Human Events Daily with Jack Posobiec - HUMAN EVENTS： THE CHINA FILES SPECIAL

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00:00:25.780 The Poso Daily Brief.

00:00:30.000 This is what happens when the fourth turning meets fifth generation warfare.

00:00:40.600 A commentator, international social media sensation, and former Navy intelligence veteran.

00:00:46.960 This is Human Events with your host, Jack Posobiec.

00:00:50.280 Christ is king.

00:00:52.040 Ladies and gentlemen, welcome aboard for a very special four-part series.

00:01:00.000 That we've decided to put together for you this Christmas week.

00:01:04.220 It's called The China Files.

00:01:08.180 And for a long time, I've wanted to sit down and talk to you a lot about the history of China.

00:01:14.320 I remember this time last year, we did a history of Taiwan episode that did really well.

00:01:19.060 And I said, you know what?

00:01:19.940 I want to get into this.

00:01:21.380 Even Charlie had reached out to me the other day and said,

00:01:23.880 Jack, you got to talk about Maoism more.

00:01:25.600 You have to talk Maoism more.

00:01:27.460 So I said, all right, let's do it.

00:01:30.040 We're going to do a four-part series.

00:01:33.420 And so let me say to you,

00:01:34.600 Welcome to The China Files. 0.64

00:01:47.100 So let's go all the way back to the late Qing Dynasty, the 1800s, late 1800s in China.

00:01:59.680 You have to understand what kind of country, what kind of land we're dealing with.

00:02:04.080 This is the land of foot binding.

00:02:06.340 This is the land of all adult males being forced to shave their heads except for one long braid in the back. 0.64

00:02:13.580 The Manchus required that.

00:02:15.260 The Manchus were seen as a foreign leadership.

00:02:19.680 And these were the ones that ruled the Qing Dynasty.

00:02:22.940 But what even are dynasties?

00:02:25.320 It's a dynasty.

00:02:26.260 We don't have those in the U.S.

00:02:27.820 We don't have those in the West anymore.

00:02:29.600 We had kings at one point.

00:02:31.640 Well, a dynasty for about 3,500 years in ancient and medieval China,

00:02:38.700 they were ruled by these dynasties, by these royal families, the Han, the Tang, the Ming, the Qing, the Song, so many of them.

00:02:45.260 And yet, the Qing Dynasty towards the end, they were seen as corrupted.

00:02:53.220 They were always seen as foreign.

00:02:54.500 But they had been just defeated by the British in the opium wars.

00:03:00.840 Wars fueled by the rise of opium and the increase of the illegal drug inside China.

00:03:06.940 They were then defeated.

00:03:10.100 Hong Kong was established as a colony for the British.

00:03:13.200 Shanghai was opened up to the British and the French.

00:03:16.080 Later on, the Boxer Rebellion was an anti-foreigner rebellion that was covertly funded by the Qing Dynasty.

00:03:21.680 But that was itself defeated by the eight-nation army, which included troops from the United States, Germany, France, the U.K., and even Japan.

00:03:34.000 And they came in and occupied Beijing.

00:03:36.060 So the Qing Dynasty, it was viewed by many as having lost what's called the Mandate of Heaven.

00:03:42.720 And the Mandate of Heaven, it's similar to the European Divine Right of Kings, but the Mandate of Heaven can be lost.

00:03:50.060 It can be lost if a ruler becomes oppressive, incompetent, neglectful, or failed to govern responsibly.

00:03:57.560 Famine, pestilence, disease, these are all harbingers of losing the Mandate of Heaven.

00:04:03.180 And so a rebellion took place by the people.

00:04:09.080 And initially, something called the Republic of China was born.

00:04:13.700 The Republic of China.

00:04:15.900 And this was led by Sun Yat-sen, and later led by a man by the name of Jiang Yashir, or better known in English as Chiang Kai-shek.

00:04:27.040 However, Sun Yat-sen gets overthrown by a warlord, Yuan Shikai.

00:04:31.200 And there are many warlords all over northern China, particularly northern China, but you also see them in the west and other areas.

00:04:38.740 And so China almost becomes up for grabs because this new Republic of China is not able to fully take over all of the land of China.

00:04:49.180 It's seen in many areas, like the west, as bandit country, no man's land, lawlessness, warlords taking over in the north, in the south, parts of the coast, gangs rising up, taking over places in Hong Kong, city streets.

00:05:07.180 And the Soviet Union, to the north of China, realized that they too had an opportunity in this new China with no dynasty.

00:05:18.660 And so the Soviet Union worked with a group of scholars and a group of radicals all the way back in 1921 to hold a meeting in Shanghai, the first meeting of the Chinese Communist Party.

00:05:35.920 Mao Zedong was not the originator of this meeting, but he did attend it.

00:05:43.060 It's a small building in a Shurkuman stone, two-story building, still there in Shanghai.

00:05:50.320 I've been there.

00:05:50.720 And you can go and see where the Chinese Communist Party began.

00:05:56.960 And in fact, several members of that initial meeting were also part of the KGB.

00:06:04.040 They were members of Soviet intelligence forces.

00:06:07.020 So from the very start, the CCP was a foreign-funded, foreign-financed organization.

00:06:12.820 But very early on, Chairman Mao, even before he was chairman, grown up the son of a peasant, but he didn't want to work in the fields.

00:06:21.840 His father also became a grain merchant, started to get a little bit of money.

00:06:25.200 But Mao didn't want to follow in his footsteps.

00:06:29.300 Mao wanted something else.

00:06:31.620 Mao wanted revolution.

00:06:33.280 But what Mao did learn from growing up in Hunan province was the power of thugs, the power of banditry, the power of martial force and brutal violence. 0.68

00:06:47.120 And these, in a way that might seem strange to so many people, these tactics that would cause so many of us to recoil, brutal tactics, burning villages, torture,

00:07:01.020 they seemed to excite Chairman Mao.

00:07:04.740 He seemed almost to derive pleasure from this.

00:07:09.700 And so his brand of Marxism, which would later become known as Mao-Jui, Maoism,

00:07:18.600 was so more brutal than any type of communism that's ever been seen prior or even since.

00:07:31.020 Because he viewed purification of the country as only to be able to come through pain.

00:07:39.580 Purification through pain.

00:07:42.660 And as the Chinese Communist Party grew in the West, and then later came into conflict with the Republic of China,

00:07:52.580 Mao continued to use those tactics and his army, which later became known as the Red Army.

00:07:59.720 Use those same tactics on any peasant, any leader, any merchant that got in their way, brutally tortured, executed in public.

00:08:13.220 Because Mao believed that all of these things should be done in public.

00:08:18.000 So that the peasantry would understand who was now in power.

00:08:25.040 And I know I'm skipping around a lot, but we've got a couple more segments on this.

00:08:28.500 But I want you to understand, before we go to break here,

00:08:32.420 that it was through these brutal tactics that Mao was able to establish his reign of terror

00:08:39.360 throughout the entire countryside of Western China, while financed and funded by the Soviet Union.

00:08:46.600 So throughout the 1920s, this clash between the nationalists and the communists continued.

00:08:55.740 In fact, in the city of Shanghai, there was an event at one point, April 1927, known as the Shanghai Massacre.

00:09:03.000 And that's when the nationalists joined with a hei shei hui, or, you know, a black society, what we might call a triad, called the Green Gang. 0.72

00:09:14.440 And the Green Gang went in to do the dirty work of the nationalists.

00:09:19.060 And what did they do?

00:09:20.560 They systematically purged and assassinated every single communist they could find that night in Shanghai.

00:09:27.640 Because they went through at the orders of the nationalists to get rid of these guys and kick them out.

00:09:36.760 This continued and continued all the way up and up through the early 1930s.

00:09:43.080 And through the early 1930s, there were two, actually two major conflicts going on in China.

00:09:50.380 Number one was this continuing and ever expanding civil war between the nationalists and the communists.

00:09:56.720 But number two, starting in 1931, you saw an invasion of China by Japan.

00:10:06.040 Now, at first, it was a limited engagement, limited invasion, just in the area of Manchuria,

00:10:11.300 which the Japanese later formed as a puppet-controlled state called Manchukuo.

00:10:16.460 And they found, remember that Qing dynasty?

00:10:17.960 They found the last son of the Qing dynasty, who was himself Manchurian, and created this sort of puppet emperor for him.

00:10:28.240 And there's a great movie about this called The Last Emperor.

00:10:30.960 You can go watch.

00:10:31.640 His name was Pu Yi.

00:10:33.580 And they fashioned that up in China's northeast.

00:10:37.360 So just across from where you would see the Korean Peninsula now.

00:10:41.000 And China and Japan had fought over the Korean Peninsula at this point.

00:10:43.580 By the way, Japan also controlled Taiwan because the Treaty of Shimonoseki in, I believe, 1894,

00:10:49.580 and the fallout of the former Sino-Japanese War.

00:10:53.420 So Japan's got their foothold in China.

00:10:56.420 Then in 1931, that increases with this Manchukuo invasion. 0.86

00:11:01.400 So the nationalists are fighting a two-front war because they're fighting the communists to the west,

00:11:07.020 and now they're fighting the Japanese to the northeast.

00:11:10.120 So what happens?

00:11:12.460 The continued fighting and the continued defeats of the communists at the hands of Chiang Kai-shek

00:11:19.480 drive the Red Army and the CCP to essentially be encircled.

00:11:27.140 They're completely encircled by Chiang Kai-shek's armies.

00:11:31.180 And they're pushed out of eastern China.

00:11:34.040 Eastern China is that coastal region.

00:11:35.540 They're pushed out completely.

00:11:36.660 And so Mao decides that the only thing left is a retreat.

00:11:42.700 He's got no vehicles at this point.

00:11:44.680 He's barely got any horses.

00:11:46.700 All he's got are his feet and the feet of his army.

00:11:50.940 And so he begins the most massive retreat in CCP history.

00:11:55.160 It's called the Long March.

00:11:57.380 Late in 1934, he marches all the way out to rural Yan'an province,

00:12:05.420 as far as possible as he can go into that bandit country that we were talking about before.

00:12:10.240 Loses 90% of the Red Army on the way, either to desertion, disease, injury, infection.

00:12:19.840 Things look bleak.

00:12:22.120 But then something happens that falls right into Chairman Mao's hands, right into his lap.

00:12:28.780 The increased invasion of Japan and the outbreak of World War II in the Pacific,

00:12:36.960 this is 1937, creates a huge problem for the nationalists.

00:12:42.100 Because now the nationalists are faced with an even more powerful Japanese empire 0.72

00:12:48.120 that's attacking them in Beijing and Shanghai, across all of their power centers.

00:12:53.040 People know, I believe, about the rape of Nanjing that happens during this period.

00:12:59.200 The absolute destruction that was rained down on the Japanese, by the Japanese. 1.00

00:13:05.360 And so at one point later, one of the warlords, because there's still warlords in this period,

00:13:10.820 actually takes Chiang Kai-shek, takes him and kidnaps him, kidnaps him.

00:13:19.600 And this is called the Xi'an Incident.

00:13:22.660 We're here in 1936.

00:13:24.440 He gets arrested by warlord Zhang Shui Liang.

00:13:26.780 And this warlord says, in order to deal with Japanese aggression, in order to fight back

00:13:35.480 against Japan, you must form an alliance with the CCP.

00:13:41.380 You see, what Chiang Kai-shek didn't know was that this warlord had already cut a deal with 0.72

00:13:45.900 Chairman Mao.

00:13:46.880 Chairman Mao realized what happened with that Green Gang back in Shanghai during the purges.

00:13:51.200 And he said, fine, if that's the way to work, I'm going to get there before then.

00:13:55.300 So Mao starts making deals with the triads, with the black societies, with every warlord 0.97

00:13:59.980 that he can.

00:14:01.460 And here's what he says to them.

00:14:03.620 He says, in the future, when I'm in charge of the country, you'll be given everything.

00:14:12.120 And so Mao does enter this alliance.

00:14:14.580 The CCP, the communists form an alliance with the nationalists.

00:14:19.200 And they say, here's what we're going to do.

00:14:20.720 We'll start a second united front and we'll fight Japan together. 0.99

00:14:25.300 But of course, what does Mao really do?

00:14:27.340 Because remember, Mao's forces now are mostly in the West, whereas the nationalist forces

00:14:34.160 and the Japanese are mostly in the East.

00:14:37.520 So the communists commit to some limited engagements against the Japanese.

00:14:42.680 But what really happens, instead of Mao fighting the Japanese, he works with the peasants, he 0.95

00:14:49.880 works with the Red Army, he keeps them mostly in the West.

00:14:53.860 He lets the nationalists fight Japan.

00:14:56.240 And Mao even joked about this later.

00:14:58.240 He said, I would have been crushed if I didn't have Japan invade and create a distraction that 1.00

00:15:06.080 the nationalists would have to face so he could increase his armies, increase his forces in

00:15:11.120 the West, let the nationalists take it on the chin, let themselves become weakened and then

00:15:17.160 grow the CCP and grow the Red Army ever more powerful than he could. 0.93

00:15:23.240 If Japan had never invaded, it's more than likely that the communists would have been would have 0.92

00:15:29.300 been stamped out in the 1930s after this long march.

00:15:32.620 But history is what it is.

00:15:34.980 And so because of that invasion of Japan, not only were the people of China subjugated to

00:15:44.320 the horrors of Imperial Japan, the rape of Nanjing, but later it set forward the conditions for 0.89

00:15:52.260 the CCP to come back.

00:15:55.360 And after Japan was knocked out of the war, after the war ended, thanks to the nuclear bombs,

00:16:00.420 the atomic bombs by the United States on Nagasaki and Hiroshima in 1945, it set the stage for Mao 0.89

00:16:09.160 to make his comeback.

00:16:11.200 Because immediately after World War II ended, the United States at first said, oh, we hope you guys

00:16:17.680 can coexist peacefully.

00:16:20.900 But even as far back as FDR, even, and then certainly under Truman, the communists that had

00:16:26.380 completely infiltrated the United States State Department of the United States government at this

00:16:29.860 point, they wanted the communists to win.

00:16:33.640 They wanted China to fall.

00:16:35.860 They saw what Mao was doing.

00:16:37.240 They knew what Mao was doing.

00:16:39.900 And in 1946, that civil war went hot again.

00:16:45.520 And the CCP was poised to come back and win.

00:16:48.280 The communists won the Chinese civil war.

00:16:51.720 The nationalists, the Republic of China, were forced to flee the country.

00:16:55.140 And they later fled to the island that we now know today as Taiwan and established the Republic

00:17:01.280 of China.

00:17:02.880 On the way out, they hit the treasury, hit the museums of Beijing that took many, many things

00:17:08.800 with them.

00:17:09.220 Chiang Kai-shek and his regime as the communists were going to come in and destroy everything, 0.89

00:17:15.260 smash all of Chinese historical culture with along with them. 1.00

00:17:18.500 This was another part of Maoism, because not only did the communist revolution murder, torture,

00:17:25.680 and execute anyone who stood in their way, they also viewed history itself as their enemy.

00:17:32.180 Now, two years after this happened, there was a speech given by Senator Joseph McCarthy, and

00:17:39.560 he talked about the failed mission to prevent the Chinese civil war from taking place in the

00:17:43.880 communist revolution from winning in China.

00:17:46.380 That mission had been headed by General George Marshall, famous George Marshall, on the Nobel

00:17:52.440 Peace Prize.

00:17:53.980 What did McCarthy have to say about that?

00:17:55.960 McCarthy said, the only way to explain why the U.S. fell from our position as the most powerful

00:18:01.160 nation on earth at the end of World War II to a position of declared weakness by our leadership

00:18:06.960 was because of a conspiracy so immense and an infamy so black as to dwarf any previous such

00:18:13.500 venture in the history of man, and specifically argued that General Wiedemeyer had prepared a

00:18:20.820 plan that would have kept China a valued ally, but had been sabotaged, quote, only in treason

00:18:27.000 can we find why evil genius thwarted and frustrated it.

00:18:31.860 Specifically, that when Marshall was sent to China with secret State Department orders,

00:18:36.960 State Department orders, the communists at that time were bottled up in two areas and

00:18:42.180 were fighting a losing battle, but that because of those orders, the situation was radically

00:18:47.060 changed in favor of the communists.

00:18:49.700 Under those orders, as we now know, Marshall embargoed all arms and ammunition to our allies

00:18:55.660 in China.

00:18:56.180 He forced the opening of the nationalist-held mountains into Manchuria to the end that the

00:19:02.440 Chinese communists gained access to the mountains of captured Japanese equipment.

00:19:07.660 Remember, the Japanese stronghold was in Northeast China, in Manchuria.

00:19:12.260 No need to tell the country how Marshall tried to force Chiang Kai-shek to form a partnership

00:19:19.880 government with the communists.

00:19:21.820 And so, were the communists allowed to win?

00:19:30.580 Was Chairman Mao allowed to take China?

00:19:34.980 Was this part of a deal that many have alleged took place between the highest levels of the

00:19:41.040 United States government that actually started with FDR and then later was carried out by

00:19:47.980 Truman and elements of the State Department?

00:19:51.140 And you say, why?

00:19:52.300 Why?

00:19:52.640 What's in this for the United States?

00:19:54.600 Well, it's not that it's in it for the United States.

00:19:56.500 There's nothing in it for the United States.

00:19:57.860 But what if there were a group of people that wanted to create a one-world government?

00:20:05.440 And what if there were a group of people that knew that in order to do that, you would have

00:20:10.020 to create a deal with the other superpower of the world at the time?

00:20:15.020 And who was that?

00:20:16.320 It's the Soviet Union.

00:20:18.020 And the Soviet Union and Joseph Stalin were our allies in World War II.

00:20:22.780 But let's say you want to join with them.

00:20:24.540 And let's say you want to create a one-world government.

00:20:30.480 You might call it something like, I don't know, the United Nations.

00:20:35.800 But how would you get the Soviets to agree to take part in this program when they wouldn't

00:20:43.180 have to?

00:20:44.340 What could possibly be the dowry for such a dark marriage?

00:20:48.920 Well, it's simple.

00:20:50.820 You give them China. 0.99

00:20:52.060 You give them a billion people to fall to communism, and then you get their acquiescence.

00:21:00.760 And we've seen many of this.

00:21:02.420 We've seen much of this in declassified text, telegrams, declassified cables that have come

00:21:08.420 out, discussing these plans all the way back to FDR.

00:21:12.480 Because there were many Americans that wanted communism to succeed, not just in China, but

00:21:19.960 also across Europe.

00:21:21.400 There's a reason that the U.S. government funded and industrialized the Soviet Union for years 0.95

00:21:29.280 and years prior to World War II, even prior to American involvement in World War II.

00:21:34.840 And I'm just talking about Lend-Lease.

00:21:36.180 But Lend-Lease, of course, goes on to be the funding that enables the Soviets to continue 0.82

00:21:41.160 their fight.

00:21:43.740 And so, going back to those days of the late 1940s, World War II ends.

00:21:52.880 The nationalists are left to dry.

00:21:57.040 They're left to wither and rot on the vine by the United States and by the Allies. 0.54

00:22:01.120 Meanwhile, the communists, Mao Zedong and the Chinese Communist Party, continue fighting

00:22:08.580 closer and closer.

00:22:10.500 Millions of people are killed in this fighting.

00:22:12.960 Over 2.5 million.

00:22:14.780 Hundreds of thousands of people are starved out.

00:22:17.980 Because remember, Chairman Mao once famously said, a revolution is not a dinner party.

00:22:24.740 He didn't care how many people died.

00:22:28.200 He gave orders for torture, execution, laid siege to cities where hundreds of thousands

00:22:34.560 of people starved.

00:22:36.320 And that was only a paltry sum compared to the millions that would later starve under

00:22:43.100 Mao's rule.

00:22:44.640 Because Mao wanted more than anything else, absolute power within China.

00:22:50.400 And it didn't matter to him how many of his own people had to die so that he could get

00:22:56.540 it.

00:22:58.720 So, under this situation, with the communists being completely funded by the Soviet Union,

00:23:04.340 the nationalists getting no support whatsoever, the Japanese, they've been destroyed, they've 1.00

00:23:10.040 been defeated.

00:23:11.100 What happens?

00:23:13.380 October 1949.

00:23:17.060 Beijing falls.

00:23:18.160 Chairman Mao climbs atop the Tiananmen Square Gate and declares to the people of China and

00:23:29.340 declares to the world the establishment of the People's Republic of China, the same government

00:23:36.680 that still rules China to this very day, under a new chairman.

00:23:42.780 That's about it for episode one.

00:23:47.380 But I want you to stay tuned.

00:23:49.520 Because tomorrow, in part two, we are going to talk all about the massacres that happened

00:23:57.760 under Chairman Mao's rule.

00:23:59.900 The purges.

00:24:01.660 The recruitment of children.

00:24:03.700 Turning them against their own parents.

00:24:06.180 Radicalizing them against their own families, their own schools that culminated in mass suicide,

00:24:12.640 murders, rapes, starvations.

00:24:15.740 All of this taking place not in wartime, but in peacetime.

00:24:21.240 Because this is the legacy of Chairman Mao.

00:24:24.900 As his mind descended into degeneracy, so too did China descend into chaos under heaven. 0.88

00:24:40.820 The Chinaphiles part two, chaos under heaven. 1.00

00:24:54.020 But after 1949, Chairman Mao was now the dictator of the entire country, the undisputed leader

00:25:02.200 of the Chinese Communist Party.

00:25:04.100 The man who, with a single word, could order executions, could order young girls taken to

00:25:13.020 him, which he did many, many times, some as young as 13 and 14, to be brought up to his

00:25:18.880 inner chambers, massive bed that he used to use.

00:25:25.140 He had absolute power over the country.

00:25:27.120 But the first thing that he began to do with that power was something called the agricultural

00:25:32.960 reforms.

00:25:35.120 And what was this?

00:25:36.980 With the agricultural reforms, and possibly in a response to his father, in a response to

00:25:45.460 the way that he talked about his father brutally treating him, brutally beating him and his

00:25:49.580 brothers, the Chinese Communist Party went into every single peasant village.

00:25:57.120 And they found anyone who owned land.

00:26:00.040 If you owned land, that land was taken for you.

00:26:05.880 Peasant revenge was the coin of the realm.

00:26:11.520 Landlords, landowners were shunned, publicly mocked, in some cases, brutally executed by the

00:26:22.460 Chinese Communist Party.

00:26:23.300 Millions of people died in this exercise, in this activity.

00:26:27.120 These were called legitimate grievances against the landowners.

00:26:33.380 It was a new class war.

00:26:36.620 Mao himself actually described it as this in 1950.

00:26:40.040 Land reform in a population of over 300 million people is a vicious war.

00:26:46.080 It is more arduous, more complex, more troublesome than crossing the Yangtze River, because our

00:26:52.800 troops are 260 million peasant soldiers.

00:26:56.680 This is a war for land reform.

00:26:59.120 This is the most hideous class war between peasants and landlords.

00:27:03.980 It is a battle to the death.

00:27:10.640 It's hard to tell how many landlords were actually systemically murdered by the Chinese Communist Party

00:27:16.880 during this time.

00:27:18.400 But it wasn't just landlords that were targeted.

00:27:21.020 Mao soon realized that factory owners, factory managers, and academics all caused problems for him.

00:27:34.760 And so Mao continued to go after all of them.

00:27:38.120 But for the academics, Mao had a new idea.

00:27:41.900 Because Mao came up with something called the Baihua Ying Dong, the Hundred Flowers Campaign.

00:27:49.620 And at one point, in 1956, Chairman Mao encouraged intellectuals, academics, writers.

00:27:59.160 He said, speak out.

00:28:00.720 Let a hundred flowers bloom.

00:28:03.520 Tell us the truth of what you believe our country has been up to since the founding of the People's Republic.

00:28:12.800 Just go ahead and let us know.

00:28:15.080 And don't worry.

00:28:16.100 Nothing will happen to you.

00:28:17.280 Well, it shouldn't begin to be very hard to tell you what happened to all those people.

00:28:28.780 Because every single person who spoke out against Chairman Mao was locked up, discredited.

00:28:35.880 They lost their jobs.

00:28:37.580 They were forced into gulags and labor camps.

00:28:40.520 They were sent away for re-education.

00:28:43.700 Many of which were pushed to suicide or persecuted to the point where they decided to take their own lives rather than live through continued persecution at the hands of the authorities and at the hands of the party.

00:28:58.260 Hundreds of thousands of leaders, leading intellectuals, professors were targeted in what was called, and you're going to love this, it was called the anti-right-wing movement.

00:29:12.520 Because any criticism of the party was seen as right-wing extremism.

00:29:18.560 And you're going to hear that phrase over and over as we talk more about this, because right-wing extremism, according to Chairman Mao, was the enemy of the revolution.

00:29:30.760 And anyone who opposed him was a right-wing extremist.

00:29:35.000 In fact, the historian Jun Chang wrote,

00:29:38.280 It was a year before the intellectuals gained courage to respond to Mao's call.

00:29:43.180 But in terms of the education system, there were bitter complaints about copying the Soviet Union,

00:29:47.420 the fact that Marxist-Leminism was held up as orthodox doctrine to be accepted without question,

00:29:52.440 wider social criticism focused on the authoritarian role,

00:29:55.720 and various abuses of privilege of the new political elites.

00:29:59.900 Because the new elites were simply the people that Mao put into power.

00:30:03.480 But Mao didn't care.

00:30:06.580 Mao was looking to make a list of enemies.

00:30:10.500 And for every person who came out, they were criticized, they were persecuted,

00:30:15.720 many of whom were later sent to the farms themselves.

00:30:20.620 They said,

00:30:21.800 If you don't understand the importance of the peasantry, you must be sent down.

00:30:27.560 Xia Fang, this happened in the 1950s and 60s.

00:30:30.080 These intellectuals were sent to work on farms themselves as indentured servants and slaves.

00:30:34.680 And there's another group that was persecuted.

00:30:36.260 The persecution of them began under this time.

00:30:38.400 It wasn't as intense as it would later become during the Cultural Revolution.

00:30:42.340 But that was the church.

00:30:45.040 Christianity in China began to be persecuted.

00:30:48.940 Churches were closed.

00:30:50.500 Missionaries were forced out.

00:30:51.680 You didn't yet have the mass killings of priests and nuns, the rapes that would come later.

00:31:01.140 But during this period, the Chinese Communist Party, like all Communist Parties, understood

00:31:05.800 that only one ideology could be allowed to operate.

00:31:09.900 And so any church that remained in China, any individual congregation, had to be forced.

00:31:19.680 The priests themselves had to swear allegiance to the Chinese Communist Party.

00:31:24.640 Or they too would be purged.

00:31:27.580 They too would be sent to the countryside.

00:31:30.120 And if they were a foreigner, be deported from the country or even worse. 1.00

00:31:34.360 Because in a communist revolution, they always come for the priests first.

00:31:41.320 They always come for the people of God.

00:31:46.020 Because for communism to take hold and take root, there cannot be any higher power than the party,

00:31:53.780 which is always officially atheist.

00:31:57.300 They smash God.

00:31:59.300 They take him out of the public square.

00:32:01.060 And they appoint themselves and the revolution, the new morality.

00:32:05.740 Because as we're going to learn, the revolution never ends.

00:32:09.440 As the 10-year mark of the People's Republic was rapidly approaching, Mao became impatient.

00:32:18.100 Mao was upset because utopia had not yet been reached.

00:32:23.580 Millions had been killed.

00:32:25.880 Millions more had been deported.

00:32:27.400 Millions more had been taken out of their positions of power.

00:32:30.360 And sent to serve as peasants. 0.78

00:32:32.980 The peasants then had been placed in charge of the farms, in charge of the factories, in charge of industrial output.

00:32:39.600 And yet, nothing seemed to be working.

00:32:43.780 Mao then decided that industrial manufacturing and agricultural growth needed to move, quote,

00:32:51.320 faster, better, and cheaper.

00:32:53.980 And so, Mao came up with a new policy, a new plan, that he called the Great Leap Forward.

00:33:06.320 The Great Leap Forward had two objectives.

00:33:08.560 The first was to industrialize the society, industrialize the economy in order to catch up with the West. 0.94

00:33:13.180 The second was to transform China into a collectivized society, where full socialism would be achieved.

00:33:21.060 This was done through collective communes, where those massive farms that we talked about earlier would no longer be owned by any one individual.

00:33:30.060 They'd be owned by the state.

00:33:31.240 They'd be owned by the party.

00:33:33.100 Where you wouldn't even live in your own home anymore.

00:33:36.140 You would live in dormitories.

00:33:37.340 You would live in blocks.

00:33:39.160 You wouldn't make your own food.

00:33:40.680 No, you'd be served food at cafeterias and canteens.

00:33:43.380 You'd be given the ability to have a collective meal.

00:33:47.020 You would have collective work, collective education, collective life.

00:33:51.580 You would live at the beck and call of the state.

00:33:56.280 The Great Leap Forward, this was announced by Mao.

00:33:58.600 The party was meeting in Nanjing in the South.

00:34:01.560 And Mao said, we need to follow a different path than the Soviet Union. 0.78

00:34:06.680 We need to figure out a way to organize all peasant labor, eliminate waste, inefficiency. 0.93

00:34:12.560 And of course, Mao realized that the only one to be able to direct all of this, of course, would be Chairman Mao himself.

00:34:22.420 And so they came up with a new jingle.

00:34:26.780 Communism is paradise and the people's communes are the way to get there.

00:34:31.780 Private property was confiscated.

00:34:33.440 Land, farm buildings, tools, livestock, all of it was confiscated by the government, even private homes.

00:34:44.640 Philip Short, who was a historian, wrote, officially, everyone was supposed to have at least six hours sleep every day.

00:34:50.600 But some brigades boasted of working up to four or five days without stopping.

00:34:58.020 Now, Mao was also obsessed with steel.

00:35:00.760 And Mao said, we need to find ways to make more.

00:35:04.560 China has to make more steel and make it faster.

00:35:07.140 So Mao decided to come up with a new policy called backyard furnaces because we needed to take the old iron.

00:35:13.520 Remember the old the plowshares.

00:35:15.420 We needed more steel plowshares.

00:35:17.840 And so what was the best way to do this?

00:35:20.320 Well, the Soviet Union had their massive smelteries.

00:35:23.660 But not in China.

00:35:24.660 No, no, no, no, no.

00:35:25.360 In China, they decided to have backyard furnaces.

00:35:28.800 So all farmers and anyone in China who owned iron, you were then ordered by Chairman Mao to go into your backyard with your hammers, your sights, your equipment, and to smelt all of it down in your backyard furnaces.

00:35:44.820 All farm equipment in China was melted.

00:35:49.380 Even household implements, cooking utensils, ladles, pots, woks, pans, everything smelted down.

00:36:00.180 Now, did this lead to a new birth of a bountiful harvest for China?

00:36:11.340 Did these massive communist policies lead to the greatest export and bountiful harvest that we've ever seen in the world?

00:36:20.740 No.

00:36:22.100 Unfortunately not.

00:36:23.000 Because unfortunately for us, the same way that this was tried under Trofim Lysenko, the founder of Lysenkoism, complete pseudoscience in the Soviet Union, this led to the greatest mass humanitarian crisis in world history.

00:36:47.440 Tens of millions of people starved to death.

00:36:53.000 Some estimates say it was as high as 47 million.

00:36:55.460 Some estimates say it's as high as 60 million.

00:36:58.220 There's an incredible book called Hungry Ghosts that I urge you to read, but I don't urge you to read it on an empty stomach.

00:37:05.220 Excuse me, I do urge you to read it on an empty stomach.

00:37:09.180 Because it shows the abject horror that the people of China, the Lao Baixing, had to live through under the Great Leap Forward. 0.85

00:37:16.400 And what they call the Great Famine.

00:37:18.340 Even today, they call it the Three Years of Famine.

00:37:20.180 Though, of course, in official propaganda, they say it was due to natural disasters.

00:37:26.300 The food shortages got so bad.

00:37:29.820 It got so critical.

00:37:31.820 That peasants were eating things like sawdust, leather, seeds, animal manure.

00:37:39.200 In Sichuan province, there were reports of peasants eating soil itself.

00:37:45.520 Dogs, cats, rice, mice, insects.

00:37:51.580 Dead or alive.

00:37:54.620 Malnutrition spread throughout all of China.

00:37:58.200 And there was something else that spread throughout China that began to rear its head.

00:38:07.520 Cannibalism.

00:38:10.320 Because people would see their neighbors die.

00:38:14.300 And they would say,

00:38:15.380 If this flesh can be a way for us to live, then why shouldn't we?

00:38:25.760 Sometimes, and there are reports of this happening to families eating their own family members.

00:38:34.180 Parents.

00:38:35.380 Siblings.

00:38:35.700 Even in some cases, children.

00:38:41.720 Child abandonment.

00:38:42.840 Child selling. 0.92

00:38:43.680 Prostitution. 0.99

00:38:46.600 In some cases, there are even stories of parents killing their own children. 0.87

00:38:52.700 Which they considered an act of mercy.

00:38:55.220 Rather than allow them to starve.

00:38:56.760 All of this in Chairman Mao's quest for a communist utopia.

00:39:05.300 His quest to make everything equal under heaven.

00:39:10.600 His quest to right the wrongs of a capitalist, right-wing, imperialist society.

00:39:22.500 Parents forced to kill their own children.

00:39:24.640 People eating their own neighbors.

00:39:31.180 These stories, by the way,

00:39:33.300 you won't find them in a Hollywood movie.

00:39:36.500 You won't find them anywhere in China.

00:39:38.860 Because Hollywood is terrified

00:39:40.480 to tell the truth

00:39:42.440 of what happened in China

00:39:43.920 under Chairman Mao.

00:39:45.780 They're terrified

00:39:46.900 to tell the truth

00:39:48.260 of the Chinese Communist Party

00:39:50.140 to this very day.

00:39:52.420 The most horrific

00:39:53.500 humanitarian crisis

00:39:55.300 on the planet.

00:39:57.160 50 million,

00:39:58.060 60 million people

00:39:58.900 dead

00:39:59.360 in peacetime.

00:40:01.720 And there isn't

00:40:02.520 a single

00:40:03.200 movie

00:40:04.120 about it.

00:40:05.660 Why do you suppose

00:40:06.700 that is?

00:40:07.280 So the Great Leap Forward

00:40:15.840 ended

00:40:16.260 in disaster.

00:40:18.600 Mass starvation.

00:40:19.480 Tens of millions killed.

00:40:21.500 Many of the other senior leaders

00:40:23.000 of the Chinese Communist Party,

00:40:25.380 people like

00:40:25.920 Deng Xiaoping,

00:40:27.960 people like

00:40:29.020 Liu Xiaoxi,

00:40:31.660 realized

00:40:32.260 that they had

00:40:34.040 to come up

00:40:34.780 with a new plan.

00:40:37.080 And so they went

00:40:37.560 to Chairman Mao

00:40:38.240 and they said,

00:40:38.820 let us take over

00:40:39.580 economic reforms.

00:40:41.080 We can work on this.

00:40:43.040 We can make things better.

00:40:45.020 We can set things right.

00:40:46.580 And initially,

00:40:47.320 Chairman Mao said,

00:40:48.040 fine,

00:40:48.560 go ahead.

00:40:50.480 But then something happened.

00:40:52.600 As Deng Xiaoping

00:40:53.500 and Liu Xiaoxi

00:40:54.660 and the other individuals

00:40:57.040 who are running

00:40:58.460 these new reforms

00:40:59.620 in China,

00:41:00.540 Mao became very upset.

00:41:01.680 because he saw

00:41:02.620 themselves

00:41:03.240 as being successful

00:41:04.860 and they were winning

00:41:07.360 over the people.

00:41:09.200 But Mao didn't like that

00:41:10.680 one bit.

00:41:11.980 He didn't want anyone

00:41:13.460 to have that kind

00:41:15.360 of connection

00:41:15.740 with the people

00:41:16.340 other than him.

00:41:18.500 But the problem was

00:41:19.660 for the people

00:41:20.220 that had lived

00:41:20.800 through

00:41:21.540 the Great Leap Forward,

00:41:24.460 the people who understood

00:41:25.220 the years of famine,

00:41:26.780 they understood

00:41:27.240 who was to blame

00:41:28.060 and they'd already

00:41:29.400 been swung.

00:41:31.680 So anyone

00:41:33.240 who was over 18

00:41:34.160 understood

00:41:34.960 that it was

00:41:36.320 Chairman Mao's

00:41:37.200 issue.

00:41:39.640 So Chairman Mao

00:41:40.820 came up

00:41:41.380 with a new solution.

00:41:43.900 He decided

00:41:45.040 that people like

00:41:47.040 Deng Xiaoping

00:41:47.680 and people like

00:41:49.360 Liu Xiaoxi,

00:41:50.900 these other party leaders,

00:41:52.520 or anyone

00:41:53.340 who opposed

00:41:55.120 his rule,

00:41:56.400 his unquestioned rule,

00:41:59.400 must then

00:42:00.600 be 0.99

00:42:01.400 eliminated 0.98

00:42:02.740 and purged.

00:42:05.260 And Mao

00:42:06.060 launched something

00:42:06.880 in 1966

00:42:08.520 that can only

00:42:10.460 be referred to

00:42:11.280 as

00:42:11.720 a revolution

00:42:12.780 against his own

00:42:14.200 revolution.

00:42:15.960 And he used

00:42:17.440 the youth

00:42:18.560 in order to do this.

00:42:19.580 He began to hold

00:42:20.380 massive

00:42:21.120 stadium-filled

00:42:22.780 speeches,

00:42:24.200 broadcasts

00:42:25.120 across the news,

00:42:26.040 across everywhere,

00:42:28.060 speeches from

00:42:28.700 Tiananmen Gate

00:42:29.480 in Tiananmen Square.

00:42:31.440 And he brought

00:42:32.480 these youth

00:42:33.800 to him,

00:42:34.320 these new cadres

00:42:35.120 that he referred to

00:42:35.900 as

00:42:36.240 the Red Guards.

00:42:38.260 And the Red Guard

00:42:39.320 brigades

00:42:39.920 were then

00:42:40.840 formed

00:42:41.860 in every city,

00:42:43.320 in every province,

00:42:44.560 from the cities

00:42:45.780 of the east

00:42:46.380 to the deserts

00:42:47.440 of the west,

00:42:48.260 to the countryside,

00:42:49.180 to the south.

00:42:52.520 And Mao

00:42:53.220 asked for only

00:42:53.780 one thing,

00:42:55.500 unquestioned

00:42:56.320 loyalty

00:42:57.000 to himself

00:42:58.040 and unquestioned

00:42:59.280 loyalty

00:42:59.700 to the revolution.

00:43:02.800 If you were

00:43:03.620 accused of

00:43:04.280 anti-revolutionary

00:43:05.360 thought

00:43:05.740 as the brigades

00:43:07.300 of thousands

00:43:08.020 of Red Guards

00:43:09.400 marched up

00:43:10.380 and down the streets,

00:43:11.540 they would go

00:43:12.540 onto buses

00:43:13.080 and they always

00:43:14.800 held up

00:43:15.360 Mao's little red book

00:43:16.580 and they would ask

00:43:17.120 you to make sure

00:43:17.880 that you had

00:43:18.940 your copy

00:43:19.520 of Mao's

00:43:20.340 little red book

00:43:20.940 on you.

00:43:21.780 They might even

00:43:22.480 ask you to

00:43:22.920 quote from it

00:43:23.600 and if you

00:43:24.440 couldn't finish

00:43:24.980 the quote

00:43:25.320 they started

00:43:25.800 on the bus,

00:43:26.840 you'd be hauled

00:43:27.500 off and sent

00:43:28.020 to your struggle

00:43:28.520 session.

00:43:30.140 If you were

00:43:30.880 accused

00:43:31.560 at school,

00:43:34.280 if you were

00:43:35.320 accused at work

00:43:36.360 of uttering

00:43:37.820 anti-revolutionary

00:43:39.360 thought,

00:43:40.700 the persecution

00:43:41.320 began.

00:43:43.680 Teachers would

00:43:44.200 throw themselves

00:43:45.040 out of buildings 0.99

00:43:45.760 and kill themselves 0.99

00:43:46.740 rather than face 1.00

00:43:47.860 the struggle

00:43:48.260 sessions.

00:43:49.940 Massive soccer

00:43:50.900 stadiums

00:43:51.780 where people

00:43:52.480 were placed

00:43:53.920 with placards

00:43:54.640 around their

00:43:55.340 necks

00:43:55.680 and forced 0.87

00:43:58.440 to self-incriminate,

00:44:00.060 forced to stand

00:44:00.840 there and be

00:44:01.360 persecuted by the

00:44:02.120 people,

00:44:02.540 spat upon,

00:44:03.880 have things

00:44:04.320 thrown at them,

00:44:05.480 in some cases

00:44:06.080 executed,

00:44:06.940 some cases

00:44:07.380 not.

00:44:09.900 The Red Guards

00:44:11.180 soon became

00:44:12.200 too powerful

00:44:13.480 for anyone

00:44:14.100 to control

00:44:14.720 and the

00:44:15.560 cult of

00:44:15.980 Mao

00:44:16.320 became so

00:44:17.620 large

00:44:18.020 that everyone

00:44:18.700 in the

00:44:19.180 country

00:44:19.560 had to go

00:44:20.660 with it.

00:44:22.660 Churches

00:44:23.220 at this

00:44:23.500 point

00:44:23.720 were completely

00:44:24.380 destroyed.

00:44:26.180 Anything

00:44:26.660 attached to

00:44:27.580 the past

00:44:28.100 or attached

00:44:28.860 to another

00:44:29.200 country

00:44:29.660 became

00:44:30.500 a target

00:44:31.780 of attack,

00:44:32.720 a new

00:44:33.300 vector of

00:44:33.860 destruction.

00:44:34.720 You had to

00:44:35.040 prove your

00:44:35.540 worth,

00:44:35.940 you had to

00:44:36.320 prove your

00:44:37.000 fervor,

00:44:37.620 your revolutionary

00:44:38.220 fervor to

00:44:38.840 Chairman Mao.

00:44:39.380 People were

00:44:42.040 dug up, 0.62

00:44:43.220 old emperors

00:44:44.020 were dug up,

00:44:45.180 and their

00:44:46.120 bodies were

00:44:46.700 desecrated,

00:44:48.460 graveyards

00:44:49.100 were smashed,

00:44:51.580 things that

00:44:52.280 may bear

00:44:54.800 striking similarity

00:44:55.860 to things that

00:44:57.000 you saw in the

00:44:58.160 United States

00:44:58.780 in 2020.

00:45:00.420 As statues

00:45:01.100 were smashed,

00:45:01.960 language itself

00:45:02.840 was twisted,

00:45:04.520 and the enemies

00:45:05.160 of Chairman Mao

00:45:06.000 were purged,

00:45:09.140 black

00:45:09.360 blacklisted,

00:45:10.540 in many cases

00:45:11.260 persecuted,

00:45:12.420 and murdered.

00:45:13.740 Even one

00:45:14.320 individual,

00:45:15.820 Lin Biao,

00:45:17.080 who had been

00:45:17.500 the head of

00:45:18.060 the Red Army

00:45:18.660 during the

00:45:20.540 Chinese Civil

00:45:21.100 War,

00:45:21.760 during the

00:45:22.300 war against

00:45:22.740 the Nationalists,

00:45:23.500 Lin Biao,

00:45:24.920 who had

00:45:25.840 always supported

00:45:26.740 Chairman Mao.

00:45:28.580 He was the

00:45:28.960 Minister of

00:45:29.340 Defense.

00:45:31.600 Even he

00:45:32.600 was accused

00:45:34.040 because Mao

00:45:34.860 was becoming

00:45:35.300 crazier and 0.54

00:45:36.200 crazier as he 0.52

00:45:36.940 lost his

00:45:37.380 mind.

00:45:37.700 Many people

00:45:38.000 thought that he

00:45:38.380 had even

00:45:38.760 had syphilis

00:45:39.520 and it's

00:45:40.720 gone back

00:45:41.120 to say

00:45:41.480 that some

00:45:41.780 of his

00:45:42.020 doctors

00:45:42.380 have confirmed

00:45:42.980 this.

00:45:44.840 Mao thought

00:45:45.280 that Lin Biao 0.99

00:45:45.740 was working

00:45:46.220 against him.

00:45:48.100 And there's

00:45:48.440 been new

00:45:48.780 information

00:45:49.260 that's come

00:45:49.720 out in years

00:45:50.160 since

00:45:50.600 that Lin Biao 0.99

00:45:52.300 may have

00:45:52.700 been having

00:45:53.060 secret

00:45:53.420 discussions

00:45:53.940 with the

00:45:55.260 Nationalists,

00:45:56.240 with the

00:45:56.620 Republic of

00:45:57.140 China back 0.93

00:45:57.620 down in

00:45:57.960 Taiwan,

00:45:59.020 as to say

00:46:00.560 we need

00:46:01.240 to do

00:46:01.580 something

00:46:02.080 about Mao.

00:46:04.000 We need

00:46:04.780 to form a

00:46:05.360 new government.

00:46:06.040 This has

00:46:06.240 been a

00:46:06.480 complete

00:46:06.800 disaster.

00:46:07.360 Mao

00:46:10.180 found out

00:46:10.600 what was

00:46:10.880 going on.

00:46:12.760 And Lin

00:46:13.000 Biao

00:46:13.360 took his

00:46:15.360 entire

00:46:15.680 family,

00:46:16.140 nine people,

00:46:17.240 and they

00:46:17.420 ran to

00:46:17.760 an airplane,

00:46:18.680 a private

00:46:19.300 airplane,

00:46:19.760 a Hawker

00:46:20.120 Sidley

00:46:20.480 Trident.

00:46:22.520 They took

00:46:23.040 off from

00:46:23.340 Beijing.

00:46:27.840 Excuse me,

00:46:28.420 they took

00:46:28.660 off from

00:46:28.920 Hebei 0.59

00:46:29.180 province.

00:46:31.140 They tried

00:46:31.700 to flow up

00:46:32.120 to the

00:46:32.320 Soviet Union,

00:46:32.880 but the

00:46:34.160 Soviet Union

00:46:34.860 didn't want

00:46:35.780 issues with

00:46:36.660 Mao.

00:46:37.200 They tried

00:46:37.680 to fly

00:46:37.940 back down

00:46:38.360 to Taiwan,

00:46:38.920 but they

00:46:39.120 realized that

00:46:40.700 they ran

00:46:41.000 out of

00:46:41.220 fuel.

00:46:42.680 They

00:46:43.120 crashed over

00:46:43.780 Mongolia,

00:46:45.320 and everyone,

00:46:46.560 Lin Biao's 0.86

00:46:46.940 entire family,

00:46:47.640 was killed.

00:46:49.060 Even someone

00:46:49.960 who had been

00:46:50.940 a massive

00:46:51.840 supporter of

00:46:52.960 Mao himself

00:46:53.880 and his

00:46:55.060 whole family

00:46:55.700 died because

00:46:58.880 Mao had lost

00:46:59.520 his entire

00:46:59.980 mind,

00:47:00.380 and he

00:47:01.260 was accusing

00:47:01.760 everyone of

00:47:02.780 being against

00:47:03.280 him.

00:47:04.500 It's in

00:47:04.800 these final

00:47:05.300 years that

00:47:08.500 Nixon and

00:47:10.100 Kissinger made

00:47:11.160 their trips

00:47:11.680 over.

00:47:12.640 They met

00:47:12.920 with Mao.

00:47:14.400 Mao made a 0.94

00:47:14.920 series of

00:47:15.380 crazy statements

00:47:16.060 to both of

00:47:16.600 them.

00:47:19.980 And then

00:47:20.660 Mao in

00:47:21.100 1976 finally

00:47:23.980 died.

00:47:25.320 His body

00:47:25.740 was embalmed.

00:47:27.820 Believe it

00:47:28.240 or not,

00:47:29.760 Mao's body

00:47:30.360 is still on

00:47:31.540 public display

00:47:32.300 to this

00:47:32.700 very day

00:47:33.200 in Tiananmen

00:47:34.700 Square,

00:47:35.200 and you can

00:47:36.100 go visit his

00:47:36.680 mausoleum.

00:47:37.840 But if you

00:47:38.460 want to go

00:47:38.900 visit the

00:47:39.460 Mao mausoleum,

00:47:40.680 you better

00:47:41.460 plan the

00:47:41.880 whole day

00:47:42.220 for it,

00:47:42.880 because the

00:47:43.600 line to get

00:47:44.200 in is

00:47:45.040 hours and

00:47:46.060 hours long.

00:47:47.540 There ain't

00:47:47.820 no fast

00:47:48.260 pass like

00:47:48.700 Disney World,

00:47:49.860 because even

00:47:50.880 to this day,

00:47:52.220 because of the

00:47:53.180 power of

00:47:53.580 propaganda,

00:47:54.640 people wait

00:47:56.380 in the

00:47:56.820 thousands to

00:47:58.420 see the

00:47:58.720 body of the

00:47:59.800 great helmsman

00:48:00.440 chairman

00:48:00.740 Mao.

00:48:02.740 Join with

00:48:03.480 us tomorrow

00:48:03.920 as we'll

00:48:04.300 talk about

00:48:05.020 what happened

00:48:06.260 next.

00:48:08.180 To the

00:48:08.960 regime,

00:48:10.320 Mao dies,

00:48:12.040 Deng Xiaoping

00:48:12.560 is able to

00:48:13.540 take over.

00:48:14.860 There is

00:48:15.540 an increase,

00:48:18.020 there are

00:48:18.740 reforms in

00:48:20.460 economics and

00:48:21.140 politics,

00:48:21.980 but it

00:48:23.120 culminates in

00:48:23.800 something called

00:48:24.540 the Tiananmen

00:48:25.980 Square Massacre,

00:48:27.120 the people's

00:48:27.800 dynasty of

00:48:29.080 power.

00:48:29.740 Chairman

00:48:29.960 Mao himself,

00:48:30.620 the great

00:48:30.940 helmsman,

00:48:32.140 passes away.

00:48:34.100 His body is

00:48:34.960 later put on

00:48:35.480 display at the

00:48:36.140 mausoleum.

00:48:37.640 And a new

00:48:38.500 leader emerges

00:48:39.800 to become the

00:48:41.240 paramount

00:48:41.880 supreme leader

00:48:42.860 of the party,

00:48:43.540 supreme leader of

00:48:44.260 China,

00:48:45.100 even though he

00:48:45.540 never takes the

00:48:46.260 title himself

00:48:47.000 officially.

00:48:48.640 And that man

00:48:49.720 is the

00:48:51.200 minuscule

00:48:51.820 Deng Xiaoping.

00:48:53.000 now Deng Xiaoping,

00:48:55.600 he had been

00:48:56.280 around in the

00:48:57.720 CCP from the

00:48:58.620 early days.

00:48:59.900 He was a

00:49:00.300 member of that

00:49:00.860 long march.

00:49:01.640 He fought with

00:49:02.140 the Red Army.

00:49:03.860 But one thing

00:49:04.500 that was

00:49:04.760 different between

00:49:05.480 Deng Xiaoping

00:49:06.080 and Mao,

00:49:08.080 as there were

00:49:08.760 many differences

00:49:09.540 between Deng Xiaoping

00:49:10.400 and Mao,

00:49:11.540 was that Deng Xiaoping

00:49:12.480 had had

00:49:13.980 foreign

00:49:15.000 experiences

00:49:15.820 as a young

00:49:16.740 man.

00:49:18.460 Chairman Mao

00:49:18.940 only ever left

00:49:19.820 China once 0.94

00:49:20.620 that we

00:49:20.940 know of

00:49:21.520 in order

00:49:22.200 to go

00:49:22.720 to Moscow

00:49:23.660 to attend

00:49:24.640 a meeting

00:49:24.980 with Joseph

00:49:25.380 Stalin 0.57

00:49:25.760 in the

00:49:26.040 1940s.

00:49:27.600 Deng Xiaoping,

00:49:28.200 on the other

00:49:28.540 hand,

00:49:29.140 had spent

00:49:29.640 time overseas.

00:49:31.340 Deng Xiaoping

00:49:31.760 in his

00:49:33.340 very early

00:49:34.200 years

00:49:34.780 had an

00:49:35.440 opportunity

00:49:35.800 to travel

00:49:36.480 to France

00:49:36.920 as an

00:49:37.240 overseas

00:49:37.680 worker.

00:49:38.140 In fact,

00:49:38.460 many Chinese

00:49:39.000 traveled

00:49:39.340 overseas

00:49:39.740 as workers

00:49:40.960 in the

00:49:41.320 late 1800s,

00:49:42.240 of course,

00:49:42.840 famously

00:49:43.180 building the

00:49:43.780 railroad in

00:49:44.360 the United

00:49:44.680 States,

00:49:45.820 the

00:49:46.640 Transcontinental

00:49:47.200 Railroad,

00:49:48.060 and then

00:49:48.400 in other

00:49:48.700 chances,

00:49:49.660 he had,

00:49:50.120 he worked

00:49:50.680 in France.

00:49:51.780 And so

00:49:51.920 at 16

00:49:52.460 years old,

00:49:53.040 Deng Xiaoping

00:49:53.620 traveled

00:49:54.660 steerage

00:49:55.180 class

00:49:55.660 on a

00:49:56.260 working

00:49:56.540 ship

00:49:56.920 to France

00:49:57.820 as an

00:49:58.100 overseas

00:49:58.400 worker

00:49:58.820 where he

00:49:59.620 worked

00:49:59.980 in a

00:50:00.700 steel

00:50:00.900 factory,

00:50:01.460 an iron

00:50:01.780 factory.

00:50:02.960 He was

00:50:03.120 given a

00:50:03.420 job as

00:50:03.740 a fitter.

00:50:05.040 And

00:50:05.160 actually

00:50:05.520 years later

00:50:06.100 during the

00:50:06.580 Cultural

00:50:06.880 Revolution,

00:50:07.440 when he

00:50:07.960 himself

00:50:08.380 was purged

00:50:09.140 by Mao

00:50:09.800 and by

00:50:10.080 the party,

00:50:11.140 he was

00:50:11.400 sent to

00:50:12.040 a factory.

00:50:13.320 This is

00:50:13.520 50 years

00:50:14.200 later.

00:50:14.900 He's

00:50:15.140 sent to

00:50:15.400 a factory

00:50:15.820 to work

00:50:16.520 yet again

00:50:17.360 as a

00:50:18.500 fitter.

00:50:18.840 And it

00:50:19.020 turns out

00:50:19.420 that he

00:50:19.620 still knew

00:50:20.260 trade.

00:50:21.600 He was

00:50:21.720 still a

00:50:22.000 master

00:50:22.200 of the

00:50:22.440 craft.

00:50:23.820 So Deng Xiaoping

00:50:24.480 has this

00:50:26.740 European background.

00:50:28.040 He studied

00:50:28.520 in France

00:50:29.180 for a little

00:50:29.600 bit,

00:50:29.920 at least in

00:50:31.560 middle school

00:50:32.060 that we

00:50:32.580 know of.

00:50:33.940 And he

00:50:34.120 then comes

00:50:34.800 in.

00:50:35.900 He's one

00:50:36.260 of the

00:50:36.440 people that

00:50:36.960 during the

00:50:37.340 Great Leap

00:50:37.760 Forward,

00:50:38.740 the party

00:50:39.160 looked to,

00:50:40.040 and he

00:50:40.260 had risen

00:50:40.560 through the

00:50:40.960 ranks,

00:50:41.740 and they

00:50:41.980 looked to

00:50:42.300 him to

00:50:43.180 establish

00:50:43.680 some kind

00:50:44.360 of economic

00:50:44.920 reform,

00:50:46.040 to find

00:50:46.460 some kind

00:50:47.300 of way

00:50:47.760 to peel

00:50:48.620 back from

00:50:49.180 the hardline

00:50:50.100 communism and

00:50:50.880 hardline

00:50:51.400 commune

00:50:52.660 policies of

00:50:53.720 Chairman Mao

00:50:54.260 that led to

00:50:54.680 the mass

00:50:54.980 starvation.

00:50:56.180 So Deng Xiaoping

00:50:56.760 began injecting

00:50:58.060 market reforms

00:50:58.840 and introducing

00:50:59.380 market reforms,

00:51:00.620 both after

00:51:01.580 the Great Leap

00:51:03.040 Forward,

00:51:03.780 and then

00:51:04.200 later,

00:51:05.520 when Mao

00:51:05.920 died and

00:51:06.500 Deng Xiaoping

00:51:07.000 became really

00:51:08.140 his successor,

00:51:09.780 that's when he

00:51:10.840 introduced a new

00:51:11.840 policy into

00:51:13.000 China.

00:51:13.820 He called

00:51:14.340 it

00:51:14.460 reform and

00:51:17.180 opening up.

00:51:18.620 And essentially

00:51:18.960 what he did,

00:51:19.540 now keep in

00:51:19.920 mind,

00:51:20.340 this is after

00:51:20.880 the meeting

00:51:21.220 with Nixon,

00:51:21.760 after the

00:51:22.100 meeting with

00:51:22.480 Kissinger,

00:51:23.780 Zhou Enlai is

00:51:24.400 still around,

00:51:25.020 he's one of the

00:51:25.420 premieres of

00:51:25.920 China,

00:51:27.100 that Deng Xiaoping

00:51:27.720 starts opening

00:51:28.540 China to the 0.78

00:51:29.280 West,

00:51:30.040 and he allows

00:51:30.820 specifically foreign

00:51:31.760 direct investment

00:51:32.560 to come into

00:51:33.100 China,

00:51:34.060 realizing that

00:51:35.860 communism has

00:51:37.320 been a failure

00:51:37.960 in terms of

00:51:38.960 economics,

00:51:39.840 but then not

00:51:40.700 wanting to

00:51:41.920 lose power

00:51:42.820 over the

00:51:44.020 entire country

00:51:44.640 from a

00:51:45.040 political

00:51:45.280 perspective.

00:51:46.880 And so he

00:51:47.140 knew he had

00:51:47.560 to say

00:51:47.880 something about

00:51:48.640 Chairman Mao,

00:51:49.320 and there's a

00:51:49.660 famous saying

00:51:50.340 from Deng Xiaoping,

00:51:53.120 he's famous for

00:51:54.400 being a

00:51:54.700 pragmatist,

00:51:55.920 and one of his

00:51:56.720 famous sayings

00:51:57.300 about Chairman

00:51:57.880 Mao,

00:51:58.220 and they asked

00:51:58.600 him,

00:51:58.980 was Mao good,

00:52:00.180 was Mao bad?

00:52:01.360 Of course he

00:52:01.920 knew that he

00:52:02.520 had to acknowledge

00:52:03.160 the failures of

00:52:03.980 Chairman Mao,

00:52:04.540 but he also

00:52:05.120 had to find a

00:52:05.920 way to

00:52:06.680 maintain Chairman

00:52:07.420 Mao's standing

00:52:08.140 as the leader

00:52:09.320 of China,

00:52:10.120 the leader of

00:52:11.160 the CCP,

00:52:11.980 really the

00:52:12.500 initial,

00:52:13.140 if not formal

00:52:14.700 founder,

00:52:15.440 but certainly

00:52:16.220 the original

00:52:17.160 main leader.

00:52:18.600 And so Deng Xiaoping

00:52:19.240 comes up with a

00:52:19.880 statement of

00:52:20.320 saying,

00:52:21.380 Mao was seven

00:52:22.620 parts good,

00:52:23.880 three parts bad.

00:52:25.200 And that's still

00:52:26.060 essentially the

00:52:27.960 official narrative

00:52:29.040 from the party

00:52:29.680 when it goes to

00:52:30.260 Chairman Mao.

00:52:31.140 And then when

00:52:31.760 Mao had passed

00:52:33.220 away,

00:52:33.800 and Deng

00:52:34.080 started introducing

00:52:34.840 these market

00:52:36.020 reforms into

00:52:36.880 China,

00:52:38.260 they asked him

00:52:39.280 about this once

00:52:39.860 and they said,

00:52:40.800 isn't this a

00:52:42.040 form of

00:52:42.420 capitalism?

00:52:43.160 Isn't this the

00:52:43.740 opposite of

00:52:44.460 communism?

00:52:45.120 What are you

00:52:45.460 doing?

00:52:46.420 And later on,

00:52:47.660 this system is

00:52:49.200 known as

00:52:50.240 socialism with

00:52:51.120 Chinese

00:52:51.520 characteristics.

00:52:56.100 And Deng

00:53:01.000 responds,

00:53:02.160 it doesn't

00:53:03.200 matter if a

00:53:04.160 cat is white

00:53:05.100 or black.

00:53:06.320 It only matters

00:53:07.380 if the cat

00:53:08.300 catches mice.

00:53:10.200 And so

00:53:10.400 again,

00:53:11.160 the same

00:53:11.680 type of

00:53:12.420 pragmatism

00:53:13.060 that you

00:53:13.300 would see

00:53:13.740 as opposed

00:53:14.540 to the

00:53:15.260 ideological

00:53:15.820 dogmatism

00:53:16.720 of Chairman

00:53:17.140 Mao,

00:53:18.120 whereas Deng

00:53:18.560 Xiaoping 0.85

00:53:18.900 wanted China 0.98

00:53:20.460 to become

00:53:20.880 richer,

00:53:21.700 wanted the

00:53:22.100 party to

00:53:22.500 become more

00:53:22.920 powerful.

00:53:23.940 But here's

00:53:24.640 the difference.

00:53:25.880 Here's the

00:53:26.580 difference between

00:53:27.220 him and,

00:53:27.960 say,

00:53:28.660 a Khrushchev.

00:53:29.560 Here's the

00:53:30.080 difference between

00:53:30.660 him and

00:53:31.760 a Gorbachev.

00:53:33.280 Was that Deng

00:53:34.080 never wanted

00:53:36.260 the party

00:53:37.160 to lose

00:53:38.080 power?

00:53:39.720 And so

00:53:39.980 as the

00:53:40.800 country and

00:53:42.000 as the

00:53:42.320 CCP opened

00:53:43.100 up more

00:53:43.520 and reformed

00:53:44.140 more,

00:53:45.080 the 1970s

00:53:46.080 rolled into

00:53:46.600 the 1980s.

00:53:48.560 And throughout

00:53:49.340 the 1980s,

00:53:50.200 remember,

00:53:50.540 the USSR at

00:53:51.340 this point is

00:53:52.460 beginning to

00:53:52.900 crack.

00:53:54.140 The communist

00:53:54.960 bloc is 0.98

00:53:55.720 beginning to

00:53:56.200 open.

00:53:57.100 Thaws are 1.00

00:53:57.500 happening

00:53:57.880 between,

00:53:58.580 first,

00:53:58.920 obviously,

00:53:59.400 between the

00:53:59.740 CCP and

00:54:01.260 the United

00:54:01.580 States,

00:54:02.440 but then

00:54:02.780 also between

00:54:03.800 the Warsaw

00:54:04.280 Nations,

00:54:04.700 Berlin Wall,

00:54:07.740 more and

00:54:08.240 more protests

00:54:09.060 all throughout

00:54:10.540 the 1980s.

00:54:11.600 Reagan becomes

00:54:12.480 president.

00:54:13.100 Reagan and

00:54:13.580 Thatcher,

00:54:14.440 Pope John

00:54:14.800 Paul II,

00:54:15.500 they're fighting.

00:54:16.180 They're going

00:54:16.520 behind the

00:54:17.140 Berlin Wall.

00:54:17.860 Pope John

00:54:18.160 Paul II

00:54:18.500 goes to

00:54:19.900 Poland,

00:54:20.680 holds massive

00:54:21.360 rallies.

00:54:22.740 Worldwide

00:54:23.260 communism is

00:54:24.360 beginning to

00:54:24.820 fall.

00:54:26.140 And the

00:54:27.280 power of

00:54:28.280 communism over

00:54:29.000 these areas

00:54:29.700 is beginning

00:54:30.540 to weaken.

00:54:32.340 All of this

00:54:33.260 comes to a

00:54:33.840 head.

00:54:34.700 And at

00:54:35.240 the same

00:54:35.560 time,

00:54:35.880 Deng Xiaoping,

00:54:36.520 he's out

00:54:36.840 there preaching

00:54:37.360 reform,

00:54:38.460 opening up,

00:54:39.160 reform,

00:54:39.620 reform,

00:54:40.000 reform.

00:54:41.140 Well,

00:54:41.660 students and

00:54:43.060 youth throughout

00:54:44.240 China start

00:54:46.180 hearing this and

00:54:46.740 they say,

00:54:47.160 we don't just

00:54:47.540 want economic

00:54:48.240 reform.

00:54:49.180 We want

00:54:49.960 political

00:54:50.860 reform.

00:54:51.600 We want

00:54:52.300 social reform.

00:54:53.580 We want the

00:54:54.440 freedoms that

00:54:55.100 we've seen in

00:54:55.880 the West.

00:54:56.760 We want the

00:54:57.120 freedoms that

00:54:57.640 we've seen in

00:54:58.160 the United

00:54:58.480 States.

00:54:59.600 We want the

00:54:59.980 freedoms that

00:55:00.880 are being denied

00:55:01.640 to us.

00:55:02.220 And this

00:55:04.080 sparks off a

00:55:04.700 movement as

00:55:05.140 well.

00:55:06.740 And in

00:55:06.920 fact,

00:55:07.380 some party

00:55:08.140 leaders of

00:55:08.920 the CCP

00:55:09.500 back this

00:55:12.080 new movement

00:55:12.740 of political

00:55:13.440 reform.

00:55:14.920 One of those

00:55:15.860 leaders ends

00:55:17.240 up passing

00:55:17.720 away and a

00:55:19.460 funeral is

00:55:19.940 held for him

00:55:20.520 in a place

00:55:22.020 called Tiananmen

00:55:23.240 Square in

00:55:24.340 April of

00:55:25.420 1989.

00:55:26.040 1989.

00:55:27.040 And the

00:55:27.660 students flooded

00:55:28.660 the square.

00:55:30.100 They stayed

00:55:30.420 there for

00:55:30.720 months.

00:55:31.560 So it's

00:55:31.820 April 1989.

00:55:34.480 There's

00:55:34.960 massive movement

00:55:35.760 for social

00:55:36.240 change across

00:55:37.720 all of

00:55:38.840 China,

00:55:39.200 every major

00:55:39.700 city.

00:55:41.560 And one

00:55:42.260 party leader

00:55:42.760 in particular,

00:55:43.880 not Deng Xiaoping,

00:55:44.760 but a pretty

00:55:45.160 high leader,

00:55:46.760 named Hu

00:55:47.120 Yaobang,

00:55:48.060 is championing

00:55:48.800 these reforms.

00:55:50.300 But Deng Xiaoping

00:55:50.900 and the hard

00:55:51.400 liners, the

00:55:52.680 long marchers,

00:55:53.700 they don't want

00:55:54.160 this.

00:55:54.400 They don't

00:55:55.440 want any

00:55:56.020 social reform.

00:55:57.520 They don't

00:55:57.860 want any

00:55:58.240 reform at

00:55:58.700 all like

00:55:59.060 this,

00:55:59.720 because they

00:56:00.200 want the 0.55

00:56:00.520 party to

00:56:01.640 always be

00:56:02.680 the unchallenged

00:56:03.880 head of

00:56:04.820 all of

00:56:05.100 China.

00:56:08.040 So Hu

00:56:08.700 Yaobang is

00:56:10.500 forced to

00:56:10.900 resign, but

00:56:11.600 not long after

00:56:12.500 his forced

00:56:12.920 resignation, he

00:56:14.200 suffers a

00:56:14.600 heart attack

00:56:15.160 and dies. 0.53

00:56:17.220 Many of his

00:56:17.960 supporters, many

00:56:18.660 of the students

00:56:19.380 wonder, could

00:56:22.980 he have been

00:56:23.300 killed?

00:56:23.620 Could

00:56:24.440 something have

00:56:24.860 happened to

00:56:25.240 him, like

00:56:26.500 something

00:56:26.800 happened to

00:56:27.260 Lin Biao? 0.52

00:56:28.820 What's

00:56:29.300 really going

00:56:29.860 on?

00:56:31.340 So those

00:56:32.040 students flood

00:56:33.040 not just

00:56:35.020 Tiananmen 1.00

00:56:35.340 Square, but

00:56:36.520 Shanghai,

00:56:37.880 Chongqing,

00:56:39.160 hundreds of

00:56:39.600 thousands in

00:56:40.120 Hong Kong,

00:56:41.260 all over

00:56:42.240 China.

00:56:43.160 Remember, Hong 0.99

00:56:43.660 Kong, by the 0.76

00:56:44.140 way, had not

00:56:45.220 been under

00:56:46.600 Chinese rule at

00:56:47.680 this time, not

00:56:48.200 under the CCP

00:56:48.680 rule at this

00:56:49.280 time.

00:56:49.880 It was still

00:56:50.180 under British

00:56:50.540 rule.

00:56:51.220 Hong Kong

00:56:51.580 never went

00:56:52.080 communist.

00:56:52.720 Hong Kong

00:56:53.680 was always a

00:56:54.780 British enclave,

00:56:56.080 the same way

00:56:56.860 that Taiwan 0.55

00:56:57.380 never became

00:56:58.080 communist, because

00:56:59.120 it was always

00:56:59.600 under the

00:56:59.980 nationalists after

00:57:01.240 1949.

00:57:02.200 So you have to

00:57:02.780 remember this.

00:57:03.440 Hong Kong and

00:57:04.020 Taiwan always 0.99

00:57:05.480 stayed outside of

00:57:06.800 communist China

00:57:07.560 until later on

00:57:08.480 with Hong Kong.

00:57:09.980 So, here we

00:57:11.640 are.

00:57:11.840 the students

00:57:15.440 don't leave

00:57:16.160 Tiananmen 1.00

00:57:17.740 Square.

00:57:19.160 The protests

00:57:20.240 get bigger and

00:57:21.320 bigger.

00:57:22.100 They go on for

00:57:22.800 weeks.

00:57:23.960 The weeks

00:57:24.440 turned to

00:57:24.960 months.

00:57:26.080 Now it's

00:57:26.760 June, and

00:57:27.880 it's still

00:57:28.320 going on.

00:57:30.000 And everybody

00:57:30.680 remembers what

00:57:31.320 happened.

00:57:32.520 June 4th,

00:57:33.160 1989.

00:57:34.740 The tanks

00:57:35.220 rolled.

00:57:36.620 In full view

00:57:37.380 of Western

00:57:37.860 cameras.

00:57:38.340 because Deng

00:57:39.760 Xiaoping and

00:57:41.260 the leaders of

00:57:41.740 the CCP

00:57:42.280 saw a

00:57:44.540 potential for

00:57:45.240 a new civil

00:57:45.800 war and a

00:57:46.320 new revolution

00:57:46.940 on their

00:57:47.380 hands.

00:57:48.340 And they

00:57:49.060 themselves knew

00:57:49.880 as revolutionaries

00:57:51.740 what would

00:57:52.480 happen if they

00:57:53.600 allowed that

00:57:54.260 movement to

00:57:55.100 get off the

00:57:55.500 ground.

00:57:55.820 And so

00:57:57.800 instead of

00:58:00.160 giving it

00:58:00.560 space, they

00:58:02.180 crushed it.

00:58:03.360 And they 0.94

00:58:04.000 killed thousands

00:58:05.460 of students,

00:58:07.100 workers, and

00:58:08.140 everyone else in

00:58:09.880 that square of

00:58:11.780 the gate of

00:58:12.400 heavenly peace,

00:58:13.560 which is what

00:58:13.960 Tiananmen means.

00:58:15.560 The same gate

00:58:16.720 where Chairman

00:58:17.520 Mao, just 40

00:58:18.840 years before,

00:58:19.540 exactly 40

00:58:20.420 years before,

00:58:22.020 had commemorated

00:58:22.920 the founding of

00:58:24.820 the People's

00:58:25.880 Republic of

00:58:26.340 China.

00:58:27.800 But in fact,

00:58:28.720 at this point,

00:58:30.680 their People's

00:58:31.640 Republic had

00:58:32.700 just become a

00:58:33.280 new dynasty,

00:58:34.740 a sort of

00:58:35.560 red dynasty,

00:58:36.860 one that was

00:58:38.900 not willing to

00:58:40.660 relinquish power

00:58:41.500 to anyone.

00:58:43.940 Now, an

00:58:44.640 interesting story

00:58:45.240 about all of

00:58:45.760 this, Premier

00:58:47.040 Zhao Ziyang,

00:58:49.060 so CCP

00:58:49.880 Premier Zhao

00:58:50.700 Ziyang at

00:58:51.200 this point,

00:58:52.620 actually became

00:58:53.780 a supporter

00:58:55.800 of the

00:58:56.120 students,

00:58:57.340 went down

00:58:58.140 into the

00:58:59.420 protests

00:58:59.900 himself as

00:59:01.220 a high-ranking

00:59:02.100 member of

00:59:02.520 the party

00:59:02.920 and showed

00:59:04.860 support to

00:59:05.420 them, showed

00:59:06.440 respect,

00:59:07.640 listened to

00:59:08.060 them.

00:59:09.280 And for

00:59:09.620 this,

00:59:10.840 Zhao Ziyang 0.77

00:59:11.320 was purged,

00:59:12.200 of course,

00:59:13.260 in the midst

00:59:13.680 of these

00:59:13.960 protests.

00:59:15.320 However,

00:59:16.000 because of

00:59:16.760 his background,

00:59:18.200 because of

00:59:18.700 who he was,

00:59:19.640 because of

00:59:20.080 his legal

00:59:20.900 service to

00:59:21.420 the CCP

00:59:21.840 in the

00:59:22.200 past,

00:59:22.560 and because

00:59:22.940 he had so

00:59:23.420 many internal

00:59:23.960 supporters,

00:59:25.540 he was put

00:59:26.640 on house

00:59:27.040 arrest.

00:59:27.760 He was not

00:59:28.140 executed.

00:59:30.820 Zhao Ziyang 0.77

00:59:31.620 spent the

00:59:33.780 rest of his

00:59:34.400 life recording

00:59:37.380 30 audio

00:59:38.560 tapes that

00:59:42.220 were then

00:59:42.560 smuggled out

00:59:43.520 of his house

00:59:44.140 between 1999

00:59:45.100 and 2000.

00:59:46.800 He actually

00:59:47.280 had children's

00:59:49.420 cassette tapes

00:59:50.200 for his

00:59:50.860 kids and

00:59:51.320 an old

00:59:52.060 audio player

00:59:52.920 and he

00:59:54.080 would record

00:59:55.500 over them

00:59:56.360 with the

00:59:57.780 little

00:59:58.140 battery-operated

00:59:59.980 radio that he

01:00:00.660 had at his

01:00:01.080 house.

01:00:02.520 And the

01:00:02.720 CCP guards

01:00:03.400 never noticed

01:00:03.940 what he was

01:00:04.320 doing in

01:00:04.720 there.

01:00:05.460 What was he

01:00:06.140 actually doing?

01:00:07.360 He was

01:00:08.100 secretly

01:00:08.720 recording

01:00:09.720 his memoirs.

01:00:11.420 He was

01:00:11.760 secretly

01:00:12.400 recording

01:00:13.440 what actually

01:00:14.820 happened

01:00:15.400 inside the

01:00:17.040 CCP

01:00:17.440 just prior

01:00:18.720 to Tiananmen

01:00:19.320 Square as

01:00:20.900 well as

01:00:21.340 his take

01:00:21.760 on everything

01:00:22.420 that had

01:00:22.840 gone on

01:00:23.260 prior to

01:00:23.780 it.

01:00:24.760 He said

01:00:25.480 in terms

01:00:26.100 of that,

01:00:27.100 I refused

01:00:27.820 to become

01:00:28.560 the general

01:00:29.220 secretary

01:00:29.820 who mobilized

01:00:31.160 the military

01:00:31.800 to crack

01:00:32.520 down on

01:00:33.240 students.

01:00:34.600 In the

01:00:35.260 final chapter

01:00:35.740 of the

01:00:35.980 book,

01:00:36.640 which was

01:00:37.220 later released

01:00:37.880 in 2009

01:00:38.940 to commemorate

01:00:40.360 the 20th

01:00:41.040 anniversary of

01:00:42.080 Tiananmen 1.00

01:00:42.400 Square,

01:00:43.660 Zhao Ziyang 0.77

01:00:44.120 praised the

01:00:45.480 western system

01:00:46.280 of parliamentary

01:00:47.000 democracy and

01:00:48.440 said that it

01:00:48.880 is the only

01:00:49.480 way that China 0.97

01:00:50.240 could solve

01:00:50.680 its problems

01:00:51.280 of corruption

01:00:51.940 and the

01:00:52.620 growing gap

01:00:53.240 between the

01:00:53.820 rich and

01:00:54.080 the poor.

01:00:55.940 On Tiananmen

01:00:56.760 Square,

01:00:57.160 he said,

01:00:57.920 by insisting

01:00:58.620 on my view

01:00:59.240 of the

01:00:59.500 student

01:00:59.740 demonstrations

01:01:00.300 and refusing

01:01:00.960 to accept

01:01:01.520 the decision

01:01:02.000 to crack

01:01:02.400 down with

01:01:02.780 force,

01:01:03.140 I knew

01:01:03.420 what the

01:01:03.680 consequences

01:01:04.220 would be

01:01:04.820 and what

01:01:05.360 the treatment

01:01:05.820 I would

01:01:06.260 receive.

01:01:07.260 I knew

01:01:07.780 that if I

01:01:08.200 persistently

01:01:08.800 upheld my

01:01:09.320 view,

01:01:09.720 I would be

01:01:10.060 ultimately

01:01:10.460 compelled to

01:01:11.080 step down.

01:01:12.280 On the

01:01:12.840 night of

01:01:13.140 June 3rd,

01:01:13.680 when sitting

01:01:14.140 in the

01:01:14.420 courtyard with

01:01:14.960 my family,

01:01:15.460 I heard

01:01:16.520 intense

01:01:17.180 gunfire.

01:01:18.740 A tragedy

01:01:19.340 to shock

01:01:19.900 the world

01:01:20.380 had not

01:01:20.980 been averted

01:01:21.500 and what

01:01:22.580 was happening

01:01:23.160 after all.

01:01:24.140 that's one

01:01:27.180 of the

01:01:27.440 only

01:01:27.920 acknowledgments

01:01:28.820 that's

01:01:29.600 ever come

01:01:30.420 out of

01:01:31.200 a high

01:01:31.700 ranking

01:01:32.260 CCP

01:01:33.220 official

01:01:33.920 actually

01:01:34.900 admitting

01:01:35.640 that the

01:01:36.760 Tiananmen 1.00

01:01:37.080 Square

01:01:37.360 massacre

01:01:37.840 did take

01:01:39.160 place.

01:01:40.140 And he

01:01:40.800 had to

01:01:41.080 smuggle it

01:01:41.640 out through

01:01:42.960 his kids,

01:01:44.580 his grandkids,

01:01:46.120 cassette tapes.

01:01:46.840 on Deng Xiaoping

01:01:50.700 he wrote,

01:01:52.040 Deng has 0.99

01:01:52.340 always stood

01:01:52.800 out among

01:01:53.140 the party

01:01:53.560 elders as 0.97

01:01:54.060 one who

01:01:54.440 emphasized

01:01:54.880 the means

01:01:55.660 of

01:01:56.140 dictatorship.

01:01:57.240 He often

01:01:58.000 reminded

01:01:58.460 people of

01:01:59.620 its usefulness.

01:02:03.840 And so

01:02:04.420 people need

01:02:04.880 to understand

01:02:05.540 that when

01:02:06.740 you look

01:02:07.040 at Deng

01:02:07.340 Xiaoping,

01:02:08.280 when you

01:02:09.080 look at

01:02:09.340 these years

01:02:10.040 of reform

01:02:11.120 and opening

01:02:11.900 up in

01:02:12.280 China,

01:02:12.620 that doesn't

01:02:15.280 mean they

01:02:16.060 were willing

01:02:16.480 to relinquish

01:02:17.120 power.

01:02:17.980 Far from

01:02:18.520 it.

01:02:19.200 Because this

01:02:20.000 still was

01:02:20.860 the CCP.

01:02:22.880 Now the

01:02:23.560 difference

01:02:23.900 between

01:02:24.400 Tiananmen 1.00

01:02:24.820 Square and

01:02:25.400 what happened

01:02:25.860 with the

01:02:26.100 Berlin Wall

01:02:26.720 and what

01:02:27.000 happened in

01:02:27.400 Moscow was 0.82

01:02:28.540 that in

01:02:28.820 Moscow the

01:02:29.920 soldiers refused

01:02:31.000 to fire on

01:02:32.440 their own

01:02:32.780 citizens,

01:02:33.580 on their

01:02:33.900 own people.

01:02:35.260 The People's

01:02:36.100 Liberation

01:02:36.500 Army,

01:02:36.900 which is what

01:02:37.240 the Red

01:02:37.500 Army had

01:02:37.840 become to

01:02:39.280 be known

01:02:40.380 as,

01:02:41.600 they brought

01:02:42.020 in units

01:02:42.440 from outside

01:02:42.980 Beijing.

01:02:44.600 They told

01:02:45.340 them that

01:02:45.780 the whole

01:02:46.080 thing was

01:02:46.760 a Western

01:02:47.120 plot and

01:02:49.020 that they

01:02:49.240 were there

01:02:49.500 to take

01:02:49.840 down China 0.85

01:02:50.460 and that

01:02:50.820 the only

01:02:51.180 way to

01:02:51.560 save China

01:02:52.200 was to

01:02:53.520 destroy the 0.63

01:02:54.100 students and 1.00

01:02:54.620 destroy the

01:02:55.060 movement where

01:02:55.500 it stood.

01:02:57.120 And that's

01:02:57.380 exactly what

01:02:57.960 they did.

01:02:59.120 But that

01:02:59.780 image of

01:03:00.640 the Tank

01:03:01.040 Man that

01:03:01.860 did come

01:03:02.280 out,

01:03:03.260 Cover Time

01:03:03.720 Magazine,

01:03:04.880 that led

01:03:06.340 protesters and

01:03:08.000 gave them

01:03:08.280 hope.

01:03:08.880 And it

01:03:09.440 sent hope

01:03:10.100 behind the

01:03:11.240 Berlin Wall

01:03:11.820 to East

01:03:12.840 Germany,

01:03:13.760 to Poland,

01:03:14.940 to Russia,

01:03:16.580 all over

01:03:17.420 the communist

01:03:18.220 world.

01:03:19.420 And it

01:03:19.580 was following

01:03:20.260 the events

01:03:20.900 of Tiananmen

01:03:21.380 Square that

01:03:22.840 communism itself

01:03:23.940 fell across

01:03:25.280 the entire

01:03:26.020 globe.

01:03:26.860 So after

01:03:27.180 Tiananmen 1.00

01:03:27.620 Square,

01:03:28.880 the bloody

01:03:29.540 cobblestone

01:03:30.300 streets,

01:03:32.640 communism is

01:03:33.880 withering and

01:03:34.440 dying across

01:03:35.040 the world.

01:03:36.040 But that's

01:03:36.680 not what

01:03:36.960 happens in

01:03:37.380 China.

01:03:38.040 No,

01:03:38.300 not at all.

01:03:38.780 because just

01:03:40.560 one month

01:03:41.360 after the

01:03:42.400 Tiananmen 1.00

01:03:42.740 Square

01:03:43.000 massacre,

01:03:44.340 the president

01:03:44.620 of the United

01:03:44.920 States at

01:03:45.300 the time,

01:03:46.320 George H.W.

01:03:47.600 Bush,

01:03:48.580 sends his

01:03:49.240 national security

01:03:50.180 advisor,

01:03:51.320 General

01:03:51.560 Scowcroft,

01:03:52.800 on a secret

01:03:53.860 mission to

01:03:54.420 China.

01:03:55.940 Now,

01:03:56.120 George H.W.

01:03:56.860 Bush,

01:03:57.380 prior to

01:03:57.720 becoming

01:03:57.980 president,

01:03:58.720 had been

01:03:59.300 the CIA

01:03:59.800 director.

01:04:00.960 But prior

01:04:01.780 to that,

01:04:03.220 he had

01:04:03.520 also been

01:04:04.400 America's

01:04:05.320 special envoy

01:04:06.780 to China.

01:04:08.280 It's true.

01:04:11.680 And he'd

01:04:12.020 always had

01:04:12.700 big plans

01:04:13.740 for China.

01:04:15.480 He saw

01:04:16.240 what was

01:04:16.480 going on

01:04:16.880 in the

01:04:17.080 1970s,

01:04:17.980 and he

01:04:18.640 looked at

01:04:18.980 it through

01:04:19.260 the lens

01:04:19.840 of business

01:04:21.120 and realized

01:04:23.580 why knock

01:04:25.480 over the

01:04:26.640 Chinese

01:04:26.960 Communist Party

01:04:27.760 when you

01:04:30.260 could make

01:04:30.660 them make

01:04:31.520 a deal.

01:04:33.740 Because the

01:04:34.400 United States

01:04:34.900 and the

01:04:35.100 Western system,

01:04:35.780 the Western

01:04:36.040 world,

01:04:36.780 could have

01:04:37.520 destroyed

01:04:38.020 the CCP

01:04:38.540 at that

01:04:38.980 instant.

01:04:41.120 They had

01:04:41.640 no power.

01:04:42.300 We could

01:04:42.480 have cut

01:04:42.720 off trade.

01:04:43.180 We could

01:04:43.320 have done

01:04:43.560 everything

01:04:43.940 that we

01:04:44.300 did to

01:04:45.580 Russia

01:04:45.860 when they

01:04:47.420 invaded

01:04:47.700 Ukraine,

01:04:48.160 and China

01:04:48.400 would have

01:04:48.600 been finished,

01:04:49.180 or at least

01:04:49.460 the CCP

01:04:49.860 would have

01:04:50.220 been finished.

01:04:51.520 They've

01:04:51.960 been done

01:04:52.180 for.

01:04:53.160 But no.

01:04:55.660 Because

01:04:56.100 what George

01:04:56.820 H.W.

01:04:57.320 Bush and

01:04:58.320 his successor

01:04:58.780 Bill Clinton

01:04:59.260 did

01:04:59.700 throughout the

01:05:01.720 1990s

01:05:02.480 was to

01:05:03.220 form a

01:05:04.300 new deal

01:05:05.020 with the

01:05:06.180 CCP,

01:05:07.240 a secret

01:05:07.740 pact.

01:05:10.820 The CCP

01:05:11.660 would continue

01:05:12.780 opening up,

01:05:13.620 and they

01:05:13.780 would continue

01:05:15.140 to be the

01:05:17.420 leaders of

01:05:17.820 China,

01:05:18.120 and the

01:05:18.320 West would 0.93

01:05:18.620 support them

01:05:19.100 the same way

01:05:19.560 the West

01:05:19.960 had supported

01:05:20.740 the USSR

01:05:21.400 in its early

01:05:23.300 days and

01:05:23.820 helped to

01:05:24.140 industrialize

01:05:24.800 the nation.

01:05:25.960 The West

01:05:26.540 would continue

01:05:27.060 to industrialize

01:05:27.920 China through 0.87

01:05:29.400 their finances,

01:05:31.040 through foreign

01:05:32.020 direct investment,

01:05:32.840 and in

01:05:33.540 exchange,

01:05:34.400 they would

01:05:35.660 provide slave 0.82

01:05:37.020 labor.

01:05:38.600 In exchange,

01:05:39.600 Western firms

01:05:40.500 would be allowed

01:05:41.860 to supply the

01:05:43.100 capital,

01:05:44.780 supply the

01:05:45.280 intellectual property,

01:05:46.320 but the goods

01:05:48.540 that would be

01:05:48.980 made would be

01:05:50.780 made for slave

01:05:51.480 wages and

01:05:52.760 sent all

01:05:53.740 around the

01:05:54.900 world.

01:05:55.220 This was

01:05:58.780 the birth of

01:05:59.260 a system

01:05:59.780 that today

01:06:00.500 we call

01:06:01.120 globalism.

01:06:03.600 Globalism

01:06:04.320 was born

01:06:05.000 from the

01:06:07.380 bloody

01:06:07.680 cobblestones

01:06:08.420 of Tiananmen

01:06:09.500 Square.

01:06:09.840 This is

01:06:12.180 what the

01:06:12.460 United States

01:06:13.040 elites did

01:06:13.860 as a

01:06:15.280 response

01:06:15.740 here.

01:06:17.220 Now,

01:06:17.760 there were

01:06:18.060 a few

01:06:18.340 things that

01:06:19.380 the CCP

01:06:19.800 asked for

01:06:20.580 in return,

01:06:21.760 one of

01:06:23.060 which was

01:06:25.380 tough,

01:06:27.440 and it

01:06:27.840 wasn't

01:06:28.120 directly to

01:06:29.660 Washington

01:06:30.100 they asked

01:06:30.600 for this,

01:06:31.420 it was to

01:06:32.060 London.

01:06:33.640 Because remember

01:06:34.480 before I was

01:06:35.100 talking about

01:06:35.740 Hong Kong,

01:06:37.000 that massive

01:06:39.480 powerful,

01:06:40.940 sprawling

01:06:41.460 metropolis,

01:06:43.360 it's actually

01:06:45.160 a series of

01:06:45.820 islands at

01:06:48.040 the mouth of

01:06:48.460 the Pearl

01:06:48.760 River.

01:06:50.520 The British

01:06:51.160 had started,

01:06:51.720 it had been

01:06:52.000 nothing before

01:06:52.520 the British

01:06:52.880 came,

01:06:54.920 but Deng

01:06:55.320 Xiaoping 0.85

01:06:55.580 wanted it

01:06:56.100 back.

01:06:57.060 He said,

01:06:57.960 if we're

01:06:58.500 going to get

01:06:58.820 this thing

01:06:59.360 done,

01:07:00.340 if we're

01:07:00.540 going to get

01:07:00.780 this whole

01:07:01.160 deal done,

01:07:01.700 we want it

01:07:02.060 back.

01:07:02.320 And they

01:07:02.440 had already

01:07:02.680 been in

01:07:02.940 negotiations

01:07:03.520 even before

01:07:04.500 Tiananmen 1.00

01:07:04.860 Square for

01:07:05.280 this to

01:07:05.560 happen.

01:07:06.980 Deng 1.00

01:07:07.140 Xiaoping 0.85

01:07:07.400 said,

01:07:08.060 we want to

01:07:09.300 continue the

01:07:09.880 negotiations,

01:07:10.600 we want it

01:07:10.960 back.

01:07:12.320 And there

01:07:12.500 were people

01:07:12.880 who even

01:07:13.300 said at

01:07:13.700 the time

01:07:14.220 that because

01:07:16.400 Hong Kong

01:07:17.080 had stayed

01:07:17.800 capitalist

01:07:18.580 throughout its

01:07:20.560 entire existence,

01:07:21.900 never gone

01:07:22.340 communist,

01:07:23.340 that perhaps

01:07:24.160 if Hong Kong

01:07:25.700 were introduced,

01:07:27.240 reintroduced to

01:07:28.660 China,

01:07:29.200 they called it

01:07:29.940 one country,

01:07:30.820 two systems,

01:07:31.460 under the

01:07:31.720 one country,

01:07:32.440 two systems

01:07:33.020 model,

01:07:33.940 that all of

01:07:36.060 China would 0.99

01:07:37.600 open up,

01:07:38.120 that China 0.93

01:07:38.440 would become

01:07:38.840 democratic and

01:07:39.680 capitalist and

01:07:40.380 everything would

01:07:40.840 be free.

01:07:42.440 When in fact,

01:07:43.680 it was the

01:07:44.120 exact opposite

01:07:44.820 that happened.

01:07:46.220 The West

01:07:46.900 handed over

01:07:47.680 Hong Kong,

01:07:48.760 which the

01:07:49.640 West had

01:07:49.960 built.

01:07:52.680 And where

01:07:53.300 are we now?

01:07:55.160 Hong Kong

01:07:55.780 has been

01:07:56.080 subjugated,

01:07:57.760 Hong Kong's

01:07:58.600 freedoms have

01:07:59.180 been stolen,

01:08:00.760 people trampled

01:08:02.020 in the streets,

01:08:03.480 protesters

01:08:03.880 disappeared,

01:08:04.620 and the

01:08:06.660 CCP is

01:08:07.180 taking

01:08:07.400 complete

01:08:07.840 control and

01:08:08.500 reneged on

01:08:09.000 every single

01:08:10.100 deal they 0.74

01:08:11.260 made with

01:08:11.700 the West.

01:08:13.220 Because

01:08:13.700 understand,

01:08:14.180 when they

01:08:14.360 make a deal

01:08:14.740 with the

01:08:14.980 West,

01:08:15.640 it's not

01:08:16.780 worth the

01:08:17.060 paper it's

01:08:17.500 printed on.

01:08:18.900 Because the

01:08:19.560 CCP doesn't

01:08:20.400 see Westerners

01:08:21.420 as people.

01:08:23.260 They see them

01:08:24.100 as lesser.

01:08:25.860 They see them

01:08:26.760 as merely

01:08:28.460 a means to

01:08:29.020 an end.

01:08:30.200 And the

01:08:30.440 CCP teaches

01:08:31.400 that the

01:08:34.080 hundred years

01:08:34.880 between the

01:08:36.540 Opium War

01:08:37.240 of 1949

01:08:38.860 to the

01:08:40.640 founding,

01:08:41.120 excuse me,

01:08:41.640 the Opium

01:08:41.940 War of

01:08:42.260 1849,

01:08:43.640 all the

01:08:44.880 way up to

01:08:45.200 the founding

01:08:45.660 of the

01:08:46.020 People's

01:08:46.320 Republic in

01:08:47.180 1949,

01:08:48.240 that was

01:08:49.180 called the

01:08:50.180 Century of

01:08:51.320 Humiliation.

01:08:53.400 And that

01:08:54.180 is why now,

01:08:55.400 when the

01:08:56.080 CCP has

01:08:56.740 their target

01:08:57.260 set on

01:08:58.440 2049,

01:08:59.340 they want

01:09:01.960 the following

01:09:03.860 century to

01:09:05.660 be the

01:09:05.980 century of

01:09:07.020 CCP

01:09:07.640 ascendance.

01:09:09.560 Not just

01:09:10.560 in China,

01:09:11.640 but around

01:09:12.760 the entire

01:09:13.620 world.

01:09:15.740 And so

01:09:15.900 Deng Xiaoping

01:09:16.400 passes away

01:09:17.240 in February

01:09:18.280 of 97,

01:09:19.840 doesn't

01:09:20.280 actually get

01:09:20.720 to see it,

01:09:22.020 but on

01:09:22.660 July 1st,

01:09:23.880 1997,

01:09:25.960 the British

01:09:27.160 flag goes

01:09:27.620 down on

01:09:28.560 Hong Kong.

01:09:29.340 and the

01:09:32.480 CCP's

01:09:33.140 flag goes

01:09:33.860 up.

01:09:35.080 A CCP

01:09:35.540 garrison

01:09:36.180 is then

01:09:39.020 formed and

01:09:39.620 stood up

01:09:40.080 of the

01:09:40.900 People's

01:09:41.200 Liberation

01:09:41.620 Army,

01:09:42.920 right down

01:09:44.020 in

01:09:44.160 Admiralty

01:09:44.760 in

01:09:45.320 central

01:09:45.620 Hong

01:09:45.860 Kong. 0.89

01:09:47.960 The

01:09:48.560 Chinese

01:09:48.860 Navy

01:09:49.180 begins

01:09:49.520 patrolling

01:09:49.900 the

01:09:50.120 waters.

01:09:51.420 They

01:09:51.580 take

01:09:51.920 sovereignty

01:09:52.340 of

01:09:52.840 Hong

01:09:53.020 Kong. 0.89

01:09:53.840 And

01:09:54.180 then their

01:09:54.440 eyes turn

01:09:54.900 towards

01:09:55.200 Taiwan.

01:09:56.220 And they

01:09:56.760 say they

01:09:57.060 want that

01:09:57.420 back too.

01:09:57.900 even

01:09:58.820 though it

01:09:59.620 had never

01:09:59.920 been part

01:10:00.380 of the

01:10:00.600 CCP.

01:10:01.000 It had

01:10:01.200 never

01:10:01.440 been part

01:10:01.960 of

01:10:02.080 CCP

01:10:02.420 control.

01:10:05.520 But this

01:10:06.260 was the

01:10:06.540 deal.

01:10:07.600 The deal

01:10:08.380 was the

01:10:09.320 West and

01:10:10.460 Western

01:10:10.720 elites

01:10:11.180 wanted to

01:10:12.100 continue to

01:10:12.640 maintain their

01:10:13.260 slave wages

01:10:14.040 and these

01:10:15.500 deals so

01:10:17.020 that cheap

01:10:17.520 TVs,

01:10:18.880 big screens

01:10:20.620 could be

01:10:21.560 sent over.

01:10:23.840 Manufacturing

01:10:24.440 would be

01:10:25.080 outsourced

01:10:25.800 to China.

01:10:27.300 Who cares

01:10:28.240 what happens

01:10:29.380 to Detroit?

01:10:30.020 Who cares

01:10:30.400 what happens

01:10:30.820 to the

01:10:31.080 Midwest?

01:10:31.560 Who cares

01:10:31.880 what happens

01:10:32.280 to the

01:10:32.600 South?

01:10:33.640 We're all

01:10:34.320 going to

01:10:34.480 be rich.

01:10:37.200 And sure,

01:10:37.600 we'll let the

01:10:38.380 CCP, we'll

01:10:39.120 make them

01:10:39.500 rich as

01:10:39.880 well.

01:10:40.120 It doesn't

01:10:40.680 matter.

01:10:40.960 Because at

01:10:42.240 the end

01:10:42.440 of the

01:10:42.640 day,

01:10:43.080 that's

01:10:43.520 all we

01:10:43.880 care about

01:10:44.460 is selling

01:10:45.440 products to

01:10:46.800 gullible, 1.00

01:10:47.860 stupid 1.00

01:10:48.320 Westerners 1.00

01:10:49.280 with their

01:10:50.540 consumer

01:10:50.940 mindsets.

01:10:52.800 And so

01:10:52.960 the CCP,

01:10:53.800 in a sense,

01:10:55.100 abandons

01:10:55.660 communism,

01:10:56.980 at least in

01:10:57.440 terms of

01:10:57.740 economic

01:10:58.120 principles,

01:10:59.180 but they

01:11:00.400 maintain

01:11:00.980 power.

01:11:02.440 And they

01:11:03.060 came up

01:11:03.580 with a

01:11:04.480 new strategy.

01:11:06.020 And the

01:11:06.640 new strategy

01:11:07.260 would be to

01:11:08.380 join with

01:11:10.060 the West

01:11:10.620 to build

01:11:11.680 a global

01:11:12.260 empire.

01:11:13.640 But then

01:11:14.360 once the

01:11:14.900 West had

01:11:15.620 built it,

01:11:17.220 the CCP

01:11:18.420 would take

01:11:19.820 over.

01:11:21.440 And just

01:11:21.720 such a

01:11:22.060 man,

01:11:22.820 with that

01:11:23.900 ambition and

01:11:24.520 vision in

01:11:24.920 mind,

01:11:26.300 came and

01:11:27.640 took over

01:11:28.340 the CCP

01:11:29.380 in the

01:11:30.660 2000s.

01:11:31.760 His name

01:11:32.260 is Xi

01:11:33.180 Jinping. 0.95

01:11:34.280 Xi

01:11:34.700 Jinping 0.99

01:11:34.940 was born

01:11:35.740 in 1953.

01:11:39.400 And

01:11:40.000 interestingly

01:11:40.360 enough,

01:11:42.320 Xi Jinping

01:11:42.680 was not

01:11:43.680 raised in

01:11:45.540 Beijing.

01:11:46.240 He was

01:11:46.460 not raised

01:11:46.880 in a big

01:11:47.200 city.

01:11:48.600 Now,

01:11:48.760 Xi Jinping's

01:11:49.300 father had

01:11:51.760 himself been

01:11:52.760 a member

01:11:54.120 of Mao's

01:11:55.300 early Chinese 0.87

01:11:57.000 Communist Party.

01:11:57.820 He was one

01:11:58.340 of Mao's

01:11:59.140 closest

01:12:00.080 lieutenants.

01:12:00.700 In fact,

01:12:02.800 Xi Jinping's

01:12:03.360 father,

01:12:04.940 if you remember

01:12:05.460 all the way

01:12:06.140 back in part

01:12:06.740 one, when I

01:12:07.380 talked about

01:12:07.780 that long

01:12:08.300 march,

01:12:09.700 that they

01:12:09.960 left and

01:12:10.760 then joined

01:12:11.180 up with the

01:12:11.580 communists in

01:12:12.180 the West

01:12:12.580 after being

01:12:13.280 defeated by

01:12:14.100 the nationalists,

01:12:15.460 where they

01:12:16.160 bided their

01:12:16.640 time,

01:12:18.280 Xi Jinping's

01:12:18.900 father was

01:12:19.920 the one who

01:12:20.980 initially set

01:12:21.740 up that base

01:12:22.460 out in the

01:12:22.880 West that

01:12:23.960 Mao Zedong 0.70

01:12:24.460 fled to.

01:12:25.860 So this was a

01:12:26.600 guy who was

01:12:27.060 in close

01:12:27.600 standing with

01:12:28.240 Mao.

01:12:29.620 However,

01:12:30.640 during the

01:12:31.840 Cultural Revolution,

01:12:33.820 when all of

01:12:34.320 this went down,

01:12:35.040 and even

01:12:36.300 during the

01:12:36.620 Great Leap

01:12:36.980 Forward,

01:12:39.520 Xi's father

01:12:40.240 had fell out

01:12:41.160 of favor,

01:12:42.160 the same way

01:12:42.680 that so many

01:12:43.220 other communist

01:12:43.800 leaders fell

01:12:44.340 out of favor.

01:12:45.720 And he

01:12:46.180 and his

01:12:46.920 family,

01:12:48.200 including his

01:12:48.760 10-year-old

01:12:49.260 son,

01:12:50.520 were sent

01:12:51.100 to the

01:12:51.940 countryside.

01:12:53.320 He was

01:12:53.580 purged.

01:12:55.940 And so

01:12:56.200 Xi Jinping

01:12:56.740 didn't grow up

01:12:59.480 in Beijing,

01:13:00.440 didn't grow up

01:13:01.240 as the son

01:13:02.240 of some

01:13:02.660 great leader.

01:13:03.360 in fact,

01:13:04.960 he grew up

01:13:05.460 in the

01:13:05.660 rural

01:13:05.840 countryside,

01:13:07.240 working as

01:13:09.380 one of the

01:13:09.740 laborers,

01:13:10.500 one of the

01:13:11.220 intellectuals

01:13:11.940 who were

01:13:12.160 sent down.

01:13:13.860 During the

01:13:14.500 Cultural Revolution,

01:13:15.960 when the

01:13:16.560 Red Guards

01:13:17.020 came around,

01:13:18.300 he wasn't

01:13:18.840 even allowed

01:13:19.420 to join

01:13:20.060 because of

01:13:20.900 his father's

01:13:21.600 questionable

01:13:22.460 behavior.

01:13:24.000 So Xi Jinping

01:13:24.460 could have been

01:13:25.020 one of these

01:13:25.380 Red Guards,

01:13:25.880 but no.

01:13:27.020 In fact,

01:13:27.440 his father

01:13:27.840 had been

01:13:28.160 purged.

01:13:29.420 The

01:13:29.640 persecution

01:13:30.340 of Xi Jinping's

01:13:32.380 father,

01:13:32.780 and his

01:13:34.000 family.

01:13:35.380 Xi Jinping

01:13:35.800 had been

01:13:36.120 one of

01:13:36.400 seven,

01:13:36.800 by the

01:13:37.020 way.

01:13:38.020 It was

01:13:38.380 so great

01:13:39.260 that Xi

01:13:41.200 Jinping's 1.00

01:13:41.580 older sister

01:13:42.320 even committed

01:13:43.500 suicide

01:13:44.100 during the

01:13:45.340 Cultural Revolution.

01:13:46.200 And we

01:13:46.360 talked before

01:13:47.000 about how

01:13:48.060 so many

01:13:48.660 people

01:13:49.140 committed

01:13:49.820 suicide

01:13:50.520 during this

01:13:52.340 era because

01:13:53.220 of these

01:13:53.540 persecutions

01:13:54.260 and the

01:13:54.740 struggle

01:13:55.000 sessions.

01:13:55.460 But it

01:13:57.680 seems though

01:13:58.120 Xi Jinping

01:13:58.680 took a

01:14:01.660 separate

01:14:01.960 kind of

01:14:02.880 guidance,

01:14:06.640 a separate

01:14:07.100 type of

01:14:07.780 highlight away,

01:14:09.300 a different

01:14:09.580 learning from

01:14:11.140 the lessons of

01:14:11.640 the Cultural

01:14:11.980 Revolution.

01:14:13.940 Because he

01:14:14.680 didn't learn

01:14:15.300 that this

01:14:17.840 is not the

01:14:18.380 way to

01:14:19.940 run a

01:14:20.220 country.

01:14:21.340 Instead,

01:14:21.920 he learned

01:14:22.560 that the

01:14:23.280 way to

01:14:23.560 gain power

01:14:24.220 was to

01:14:25.620 purge your

01:14:25.980 enemies.

01:14:27.600 And this

01:14:28.120 is exactly

01:14:28.720 what he

01:14:29.580 would do

01:14:30.120 on his

01:14:31.340 way up

01:14:32.220 the food

01:14:32.580 chain.

01:14:32.920 Now,

01:14:34.620 when Deng

01:14:34.880 Xiaoping 0.85

01:14:35.140 came back

01:14:35.740 into

01:14:35.900 power,

01:14:37.140 one thing

01:14:38.300 that Deng 0.96

01:14:38.600 Xiaoping 0.85

01:14:38.860 did in

01:14:40.300 order to

01:14:40.700 unify the

01:14:41.160 party was

01:14:42.060 to go back

01:14:42.500 and rehabilitate

01:14:43.440 all of the

01:14:43.940 old cadres

01:14:44.520 that had

01:14:44.760 been kicked

01:14:45.080 out under

01:14:45.500 Mao.

01:14:46.880 So Xi

01:14:47.180 Jinping's 1.00

01:14:47.580 father gets

01:14:48.560 rehabilitated.

01:14:49.620 He's

01:14:49.780 essentially

01:14:50.140 exonerated

01:14:50.820 of his

01:14:51.180 anti-revolutionary

01:14:53.520 stances and

01:14:54.300 crimes and

01:14:55.120 all the

01:14:55.640 other insane

01:14:57.160 struggle session

01:14:57.820 things they

01:14:58.240 put him

01:14:58.520 through.

01:15:00.340 And Xi

01:15:00.560 Jinping joins 0.84

01:15:01.120 the party in

01:15:01.840 full at this

01:15:02.360 point.

01:15:02.600 He begins

01:15:03.080 moving up

01:15:03.540 the ranks.

01:15:05.520 And he

01:15:05.680 continues this

01:15:06.580 under

01:15:07.420 Chairman

01:15:07.920 Jiang Zemin

01:15:09.020 through the

01:15:10.000 1990s and

01:15:11.560 then Chairman

01:15:12.040 Hu Jintao

01:15:12.880 late 90s

01:15:13.760 early 2000s.

01:15:15.280 And at

01:15:16.020 one point

01:15:16.620 Xi Jinping

01:15:17.640 actually becomes

01:15:19.320 the chairman

01:15:21.380 of Shanghai

01:15:22.520 itself.

01:15:23.820 One of the

01:15:24.740 major economic

01:15:25.860 cities, one of

01:15:26.520 the major

01:15:26.900 economic drivers

01:15:27.980 in all of

01:15:29.300 southern China.

01:15:31.040 And

01:15:32.600 he becomes

01:15:33.600 chairman of

01:15:34.180 Shanghai, in

01:15:35.600 fact, when I

01:15:36.620 was living in

01:15:37.120 Shanghai.

01:15:38.060 So I

01:15:38.880 lived in

01:15:39.220 Shanghai from

01:15:40.060 2007 to

01:15:40.980 2008.

01:15:41.920 At that

01:15:42.600 time, the

01:15:43.080 general

01:15:43.360 secretary, which

01:15:44.060 they call the

01:15:44.540 chairman of the

01:15:45.480 city, was

01:15:46.620 Xi Jinping.

01:15:47.360 And at one

01:15:49.420 point in the

01:15:52.460 summer of

01:15:52.960 2008, right

01:15:53.880 before the

01:15:54.260 Olympics

01:15:54.500 started, I

01:15:55.680 always remember

01:15:55.960 the date for

01:15:56.380 the Olympics,

01:15:56.960 8-8-0-8,

01:15:58.260 right?

01:15:58.420 But prior to

01:16:00.680 that, when the

01:16:01.520 Shanghai World

01:16:02.040 Expo was

01:16:02.640 being planned

01:16:04.000 in downtown

01:16:05.420 Shanghai, they 1.00

01:16:06.180 had a facility

01:16:07.380 by the river,

01:16:09.080 Pudong River.

01:16:10.220 Had the

01:16:10.820 opportunity to

01:16:11.440 visit there, and

01:16:12.560 there were some

01:16:12.880 American clients I

01:16:13.740 was working with

01:16:14.340 to bring them

01:16:14.780 in, bring in

01:16:15.340 their representation.

01:16:18.480 And I saw, by

01:16:19.380 the way, every

01:16:19.780 time we brought

01:16:20.220 American clients

01:16:20.960 to China, how

01:16:22.120 much they love

01:16:22.780 the China model.

01:16:24.500 So we're taking

01:16:25.340 them around, and

01:16:26.000 I'm a young

01:16:26.360 staffer on the

01:16:26.920 project, and

01:16:28.860 the day that we

01:16:30.900 go over for our

01:16:31.640 meeting, turns

01:16:33.480 out the local

01:16:35.040 party secretary,

01:16:36.300 the local

01:16:36.640 chairman of the

01:16:37.360 city, is also

01:16:38.480 there, Xi

01:16:39.740 Jinping, with

01:16:41.060 his massive

01:16:41.700 entourage.

01:16:43.880 So Xi's there,

01:16:45.520 and he stands

01:16:46.000 about six feet

01:16:46.740 tall, which is

01:16:48.800 very tall over

01:16:50.460 in China, head

01:16:52.340 and shoulders

01:16:52.700 above everyone in

01:16:53.340 the room.

01:16:55.100 He was wearing

01:16:55.760 coat over the

01:16:56.520 shoulder, and you

01:16:57.920 could see with

01:16:58.340 this massive

01:16:58.860 entourage around

01:16:59.620 him, everybody

01:17:00.480 knew, this guy

01:17:02.320 was the boss.

01:17:02.980 And we were

01:17:03.300 actually told to

01:17:05.060 stay back in

01:17:06.280 one room while

01:17:06.980 the entourage was

01:17:07.680 walking by, but

01:17:08.340 he did take a

01:17:08.940 moment to peek

01:17:10.400 in, and I

01:17:11.840 remember seeing

01:17:12.380 him and going,

01:17:13.020 man, this guy's

01:17:14.920 like the Chinese 1.00

01:17:15.460 Tony Soprano.

01:17:17.380 You could see

01:17:18.160 the deference to

01:17:19.060 him, you could

01:17:20.280 see the way that

01:17:21.020 he oozed power

01:17:22.480 throughout the

01:17:23.280 room.

01:17:24.240 You could see

01:17:25.020 the way that

01:17:25.600 he just floated

01:17:27.500 throughout every

01:17:29.860 interaction with

01:17:31.000 every person,

01:17:32.300 making way for

01:17:33.420 him, taking

01:17:34.920 their hand,

01:17:35.600 extending it.

01:17:36.200 We knew that

01:17:38.800 Xi Jinping was

01:17:39.520 going to go

01:17:39.880 far at that

01:17:40.400 point when he

01:17:41.940 was chairman of

01:17:42.540 the party, and

01:17:43.600 he was in

01:17:44.000 there cleaning

01:17:44.780 up what he

01:17:46.300 called corruption.

01:17:48.360 What was he

01:17:49.100 really doing?

01:17:50.660 He was taking

01:17:51.560 out rivals.

01:17:52.880 In this case, it

01:17:53.920 was rivals who

01:17:55.440 were loyal to

01:17:55.940 Jiang Zemin, who

01:17:57.580 had been the

01:17:58.040 earlier leader of

01:17:59.380 the Shanghai

01:17:59.720 faction of the

01:18:00.360 party.

01:18:00.800 CCP split into

01:18:01.740 two factions,

01:18:02.480 Beijing and

01:18:02.940 Shanghai.

01:18:03.220 It doesn't

01:18:04.760 necessarily mean

01:18:05.620 though that if

01:18:06.120 you are the

01:18:06.520 Shanghai chairman

01:18:07.180 that you're

01:18:08.080 always going to

01:18:08.460 be loyal to

01:18:08.980 Shanghai, and

01:18:10.480 that's what

01:18:10.780 happened with

01:18:11.180 Xi Jinping.

01:18:12.360 He was there

01:18:13.140 cleaning up

01:18:13.860 rivals.

01:18:14.900 He was there

01:18:15.320 purging people.

01:18:17.720 And to the

01:18:18.240 populace, to

01:18:19.400 the Lao

01:18:19.620 Ba Ching, he 1.00

01:18:20.340 says, well, I'm

01:18:22.360 cleaning up

01:18:22.860 corruption.

01:18:24.380 I'm helping

01:18:25.340 China.

01:18:26.320 And he made

01:18:27.120 sure that every

01:18:28.020 single person

01:18:29.040 that he purged,

01:18:30.680 every single

01:18:31.200 official that was

01:18:32.320 taken down,

01:18:33.040 that their

01:18:33.740 crimes were

01:18:34.540 broadcast throughout

01:18:35.620 the entire

01:18:36.240 city.

01:18:36.960 They hung

01:18:37.540 newspapers up at

01:18:38.800 local parks,

01:18:39.960 showing headlines,

01:18:41.020 showing the

01:18:41.440 arrests, showing

01:18:42.120 all of it.

01:18:42.700 You see, because

01:18:43.320 Xi Jinping had

01:18:43.940 learned from

01:18:45.620 what had happened

01:18:46.040 to his father.

01:18:47.520 He learned that

01:18:48.840 by taking down

01:18:49.620 your enemies, you

01:18:50.760 can build more

01:18:51.300 power for

01:18:52.220 yourself.

01:18:53.020 So Xi Jinping

01:18:53.660 had learned that

01:18:54.420 from an early

01:18:54.920 age, purging

01:18:56.420 your enemies was

01:18:57.120 a path to

01:18:57.640 power.

01:18:58.720 He was taught

01:18:59.540 that lesson by

01:19:00.240 Chairman Mao

01:19:00.720 himself.

01:19:02.140 As Chairman

01:19:02.500 Mao used it

01:19:03.340 to solidify

01:19:04.340 power during

01:19:05.080 the Cultural

01:19:05.500 Revolution, he

01:19:07.300 used it to

01:19:07.720 Xi's own

01:19:08.120 family, sister

01:19:09.820 committed suicide,

01:19:11.400 father had been

01:19:12.340 purged, he 0.59

01:19:13.180 himself was

01:19:13.860 forced to

01:19:14.320 work in the

01:19:15.420 countryside.

01:19:18.180 And so a

01:19:19.160 hallmark of

01:19:21.100 Xi's rule over

01:19:22.820 the CCP has

01:19:24.280 been what he

01:19:24.720 calls anti-corruption

01:19:25.980 campaigns, not

01:19:27.780 just during his

01:19:28.320 time in Shanghai,

01:19:29.580 but even during

01:19:30.500 his time as

01:19:31.040 chairman.

01:19:32.340 And he has

01:19:33.280 systematically gone

01:19:34.740 after so many

01:19:35.880 rivals and purged

01:19:37.120 so many potential

01:19:38.140 detractors from

01:19:39.860 this Jiang Zemin

01:19:40.520 faction, from the

01:19:41.420 Shanghai faction,

01:19:42.680 the faction that

01:19:43.340 could have

01:19:43.800 possibly have

01:19:44.700 opposed him.

01:19:45.800 He's actually

01:19:46.360 created a reality

01:19:47.160 TV show of it

01:19:48.300 so that these

01:19:50.300 purges, the

01:19:52.040 trials, the

01:19:53.060 incriminations,

01:19:54.240 well, they're not

01:19:54.620 done in front of

01:19:55.200 stadiums anymore

01:19:56.060 because you don't

01:19:56.820 need that.

01:19:57.220 Now you've got

01:19:58.300 TV.

01:19:59.440 Now you don't

01:20:00.500 need a massive

01:20:01.280 stadium.

01:20:02.420 You can put it

01:20:02.940 right on CCTV and

01:20:04.680 broadcast it to the

01:20:05.920 entire country.

01:20:08.040 And guess what?

01:20:09.080 It's now the

01:20:09.980 number one show

01:20:11.360 in China.

01:20:12.560 And it's been that

01:20:13.460 way for years.

01:20:15.200 The anti-corruption

01:20:16.600 show hosted by

01:20:18.820 Xi Jinping.

01:20:20.600 And so these

01:20:22.480 officials go on and

01:20:23.300 admit their own

01:20:23.780 crimes.

01:20:24.200 But there's no

01:20:26.560 greater takedown,

01:20:28.100 there's been no

01:20:28.680 greater purge of

01:20:31.060 Xi Jinping's

01:20:31.660 career than that

01:20:33.900 of Bo Xilai.

01:20:36.160 And who was

01:20:37.120 Bo Xilai?

01:20:38.560 Well, if you

01:20:38.920 don't know, it's

01:20:40.660 because Xi

01:20:41.540 Jinping and his 0.99

01:20:42.820 guys stopped

01:20:43.440 him.

01:20:45.040 At one point,

01:20:46.120 Bo Xilai was

01:20:46.960 poised to be the

01:20:47.880 next leader of the

01:20:48.900 party.

01:20:49.780 He was running an

01:20:50.960 economic powerhouse

01:20:52.020 in central China

01:20:52.860 called Chongqing.

01:20:54.200 He oversaw the

01:20:55.480 building of the

01:20:56.540 Three Gorges

01:20:57.160 Dam, one of the

01:20:58.920 biggest super

01:21:00.140 projects, mega

01:21:00.980 projects in all of

01:21:01.840 China, actually

01:21:03.160 damming and

01:21:03.820 building a

01:21:04.220 hydroelectric plant

01:21:05.160 on the Yangtze

01:21:07.420 River.

01:21:09.680 And then Bo Xilai

01:21:10.480 had started his

01:21:11.040 own cult of

01:21:11.520 personality.

01:21:12.700 He started

01:21:13.020 dressing like

01:21:13.640 Chairman Mao.

01:21:14.320 He started

01:21:14.560 bringing back the

01:21:15.220 old communist

01:21:15.780 songs.

01:21:17.260 People were

01:21:18.140 falling in love

01:21:19.180 with him.

01:21:19.540 But the

01:21:22.340 problem for

01:21:23.720 Bo Xilai was

01:21:25.580 that Xi

01:21:25.920 Jinping and 0.78

01:21:26.360 his faction

01:21:26.960 wanted to find

01:21:29.740 out what was

01:21:30.120 going on and

01:21:31.280 stop him.

01:21:32.820 See, because he

01:21:33.480 had been closed

01:21:33.980 to Jiang Zemin.

01:21:35.820 And they didn't

01:21:36.640 want him anywhere

01:21:37.420 near the halls of

01:21:38.240 power, whether in

01:21:39.280 Beijing and

01:21:39.920 certainly not as

01:21:40.740 the next party

01:21:41.260 chairman.

01:21:41.580 And so they

01:21:47.400 did whatever they

01:21:48.080 could to find

01:21:49.300 dirt on Bo

01:21:50.640 Xilai.

01:21:51.640 And it turns out

01:21:52.720 that it wasn't

01:21:53.640 just typical

01:21:54.160 corruption.

01:21:55.360 It wasn't just

01:21:56.160 your typical

01:21:56.720 bribery.

01:21:59.880 Most elites of

01:22:00.680 the CCP were

01:22:01.380 involved in that.

01:22:02.120 They were all

01:22:02.440 getting rich.

01:22:03.580 But no, there

01:22:05.200 was another

01:22:05.560 problem with

01:22:06.120 Bo Xilai because

01:22:06.840 he flew a little

01:22:07.360 bit too close to

01:22:08.000 his son.

01:22:08.440 And in fact,

01:22:08.860 not just he

01:22:09.640 flew too close

01:22:11.480 to his son.

01:22:12.920 His wife did.

01:22:15.640 On the morning

01:22:16.940 of November

01:22:18.120 14th, 2011, a

01:22:20.300 British citizen

01:22:20.900 named Neil

01:22:21.600 Haywood was

01:22:22.720 found dead in

01:22:23.520 a hotel room

01:22:24.260 in Chongqing.

01:22:25.560 Yeah, that's

01:22:25.940 right, the same

01:22:26.400 Chongqing where 1.00

01:22:27.100 Bo Xilai was

01:22:27.820 leader.

01:22:29.600 Now, we were

01:22:30.320 told at one

01:22:30.920 point that he

01:22:32.800 had died from

01:22:33.280 alcohol over

01:22:34.120 consumption.

01:22:35.040 People die all

01:22:35.660 the time.

01:22:36.160 All sorts of

01:22:36.620 accidents happen

01:22:37.360 in China, right?

01:22:39.040 It is what it

01:22:39.940 is.

01:22:40.600 Drinking a little

01:22:41.160 too much.

01:22:41.620 I had a bit

01:22:41.820 of a bender. 0.96

01:22:43.620 But here's

01:22:44.720 the thing.

01:22:46.440 It turns

01:22:47.200 out that

01:22:48.800 Neil Haywood

01:22:49.620 had been

01:22:53.060 in a,

01:22:54.320 shall we

01:22:54.680 say,

01:22:54.920 close

01:22:55.280 relationship

01:22:55.900 with Bo

01:22:57.040 Xilai's

01:22:57.480 wife,

01:22:58.840 Gu Kailai.

01:23:00.920 He had

01:23:01.540 helped their

01:23:01.900 son earn

01:23:02.500 admission to

01:23:03.580 a school in

01:23:04.100 England,

01:23:04.680 fancy boarding

01:23:05.260 school.

01:23:06.460 He had also

01:23:07.400 helped the

01:23:08.140 family launder

01:23:09.220 money.

01:23:10.640 Huge, massive

01:23:12.020 sums of

01:23:12.600 money.

01:23:13.720 Hundreds of

01:23:14.520 millions of

01:23:15.420 dollars outside

01:23:16.920 of the

01:23:17.260 country.

01:23:18.860 Now, there

01:23:20.380 was a business

01:23:20.920 dispute.

01:23:22.100 I'm not

01:23:22.500 exactly sure

01:23:23.240 what it was,

01:23:24.920 but he wanted

01:23:25.760 more money.

01:23:27.180 He wanted

01:23:28.300 more than

01:23:30.780 they were

01:23:31.040 willing to

01:23:31.420 give.

01:23:32.580 And so

01:23:32.760 what happened?

01:23:34.280 Gu Kailai,

01:23:35.300 the wife, 0.98

01:23:36.900 she poisons 1.00

01:23:38.680 Neil Haywood. 0.83

01:23:41.040 She kills 1.00

01:23:42.020 him. 0.99

01:23:43.740 Now, normally

01:23:44.440 if some

01:23:44.960 party member

01:23:46.760 does this,

01:23:47.340 their wife

01:23:47.680 does this,

01:23:48.300 it gets

01:23:48.640 cleaned up.

01:23:49.620 The party

01:23:50.020 takes care of

01:23:50.660 things like

01:23:51.080 this.

01:23:52.040 But why do

01:23:52.440 we know

01:23:52.700 about this

01:23:53.140 one?

01:23:54.380 Well, because

01:23:54.920 here's the

01:23:57.320 problem with

01:23:58.620 all of that.

01:23:59.200 you see,

01:24:01.360 because

01:24:02.760 the police

01:24:06.740 chief of

01:24:08.720 Chongqing,

01:24:09.980 the guy

01:24:10.880 whose job

01:24:11.420 it was to

01:24:12.540 clean up

01:24:12.880 the murders,

01:24:14.340 he himself

01:24:15.800 was under

01:24:17.520 surveillance.

01:24:19.080 He himself

01:24:20.520 was surveilling

01:24:22.340 Bo Xilai

01:24:24.140 and wife

01:24:25.460 Gu Kailai.

01:24:27.180 So he went

01:24:28.220 and took the

01:24:28.640 tapes.

01:24:29.900 And he

01:24:30.500 had tapes

01:24:30.980 of the

01:24:31.280 entire

01:24:31.800 thing.

01:24:33.560 And he

01:24:34.580 had receipts

01:24:35.380 on Bo Xilai.

01:24:37.960 Now, he

01:24:38.560 first tried to

01:24:39.080 bring this

01:24:39.420 to the

01:24:40.520 U.S.

01:24:40.860 consulate.

01:24:42.100 This is when

01:24:42.760 Barack Obama

01:24:43.380 was in

01:24:43.700 power.

01:24:45.400 The U.S.

01:24:46.180 consulate

01:24:46.600 didn't really

01:24:48.880 do anything

01:24:49.240 for him.

01:24:51.660 However,

01:24:52.980 those tapes

01:24:54.040 then found

01:24:55.220 their way

01:24:55.740 into the

01:24:56.780 higher levels

01:24:57.280 of the

01:24:57.500 party

01:24:57.820 and

01:24:59.200 and into

01:24:59.600 the

01:24:59.780 supporters

01:25:00.200 of Xi Jinping.

01:25:03.980 Bo Xilai

01:25:05.120 and his

01:25:06.200 wife

01:25:06.560 were arrested,

01:25:08.380 were removed

01:25:10.140 from every

01:25:11.160 position that

01:25:12.540 they held.

01:25:13.100 Bo Xilai

01:25:16.380 himself

01:25:17.000 sentenced to

01:25:18.540 life in

01:25:18.860 prison.

01:25:19.980 His wife,

01:25:21.440 who they

01:25:21.980 later determined

01:25:22.620 had actually

01:25:23.140 put poison

01:25:24.020 in this 0.94

01:25:25.380 British

01:25:25.680 businessman's

01:25:26.640 drink,

01:25:27.980 was sentenced 0.62

01:25:29.240 to death. 0.75

01:25:31.520 And believe

01:25:32.260 me,

01:25:32.800 the death

01:25:33.380 penalty is

01:25:34.020 still very,

01:25:35.660 very much

01:25:36.180 in favor

01:25:36.660 in communist

01:25:37.940 China,

01:25:38.700 even to

01:25:39.140 this day.

01:25:41.900 Xi Jinping

01:25:42.360 orchestrated

01:25:43.460 the receipt

01:25:46.000 collection,

01:25:47.520 the takedown,

01:25:48.940 and the

01:25:49.300 public

01:25:49.700 disgracing

01:25:50.860 of his

01:25:51.900 largest

01:25:52.440 possible

01:25:53.400 rival.

01:25:55.140 And then

01:25:55.600 one year

01:25:56.060 later,

01:25:57.500 stands up

01:25:59.040 at the

01:26:01.380 Chinese

01:26:01.820 National

01:26:02.520 Congress

01:26:03.040 and has

01:26:04.500 announced

01:26:04.960 that he

01:26:05.980 will be

01:26:07.240 the

01:26:07.700 undisputed

01:26:08.540 next

01:26:09.200 chairman

01:26:09.700 of the

01:26:10.460 CCP.

01:26:12.760 And that's

01:26:13.380 2012.

01:26:14.940 By 2015,

01:26:16.020 a few years

01:26:16.460 into his

01:26:16.820 rule,

01:26:18.100 he decided

01:26:18.660 to go

01:26:18.920 ahead back

01:26:19.400 to old

01:26:20.500 Gu,

01:26:21.020 to the

01:26:21.740 old wife,

01:26:22.320 and say,

01:26:22.680 you know

01:26:22.840 what,

01:26:23.780 I'm going

01:26:24.000 to go

01:26:24.180 ahead and

01:26:24.460 commute

01:26:24.700 your

01:26:24.880 sentence.

01:26:25.780 We're

01:26:25.980 not going

01:26:26.220 to carry

01:26:26.500 this out.

01:26:27.600 We're not

01:26:28.180 going to

01:26:28.400 execute you 0.99

01:26:28.980 anymore. 0.97

01:26:30.140 We're

01:26:30.600 going to

01:26:30.760 give you

01:26:31.040 life and

01:26:31.380 prison where

01:26:32.740 you and

01:26:33.780 your husband

01:26:34.280 can watch

01:26:35.280 me live

01:26:36.780 out the

01:26:37.160 life that

01:26:38.120 you thought

01:26:38.680 that you

01:26:39.500 were going

01:26:39.860 to have.

01:26:41.020 And we're

01:26:41.600 going to

01:26:41.820 fill this

01:26:42.280 prison with

01:26:43.480 every single

01:26:44.640 friend and

01:26:45.760 ally you

01:26:46.800 thought you

01:26:47.220 had in the

01:26:47.680 party across

01:26:48.720 the entire

01:26:49.300 country.

01:26:50.860 That's how

01:26:51.500 Xi Jinping

01:26:51.900 came to

01:26:52.380 power.

01:26:52.960 So at

01:26:53.180 this point,

01:26:54.120 fast forward,

01:26:54.760 it's 10

01:26:55.060 years later,

01:26:56.520 Xi Jinping,

01:26:57.200 undisputed

01:26:57.740 chairman of

01:26:58.220 the CCP,

01:26:58.960 changes the

01:27:00.920 internal

01:27:01.200 party

01:27:01.460 constitution,

01:27:02.420 does away

01:27:03.040 with those

01:27:03.440 pesky 10

01:27:04.120 year deals.

01:27:04.900 No.

01:27:06.340 He's going

01:27:06.900 to be a

01:27:07.160 leader for

01:27:07.460 life.

01:27:08.400 He then

01:27:09.060 begins purging

01:27:09.900 every leader

01:27:10.620 of the

01:27:10.900 military that's

01:27:11.560 not loyal to

01:27:12.120 him,

01:27:12.660 every leader

01:27:13.280 of the

01:27:13.780 judiciary,

01:27:14.280 the legal

01:27:14.860 system.

01:27:16.200 He takes

01:27:16.940 over and

01:27:18.160 he completely

01:27:18.660 takes over

01:27:19.180 the party.

01:27:19.680 And here's

01:27:19.880 something that

01:27:20.360 you need to

01:27:21.500 understand that's

01:27:23.260 very different

01:27:24.000 between China

01:27:24.980 and the United

01:27:25.540 States is that

01:27:26.860 the military

01:27:27.380 itself,

01:27:27.880 the People's

01:27:28.240 Liberation

01:27:28.660 Army,

01:27:29.580 is directly

01:27:30.220 subservient to

01:27:31.920 the Chinese

01:27:32.900 Communist Party,

01:27:33.740 to the CCP

01:27:34.320 and the Central

01:27:34.840 Military

01:27:35.200 Commission.

01:27:37.160 The generals,

01:27:38.300 the admirals,

01:27:39.100 they all work

01:27:40.900 directly for

01:27:42.000 Xi Jinping,

01:27:42.620 not the other

01:27:42.980 way around.

01:27:44.040 There's no

01:27:44.760 democratic rule

01:27:47.020 or anything like

01:27:47.760 that like you

01:27:48.820 might see in the

01:27:49.340 West.

01:27:50.020 Not at all.

01:27:50.860 And Xi Jinping

01:27:53.840 showed an

01:27:55.860 ambition that

01:27:57.420 you haven't

01:27:57.920 seen from

01:27:59.900 chairman of

01:28:00.920 the party

01:28:01.360 really since

01:28:02.200 Mao.

01:28:04.080 But Xi's

01:28:04.880 ambition was

01:28:05.460 not communist

01:28:06.220 in the

01:28:08.840 doctrinal sense.

01:28:10.660 He came up

01:28:11.580 with a new

01:28:12.280 strategy,

01:28:14.060 new strategy

01:28:15.680 for rule

01:28:16.400 across not

01:28:17.360 just China,

01:28:18.420 but for the

01:28:19.320 rise of the

01:28:19.800 CCP because he

01:28:20.720 was focused

01:28:21.400 like a laser

01:28:22.280 on 2049.

01:28:25.860 The 100

01:28:27.320 year leap

01:28:29.020 forward of

01:28:30.420 China.

01:28:31.780 And he came

01:28:32.680 up with a new

01:28:33.140 strategy.

01:28:33.740 He called it

01:28:34.640 Yidai Yilu,

01:28:36.860 One Belt,

01:28:38.220 One Road.

01:28:39.680 And began

01:28:40.600 working diligently

01:28:41.660 with countries

01:28:43.440 all around the

01:28:44.300 world.

01:28:46.280 Central Asia,

01:28:47.800 the Middle

01:28:48.120 East,

01:28:49.240 Africa,

01:28:49.660 South America.

01:28:53.040 He began

01:28:53.720 going around

01:28:54.280 making deals.

01:28:56.620 It's called

01:28:57.380 debt trap

01:28:58.360 diplomacy

01:28:58.940 with third

01:29:01.000 world nations

01:29:01.680 and saying,

01:29:02.260 we'll give you

01:29:02.600 loans,

01:29:03.220 we'll build you

01:29:04.280 roads,

01:29:04.680 we'll build you

01:29:05.060 railroads,

01:29:05.660 we'll build you

01:29:06.000 airports,

01:29:06.660 we'll build you

01:29:07.140 military facilities.

01:29:08.960 You just have to

01:29:09.840 let us use them.

01:29:11.080 You just have to

01:29:11.660 give us your

01:29:12.080 rare earth

01:29:12.440 elements.

01:29:13.800 He's currently

01:29:14.480 now making

01:29:15.000 deals with

01:29:16.500 Saudi Arabia,

01:29:17.340 with Iran

01:29:17.780 for oil.

01:29:20.440 People may

01:29:21.160 have heard

01:29:21.740 of the

01:29:22.840 massive

01:29:23.160 concentration

01:29:23.720 camps and

01:29:24.520 lockdowns

01:29:25.340 in Xinjiang,

01:29:27.560 the Uyghur 0.92

01:29:28.320 region,

01:29:29.040 but you have

01:29:29.800 to look at

01:29:30.300 this on the

01:29:30.900 map to

01:29:31.320 understand the

01:29:31.960 importance of

01:29:32.560 it.

01:29:33.740 Because what

01:29:34.520 is directly

01:29:35.440 across the

01:29:37.680 Xinjiang

01:29:38.060 region?

01:29:39.020 Xinjiang is

01:29:39.580 just north of

01:29:40.120 Tibet,

01:29:41.140 another area

01:29:41.680 subjugated by

01:29:42.380 the CCP.

01:29:42.880 but Xinjiang

01:29:45.040 directly borders

01:29:46.900 the Middle

01:29:47.720 East,

01:29:48.860 Afghanistan,

01:29:50.060 and Pakistan.

01:29:51.580 And the

01:29:52.240 CCP is

01:29:53.060 building

01:29:53.580 roads,

01:29:55.440 pipelines,

01:29:56.580 and railroads

01:29:57.440 down through

01:29:59.540 Pakistan,

01:30:00.480 they call it

01:30:00.780 the economic

01:30:01.380 corridor,

01:30:02.660 all the way

01:30:04.160 to the Persian

01:30:05.440 Gulf,

01:30:06.100 so that they

01:30:06.720 can get their

01:30:07.160 oil.

01:30:08.660 They're building

01:30:09.600 more roads and

01:30:10.700 pipelines through

01:30:11.780 Burma,

01:30:12.220 so that they

01:30:13.540 can get to

01:30:14.200 the Indian

01:30:14.720 Ocean.

01:30:15.480 And in

01:30:15.740 fact,

01:30:16.100 they're

01:30:16.360 encircling

01:30:16.980 their one

01:30:18.200 major adversary

01:30:19.560 in Asia,

01:30:22.220 India,

01:30:22.760 the only

01:30:23.940 country in

01:30:24.460 the world

01:30:24.900 that has a

01:30:25.680 military that

01:30:26.600 could be

01:30:26.880 strong enough

01:30:27.580 to actually

01:30:28.640 face off

01:30:29.600 against China.

01:30:32.040 They're

01:30:32.800 encircling

01:30:33.420 them,

01:30:34.460 making deals

01:30:35.600 with the

01:30:35.860 Taliban, 0.69

01:30:37.380 Pakistan,

01:30:38.240 Iran,

01:30:39.120 Saudi Arabia,

01:30:40.400 Burma,

01:30:41.260 Thailand,

01:30:42.220 they know

01:30:43.800 what they're

01:30:44.500 doing.

01:30:45.960 They're

01:30:46.500 building bases

01:30:47.020 in Sri

01:30:47.480 Lanka,

01:30:47.860 they're

01:30:47.980 building bases

01:30:48.500 in the

01:30:48.800 Maldives,

01:30:49.280 they're

01:30:49.420 building bases

01:30:49.980 in Djibouti,

01:30:50.700 they're

01:30:50.820 building bases

01:30:51.460 in Africa,

01:30:53.520 naval bases

01:30:54.240 on the

01:30:55.360 Atlantic coast

01:30:56.940 of Africa.

01:30:58.580 They're

01:30:59.160 working in

01:30:59.620 Venezuela.

01:31:02.080 They're

01:31:02.640 doing everything

01:31:03.540 they can

01:31:04.780 to become

01:31:06.600 the alternative

01:31:09.060 to the

01:31:09.880 United States

01:31:10.620 in the

01:31:11.080 world

01:31:11.280 financial

01:31:11.700 system.

01:31:13.120 They don't

01:31:13.840 want to be

01:31:14.200 the junior

01:31:14.720 partner

01:31:15.240 anymore.

01:31:17.600 Xi Jinping

01:31:18.040 isn't going

01:31:19.060 to settle

01:31:19.440 for being

01:31:20.120 the junior

01:31:20.540 partner

01:31:20.960 because the

01:31:23.180 rival he's

01:31:24.180 looking to

01:31:24.600 purge now,

01:31:25.800 it's not just

01:31:28.460 some of the

01:31:28.780 other communists

01:31:29.420 in Shanghai,

01:31:30.120 it's not just

01:31:30.500 Bo Xi

01:31:30.940 Lai of

01:31:32.080 Chongqing,

01:31:32.720 no,

01:31:32.900 no,

01:31:33.040 no.

01:31:33.180 it's the

01:31:35.240 United States.

01:31:36.680 It's us.

01:31:38.100 It's our

01:31:38.860 politicians and

01:31:39.640 our elites.

01:31:41.420 If you're not

01:31:42.300 on board,

01:31:43.420 he'll get rid

01:31:44.000 of you.

01:31:44.980 If you stand

01:31:45.960 in his way,

01:31:47.200 he'll take

01:31:47.700 you down.

01:31:49.200 Now,

01:31:49.920 if you've got

01:31:51.200 family members

01:31:51.820 that want to

01:31:52.160 get rich,

01:31:53.200 like,

01:31:53.600 I don't

01:31:53.780 know,

01:31:55.560 a son

01:31:56.060 of a

01:31:58.340 vice

01:31:58.540 president

01:31:58.980 who wants

01:32:00.560 to come

01:32:00.860 over and

01:32:01.220 take millions

01:32:01.740 of dollars,

01:32:02.320 in

01:32:04.340 investment,

01:32:05.460 work on

01:32:05.780 some special

01:32:06.260 deals,

01:32:07.300 he's more

01:32:07.580 than happy.

01:32:08.620 More than

01:32:09.280 happy to

01:32:09.700 compromise on

01:32:10.300 his way

01:32:10.600 up.

01:32:13.940 Because

01:32:14.420 he's

01:32:14.840 building

01:32:15.200 an

01:32:16.780 empire.

01:32:19.340 Hong Di,

01:32:20.720 the Red

01:32:21.460 Emperor,

01:32:22.420 this is how

01:32:23.140 he sees

01:32:23.460 himself.

01:32:25.300 Now,

01:32:25.840 he views

01:32:26.240 what he's

01:32:26.600 doing as

01:32:26.980 the rise

01:32:27.340 of China,

01:32:28.120 the strengthening

01:32:28.620 of China,

01:32:29.240 the return

01:32:29.720 of China,

01:32:30.440 Trung Guo,

01:32:31.100 to its

01:32:32.560 initial

01:32:32.980 place

01:32:33.740 among the

01:32:34.420 world.

01:32:35.880 Trung Guo 0.99

01:32:36.460 means

01:32:37.420 central

01:32:38.260 kingdom,

01:32:39.560 the kingdom

01:32:40.480 that's at

01:32:40.780 the center

01:32:41.160 of the

01:32:41.500 globe,

01:32:42.320 the kingdom

01:32:43.420 that all

01:32:44.260 others

01:32:44.760 bow down

01:32:45.520 to.

01:32:47.160 If you know

01:32:47.900 anything about

01:32:48.300 Asian history,

01:32:49.640 in ancient

01:32:50.000 China,

01:32:50.560 that was

01:32:50.900 true.

01:32:52.100 They ruled

01:32:52.600 Vietnam with

01:32:53.260 an iron fist

01:32:53.920 for over

01:32:54.360 a thousand

01:32:55.040 years.

01:32:56.840 Every country

01:32:57.940 in all

01:32:58.600 of Asia

01:32:59.040 paid

01:33:00.780 tribute

01:33:01.240 to the

01:33:02.200 emperors

01:33:02.560 of China.

01:33:03.900 And this

01:33:04.500 is what

01:33:04.720 he wants

01:33:05.000 again.

01:33:06.660 But the

01:33:07.260 problem

01:33:07.480 for the

01:33:07.720 United

01:33:07.920 States

01:33:08.400 is an

01:33:10.320 old

01:33:10.620 Athenian

01:33:11.100 general's

01:33:11.800 quote,

01:33:14.400 and that

01:33:15.020 was General

01:33:15.380 Thucydides.

01:33:16.740 It's now

01:33:17.420 referred to

01:33:17.880 as the

01:33:19.000 Thucydides

01:33:19.960 trap.

01:33:21.460 And this

01:33:21.660 idea is

01:33:23.060 that when

01:33:23.600 there is

01:33:23.980 a rival

01:33:24.440 power and

01:33:25.680 an emerging

01:33:26.120 power,

01:33:26.620 those

01:33:28.800 trajectories

01:33:29.600 eventually

01:33:30.300 come to

01:33:31.040 a point

01:33:31.500 which leads

01:33:32.920 to conflict

01:33:33.600 and the

01:33:34.100 outbreak

01:33:34.440 of war.

01:33:35.980 Harvard

01:33:36.620 University's

01:33:37.280 Belfer

01:33:37.540 Center

01:33:37.920 ran a

01:33:39.580 study

01:33:39.880 that showed

01:33:41.080 among 16

01:33:42.100 historical

01:33:42.720 instances

01:33:43.360 of the

01:33:45.480 Thucydides

01:33:46.040 trap,

01:33:46.960 12

01:33:47.480 ended

01:33:48.280 and erupted

01:33:49.400 in war.

01:33:51.460 That's

01:33:52.180 75%

01:33:53.080 chance.

01:33:53.640 I've

01:33:56.380 been focused

01:33:56.740 on China

01:33:57.120 for 15

01:33:57.600 years of

01:33:57.920 my life.

01:33:58.760 I lived

01:33:59.400 there for

01:33:59.660 two years.

01:34:00.620 I studied

01:34:01.060 Mandarin.

01:34:02.460 I joined

01:34:03.100 the United

01:34:03.400 States Navy

01:34:03.980 and became

01:34:04.520 a linguist

01:34:05.260 in Mandarin

01:34:05.900 to understand

01:34:06.860 what was

01:34:07.240 going on

01:34:07.700 with the

01:34:07.940 rise of

01:34:08.300 China.

01:34:08.600 when you

01:34:11.380 look at

01:34:11.640 the way

01:34:12.100 things are

01:34:13.360 escalating

01:34:13.980 with Taiwan,

01:34:15.580 things are

01:34:15.980 escalating

01:34:16.380 with Korea,

01:34:17.540 with Hong

01:34:17.960 Kong,

01:34:18.720 what you

01:34:19.820 saw with

01:34:20.220 the crackdown

01:34:20.920 of the

01:34:21.420 protesters

01:34:21.940 across China

01:34:23.300 just recently,

01:34:23.960 just a few

01:34:24.420 weeks ago.

01:34:25.040 And even

01:34:27.560 John

01:34:27.880 Mearsheimer

01:34:28.380 has come

01:34:28.900 out and

01:34:29.180 said,

01:34:29.860 we are

01:34:30.740 on a

01:34:31.740 collision

01:34:32.300 course

01:34:32.940 with China

01:34:34.400 that will

01:34:35.320 erupt

01:34:35.840 into a

01:34:36.960 world

01:34:37.500 conflict.

01:34:39.180 Are we

01:34:39.980 ready for

01:34:40.380 that?

01:34:41.320 Is the

01:34:42.060 United States

01:34:42.720 ready for

01:34:43.140 that?

01:34:44.500 And what

01:34:45.300 will happen

01:34:45.880 when we

01:34:47.900 go toe

01:34:48.560 to toe

01:34:49.000 with the

01:34:50.080 Red

01:34:50.380 Emperor?

01:34:52.580 Thank you

01:34:53.260 for listening

01:34:53.600 to the

01:34:53.960 China Files.

01:34:55.040 My name

01:34:55.380 is Jack

01:34:55.680 Posovic.

01:34:56.760 Ladies and 0.98

01:34:57.200 gentlemen,

01:34:57.640 as always,

01:34:58.600 you have my

01:34:59.020 permission to

01:35:00.100 lay ashore.

Human Events Daily with Jack Posobiec - June 28, 2024

HUMAN EVENTS： THE CHINA FILES SPECIAL

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