00:13:31.120 what a lot of people have probably heard about
00:13:32.660 and I want to-
00:13:33.600 So the Uri Miller experiment
00:13:34.940 is one of the most famous experiments in this place
00:13:36.600 where he basically puts a bunch of chemicals together
00:13:38.300 and he saw that you got simple biological chemicals
00:13:41.340 begin to form in this soup.
00:13:43.200 And a lot of people are like,
00:13:44.220 well, this shows-
00:13:46.480 I really just don't think it matters at all
00:13:48.380 what he did in that experiment, to be honest.
00:13:50.380 First, it's had some issues with replicability,
00:13:53.140 which a lot of people don't know about.
00:13:54.320 But second, it to me shows why the chemicals
00:13:58.480 that we are in our body are in our body
00:14:00.800 because it shows that those chemicals
00:14:02.000 might've existed in the natural environment with abundance
00:14:04.420 when these very simplistic early things were evolving.
00:14:07.300 And so when they were grabbing stuff,
00:14:08.900 they were grabbing what today we think of
00:14:10.680 as biological chemicals.
00:14:12.220 They weren't biological chemicals at the time.
00:14:14.160 They were just the chemicals that were present
00:14:15.500 in this like early earth soup.
00:14:17.620 So no, I don't think that the Uri Miller experiment
00:14:20.560 really adds, like makes ambiogenesis any more likely.
00:14:24.320 Can we jump back to the citric acid hypothesis?
00:14:28.800 Yes.
00:14:29.440 So I'm only familiar with citric acid
00:14:31.980 as like an ingredient in foods.
00:14:34.300 How does, was citric acid incredibly abundant
00:14:37.600 in early earth?
00:14:39.320 Like how does this all-
00:14:40.480 The citric acid cycle is a cycle by which
00:14:43.740 certain metabolic processes are done.
00:14:46.340 Think of it like a simple chemical reaction.
00:14:48.220 And I, one, I don't remember the reaction exactly.
00:14:51.800 I can put the molecules on screen,
00:14:53.620 but it is very simple.
00:14:54.720 It's simple enough that you can see it on screen.
00:14:56.420 You can be like, oh, that's the citric acid cycle.
00:14:58.960 That's the only thing that needed to happen naturally
00:15:00.920 to then lead to complex life.
00:15:03.140 So what it needed to happen was in an environment
00:15:05.640 with stability, changing environmental pressures,
00:15:08.820 and a level of energy within that environment
00:15:11.140 because the citric acid cycle is working on energy
00:15:14.320 within these environments.
00:15:15.500 So that's important to note.
00:15:17.200 But then there's different sources here.
00:15:18.740 So to go over other common hypotheses
00:15:20.660 that are sort of worth talking about,
00:15:23.020 God, what was it?
00:15:25.140 The radioactive beach hypothesis.
00:15:27.520 Radiation from mineral beach sands
00:15:29.240 powered chemical reactions.
00:15:31.140 And then the waves created sort of a changing thing.
00:15:35.860 Oh, very superhero.
00:15:37.500 Loving that.
00:15:38.240 You have the PIH world hypothesis.
00:15:40.280 Polynucleic aromatic hydrocarbons
00:15:42.700 provided a template for the origin of RNA.
00:15:46.340 The phosphate forced hypothesis.
00:15:48.500 Phosphates could have helped organize protocells
00:15:50.780 and been an energy source.
00:15:52.840 And then you have some of the hypotheses
00:15:54.900 that people are probably more familiar with,
00:15:56.460 like the deep sea vent hypothesis
00:15:57.840 suggests life may have originated
00:15:59.580 around hydrothermal vents in the ocean
00:16:01.300 where heat and minerals could drive chemical reactions
00:16:03.740 using hydrogen, sulfur compounds, et cetera,
00:16:06.140 as energy sources.
00:16:07.500 The porous vent structures could serve
00:16:09.260 as natural chemical reactors, which is true.
00:16:11.660 You know, sort of what is said was in that
00:16:13.640 is remember how I talked about the problem
00:16:15.060 was like disrupting environments
00:16:17.200 and you need enough energy in the environment?
00:16:19.980 Well, what this hypothesis states,
00:16:21.440 which could actually be true,
00:16:23.180 is these deep sea hydrothermal vents
00:16:25.240 sort of protected, they created energy,
00:16:28.860 the heat that's coming out of these hydrothermal vents,
00:16:31.240 but they also created a semi-protected environment
00:16:33.800 from things like earthquake, lightning strikes,
00:16:36.940 radiation, you know, everything like that,
00:16:39.020 where you could have a stable environment
00:16:40.420 for long enough for a self-replicating pattern
00:16:42.840 to become complex enough to leave
00:16:44.520 this sheltered environment.
00:16:45.860 And, yeah, and this is interesting.
00:16:50.460 In the environment that everyone's familiar with,
00:16:52.880 but we should also talk about,
00:16:53.820 is the panspermia hypothesis.
00:16:55.740 The panspermia hypothesis is that life on Earth
00:16:58.420 was actually seeded by life somewhere else in the galaxy.
00:17:02.200 That seems to me just like shunting the problem
00:17:04.260 down the road, because they're like,
00:17:05.720 ah, I don't know, it came from somewhere else.
00:17:09.220 Well, I mean, it's not a ridiculous
00:17:11.700 or sci-fi explanation.
00:17:13.640 Well, you still have to answer the question
00:17:15.100 of how it came from somewhere else,
00:17:16.700 where it came from somewhere else.
00:17:18.160 Not really.
00:17:19.500 How did life come to be then?
00:17:21.260 So saying that life evolved somewhere else
00:17:23.980 does kind of solve the problem,
00:17:25.140 because you could say that it evolved
00:17:26.460 in a completely different environment
00:17:27.760 where it was much more likely to come to evolve.
00:17:30.020 Well, we kind of get the gist of planetary mixes.
00:17:34.640 They can be hotter, they can be colder,
00:17:36.520 they can have different chemical compositions.
00:17:38.240 What would make life easier?
00:17:39.520 I mean, what I always hear people muse about
00:17:41.520 is that it's just so insanely lucky
00:17:44.240 that Earth had all of these very convenient things
00:17:47.360 for carbon-based life course.
00:17:48.560 Yeah, but that's a teleological argument.
00:17:49.660 I mean, life is only going to evolve on a planet
00:17:51.300 where it's likely to evolve.
00:17:52.680 Right, except that you're saying that life,
00:17:55.280 you know, we're talking about the theory
00:17:57.820 that life came from some other planet.
00:18:00.160 And then you're still going to have to explain to me
00:18:01.960 how life emerged on that other planet.
00:18:04.080 Yeah, I also don't believe in panspermia
00:18:06.380 for another reason,
00:18:07.140 which is a perhaps more interesting reason.
00:18:10.520 It's not that I do not assume
00:18:12.300 that some species out there have panspermic patterns.
00:18:15.860 And I think that we might become one of those species
00:18:18.360 where we seed planets with biomes
00:18:20.100 before we travel to them
00:18:21.100 so that they can grow into full ecosystems.
00:18:23.420 Couple goals.
00:18:24.720 Yeah, well, I've looked at doing that myself.
00:18:26.360 I even looked at seeding other planets with life,
00:18:28.080 how much would it cost?
00:18:28.760 Because you can buy a spot on a spaceship
00:18:30.120 for like $50,000,
00:18:31.220 which gets you out of Earth's orbit.
00:18:33.220 I mean, for like a capsule, not a spaceship,
00:18:35.260 but it's like a rocket.
00:18:36.660 And so then we would ship from there
00:18:39.000 to various planets with things
00:18:41.560 that I had used serial evolution
00:18:43.520 to make resistant to those planets' environments,
00:18:45.440 like the radiation, the heat, everything like that,
00:18:47.240 to create a starter ecosystem
00:18:49.020 that could then become a full ecosystem
00:18:50.640 when humans got there,
00:18:51.660 which would make the planet
00:18:52.540 potentially more habitable to humans,
00:18:54.540 especially if you pre-engineered this ecosystem
00:18:56.880 to emerge in such a way
00:18:58.320 that created something like an atmosphere,
00:19:00.100 which would be very useful to us
00:19:01.580 in having the things
00:19:02.840 that had already collated the energy on the planet
00:19:04.800 and energy from the sun
00:19:05.820 into something that we could burn or eat,
00:19:08.440 which we would likely be able to
00:19:09.700 as most of these
00:19:10.320 if they came from our planet originally,
00:19:12.220 and then they wouldn't have any defenses to us.
00:19:13.860 It would be great.
00:19:14.560 You know, it's a good system.
00:19:16.440 It'd just be a horrible act
00:19:17.860 of international terrorism
00:19:18.900 in the eyes of NASA
00:19:20.160 that did everything they can
00:19:21.060 to prevent contamination
00:19:21.940 of these other planets
00:19:23.180 with stuff on our Earth,
00:19:24.620 because then we can't tell
00:19:25.440 if life evolved independently
00:19:26.420 on these planets,
00:19:27.240 which is something
00:19:27.620 they're very interested in.
00:19:29.000 So for obvious reasons,
00:19:30.640 you know, it would be meaningful
00:19:31.740 if it turns out
00:19:32.480 that life evolved on the moon as well.
00:19:34.500 Now, or if the Earth ceded the moon
00:19:37.020 or if whatever ceded the Earth ceded the moon.
00:19:39.980 But I don't believe the Earth was ceded.
00:19:42.000 And I'll tell you why
00:19:42.700 I don't believe the Earth was ceded.
00:19:44.580 Most species that used panspermia
00:19:48.060 as a evolutionary strategy,
00:19:50.480 i.e. they ceded something
00:19:52.360 like themselves on a planet,
00:19:54.320 and then they waited for that thing
00:19:55.800 to develop to a certain stage.
00:19:58.060 And then that thing would cede planets
00:20:00.360 with like a more primitive iteration
00:20:01.560 of themselves that would then become
00:20:02.700 like a more evolutionarily grown-up
00:20:04.840 version of themselves
00:20:05.460 and ceded other planets.
00:20:06.700 It would have ceded it
00:20:07.980 with some sort of code
00:20:09.140 that more guided evolution
00:20:10.760 than early life on our planet
00:20:12.840 appeared to have.
00:20:13.960 It would care that the thing
00:20:15.900 that had ceded the planet was
00:20:17.220 in some way was like itself
00:20:19.220 and would quickly become
00:20:20.800 the type of thing
00:20:21.540 that could colonize other planets.
00:20:23.440 Yeah.
00:20:23.700 If I was a super intelligent entity
00:20:26.320 or even slightly more intelligent
00:20:27.680 than I am now,
00:20:28.440 was more knowledge of gene engineering
00:20:29.760 and stuff like that,
00:20:31.100 I could code some sort
00:20:32.720 of bacterial life
00:20:34.100 with like junk DNA segments
00:20:37.080 that would allow it
00:20:37.960 to evolve much faster
00:20:39.720 than a normal bacteria can evolve.
00:20:43.180 And we don't appear to have these.
00:20:45.300 We don't appear to have
00:20:46.260 this important code.
00:20:47.280 We don't see like super useful code
00:20:50.440 to human DNA
00:20:51.360 in like lower animal species
00:20:54.100 and stuff like that.
00:20:55.500 Maybe they did.
00:20:56.580 Maybe we were like
00:20:57.400 a failed pan-spermic planet
00:20:59.360 where they included this code
00:21:01.100 that would guide the evolution
00:21:02.140 down a specific pathway.
00:21:03.960 But the code didn't take effect
00:21:05.920 in the way it was supposed
00:21:06.660 to take effect.
00:21:07.500 And it basically has all been
00:21:08.940 washed out of whatever
00:21:09.820 came on Earth.
00:21:10.800 Or they ceded Earth
00:21:12.120 and was competing
00:21:13.540 against a native organism
00:21:14.780 and the native organism won.
00:21:16.800 Or maybe consumed it
00:21:18.220 or something.
00:21:18.720 You know, there's the,
00:21:19.440 this is how we think
00:21:20.400 mitochondria formed.
00:21:21.580 It's that mitochondria used to be
00:21:22.960 an independent type of organism
00:21:24.400 and it and other early organelles
00:21:27.180 was one cell eating another cell
00:21:29.680 that was just a completely
00:21:30.640 different entity.
00:21:32.140 And so every cell is,
00:21:33.360 is one type of organism
00:21:34.780 that ate another type of organism
00:21:36.220 and since then have been
00:21:37.280 evolving together
00:21:38.280 because it turned out
00:21:39.180 that they were useful
00:21:39.820 to each other.
00:21:40.440 You know, that's how evolution works.
00:21:42.020 So yeah.
00:21:42.680 Now, do you have questions, Simone?
00:21:43.820 Are areas of this
00:21:44.460 you want to dive deeper into?
00:21:46.180 Or do you feel you have
00:21:46.920 a better understanding now?
00:21:49.040 What you have communicated to me
00:21:51.040 is that there have been
00:21:53.300 far more viable pathways
00:21:55.620 to life springing out of no life
00:21:59.200 than was previously something
00:22:02.640 I thought was a thing.
00:22:04.160 You know, I thought,
00:22:04.660 oh, something, something lightning,
00:22:05.820 something, something hot air vents,
00:22:06.900 something, something,
00:22:08.000 whatever chemical processes.
00:22:10.740 But the, you're indicating
00:22:12.300 that there are a lot
00:22:13.240 of different ways
00:22:13.920 and that, that life coming to exist
00:22:17.020 is not that surprising,
00:22:18.340 at least in our environment,
00:22:19.660 in the, in the Earth.
00:22:20.800 Why then, given all this,
00:22:23.200 is there not life
00:22:24.060 on planets adjacent to us
00:22:26.040 that also have at least
00:22:28.260 some of these conditions at play?
00:22:30.140 Well, you can watch
00:22:31.000 our Fermi paradox video
00:22:32.200 on, on this particular question
00:22:33.680 because that was one
00:22:34.480 of our early videos
00:22:35.240 that was on the Fermi paradox.
00:22:36.620 And I do admittedly remember
00:22:38.160 nothing of anything ever.
00:22:39.800 But it's a, it's an important question.
00:22:41.640 It's why the Fermi paradox
00:22:42.960 is an important question.
00:22:44.620 Any world perspective,
00:22:45.920 I say, that does not take
00:22:47.760 the Fermi paradox seriously
00:22:49.180 as a question,
00:22:50.200 is not a world perspective
00:22:51.940 I have any respect for.
00:22:53.840 You, you need to be able
00:22:55.380 to answer why we are not
00:22:56.460 seeing aliens everywhere
00:22:57.240 because we really should be.
00:22:59.060 We really should be
00:23:00.280 if our current understanding
00:23:01.160 is correct.
00:23:02.080 The filters might explain it,
00:23:04.100 but the filter is likely
00:23:05.300 not the beginning of life.
00:23:07.120 I think that the most likely filters
00:23:08.940 are actually three other filters.
00:23:11.540 One is single cellular
00:23:14.280 to multicellular
00:23:15.320 or a complex life.
00:23:16.520 It appears to me
00:23:17.980 that the, the ambiogenesis
00:23:19.720 of simple life
00:23:20.560 is actually very likely.
00:23:21.900 It happened almost as soon
00:23:23.120 as it could happen on earth.
00:23:24.220 Like almost as soon
00:23:25.120 as the conditions were right
00:23:26.020 in terms of like
00:23:26.760 the scale of the universe.
00:23:28.320 But moving from single cell
00:23:29.560 to multicellular organisms
00:23:30.600 actually took some time.
00:23:31.600 And it might be that
00:23:32.740 that jump is actually
00:23:33.920 pretty rare
00:23:34.700 because a lot of the time
00:23:36.520 you're almost always
00:23:37.440 going to be better
00:23:38.480 if you're simpler.
00:23:39.560 Unless you're dealing
00:23:40.180 with like very
00:23:41.040 specific circumstances
00:23:42.800 and then you begin to,
00:23:44.720 you know,
00:23:45.600 get the proliferation
00:23:46.460 of these complex entities,
00:23:47.460 especially during times of change.
00:23:48.580 I mean, when there have been
00:23:50.160 cataclysms and stuff like that,
00:23:51.640 it's usually the simpler generalists
00:23:53.320 which survives them
00:23:54.440 and the more complicated
00:23:55.300 specialized entities that don't.
00:23:57.620 So that's, that's,
00:23:58.300 that's one big filter.
00:23:59.640 The other one is
00:24:00.040 the evolution of intelligence.
00:24:01.160 I actually do not think
00:24:02.040 that this is as big a filter
00:24:03.080 as people think it is.
00:24:04.140 I think intelligence
00:24:04.760 was almost inevitably
00:24:05.540 going to evolve
00:24:06.460 given enough time
00:24:07.240 once you have complex life.
00:24:08.520 It's almost as inevitable
00:24:09.720 as, as sexual reproduction.
00:24:11.700 So like sexual reproduction,
00:24:13.340 what sexual reproduction
00:24:14.520 allowed animals to do
00:24:15.500 is instead of just
00:24:16.040 climbing their genes exactly,
00:24:17.520 it allowed them to mix them up against,
00:24:19.580 which allowed for faster
00:24:20.640 intergenerational
00:24:21.520 but stable mutation.
00:24:23.580 Yeah.
00:24:23.800 And the selection of good genes
00:24:26.040 at a higher rate
00:24:26.720 because, you know,
00:24:27.360 you could choose,
00:24:27.980 have one entity choose,
00:24:29.480 have a mate with a bunch
00:24:30.480 of different entities
00:24:31.140 if it had uniquely good genes.
00:24:33.180 Now with, with, with intelligence.
00:24:36.200 So you look at something
00:24:37.160 like a spider.
00:24:37.840 Spiders can do amazing things
00:24:39.140 with webs and stuff like that.
00:24:40.400 Like they, they have a form
00:24:41.620 of like mental capacity
00:24:42.920 to do these things.
00:24:44.280 But that web to improve,
00:24:46.760 the spiders that made webs bad
00:24:48.520 need to die.
00:24:49.780 In humans, to improve our houses,
00:24:51.800 we are sort of able to create
00:24:54.260 mental models of the world
00:24:56.640 and have those mental models
00:24:58.280 compete against each other
00:24:59.540 in a completely mental space
00:25:02.620 and then implement the mental model
00:25:04.620 that we think is most accurate
00:25:05.860 in reality.
00:25:07.660 That is what intelligence
00:25:08.520 is ultimately.
00:25:09.680 And that is an incredibly,
00:25:10.880 like it basically
00:25:11.880 hypercharges
00:25:13.480 the evolution
00:25:14.640 of our software
00:25:16.120 for how we do everything.
00:25:18.280 How we hunt,
00:25:19.540 how we build,
00:25:20.680 how we communicate
00:25:21.460 with each other.
00:25:22.060 And one of the things
00:25:24.340 that people often note
00:25:25.280 on humans,
00:25:26.020 and I think this is
00:25:26.600 an important thing
00:25:27.400 to understand,
00:25:28.800 is humans are not a species
00:25:30.300 that is evolved
00:25:31.220 for civilization.
00:25:33.700 We are not a species
00:25:34.640 that is evolved
00:25:35.600 for like technology.
00:25:38.100 We are just the dumbest
00:25:40.040 at least evolved thing
00:25:41.240 that was capable
00:25:41.880 of building those things.
00:25:43.460 And I believe
00:25:44.040 that we have a duty
00:25:44.820 from, from God.
00:25:46.040 We believe it's a divine duty
00:25:47.080 to make ourselves
00:25:48.360 a type of thing
00:25:49.600 that's worthy
00:25:50.220 of, of these gifts,
00:25:51.420 which means
00:25:52.520 improving ourselves
00:25:53.300 and uplifting ourselves.
00:25:54.800 Because right now,
00:25:56.180 I mean, we are
00:25:57.300 basically monkeys
00:25:58.900 that figured out technology,
00:26:00.860 that have like the barest
00:26:01.960 understanding of technology.
00:26:03.320 It's not going well so far.
00:26:04.880 We're not taking it.
00:26:05.100 It's not going well so far.
00:26:06.300 And I think that with AI,
00:26:08.320 we're beginning to see
00:26:09.080 just how limited
00:26:09.840 our capacity
00:26:10.460 of understanding is
00:26:11.700 that it took our species,
00:26:14.000 what, you know,
00:26:14.600 from creating the first cities
00:26:16.120 10,000 years
00:26:17.140 to creating something
00:26:18.200 that's smarter than us,
00:26:19.260 which is,
00:26:20.020 which is fascinating to me.
00:26:21.420 You know,
00:26:21.860 we're fed smarter than us
00:26:22.740 in some ways,
00:26:23.360 you know,
00:26:23.520 not in all ways,
00:26:24.220 but I think anyone
00:26:24.860 who's like,
00:26:25.260 AI won't be
00:26:25.880 definitely smarter than us
00:26:28.020 within a hundred years
00:26:29.380 is, is in a hundred years,
00:26:31.140 you know,
00:26:31.260 when you're talking
00:26:31.600 about this 10,000 year
00:26:32.360 times fan,
00:26:32.840 I think that that's just silly
00:26:33.940 when looking at the current
00:26:35.020 advancements that we're seeing.
00:26:36.100 And I don't see that
00:26:36.880 as a threat.
00:26:37.380 I see it.
00:26:38.640 We'll talk about this
00:26:39.560 in the future.
00:26:39.940 I think that,
00:26:40.440 you know,
00:26:40.720 we'll use it
00:26:41.240 to augment ourselves
00:26:42.060 and that we have done
00:26:43.400 this with technology
00:26:44.080 all the time.
00:26:44.720 You know,
00:26:44.920 the first time
00:26:45.440 somebody put glasses on,
00:26:46.520 oh, you are,
00:26:47.120 are you man or machine?
00:26:49.540 Overwhelming,
00:26:50.340 am I not?
00:26:52.260 I'm more than machine,
00:26:54.500 oh man,
00:26:56.060 more than a fusion
00:26:57.620 of the two.
00:26:59.540 But I think that that's
00:27:00.580 where we are
00:27:01.400 realistically going
00:27:02.540 as a species.
00:27:03.600 And we'll talk about this
00:27:04.500 in,
00:27:04.740 in upcoming tract,
00:27:05.960 but I think that
00:27:06.580 when you,
00:27:07.500 when you say
00:27:08.120 entities that are different
00:27:09.200 from us in this way,
00:27:10.600 and this way is a way
00:27:11.460 that that entity
00:27:12.020 can be better than you
00:27:12.760 are not allowed to exist,
00:27:13.920 then you create a mandate
00:27:15.000 for entities of that type
00:27:16.460 to kill you.
00:27:17.400 Yeah, it's not a good move.
00:27:19.040 It's not,
00:27:19.520 it's not a smart move,
00:27:20.520 whether that is
00:27:21.140 genetically augmented humans
00:27:22.460 or AI
00:27:23.740 or anything like that.
00:27:25.280 You know,
00:27:25.460 we've got to learn
00:27:26.200 to get along.
00:27:27.500 And,
00:27:27.580 and for that reason,
00:27:29.120 racism is an existential threat
00:27:30.920 to our species,
00:27:31.680 not just a minor threat
00:27:33.340 because if things
00:27:34.440 that have this sort
00:27:35.260 of racist mindset
00:27:36.100 are among the category
00:27:37.680 of things that get uplifted,
00:27:39.040 they will start to kill
00:27:40.240 those of us
00:27:40.780 they see as lesser than them.
00:27:42.360 So we,
00:27:43.320 we did,
00:27:44.000 we get,
00:27:44.400 we cannot really tolerate
00:27:45.420 these kinds of attitudes
00:27:46.440 or memetic structures
00:27:47.420 within humanity anymore
00:27:48.500 because the game
00:27:49.280 is yet again changing
00:27:50.220 after the evolution
00:27:51.340 of intelligence.
00:27:51.860 I don't think the evolution
00:27:52.460 of intelligence was unlikely.
00:27:53.760 I think actually
00:27:54.320 the second great filter
00:27:55.300 after single cellular life
00:27:56.600 is an intelligent species
00:27:58.160 not killing itself.
00:28:00.160 I think that intelligent species
00:28:01.580 probably in the grand scheme
00:28:02.780 of the universe
00:28:03.320 usually kill themselves.
00:28:05.700 I think we made it
00:28:06.880 off the skin of our teeth,
00:28:08.560 skin of our teeth,
00:28:09.140 skin of our,
00:28:09.480 what's the word here?
00:28:10.380 Skin of our fingers?
00:28:11.540 Skin of our,
00:28:11.980 skin of our teeth?
00:28:12.900 Skin of our teeth,
00:28:13.680 which is indeed
00:28:15.020 a weird idiom.
00:28:16.840 Through the discovery
00:28:18.180 of nuclear power.
00:28:19.860 And I,
00:28:21.180 we are about to enter
00:28:22.120 a period of trials,
00:28:23.480 the trial of the lotus eaters,
00:28:24.720 the trial of the shadow,
00:28:26.000 where humanity
00:28:26.980 may not survive
00:28:27.680 these trials either.
00:28:28.940 When they are trials
00:28:29.560 that every sentient species
00:28:30.640 is going to eventually come to,
00:28:32.140 you know,
00:28:32.280 the trials of the lotus eaters.
00:28:33.200 We invent a world
00:28:34.680 in which you no longer
00:28:35.660 need to labor
00:28:36.340 to live
00:28:37.540 and in which you can get
00:28:38.640 any pleasure you want
00:28:39.520 whenever you want it.
00:28:40.240 Can you still motivate
00:28:41.260 intergenerational progress
00:28:43.600 of your culture
00:28:44.560 and society?
00:28:45.960 And I think if we didn't
00:28:48.020 cull those individuals
00:28:48.900 who couldn't motivate
00:28:49.580 reproduction in the face
00:28:50.640 of these things,
00:28:51.400 we would become a species
00:28:53.140 that also no longer innovated.
00:28:55.660 Yeah.
00:28:55.820 And that tried to just
00:28:56.800 live forever
00:28:57.560 and maintain their lifestyles,
00:28:59.280 which is, you know,
00:28:59.900 one of the highest orders
00:29:00.560 of all sins
00:29:01.160 within our religious structure.
00:29:03.100 So, yeah.
00:29:05.180 Any, any final thoughts, Simone?
00:29:08.180 No, but this was interesting.
00:29:09.600 I'm always surprised
00:29:11.920 by how much you know, Malcolm.
00:29:14.040 And I especially
00:29:15.400 am always surprised
00:29:16.180 that I can still
00:29:17.340 learn new things from you,
00:29:18.340 even though we've been
00:29:19.360 married for this freaking long
00:29:21.540 and together
00:29:22.860 for this freaking long.
00:29:24.200 So, thank you for that.
00:29:25.800 You are amazing.
00:29:26.520 Well, I don't know that much.
00:29:27.600 I just know the things
00:29:28.640 I think are important to know.
00:29:30.100 And this is one of those
00:29:30.800 categories of things
00:29:31.720 that is pretty important
00:29:33.260 to most world perspectives.
00:29:35.100 Was it like any?
00:29:36.440 Yeah, but most people,
00:29:38.140 myself included,
00:29:39.160 you know,
00:29:39.860 learned the basics of these
00:29:41.160 and are like,
00:29:41.840 am I going to need this?
00:29:43.140 Nope.
00:29:44.120 But you have a very different
00:29:45.360 perspective of what's
00:29:46.700 It matters at the existential level.
00:29:48.500 You do need to know it.
00:29:49.620 Yeah, but most humans
00:29:50.560 are not very interested
00:29:51.560 in existential issues.
00:29:53.320 But if you don't know
00:29:54.520 the existential issues
00:29:55.400 and you don't know
00:29:55.940 what to optimize with your life
00:29:57.160 and you end up
00:29:57.920 like an idiotic,
00:29:59.060 general utility.
00:29:59.580 But Malcolm,
00:30:00.440 we have templates.
00:30:02.780 You don't have to worry
00:30:03.960 about that.
00:30:04.660 Just do what everyone else
00:30:05.740 is doing.
00:30:07.240 We've been doing that
00:30:08.200 for ages.
00:30:09.600 Besides, it's safer
00:30:10.560 because you don't want
00:30:11.180 the tribe to kick you out.
00:30:12.740 So I'm just saying.
00:30:14.200 Tribes always kick us
00:30:15.300 Collins' out.
00:30:16.040 You know that.
00:30:16.580 Yeah.
00:30:17.220 No, you just have this weird,
00:30:18.880 you know,
00:30:19.840 next level,
00:30:20.900 demigod style way of thinking
00:30:22.660 that is totally not human
00:30:24.320 and I'm on to you.
00:30:25.600 I appreciate that you say that.
00:30:27.040 Oh, oh, no.
00:30:28.160 Well, here's what I would say.
00:30:29.820 I think it's always funny
00:30:30.620 when people of different religions
00:30:31.660 get excited
00:30:32.200 that we take a deep interest
00:30:33.520 in their religious system
00:30:34.700 and then after we do it
00:30:36.920 for a bit,
00:30:37.380 they start to become
00:30:38.440 very upset
00:30:39.080 because we are very
00:30:40.700 harsh and critical
00:30:42.660 and once we understand it,
00:30:44.900 we're like,
00:30:45.220 oh, okay,
00:30:46.120 well, I don't believe this.
00:30:47.320 This doesn't seem plausible.
00:30:48.460 This doesn't seem plausible.
00:30:49.480 And we're like,
00:30:49.740 no, no, no.
00:30:50.400 I meant like,
00:30:51.540 just accept it.
00:30:52.740 And I'm like,
00:30:53.440 well, no,
00:30:53.880 I'm taking this religion seriously.
00:30:55.360 If this was written by God,
00:30:56.720 then you're not doing it right.
00:30:58.220 And this part
00:30:58.900 doesn't even look like
00:30:59.580 it was written by God.
00:31:00.700 So this has become
00:31:01.420 a recent big passion
00:31:03.260 of mine
00:31:03.960 that is going through
00:31:06.080 the various Abrahamic faiths
00:31:08.440 and trying to understand
00:31:10.540 what were revelations from God
00:31:12.620 and what was sort of
00:31:14.120 cultural pollutants
00:31:15.080 from their neighbors.
00:31:16.060 It's a difficult thing to do
00:31:17.240 because, you know,
00:31:17.800 a lot of people
00:31:18.200 from these traditions,
00:31:18.980 they don't want to say
00:31:20.020 that anything was antiquity
00:31:21.420 could have been
00:31:21.760 a cultural pollutant.
00:31:22.920 Everything of antiquity
00:31:23.900 must have come from God.
00:31:24.800 And it's like,
00:31:25.220 well, I just don't think
00:31:26.640 that that's obviously true.
00:31:27.940 I think that it is easy
00:31:28.860 for cultural pollutants
00:31:29.900 to enter.
00:31:30.260 And I think that's why
00:31:31.140 God has given us
00:31:31.980 a sequence of prophets
00:31:33.660 and he has made
00:31:35.240 this prophet's evidence
00:31:36.320 by the gifts
00:31:37.680 of philosophy and science
00:31:39.020 he has given
00:31:39.940 to the people
00:31:40.660 that accepted those prophets
00:31:42.260 after they accepted them
00:31:43.740 and then removed
00:31:44.480 from those groups
00:31:45.620 after they, again,
00:31:46.660 turned to iconoclasm
00:31:47.940 and mysticism.
00:31:48.900 So, you know,
00:31:51.920 we, if we are to receive
00:31:53.680 God's blessings,
00:31:54.400 you need to approach
00:31:54.960 science honestly
00:31:55.760 and not sort of try to,
00:31:58.960 what's the word
00:31:59.480 I'm looking for?
00:32:01.240 Kneelock?
00:32:01.860 What's the word?
00:32:02.620 Kneecap.
00:32:03.500 Kneecap,
00:32:04.120 the things that might
00:32:06.640 challenge our face
00:32:07.900 because truth
00:32:09.140 can never challenge truth.
00:32:12.020 Yeah.
00:32:13.580 True.
00:32:14.500 I love you to death,
00:32:15.840 Simone,
00:32:16.420 and thanks for today.
00:32:17.700 I love you too,
00:32:19.380 Malcolm.
00:32:20.340 Oh God,
00:32:20.880 you're so amazing.