Juno News - November 15, 2025
Adam Zivo & the latest from Canada’s drug crisis
Episode Stats
Words per Minute
179.03122
Summary
Adam Zivo joins the show to talk about his new piece on the need to lock up meth addicts, and the push by Manitoba's new premier Wab Canoe to do just that. He also talks about the dangers of meth use in public parks and parks where children play.
Transcript
00:00:00.000
Hi, Juno News. Alexander Brown here, host of Not Sorry. Great to be back with you. I'm the
00:00:08.060
director of the National Citizens Coalition. I'm a writer, campaigner, columnist, contributor.
00:00:15.260
You know, thrilled to be busy in this space. Thrilled to be here with you three days a week.
00:00:18.880
And while you're here, if you like these episodes, junownews.com slash not sorry for 20% off. Great
00:00:25.000
deal. There's so much great reporting on Juno News. So many talented folks. Please,
00:00:29.520
please check it out. Please support us. So slowly, surely, reluctantly, Canada's so-called harm
00:00:35.000
reduction and safe supply model of permissible and government supply drug use, it's collapsing.
00:00:41.300
And it must. The public doesn't want it. It's dangerous, antisocial, anti-civilizational.
00:00:47.180
It's an experiment that's destroyed our towns and cities. And that hasn't helped get our
00:00:51.840
troubled and addicted clean. We have these kinds of poverty pimps that claim it worked,
00:00:57.140
that make all kinds of excuses, but keeping these folks in a continued state of suffering
00:01:02.040
instead of getting them off the streets and into treatment, the data doesn't back up that
00:01:08.080
that's the right approach. Like you gotta, sometimes you need to have a firm hand with these things.
00:01:13.200
And on the safe supply file, we're even seeing an NDP premier, Wab Canoe, presenting what Adam
00:01:21.740
Zivo calls our guest today, a worthy plan to lock up meth addicts. What a change this represents over
00:01:27.780
the failures of the last few years. This is still the year where the federal liberals were quietly
00:01:31.660
forced to admit this wasn't working and walk back their disastrous support of this safe supply
00:01:37.860
and its permissible drug culture from coast to coast. BC has repealed its own disastrous public
00:01:43.340
drug use laws that had legalized consumption in parks where children play, even hospitals.
00:01:48.760
Police had just absolutely no powers. A large part of that is because of the work of our guests
00:01:54.800
today, of Adam Zivo, a columnist, a journalist, an advocate in the more responsible drug space.
00:02:03.200
He has an event coming up as well in Toronto that we're going to, we're going to talk about because
00:02:08.560
he's doing vitally important work that's in partnership with Project Ontario because there's
00:02:12.980
the role that the provinces can certainly play. If Wab Canoes can step up, Doug Ford can step up too.
00:02:18.980
Let's talk to Adam Zivo and thanks for joining us. Adam Zivo joins the show. He's a national
00:02:24.140
post columnist, a correspondent with the News Forum, founder and director of the Center for Responsible
00:02:29.760
Drug Policy and Break the Needle. Adam, thank you for joining us.
00:02:35.220
It's a pleasure to talk to, you know, Canada's leading advocate for common sense on the drug
00:02:40.680
policy front. Now, your latest piece from this week and credit where it's due to Manitoba NDP
00:02:46.160
premier Wab Cano on clearly understanding the failures of harm reduction policy. You state that,
00:02:53.160
you know, it's a worthy plan that he has to lock up meth addicts. I believe a quote from the piece is
00:02:57.740
people who are suffering from meth addiction do not have the right to determine how the rest of us
00:03:01.860
are going to live in our society, declared the premier. Are you optimistic this kind of pushback
00:03:07.580
from, I say, often risk averse politicians that it'll catch on? And what's the sort of more work
00:03:15.260
to be done piece that you flesh out in your writing? Can we trust them to see this through
00:03:22.920
Well, I think that his plan is, it indicates that there's a change to the national zeitgeist when it
00:03:28.800
comes to drugs and crime addiction. We've passed the main hump of peak harm reduction, and we've
00:03:35.740
begun to focus on recovery, abstinence, prevention, and ensuring that drug addicts are given free reign
00:03:43.980
to terrorize the people around them. But before I go into my assessments of Cano's proposal, I want to
00:03:50.000
give a quick overview of what it is. So essentially, before he changed the law, if you had someone who was
00:03:56.620
publicly intoxicated, they could be detained at a police officer's discretion for up to 24 hours. And that
00:04:02.740
system was oriented towards alcoholics, right? If you're publicly drunk, we put you in a drunk tank, which is
00:04:09.440
basically just a jail cell. And then with alcohol, you sober up quite quickly. So within 24 hours at the
00:04:14.400
most, you're left, you're let out. The problem though, is that the system is not designed for
00:04:20.140
people who are using harder substances that have longer lasting effects. And it's a particular problem
00:04:26.420
for someone who is using meth. The effects of meth, the main effects last up to 12 hours, which falls
00:04:31.640
within that 24 hour timeline. But when you come off of that drug, you go through a crash, which can last
00:04:38.020
for up to three days. And during the crash period, people can be deeply aggressive, violent, and their
00:04:43.920
behavior can be borderline psychotic. And this is especially true if they're coming off of a binge
00:04:48.680
where they haven't slept for several days. So obviously, if you detain someone who was publicly
00:04:53.120
intoxicated for meth use, and you let them out within 24 hours, and they're still violent, and they're
00:04:58.220
still crashing, that's not ideal. This person is still a danger to the rest of society. And you're not
00:05:04.040
segregating them from society in the way that you should. And so what Canu did is he changed the law
00:05:09.920
to allow for detentions of up to 72 hours, which, of course, that encapsulates that period. And he's
00:05:16.980
building a set of new facilities that are specifically earmarked for these longer stays.
00:05:24.340
And what that means is that you'll still have their traditional drunk tanks, which are for people who are
00:05:29.700
drunk on alcohol. But if you do stay for longer than 24 hours, they'll send you to a special protective
00:05:35.080
custody location. And there, you will be assessed by a healthcare professional every 24 hours for up
00:05:43.140
to two visits, depending on the length of your stay. And there will be other compassionate supports
00:05:47.900
available to you, including some addiction services. So on my end, I think that this is clearly a step in
00:05:54.780
the right direction. Because when you have meth addicts who are in the middle of the streets and
00:05:59.880
making everyone uncomfortable, that's bad for society as a whole. And that's also bad for the
00:06:04.420
addict himself, right? Because he's not getting the level of support that he needs. And he's not going
00:06:08.920
to get that support in a traditional drunk tank. So if you segregate them from society for a longer
00:06:13.560
period of time, you're keeping everyone else safe, and you're increasing contact with the healthcare
00:06:18.280
system and giving some level of support, which gives this person some option of recovery. Now,
00:06:26.340
where I think that this doesn't go far enough is that it doesn't actually provide really substantial
00:06:31.240
recovery-oriented supports, right? So there's this big debate about involuntary care, and Canoe's plan
00:06:38.520
has been characterized as a form of involuntary care, and that's true. But it's only the most basic
00:06:43.540
minimum level of involuntary care. Involuntary care, in order for it to work, requires a longer
00:06:49.880
stay. And that's why in the United States, involuntary care systems, you know, often mandate
00:06:54.520
stays that last for weeks, if not months. Because addiction is a very difficult thing to break. So if
00:07:00.140
you're in a detention center for only three days, you're probably not going to get better, right?
00:07:05.580
And even if you are repeatedly detained, again and again and again and again, you're getting very
00:07:10.460
fragmented care that is a poor substitute for a structured, longer-term stay. So I think that the
00:07:19.460
better alternative to Canoe's plan would be to further criminalize public intoxication. So that
00:07:25.980
way, people who are a danger to themselves and others can be more stably segregated from society
00:07:31.540
for longer periods of time, rather than having a rolling, a revolving door of detentions.
00:07:36.720
And then to give people the option to seek mandatory treatments, or sorry, I guess, well,
00:07:43.220
quasi-voluntary treatments in lieu of jail, because that kind of structured, longer-term stay would be
00:07:50.320
more effective than having someone stay and get some addiction care for one or two days every once in a
00:07:57.240
while. Yeah. That's one of the... I'm in Vancouver. And so I see so much of, you know,
00:08:02.160
your great writing and news breaking on this file firsthand, which is that even if they do receive
00:08:09.840
care, you know, they're heading right back to East Hastings. And how are you supposed to stay clean,
00:08:15.380
you know, when those are, you know, you're returning to those conditions after 24, 48 hours,
00:08:19.820
after some hold? It's seemingly one of the cardinal sins out here, and I'm still getting used to the
00:08:24.640
ecosystem. I'm an Ontario boy originally, is closing down some of these facilities where you would be,
00:08:30.040
you know, kept for longer than just a cup of coffee, where some people's addiction journeys,
00:08:36.500
you know, they last their entire lives. And you can't just expect them to dry out and sober up.
00:08:42.220
And, you know, that's it. No more, no more meth for me.
00:08:46.120
Well, so what I'll say is that Canu's messaging around this reform has very much been focused
00:08:50.900
on public safety. And he said last week that we're going to take Manitoba back and make the
00:08:56.640
province safe again. And I think that this system of longer detentions will certainly achieve that,
00:09:03.200
right? Because at the most basic level, you're segregating people from society for a longer
00:09:08.340
period of time. And police officers might be more willing to detain people this way,
00:09:14.220
if they believe they have to re-detain them less frequently compared to what was happening earlier.
00:09:19.240
And so from a public safety standpoint, I think this works. Sometimes it feels like the recovery
00:09:25.740
oriented elements was tacked on later to give it a more compassionate face, to give the impression
00:09:33.800
that this is about really like about providing healthcare, when it seems more about finding a
00:09:39.380
workaround for getting drug addicts off the streets. Because if you were to use the traditional
00:09:43.680
criminal justice system, I mean, with our current bail system, you really wouldn't, you got to get
00:09:49.240
anywhere. No, the cup of coffee in their back. Yeah. You talk to cops and they're just going like,
00:09:53.780
I, you know, the frequent flyers drive them nuts. Like our cities are downtowns. They have these super
00:09:59.620
offenders that we all know about, like this percentage of, you know, it's maybe only a couple dozen
00:10:04.420
people per central business district, where if they were kept in care for longer, and we'll use care
00:10:11.340
there in quotation marks, I suppose. But if they were kept in some sort of extended stay,
00:10:16.080
if they were better looked at and not just immediately kicked back out, our legal system
00:10:20.380
has its problems and its, its leniency issues increasingly, but that would make a major difference
00:10:26.520
in these, in these metropolitan areas almost overnight. Like if it's just, if you just stop
00:10:30.700
letting the same group of people continue to maybe have this 72 hour meth binge and come down
00:10:38.040
that, you know, Vancouver, downtown Vancouver might be a place that people actually want to
00:10:42.740
spend time. That's, that's the thing. And so actually there was a letter that was published,
00:10:47.460
I think back in 2022, 2023 by a series of BC municipalities. And they, in that letter included
00:10:55.400
data showing that just a small number of people, I think maybe a few dozen. Yeah. It's really small.
00:11:01.140
Yeah. We're responsible for thousands of police interactions. And I think last year, the city of
00:11:08.080
Kelowna published a report that indicated that I think maybe 15, 16 people were responsible for
00:11:13.860
hundreds of police interactions. So you have a very tiny number of people who are causing this wildly
00:11:20.080
disproportionate amount of public disorder and crime. And we just let them get away with it and
00:11:26.280
prioritize their interests over the interests of society as a whole, which is a problem.
00:11:32.380
Yeah. It's got to end. And, and on the maybe misplaced priorities here, CBC just dropped a 40
00:11:40.540
minute documentary that, that seemingly seeks to undo some of these words from the Manitoba premier
00:11:46.920
that, that seems to go in the other direction, you know, from your terrific work. I, you know,
00:11:51.840
when you hopped on this call, I know it was bothering you. Let's talk about what the CBC
00:11:56.600
just published here and what your thoughts are. Yeah. So I want to clarify that the CBC
00:12:00.600
documentary is not in response to Canoes stuff. It's actually, it's the government,
00:12:04.120
the federal government defunding get safer supply programs. So for people who aren't aware,
00:12:08.200
safer supplies is a program where we prescribe addicts, pharmaceutical grade drugs with this idea
00:12:14.640
that it dissuades them from using the illicit supplies. So Alex, let's say you were addicted to
00:12:18.820
fentanyl. You're buying it off the street. It could be contaminated.
00:12:21.500
I am in Vancouver. Yeah. You know, you're, you're, you're respecting local culture.
00:12:26.760
Yeah. And, uh, so the idea is that we would give you bottles and bottles and bottles of
00:12:31.000
hydromorphone, which is an opioid as powerful as heroin, uh, with this, this belief that it will
00:12:36.440
dissuade you from using the street supply. Oh, and there's no supervision in consumption because
00:12:41.600
that would be stigmatizing and would be a barrier. So anyways, you do the rational thing, uh, in this
00:12:47.500
situation, fentanyl is 50 times stronger than hydromorphone or heroin. So you sell your free
00:12:52.380
government opioids to make money to buy illicit fentanyl. So we're not actually mitigating the
00:12:57.320
use of the illicit market. We're subsidizing it and we're flooding our communities with pharmaceutical
00:13:00.620
opioids. Um, I wrote a lot about this. My first report came out in 2023 and, uh, I thought at the
00:13:08.200
time that it would change things, but essentially the, the federal liberals and the BC NDP, they ran
00:13:14.660
with the narrative that this was disinformation, that it was unscientific. Uh, even though, you know,
00:13:21.880
I have a very large pool of addiction physicians who support my claims. Um, and so then I ended up
00:13:29.800
publishing over 50 follow-up articles and op-eds about this very concretely illustrating the safe
00:13:35.180
supply diversion is a major issue. Uh, the London police in Ontario indicated the hydromorphone
00:13:40.840
seizures exploded by 3000% after safe supply access was expanded and that organized crime at the highest
00:13:46.900
level was involved in the traffic of these drugs. In BC, they, uh, mandated witness consumption after
00:13:53.960
a leaked ministerial report showed that the government was aware of widespread diversion.
00:13:57.980
So eventually the federal government defunded the program this year. Thank God, quietly. Uh, but of
00:14:04.820
course, all the harm reduction activists are really mad about that because they don't want to accept
00:14:08.620
the fact that their experiment failed and harmed people. And the CDC is not really journalism. They
00:14:14.560
call themselves like the fifth state called itself investigative journalism. They released a documentary
00:14:18.760
that was essentially a PR puff piece for safe supply. And so what they did is they interviewed all the
00:14:24.240
harm reduction activists. Like literally the documentary consists of just interviews with drug addicts
00:14:30.660
and harm reduction advocates and completely ignores all the medical experts who oppose safer supply and
00:14:36.700
who think that is a terrible idea. Yeah. Right. And then it presents this narrative that opposition to
00:14:41.900
safer supply is unscientific and that it is rooted in fear, stigma, politics, all this stuff. And they're
00:14:49.140
very clearly trying to say that the conservatives by opposing safer supply are killing people and they're
00:14:54.480
unscientific. Um, now if you're going to make that argument, okay, fine. You need to also include the
00:15:01.480
people who the medical experts who are against safer supply, but they didn't. So they're strategically
00:15:06.820
withholding this information from their viewers to avoid addressing the fact that no opposition to
00:15:13.640
safer supply is not a political thing. Well, it is political in a certain sense that health policy is
00:15:18.200
always political, but it's not, you know, some irrational thing. It's rooted in people's clinical
00:15:23.080
observations about diversion and its impact on, on, on, on drug addicts. And so it's the CBC, once again,
00:15:29.360
engaging in activism and calling it journalism. And the polling, like the, I don't think polls should
00:15:35.560
always be used to, to dictate policy. We can, we can get all kinds of things wrong as a general public,
00:15:40.000
but like overwhelmingly so Canadians don't believe in these programs anymore. They were, they were sold one
00:15:46.500
thing and now see another, you know, their kids can't play at the local park because there's a guy passed out
00:15:51.360
on the bench with needles around them. It's like, we all have eyes and we can all tell what's happened
00:15:56.580
to, to once great towns and cities. Adam, you've been an outspoken critic, a great piece recently
00:16:04.360
in the city journal, I believe, of portions of the LGBTQ movement that have seemingly become
00:16:10.180
radicalized or lost their way. And, and some of the, the impacts that's had on harm reduction policy,
00:16:15.640
or even the highly contentious topic of, of pediatric gender care. Has, has this been to
00:16:20.920
the detriment to what that movement is, is supposed to be all about to, to what extent have some of
00:16:26.420
these organizations and organizers lost their way? Well, so the point of that article is to illustrate
00:16:32.160
how these two different policy areas, which on the surface seem completely unrelated, actually stem
00:16:37.480
from shared sensibilities and a shared history. Yeah. So the harm reduction movement, you know,
00:16:43.700
began in the late eighties, early nineties, really got its traction then in response to the HIV AIDS
00:16:48.960
epidemic. And the idea is that if you gave people clean needles, that you could reduce HIV transmissions.
00:16:55.700
And so many radical queer activists, I think quite understandably ended up running these illicit needle
00:17:01.920
exchange programs that were illegal, right. At that time. And in doing so, they ended up connecting with
00:17:08.860
many nascent drug reform activists and addicts. And so from the very beginning, you had this alliance
00:17:14.480
between LGBTQ activism and harm reductionism. And then that only strengthened over time because they
00:17:21.800
both shared a hostility towards capitalism, towards the moralizing norms of society.
00:17:28.120
Uh, and their radical ethos really built this like persistence relationship. Now the harm reductionists
00:17:36.220
ended up actually learning a lot from the LGBTQ activists, which is why in the 1990s, many drug
00:17:41.740
reform activists sent a lot of effort into rebranding drug addicts as a persecuted group, akin to gays
00:17:48.140
and lesbians or racial minorities. And they were fairly effective in doing that. Now, this relationship
00:17:54.460
between these two groups ends up solidifying in the 2000s, because after the HIV AIDS crisis was mostly
00:18:01.840
managed, many of these organizations, HIV AIDS organizations didn't really know what to do,
00:18:06.960
right, they had to find a way to continue justifying their funding and their existence. And so they
00:18:12.000
pivoted to addictions on the basis that they were really good at working with addicts in the context
00:18:17.520
of infectious diseases. But these people didn't have a background in addiction medicine. And so these
00:18:24.960
HIV AIDS organizations, which had a lot of radical LGBTQ activists, ended up pushing for really radical
00:18:31.280
forms of harm reduction, like drug legalization, and supervised consumption sites. And that's why
00:18:36.800
when you look at the harm reduction space, many of the people were in there are coming from HIV
00:18:40.560
or AIDS backgrounds, right? And so you see this continuing relationship. And then in the 2010s,
00:18:47.600
both of these movements end up gaining a lot of political and social traction. And you can see
00:18:53.680
commonalities with how they bring people on side. So what they would do is they would often produce
00:19:00.240
a lot of bad research and rely on the public scientific illiteracy to give the impression
00:19:06.240
that certain interventions were evidence-based when they were not. And we saw that with pediatric
00:19:10.160
gender medicine, where the evidence-based support of sex changes for kids was really, really, really
00:19:16.080
weak. Yeah. And the studies behind it were really weak as well, and not representative, you know,
00:19:21.680
a mile wide and an inch deep. Like you'd see all this commentary and flowery words,
00:19:25.920
and then you actually look at the graphs and the data and you're going like, what the heck is this?
00:19:29.520
Yeah. I mean, you know, you're looking at people mass producing low quality evidence,
00:19:33.280
and then using it to create the impression of scientific consensus where none exists.
00:19:37.360
And the same thing happened on the harm reduction side, where you had a large number of studies which
00:19:42.080
claimed that safer supply, for example, worked. But when you read the studies, they were really,
00:19:47.920
really terrible. Like you would have, most of them essentially were, yeah, we interviewed about
00:19:52.320
20 to 30 drug addicts. We asked Guy Felicia in Vancouver if this works.
00:19:58.560
It's like, yeah, we interviewed the drug addicts. The addicts told us they liked the program where
00:20:02.000
they get free drugs and they told us that they're not selling the drugs. And if they do, it's only
00:20:06.800
mutual aid. So I guess this is the thing we should do. That's a really reliable audience there to be
00:20:11.680
sampling inside of. Yeah. And then what they would do is they would give a sense of moral urgency
00:20:16.880
and they would say, if you don't support safe supply, you're killing drug addicts. If you don't
00:20:20.560
support pediatric gender care, you're killing trans kids. And they would use this sense of moral
00:20:26.000
urgency, this hysteria to silence their critics who said, well, actually, the evidence base here is
00:20:32.400
not very solid. And so by the early to mid 2020s, people started to notice that there was a problem
00:20:38.240
here. And now you have a backlash against both movements. So the point now where the activists who
00:20:44.640
are working in these spaces are actually saying, oh yeah, well, the, the, the future of harm reduction
00:20:51.520
and LGBTQ rights are tied hand in hand and we have to defend them together. So, you know, when you look
00:20:57.440
at the things that have gone wrong in society with these two big policy areas that everyone cares about,
00:21:01.840
they are way more connected than you would assume. Yeah. And what to the detriment of both of them,
00:21:07.040
like, why can't we just walk and chew gum at the same time? Why can't, why can't we stay on equity
00:21:13.840
and inclusion and stay on responsible drug policy? Why does it have to turn into some radical shared
00:21:19.760
log rolling exercise and some extended excuse for, for further harm in the community? I mean,
00:21:26.320
Adam, you're involved with Project Ontario. I'm a contributor as well. You have a great piece with
00:21:31.120
Josh DeHaz where the two of you talked about four ways to solve our growing crime crisis. That's,
00:21:36.880
that's been an interesting assembly of, uh, uh, Ontario conservatives, principled folks who,
00:21:42.640
who don't love what they're seeing from Queens park. And, you know, you're not just writing about
00:21:47.200
it. You're holding an event you have, uh, I believe it's coming up on November 26th in Toronto
00:21:52.960
in, in partnership with Project Ontario. Can, can our viewers today secure tickets and, uh,
00:21:58.000
tell us a little bit more about it? Yeah, they can. It's only 50 bucks. It's at the national
00:22:01.680
club, which is a really nice space. And we're going to have the, uh, my short documentary,
00:22:06.720
which is 30 minutes long, got to, which features basically crying kids talking about how diverted,
00:22:12.640
safe supply destroyed their lives. Uh, so bring, bring a tissue. It's going to be hard to watch.
00:22:17.680
Yeah. Uh, and then we have a fireside chat between myself and an addiction doctor and a fireside
00:22:21.440
chat between myself and, uh, someone who was harmed by using diverted, safer supply. Uh,
00:22:27.520
now the reason why this event is relevant is that although the federal government defunded
00:22:32.720
its safer supply programs, safer supply primarily exists at the provincial level. And what I mean
00:22:37.600
by that is that when someone gives save a safer supply prescription, they're basically just
00:22:41.520
prescribing a drug off label, like they would in any other case. Um, and because healthcare falls
00:22:47.600
under provincial jurisdiction, if you want to stop that practice, you need the province to step in.
00:22:53.600
Alberta has stepped in and has prevented like banned all safe supply prescribing.
00:23:00.000
BC nominally requires witness consumption to stop diversion. But in Ontario, it is the wild west.
00:23:07.440
And in Ontario, safe supply is actually the worst and any, any other jurisdiction.
00:23:12.640
You think it'd be BC. That's surprising to hear.
00:23:19.600
Yeah. And the thing is that Ford has said that he opposes safe supply. And last year he wrote a
00:23:24.640
letter where, and that was directed towards Trudeau. And he said, uh, we want you to stop funding these
00:23:30.480
programs. We don't, we have no clue how much hydromorphone is getting into our communities
00:23:35.760
through this program. And it's like, well, first of all, you could stop it yourself at the provincial
00:23:39.600
level, like Alberta did. But of course they just want to blame Trudeau, uh, rather than take responsibility.
00:23:45.760
And second of all, of course, you know how much hydromorphone is going into your communities
00:23:49.040
because it's all paid for by OHIP. It's all paid for by the provincial, uh, insurance plan.
00:23:55.360
So we have the Ford government not making any moves here. And as a result, there are so many opioids,
00:24:02.480
like just millions of tablets that are flooding into our streets and Ford isn't doing anything
00:24:06.960
about it. So this event helps raise some awareness about that and calls for a provincial reform
00:24:13.520
to fix this problem. Because just because the federal government is no longer supporting safe
00:24:17.760
supply doesn't mean we're out of the woods yet. We need the province to take action.
00:24:21.520
Yeah. And you don't sound like a radical, uh, a radical right or a yahoo to me for saying that as
00:24:27.440
he's, as he's sort of flippantly described folks who are chipping in on project Ontario. That sounds
00:24:33.120
like a great event. I'm going to put the link, uh, in the, in the, uh, the episode notes for,
00:24:38.080
for Juno supporters to, to check out Adam Zeebo. Thank you for joining us. Thanks for having me.