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- June 28, 2022
Will Canada’s courts uphold our Charter rights? (Ft. Bruce Pardy)
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Length
35 minutes
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171.05713
Word Count
6,013
Sentence Count
7
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Transcript
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hey everybody welcome back to the show today we deal with a very important topic is the supreme
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court of canada interpreting the letter of the constitution and protecting our charter rights
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and freedoms or have they gotten into the business of social engineering to pursue so-called
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progressive agendas that limit our individual liberties as it turns out i'm recording this on
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a very historic day in the u.s when the supreme court finally overturned roe versus wade liberals
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are having a collective meltdown but the point is when a liberal dominated supreme court decreed
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the right to abortion in the original roe versus wade decision they overstepped and took over the
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job of state legislatures since abortion is not a constitutional right in the u.s so many may
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disagree with this decision but i happen to think it's the right one my guest today is none other
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than bruce party who is executive director of rights probe and professor of law at queen's university
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he's a tireless champion of individual liberty and writes widely on the subject it's truly my
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pleasure and privilege to welcome bruce to the show to chat about the state of the legal system in canada
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and whether our individual liberties are actually being protected hey bruce uh welcome to my show welcome
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to the podcast it's really an honor and privilege to have you here and i'm really looking forward to
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our conversation um about um canada's legal system hello rupa thank you very much for having me yeah
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so bruce you know let me just um start by um telling you what i experienced during the freedom
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convoy protests i was struck by something that uh by by an image of many people carrying a copy of the
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charter um the ones i spoke to strongly believe that their charter rights uh weren't being enforced
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and from some of your writings it sounds like you also don't believe that those rights are being
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enforced partly because the courts are too deferential to the legislature to the government
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and perhaps uh they also share the progressive agenda of the government um what would you tell the
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average canadian who doesn't necessarily get the niceties of constitutional law why their charter
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rights were apparently not being upheld um say on issues like bodily autonomy right it's a very good
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question and you know one of one of the silver linings if there are any uh about this period is that
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more people are coming to a personal understanding of how the legal system works and how the charter works
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and how it doesn't work and what it means and maybe what it should mean and so on and before this was
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all background noise to a lot of people but now it really matters now it really matters in in in in
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the very practical uh sense of their everyday lives and so the first thing i would say to them is
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look there's a there's a difference between uh saying that your civil liberties have been infringed
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which is undoubtedly true and saying your charter rights have been infringed which is a legal question
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so the civil liberties thing is very straightforward you know if you're told you can't go here and can't go
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there and if you do you have to wear a mask or have to have a vaccine you're being told what to do
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and so in a very real sense your liberties are being infringed but that leaves up on the question
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about whether they're being infringed in a legally remediable remedial sense uh in a way let me put that
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better in a way that the courts will remedy if you if you complain about it and that's not quite so clear
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uh yes over time uh the courts and the especially the supreme court has tended to embrace a progressive
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way of interpreting the charter but but but also one of the main problems is the charter wasn't really
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built to withstand an all-encompassing uh managerial state and so one of the distinctions i i try to
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explain to people um is the difference between negative and positive rights
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and many of the most important freedoms in the in the charter are negative freedoms in the sense that
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i don't mean negative in the sense that they're bad and negative in the sense of what the government
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needs to do to comply with them and the negative right simply means you just governments just leave
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people alone just don't do anything and if you leave people alone to their own devices then you've
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complied with the negative rights whereas a positive right on the other hand is a right to receive
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something from government or otherwise so um welfare or access to housing or access to airplanes or access
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to something that the government rules or other people are are denying you and so if we go along
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with the idea that the charter is built basically the freedoms anyway are built upon the idea of a
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negative freedom the argument from the government has been all the way along in this well we're not
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making you do anything we're not the the vaccines are not mandatory in the sense that we'll throw you
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in jail or issue a fine uh you're free to wander about the country you can walk you can drive you just
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came on a plane but by the way there's no charter right to get on a plane that's a positive right to
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access an airline and you know that there's some credence to that argument because that's the way
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the charter is built but here's the problem we've come to the stage now where this managerial state
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controls everything everything your economic relationships your social relationships your
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movements your ability to have a license for driving for practicing a profession and so
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what's happening is the government is doing indirectly with all these little rules
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what it might not be allowed to do directly by saying you must get back and and so it's not really
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serving the purpose that people think it's supposed to serve yeah so yeah no i i i wanted to actually
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you know uh follow up on that i i feel that my own observation is that governments um have been rather
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sneaky uh when it's come to vaccine mandates uh those that have imposed these vaccine mandates on the
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on their people um you know instead of just saying hey we're mandating vaccination for example austria
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tried to do that this past winter and then backtracked um you know they've said you need a vaccine for
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the following activities xyz uh travel dining out etc but not a technical mandatory vaccination which is
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punishable by uh fine or jail um but then even then the restrictions imposed by the vaccine mandates
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could reasonably be argued uh as in that they're impeding a person's uh normal life uh so it's
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basically mandatory vaccination and all but name um so do you think that the courts have been too
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deferential in accepting the government's rationale for the mandates as reasonable limits as set out in section one
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like the the court story on vaccine mandates is still yet to be fully told because a lot of
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these cases are still pending and so we'll find out i mean and none of these none of these
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covid cases have gone to the supreme court yet so there's a lot of the story still to to find out
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um but on other matters i think you're absolutely right and the one reason i i i would expect
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that we don't actually have literally mandatory vaccines is that that would be a much easier charter case
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to make because we have in section seven the right to security of the person and that includes the
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right to bodily autonomy in the sense that we have the right to give informed consent to any kind of
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medical procedure but so right there you've got a a a a real reason why a mandatory vaccine would
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probably hopefully be found to violate that that that right however if it's not a full-on requirement if it
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is as you say you know little bits and pieces so as to avoid infringing that right this is essentially
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what's what's what's happening and um the argument goes and i think again there's some credence to the
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to the legal approach here uh that that if you are asked by your employer say for example whether it's the
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employer alone and of course employers employers private employers are not subject to the charter
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because they're not governor but a lot of employers are are imposing these mandates under cover of a
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government rule a government directive a government recommendation uh so people are saying well i'm
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being coerced by my employer to get a vaccine and in a sense they are because i mean the threat is
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do this or you'll lose your job but the problem is that that's not quite the same thing as the
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charter means in terms of the the right to bodily autonomy the right to security the person because
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if you think of this in terms of other kinds of job requirements and i know they're not the same
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thing i just i know people are going to say but but the one thing's not like the other thing and
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they're right but the example that i use is getting a haircut so let's say your employer brings in a new policy
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it says all our employees must have short hair and you don't want to have short hair and you have
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to go to the barber to get a haircut and you think i'm being coerced and in a way you are but
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it's not unlawful coercion because it's part of the policies that the employer is entitled to make
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so in the same way i mean let's try this if you go to to let's say you want to buy a bike and you find
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a used bike for sale you go to the person selling the bike and you say i'll give you 100 bucks for
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the bike and they say no 150. and they say if you don't pay me 150 you can't have the bike now would
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we say those people that the seller of the bike is coercing me into into buying the bike no we
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wouldn't say that because you can say no i don't want it and walk away okay same idea i seem abstract
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idea with your job you know you're it's a deal right you work and they pay you and one day the
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employer comes along and says well i don't want to pay you unless you have a hair short haircut
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so it's coercion in a sense but not in that unlawful sense where you might be fined or imprisoned if
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you don't do it and so same argument is being applied with the vaccines is it you are being
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coerced on threaded loss of your job but it's not unlawful coercion because you can always walk away
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and find a job somewhere else ignoring the fact that these vaccine mandates are very broad
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and being pushed by governments in many sectors so that the appearance of your freedom to go and
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find another job without one is a loser yeah and um you know i just wanted to um shift gears a little
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bit and i wanted to bring in some uh international comparison um and specifically i was struck by a
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recent um uh news development um from india uh india's legal system is based on the same uh british legal
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system on which our legal system is based as you know um and laws are made by parliament and and
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recently in indian and you know and the courts by and large tend to defer to the legislature
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having said that the uh recently the indian supreme court ruled that bodily autonomy must be protect
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protected as laid out in the constitution and that vaccine mandates which the federal government never
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never imposed were unconstitutional again it's worth pointing out that this is in a country where the
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courts have generally been uh quite uh deferential to the government meanwhile back in canada it's
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noteworthy that during the course of the pandemic legal challenges to lockdowns mandates and other
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restrictions have mostly failed in the courts um and whose decisions have uh mostly been in line with
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uh got the government's view on on on the pandemic um and similarly you know our arbitrators uh on
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matters such as challenge challenging workplace uh mandates have invariably um uh you know tended
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to favor the government's view this is a puzzle i mean i've been trying to uh understand this how
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do you explain that canadian courts have been so deferential to the government when it comes to
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covet 19 rules and restrictions in in particular i i mean they seem to be even more deferential than
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any other westminster country like india uh my comparison is not the us where their courts are
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much less deferential well they do tend to be deferential in this country but not but not across
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the board i mean it depends upon the cause and there are some situations in which you can think of
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through the years where they have not been deferential so for example it was the courts and not the
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legislature that brought in a gay marriage to canada it was the courts that said no no this is required
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by the constitution you will do this and that's not deferential at all so it it does tend to be the
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pattern it's it's it's there's exceptions to the pattern of course but the pattern has been
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that they're deferential to governments in one direction but not in another direction our courts tend
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to be very progressive in fact in uh the first press conference that the chief justice of supreme
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court held when he was first appointed as the chief justice a reporter asked him whether or not he
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agreed that the supreme court of canada was the most progressive in the world and he said he agreed
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with that and was very proud of it and that that is that is a a court acknowledging the political
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perspective that they're coming from and you can see that reflected in a lot of the judgments
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and so the the the deference that's being being applied as i said the supreme court has not yet
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heard a code case but the other courts that have heard lockdown cases and so on have tended to be
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deferential and in some cases a couple of cases that the uh in family law for example a couple of judges
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have even taken judicial notice judicial notice of the effectiveness and the safety of the vaccine even
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though that was one of the factual matters in contention now judicial notice is is not a kind of
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thing that courts are supposed to use about facts in dispute they're supposed to be a shortcut to deal
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with facts that nobody in the right mind would contest like the sky is blue what is uh judicial notice bruce if
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judicial notice is like is a is a conclusion okay the court can come to a factual conclusion a court can
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come to without the need for evidence so in a courtroom i mean technically speaking here's the
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basic rule the basic rule is the court knows nothing nothing everything you hear in a courtroom any
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factual conclusion must come from evidence that you hear from witnesses or from documents in the courtroom
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now there are some facts that are so notorious like the sky is blue that you really wouldn't want
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to take the court's time to get a witness to explain that the sky is blue i saw it was blue this morning
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and so on so that's a shortcut to to cut through then that rule so as to get at the real matters
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that are in contention and and and for an efficient use of court resources but it's not meant to be used
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for the matters that are in dispute for which you should need evidence and in these in these couple of
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instances we have courts so deferential to the government narrative that they take judicial
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notice of the safety and efficacy of the vaccine which in these family law disputes between you know
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separated parents about whether or not the child's going to get vaccinated it is one of the main things
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that's in contention so it's just uh it's it's quite a remarkable um trend or or pattern that you have
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courts embracing what essentially is a particular narrative on things as opposed to starting from
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a blank slate and saying i know nothing about this and we'll we'll see what we'll see what your
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witnesses say we'll see what your experts say and we will we evaluate the evidence on that basis
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but but back to your question about about the comparison between india and and canada i i don't
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know the particularities of the text that the indian courts were working from but here here is one
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characteristic of our law and it may be the case in india as well if they're based upon the same
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system but one of the characteristics of our system shared throughout the commonwealth is that of
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legislative supremacy and the charter and the constitution is an exception to that principle in
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other words if you're looking for the starting place where the system begins it's really legislative
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supremacy and not the charter so the idea of legislative supremacy is that a body like a
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legislature that has democratic legitimacy can make laws about anything there was and it does not have
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to justify those laws based upon evidence or data or rationality or benefit or any of those things
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um the one exception is whether or not it that law violates a charter right but that's a burden that
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the person alleging the violation has to prove so people are seeing these policies seeing these statutes
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that are causing harm they're causing economic harm they're causing physical harm they're violating civil
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liberties and they think well this can't this can't be lawful this can't be right this must be a
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violation and the government hasn't shown hasn't shown the data that it's based on hasn't it hasn't
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justified the benefits hasn't done the cost benefit analysis let's see it hasn't shown it to us therefore
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it must be invalid no that's not that's not the criteria for available if you have a properly elected
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legislature and it passes a statute then the statute is valid unless you can show the violation of a
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charter right there are only a couple of exceptions where all of this information becomes relevant
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all the facts that people are focused on and rightfully so if you can buy if you can show a
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violation of a charter right then and only then you get into a section one argument because section
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one requires the government to justify as a reasonable limit the violation of the right and
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then the facts become important but unless you can get over that threshold first then the government
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doesn't have to answer to to to these kinds of of requests to justify what it is that they've done
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right um so bruce you've also noticed and um you've written uh that the supreme court of canada has
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uh increasingly taken on an activist progressive stance rather than sticking to interpreting the law
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and the constitution as as written why do you suppose this has happened and where do you think we're
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heading with this do you think that um um that conceivably the supreme court could become much
00:19:42.080
more politicized as it is in the us yes well let's start with this every judge has their own philosophy
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and so when we talk about courts in general we're talking about trends as opposed to saying every
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single judge thinks this way which is not true at all uh you know in supreme court canada for example
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they often have dissents on various things and that's a healthy sign i think that the judges are
00:20:03.760
are are are are are treating their tasks as individuals and not as a group which is good
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um the fact of the matter is that our courts have been as political as this courts in the us
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i think forever except that it's more noticeable in the us because you have essentially two competing
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sides and when you have two competing sides you can see that you can see the battle going up and you
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can see the inclinations in the political sense and sometimes in the partisan sense but it's it's
00:20:37.200
when we say political we also mean a much more broader sort of philosophical or ideological take on
00:20:43.440
things um it's not that our courts are immune from that it's just that we don't have these two sides
00:20:51.360
we we have a prevailing progressive country with progressive courts and like i say this is not the
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case across the board it's not the case with every quarter every judge uh but but it's not it's not
00:21:06.640
a distinctly two sides fighting phenomenon as you will see in the us and so we've been able to to uh
00:21:13.920
sort of promote this myth that our courts are not political sure they are sure they are they're just
00:21:20.080
not they're just not in the same kind of dynamic as as in the states and perhaps not as partisan here not
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as partisan here because frankly most of the mainstream political parties are pretty much on
00:21:32.160
the same page too as opposed to more conflict on that ground in the us yeah and that that brings me
00:21:39.040
up to this uh to to a related question uh the current chief justice of the supreme court was recently in
00:21:44.720
the news for speaking out against the freedom convoy and uh you've argued very persuasively uh that the
00:21:52.160
sitting chief justice that you know by doing so this uh by him doing so this tarnishes the the perception
00:21:59.120
of impartiality uh if any challenges uh say to the emergencies act uh eventually reaches the supreme
00:22:06.080
court um why do you think chief justice wagner thought it was okay to opine on a matter in such a
00:22:13.440
strong way uh um you know as to be siding completely with the government um aren't are there any sanctions
00:22:20.320
uh for uh in the system for for this kind of behavior i cannot answer why he did that you'd have to ask
00:22:29.440
him uh yeah but the the the the remedies for this kind of thing range from refusing oneself from a case
00:22:40.160
now to be to be sure that case none of so there there are at least four challenges right now to the
00:22:46.240
invocation of the emergency act and none of those cases have been heard yet much less found their way
00:22:50.960
to the supreme court of canada and so who knows perhaps if and when one of those does reach the
00:22:57.680
court maybe the chief justice will see fit to recruit recuse himself from the hearing of that case
00:23:03.360
i mean who knows um but he is the chief justice of the whole system and so i would have thought that
00:23:11.680
his expression of a view on a particular dispute like this would have ramifications that extend
00:23:19.040
beyond his actual sitting on the case and might influence other judges within the system whose
00:23:24.960
courts essentially uh report report to the supreme court of canada in the in the hierarchical sense
00:23:31.200
um so i'm not sure that simple recusal would would fix the effect that that uh the expression of
00:23:38.080
opinion has had in this case uh that has already been done right in a sense that's right that's
00:23:46.800
correct that's correct and and the degree of influence that the expression of that opinion has
00:23:52.000
had is impossible to calculate it would be very very difficult to figure out what the effect was whether
00:23:58.480
or not it was zero or minimal or substantial i mean who who knows we can only speculate i mean is
00:24:05.440
there is there is there a you know something we could do to prevent this kind of uh thing from
00:24:09.920
happening in the future should should there be a code of conduct for supreme court justices and other
00:24:15.040
officials you know that they should remain uh silent on matters that could that could come before them
00:24:20.480
or you know which could take them into the area arena political contestation well in fact there is one
00:24:26.960
already this the canadian judicial council has uh a document called ethical principles for judges and it does
00:24:33.440
suggest as as do as do decisions of the supreme court itself say that judges must must be and must appear
00:24:42.160
to be impartial on all disputes that that come before them um it's a very well established and not not
00:24:50.400
not contentious legal principle uh the the whole idea of impartiality is that you refrain from forming
00:24:58.400
and being seen to form a view about the case you haven't heard yet uh and if if remarks outside of
00:25:08.320
the courtroom are such that it's clear that that's not the case then one of the parties going to
00:25:13.680
reasonably perceive that that they're already at a disadvantage before the cases happen uh so i it's
00:25:21.520
it's it's this is pretty straightforward stuff you would have thought and yet we now have the the uh
00:25:29.760
the practice of the chief justice and this chief justice is not the first one um the chief justice now
00:25:36.960
holds press conferences uh every year uh with journalists to talk about this and that and i suppose that
00:25:43.840
you know could be done in a way that avoided this kind of a problem but it also risks this very thing the more you
00:25:50.800
express opinions about matters that might come before you the the more likely it is that the perceived
00:25:55.920
impartiality of the court would be put at risk um so you know i wanted to go back to progressivism
00:26:03.120
something that we touched upon uh earlier in our conversation um and it sounds as if progressivism
00:26:10.080
in the service of collectivism has taken hold in in our legal system uh essentially working as a um
00:26:16.960
handmaiden of the of the of the technocratic state and you've you've argued uh this in several of your
00:26:23.520
recent writings um the question really is you know as believers in individual liberty and uh and
00:26:30.560
originalists uh you know as in interpreting the constitution as it was written how do we reclaim
00:26:36.160
our freedoms in such a context yes you know this is this is the question rupa it's the question that
00:26:43.520
we're all asking ourselves what do you do when the institutions in your society seem to have adopted a
00:26:49.280
completely different philosophy than the one that you believe your society is built on yeah and if i had
00:26:54.480
an easy answer to that i i'd be i'd be shouting it from the rooftops and i i really don't but uh but but but
00:27:01.600
first i mean the first reality is that it's it's really got to come from the people and part of the
00:27:10.640
problem during these past two years is i mean in addition to the problem that the technocrats have taken
00:27:17.360
over in addition to the problem the courts don't seem to care in addition to the problem that the you know public health
00:27:22.720
officials have been given more power than they deserve and so on the the real problem is that a
00:27:28.000
whole bunch of people a very large portion of the population seem to be fine with it and and wanted
00:27:34.640
more of it and complain when it's in when that when the restrictions are taken off i mean that this is
00:27:40.640
the central problem and so there's a lot of educating to do a lot of talking to do a lot of of trying to
00:27:48.240
get people out of the trance that they seem to be in and i i i'm not sure that that very much will
00:27:55.200
happen before that happens because many other institutions are are are are built upon and think
00:28:04.000
that they're following public opinion public sentiment as opposed to pushing against it and
00:28:09.360
until they do have to push against it i'm not sure that they will feel compelled to to change the path that
00:28:16.560
they're wrong um yeah and and you know i also i wanted to you know ask you something about the
00:28:23.520
supreme court and the composition of the supreme court um you know even if the trudeau government
00:28:28.080
falls in the next election the composition will be the same uh do you think we are heading or maybe
00:28:35.360
should we be heading toward a u.s style situation where party leaders uh take a stand on what sort of
00:28:41.920
justices uh they would appoint to the supreme court or would this be too great a deviation from our
00:28:48.160
current westminster inspired model yeah that's a fair question i i'm not opposed to to to open hearings
00:28:56.720
and fights about who gets appointed to the supreme court i think it's healthy for a society to to to
00:29:02.640
to air these things and to make clear what the choices are and the consequences of those choices and
00:29:08.240
the fact that when you do appoint a person whoever that person happens to be that person is going to
00:29:14.640
carry with them some predilections and we need to know what the predilections are and and you know
00:29:19.520
people have said well you know with respect to the comments from the chief justice and so on
00:29:23.680
you know wouldn't you prefer that he has said these things so you know where he's coming from
00:29:28.800
as opposed to hiding it and you know they got a point maybe maybe it's just as well in that sense
00:29:35.040
that we don't pretend that our courts are all you know absolutely tabula rasa neutral and do not have
00:29:43.440
any inclinations before they sit down on at the bench maybe that's just so not true that we should
00:29:49.600
acknowledge it's not true and then air these things in public and and fight about it a little bit i mean
00:29:54.880
one of the things about the u.s political situation is they do fight about things and you know our you
00:30:01.280
know us polite canadians we don't like fighting but actually there's a healthy aspect to it as well
00:30:06.080
because you at least know you know where things stand and and what's at stake and and you know what
00:30:12.640
people represent and so on and i think a little bit more of that would be healthy yeah um and and
00:30:18.160
finally bruce could you tell us a bit about the free north declaration uh it's it's it's an initiative of
00:30:24.320
yours uh the intent behind the free north declaration and uh and how has it progressed since uh since you
00:30:31.760
launched it right yes so the free north declaration is is a is a statement of concern that that i and
00:30:39.600
three colleagues put together three other lawyers um and we this was last fall and we got to the point
00:30:47.840
of thinking you know what this is this is going very badly civil liberties are being are being crushed
00:30:54.000
um the the the the courts are not responding the legal profession is not responding uh we have to
00:31:02.480
say to the public that we don't agree with this we see something wrong we see that there's a crisis
00:31:09.360
and something needs to be done about it and nothing in the nothing in the declaration itself
00:31:14.080
is going itself to lead to any changes i mean it's just a declaration um we've had over 600 other
00:31:22.400
lawyers uh sign on to it uh over 90 000 citizens non-lawyers signed on to it which was very gratifying
00:31:30.720
and and and uh better than we had hoped um but it's it's really just a a shout in the darkness to say
00:31:39.200
things are not right people and we are losing things in this country that are really very
00:31:46.640
important we're crossing a threshold and we may not realize that once the threshold is crossed it's
00:31:52.800
very difficult to get it back and i i'm afraid that that that's exactly what has been happening over
00:32:00.560
these past two years standards and norms that we more or less took for granted in the before times
00:32:07.520
yeah are now out the window i mean before just to give you one one small example the idea before
00:32:15.680
that a business or an employer would have been able to ask you for your vaccination status or your
00:32:22.320
medical status in any other respect would have been seen to be outrageous and now it's outrageous to
00:32:27.120
object that that's the kind of change that we're experiencing and and we've got a big job to try and get
00:32:34.240
even to get back to where we were in in you know 2019. how hopeful are you about the future uh are
00:32:40.640
we going to be able to prevent uh the sort of infringement of our individual liberties and freedoms
00:32:46.960
going forward i am i am greatly concerned i i would like to hope so and i don't think i don't think
00:32:52.960
it's a a lost cause yet but i'm very um concerned because the this this managerial state that we've
00:33:02.240
spoken of tends to travel only in one direction which is it is bigger and more comprehensive and
00:33:08.720
more intrusive and as the technology gets better to to pay more attention to what we're doing to
00:33:15.280
surveil us and to make sure we're behaving properly those pressures will continue the the the state and it's
00:33:22.720
bureaucrats always want a little more control because they think that's their job to make
00:33:28.320
sure everything goes right and the opposite vision is one so the the division of the managerial state
00:33:35.760
in a sense is one of order order we don't want misbehavior we want compliance we want people to
00:33:42.880
behave in the interest of the common good we don't want you to say this we don't want you to do that
00:33:47.680
we want order the competing vision is one of a little bit of chaos you know free people do a lot
00:33:56.000
of different things and that's okay as long as they're not harmful to each other as long as there's
00:34:01.920
no violence peaceful chaos is a great society to live in but chaos is the kind of thing that managerial
00:34:09.760
states do not like and so i i hope their their efforts to stamp it out will be eventually pushed
00:34:18.800
back but it's going to be a very high amount in decline well on that note bruce uh i'm gonna we're
00:34:25.520
gonna have to end this but what a fascinating conversation um and i feel like we could have gone
00:34:30.480
on much longer um i really uh want to thank you for coming on to the show and uh i'm sure we'll have
00:34:37.280
lots to chat about uh if you come on again and i really hope you will uh at some point in the near
00:34:42.800
future so thank you for being here and it's been a great pleasure and privilege to have you uh to be
00:34:49.680
in conversation with you thank you so much it's been the pleasure of mind rupa i appreciate it very
00:34:54.720
much and i look forward to next time okay thank you bruce thank you so much
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