Joel Salatin and his family own the Polyface Farm in Virginia s Shenandoah Valley, which has been the subject of over a dozen documentaries and numerous media reports. The Farm was the good guy in Michael Pollan s iconic film, "Omnivore's Dilemma," and the subsequent award-winning documentary, "Food Inc." Joel is the author of 15 books spanning ecological agriculture, how-to, and culture, and writes numerous magazine columns. He is editor of Stockman Grass Farmer, the world s premier pastured livestock trade magazine. He founded the Farm Host Group, which offers numerous tours and educational programs, and operates a formal farm apprenticeship program. Joel has a very optimistic view of life, and gives us some reason for hope and a time in which we are in a time where we are facing a food shortage. In this episode, Joel talks about the importance of resiliency in the agricultural system, and how it can help us survive in times of drought, pest problems, and other natural disasters. This episode was produced and edited by Robert Kiyosaki. Additional audio mixing and mastering was done by Matthew Boll. We do not own the rights to any of the music used in this episode. If you enjoyed it, please consider leaving us a five star review on Apple Podcasts. We are listening to it on your favorite streaming platform. Thank you so much for all the support you've shown us, and we really appreciate it. We really appreciate the support we've gotten over the past few years. We look forward to hearing back from all of our listeners. Thank you for all of your support. - Robert F. Ford, Sr. and I'm looking forward to getting back to the rest of the podcasting world. Thanks, Thank you, Myself, and I'll see you in the next episode, next week, and so much more. XO, Thank You, Myles, - Rachel, ETC - ETC - Thank You - Alyssa, Sarah, R. M. & K. S. B. & G. E. & J. P. -- M. M., R. B., E.A. & D. E., S. A. D. & B. S., P. P., A. S, G. R. & A. B, E. R., J. B & S. & P. S etc.
00:00:00.000Hey everybody, my guest today is Joel Saladin.
00:00:02.000Joel and his family own the Polyface Farm in Virginia's Shenandoah Valley, which has been the subject of over a dozen documentaries and numerous media reports.
00:00:14.000The farm was the good guy in Michael Pollan's iconic film, Omnivore's Dilemma, and the subsequent award-winning documentary, Food, Inc.
00:00:24.000He is the author of 15 books spanning ecological agriculture, How to and culture.
00:00:31.000He writes numerous magazine columns and is editor of Stockman Grass Farmer, the world's premier pastured livestock trade magazine.
00:00:41.000Polyface Farm serves more than 8,000 families and ships nationwide to clients who want pastured non-GMO meat and poultry, beef, pork, chicken, turkey, rabbit, and lamb.
00:00:54.000The Farm Host Gatherings offers numerous tours and educational venues and operates a formal farm apprenticeship program.
00:01:03.000I'm really happy to have you here, Joel.
00:01:07.000Oh, thank you, Robert F. I just can't imagine anybody I'd rather talk to right now than you.
00:01:13.000You know, a lot of the people I have on here tend to depress my listeners, but you have a very, very kind of an optimistic view of life.
00:01:22.000I'd say an optimistic approach to life.
00:01:24.000So give us some reason for hope and a time.
00:01:27.000You know, President Biden had, I think, really shocked a lot of the country by saying that we were likely to face food shortages.
00:01:36.000Because of the Russian embargo of the Ukraine.
00:01:41.000So I think people are starting to think more seriously about their food and, you know, tell us what your reaction is.
00:01:48.000Well, my reaction is that I'm very excited that for the first time in my life, and I'm 65, and so I've been on this podium, if you will, for a long, long time, and have been accused of being a food snob, an elitist.
00:02:04.000I've had commissioners of agriculture say, if we farm like Salatin, we just have to decide which half of the world to die because everybody would starve and all this.
00:02:17.000And what's fascinating to me is for the first time in my life, we've got this national conversation happening where we're actually talking about resiliency and not efficiency.
00:02:27.000And look, I want to be as efficient as anybody is as anybody.
00:02:31.000But if first you don't have resiliency, you don't have anything to be efficient about if you don't first have resiliency.
00:03:59.000You know, the actinomycetes and mycelium, they have all sorts of interesting names.
00:04:03.000And it's in the soil, you know, and there's this entire trade of commerce going on in the soil as these things are being traded around.
00:04:11.000The very idea that in order to have soil fertility, you need to import things from 2,000 miles away that are mined, that just doesn't make any sense.
00:04:24.000Farmers like us have proven that it doesn't make any sense.
00:04:28.000We're very excited that these huge increases we're seeing.
00:04:32.000Another one is in the big processing plants.
00:04:34.000The big processing plants with COVID, they've been decimated with Quarantine and all sorts of, you know, protocol restrictions.
00:04:41.000And those of us that use very small local abattoirs, that's a nice way to say a slaughterhouse, you know, a butcher shop, when you use a very small one, you don't have, you know, 5,000 people crowded under one roof with no sunlight and on a dark, damp situation.
00:04:59.000And so even in the processing of We're seeing a resilience from regionally based, smaller scale kind of operations.
00:05:09.000And so the shortages that we're seeing are primarily all at large scale, at big scale, and big scale in today's vulnerabilities, in today's new fragilities.
00:05:23.000Scale, which has always been touted as being the answer to everything, is now being seen as a liability, not an asset.
00:05:31.000And so those of us that are running speedboats instead of aircraft carriers, we can navigate the shoals and the disturbing waters that we're in right now globally.
00:05:41.000We can navigate those much more efficiently.
00:05:45.000The other day, a lady came into our farm store here, and we've always been a higher price than in the store because all of our costs are internalized rather than externalized.
00:05:55.000And so a lady was in and she was shocked.
00:05:57.000She looked at the meat counter, said, wow, your sirloin steaks are $9 a pound at Costco.
00:06:09.000This was the first time in my life that our prices have been substantially lower than what was in the supermarket.
00:06:15.000And the fact is, we do buy some diesel and we're seeing some price increases, but we're not seeing anything like the price increases that the great big commercial, orthodox, conventional, industrial companies Folks are seeing.
00:06:30.000And so, for the first time in my life, I think that the biological view, the ecological authenticity, is actually going to show up at the real-time price tag and not have to be touted as an altruistic, well, we're not giving anybody diarrhea, we're not polluting any streams, and we've always thrown those things into it.
00:06:52.000It's just going to be real-time competitiveness.
00:06:55.000Because of all these inputs, these chemical inputs, the chemical herbicides, the pesticides, the fertilizers that, you know, are now the baseline of American agriculture, almost all of them are petroleum-based.
00:07:17.000And yet, we know that through very managed, intensive composting, a true carbon economy, where we integrate biomass as our key fertility program, Those kinds of things allow us to be in situ or localize our whole input chain of custody, and it's really remarkable.
00:07:41.000The Rodale Institute, there's a guy in Australia named Colin Seiss who invented a system called pasture cropping, where it's a no-till, no chemical, no fertilizer.
00:08:07.000But the whole thing is essentially using on location, strategically grown and managed carbon with a no-till, no-fertilizer system to actually feed the soil biology so you don't have to use any chemicals.
00:08:23.000All of these systems, all these protocols, have struggled and struggled and struggled against cheap petroleum, cheap chemicals, and been I laughed at, poo-pooed by the land-grant colleges.
00:08:35.000And suddenly now, I just got an email today from a big commercial farmer in Kansas.
00:08:42.000Can you tell us how to do this without all these inputs?
00:08:45.000And so I have never been more excited about the possibilities of actually moving, maybe even globally, but certainly in the U.S., moving us to a new appreciation of soil biology, soil development, and And where we love earthworms more than we do chemicals.
00:09:04.000The fact is there's a huge amount of inertia in the system that will prevent all those people who are west of the Appalachian and east of the Rocky Mountains, all those miles and miles of corn.
00:09:38.000People don't make changes until they get hit in the head.
00:09:44.000And so the same thing will be true here.
00:09:47.000And of course, what's really one of the biggest cultural problems with this is that the average farmer is now 60 years old and 60-year-olds tend to not like to make changes as much as 20-year-olds.
00:10:01.000And so we have that militating against us at the very time when we need...
00:10:07.000Creativity, innovation, and the ability, enough emotional and mental energy to pivot.
00:10:14.000The lion's share of our farmland is owned and operated by people that are older and don't have the capacity, the bandwidth, To make those kind of pivots like you would when you're, you know, 28, 29, and 30.
00:10:29.000And so, you know, that's one of our biggest issues.
00:10:32.000So, you know, they will ask for relief, they will ask for government payments, they will ask for all sorts of things.
00:10:37.000But I can tell you that unless they're in complete financial upside down, people are making this transition.
00:10:45.000You can move to an ecological system, whether it's going to grass, which is what we advocate, going to a pasture-based system.
00:11:16.000And when it comes to omnivores like poultry and pork, which are omnivores and do need grain, those, if we didn't feed grain to cows and dairy cows and all that, we would have plenty left over for the omnivores.
00:11:30.000And as far as chickens go, if one out of three households in America had enough chickens to eat their kitchen scraps, there would not be any egg industry in the entire country.
00:11:42.000You know, we, a city, a village in Belgium, in Belgium, over in Europe, Pat Foreman talked about this in her wonderful book, City Chicks.
00:11:53.000It's about backyard chickens, you know, in the city.
00:11:55.000And this town in Belgium offered their families, they said, if anybody wants three chickens, we'll buy you chickens and you can have them for your, you know, to take care of your kitchen scraps, your food scraps.
00:12:07.000And 2,000 families put up their hands and said, yeah, we'll take those.
00:12:11.000So they bought 6,000 chickens, dispersed them, three apiece to 2,000 households.
00:12:16.000And in one month, their landfill Their landfill tonnage dropped by 100 tons in one month just because of the chickens eating all the food scraps that didn't go into the landfill.
00:12:28.000I mean, what we have right now, Robert, is a segregated food system.
00:13:36.000Because somebody hits up a box with a forklift in a warehouse.
00:13:40.000Somebody didn't watch the temperature on the temp control and check the box.
00:13:44.000And so the HACCP plan says you got to throw it out.
00:13:46.000The amount of wastage in a segregated, bifurcated food system staggers the imagination.
00:13:55.000And so When we move to a more regional, I could use the word local, but let's just think regional.
00:14:03.000When we move to a more regional focused system, then those chains of custody shorten and the fragility shortens and you actually build way more resiliency and less dependency that is then stymied by far off events and far off things.
00:14:23.000I mean, another force of inertia are the federal subsidies.
00:14:30.000And then if people do your kind of farming, are they still reliant on federal payments?
00:14:38.000Yeah, well, I don't agree with any subsidies at all.
00:14:41.000I would like to see the whole program abolished.
00:14:45.000You know, when people say free markets have gotten us where we are, no.
00:14:48.000We We haven't had free markets for a long time.
00:14:51.000Abraham Lincoln started the USDA. I call it the USDA. So we've had government meddling in agriculture for a long, long time.
00:15:00.000So don't talk to me about free markets.
00:15:03.000We haven't even been there for 150 years.
00:15:06.000And so, yes, there is a whole, just like all, you know, whatever, bureaucratic, federalized systems, there is an entire mega panoply of programs and things to maintain the status quo and make sure nobody changes. there is an entire mega panoply of programs and things Because, yeah, you're exactly right.
00:15:28.000You're pointing up, you know, when people ask me, well, what you say makes sense, but how in the world, why don't people do this?
00:15:36.000And it's because you hit the nail on the head.
00:15:40.000If we actually went to an authentic, ecological, resilient approach, it would completely invert the power, prestige, profits of the entire food system.
00:15:58.000And that's a great big ship to turn around.
00:16:00.000And there's a lot of things that are inherent in the system to make sure that that can't turn around.
00:16:06.000The system just is not sustainable, even from a soil standpoint.
00:16:34.000That's part of the problem that New Orleans has.
00:16:37.000And so what we have right now is a We're on a trajectory.
00:16:42.000You know, there's an old Chinese saying that if you keep going the way you're going, you're going to end up where you're headed.
00:16:47.000And right now, every bushel of corn costs us a bushel and a half of soil.
00:16:53.000We have a dead zone the size of Rhode Island and the Gulf of Mexico.
00:16:56.000And certainly you're very aware of water riparian things.
00:17:00.000And so, Robert, we have a culture, we have a country right now, as clever as we are, you know, we've got javelin missiles and stingers and, you know, we're hearing a lot about our capabilities, but we don't have the capability as a culture to put on our national balance sheet The liabilities that we're creating.
00:17:21.000You know, Wendell Berry talks a lot about this, that what's wrong with us creates more gross domestic product than what's right with us.
00:17:28.000I mean, if I go out here and I pollute the river next to me, the cost of cleanup doesn't come off of national GDP. It's a positive GDP because we had to hire somebody.
00:17:38.000We had to burn fuel to get there, buy some trucks and equipment and things to go and clean it up.
00:18:41.000And yet, does anybody listening to our voice today think that earthworms are less important than Wall Street?
00:18:49.000At the end of the day, we all know earthworms are more important than Wall Street, and yet they don't even rate.
00:18:55.000But fortunately, the IRS hasn't figured out how to tax them yet, so on our farm, We have decaquintupled the number of earthworms in the half century we've been here.
00:19:25.000We're at Nyman Ranch for a long time, which was doing the same kind of thing that you did, but he ran into a lot of obstacles.
00:19:33.000He was making really good food, and it was a very, very idealistic system with a lot of independent farmers who were being supported and given marketplaces across the country.
00:19:45.000What are you doing different than them?
00:19:47.000Doing different than Bill Nyman or doing different than the conventional?
00:19:51.000Because you do the same kind of thing yourself, but you live from one form, right?
00:19:56.000Yeah, so we're certainly not exactly like Nyman Ranch, but I know Bill and Nicolette, friends of mine, we've done things together.
00:20:33.000So what we do on our farm is everything is on pastures.
00:20:38.000So this grass-finished beef, we move the cows every day to a fresh spot.
00:20:43.000So the whole idea is to mimic nature's template.
00:20:47.000Nature doesn't put chickens in confinement houses.
00:20:49.000They don't put pigs on slatted floors over slurry pits.
00:20:53.000Nature doesn't put cows in grain feedlots.
00:20:57.000And so we're looking fundamentally at what is this natural template.
00:21:02.000People have to understand that 500 years ago, North America produced more nutrition, more food than we do today, even with chemical fertilizer, John Deere tractors and agriculture subsidies.
00:21:29.000And so these herbivores actually, I mean, these beavers 500 years ago actually ate more vegetables, more vegetable matter than all the humans in North America today.
00:21:39.000So, you know, Audubon, Audubon sat under a tree in 1820, recorded in his diary, he said, I couldn't see the sun for three days because of the passenger pigeons that flew over.
00:21:50.000That was before confinement chicken houses.
00:21:53.000Nobody was hauling grain to feed flocks of birds that blocked out the sun for three days.
00:21:57.000The ecological abundance with the choreography, the choreography of symbiotic, multi-species, complex relationships is just beyond imagination almost for us to think about in our bifurcated, segregated commercial industrial complex relationships is just beyond imagination almost for us to think
00:22:16.000And all of that manure and urine and skeletons and bodies and feathers, that was because it was dispersed and it was moved across the land, it was a blessing to the land, as opposed to today, all of that that is concentrated at a processing plant.
00:22:34.000Concentrated at a production, concentrated animal feeding operation.
00:22:38.000Instead of being a blessing, it becomes a curse on the land because it is way too much for our ecological womb to metabolize in that small, that tiny a space.
00:22:49.000So nature has these wonderful symbiotic systems in place that we as commercial farmers, if we tap into them, the productivity is just amazing.
00:23:37.000I'm simply, I'm giving humble, humble, A humble recognition to infinitely beautiful creators' design that it's our responsibility to duplicate on a commercial scale.
00:23:50.000So, for example, in nature, what sanitizes behind herbivores?
00:23:55.000You know, the wildebeest on the Serengeti, the Cape Buffalo in Botswana.
00:24:00.000The American bison on the American plain.
00:24:18.000They peck through the fly larva in the cow patties, scratch the cow patties into the soil surface to disperse it and cover a lot more ground and act as a sanitizer.
00:24:27.000So we don't use grubicides and parasiticides and all those things that taint the meat.
00:24:33.000Instead, we use the birds, but we didn't invent it.
00:24:50.000So if all the trees being burned up because they're dying, because they got disease and stuff, if those were chipped and used as livestock bedding, for example, as a carbonaceous diaper, when the soil is dormant in the wintertime, we let this build up It builds up four feet deep.
00:25:49.000And we think having an ethical framework in which the pig can express its pigness is the ultimate ethical framework on which we build a culture that respects the Robertness of Robert and the Joelness of Joel and the Maryness of Mary.
00:26:04.000If we don't respect the pigness of the pig, the least of these, how can we expect to respect the greater of these?
00:26:12.000And as a result, what happens is, as a culture, We view pigs as just inanimate piles of protoplasmic structure to be manipulated, however cleverly hubris can imagine to manipulate them.
00:26:23.000And I would suggest that that mechanistic view toward nature eventually comes down to a mechanistic view of control among the citizenry.
00:26:34.000So it is respecting the pigness of the pig that creates a moral, ethical framework to respect you and I as humans, as people in the systems.
00:26:45.000And so as we violate the pigness of the pig, the chickenness of the tomato-ness of the tomato, for that matter, as we violate those things with assaults of disrespect and chemicals and violence against them, it's no wonder that we soon begin to assault our own citizenry with tyranny and crazy protocols.
00:27:15.000She's a beacon of light against GMO champions, eloquent champions against GMO crops and chemical agriculture, and one of her persistent themes...
00:27:27.000Is the relationship between chemical agriculture and industrial agriculture and autocratic political systems, which ultimately commoditize humanity, commoditize landscapes, commoditize wildlife and domestic animals as well.
00:27:44.000Well, one of the beauties of the approach that I'm bringing to the discussion here and that we bring, one of the beauties of this approach is that it is fundamentally personalized.
00:28:13.000We can have a milk cow and milker in the backyard, and all she needs is sunlight and grass, and we have milk.
00:28:20.000So this notion of industrial, engineered, whatever you want to call a Star Trek food system, ultimately is the most disempowering.
00:28:31.000It's the most disempowering system because it makes it makes all of us dependent on techno glitzy, capital intensive, centralized systems as opposed to decentralized systems.
00:28:46.000democratized, egalitarian, broad-based systems that spread the knowledge, the wherewithal, the ability, the capital, spreads it out across the landscape so that we can all participate in it as participants.
00:29:01.000So I'm curious about one small footnote, which is I've had chickens my whole life, and I'm wondering how you safeguard your flocks against predators, not just like hawks and eagles and owls and foxes and raccoons, but also rats.
00:30:14.000I actually recommend people to, if you have a small flock, to actually have a portable shelter and just keep them secure all the time in a portable shelter.
00:30:24.000Our broiler chickens, we raise tens of thousands of broiler chickens on pasture.
00:30:29.000In little 10 foot by 12 foot by 2 foot tall, floorless little shelters that we move every day across the field.
00:30:37.000One person with our little dolly can move 4,500 chickens in 60 minutes without starting an engine and no petroleum.
00:30:44.000And in 60 years, we've only had one hawk take one of those chickens because they're completely enclosed.
00:30:56.000And the final thing I'll say about predators is that we do a lot of things on our farm to encourage wildlife zones.
00:31:04.000So we fence out riparian and forestal areas and make literally wildlife runs through the farm So that there are healthy amounts of moles and voles and chipmunks and squirrels to feed the carnivorous predators.
00:31:19.000A lot of times a predator issue is because there's an imbalance.
00:31:23.000And in suburbia, in suburban America, there's more imbalance than you can imagine.
00:31:29.000So by having these actual wildlife corridors, it actually stimulates...
00:32:08.000And they're actually, you can tell it's a weasel because there's almost, all they have are two marks in the neck where they've actually just sucked the blood.
00:32:17.000They're bloodsuckers, the weasels are.
00:32:43.000There are a lot of things that we do to ameliorate that.
00:32:46.000But when I look at these great big confinement houses of Tyson and Purdue and Pilgrim's Pride and stuff, I'm so thankful that we don't have the problems that they have.
00:32:56.000I mean, when they have problems, they have big problems.
00:33:00.000I mean, E. coli, salmonella, different things.
00:33:03.000We actually submitted our chickens to a biology test several years ago for salmonella.
00:33:09.000And our chickens, they cultured it on a petri dish.
00:33:13.000And the store-bought chickens that had as many as 40 chlorine baths to sanitize them measured colony forming units per milliliter to the second permutation.
00:33:24.000And I've already told you more than I understand.
00:33:27.000And ours measured 3,600 on the store-bought, 133 on ours.
00:33:35.000One of the reasons is because In these big confinement factory houses, the chickens are breathing in fecal particulate all day.
00:33:44.000Every day, they're breathing in fecal particulate.
00:33:46.000It goes in their respiratory membranes.
00:33:48.000It's like sandpaper against their respiratory tracts.
00:33:51.000It makes abrasions in their mucous membranes, and it actually penetrates so that they go to the processor with their feathers, their arteries, their guts, their meat is completely satiated in this fecal particulate.
00:34:04.000But out here in the pasture, there is no fecal particulate, and so they actually come in clean.
00:34:10.000These are all things that the industry, they're paranoid about all sorts of things that we just...
00:34:43.000And the best way is to have a vibrant immune system.
00:34:47.000Well, how do you build a vibrant immune system?
00:34:49.000Well, first of all, you don't drink Coke every day, and you don't eat junk food all the time, and you eat From scratch, you actually get in your kitchen.
00:35:02.000You know, yeah, you discover the kitchen.
00:35:03.000I've always said how you know a person that really gets it in the food system is do you eat leftovers?
00:35:09.000Because if you eat leftovers, it means you probably cook as a family and you ate as a family.
00:35:13.000Half of the stuff that's sold in the supermarket is sold in single serving containers.
00:35:17.000You know, we become grazers through life as opposed to, you know, communal indulgent provenance.
00:35:26.000You eat good food and you exercise 20 minutes a day, work up a sweat, get 20 minutes of sunshine a day, get that vitamin D in, you know, get eight hours of sleep.
00:35:35.000And I'm giving you a recipe for immune system.
00:35:51.000And then I always like to say, make a list of all the people that you hate and forgive them because that kind of stress just eats you up and it weakens you.
00:36:02.000Anyway, that's kind of my little recipe.
00:36:07.000I don't know how far you are from Smithfield, Virginia, probably an hour's drive or something.
00:36:15.000But I started working on this issue in the 90s, and I think it was around the mid-80s.
00:36:23.000There was a North Carolina Senator Wendell Murphy Looked at what these billionaires, Bo Pilgrim, John Tyson, had done to the chicken industry.
00:36:36.000And they had put a million or two million chicken farmers out of business.
00:36:41.000And they were raising chickens in battery cages, a million chickens in a single plant.
00:36:47.000And they made themselves billionaires, put everybody out of business, and they started creating these slaughterhouses with line speeds that were going so fast that the chickens were just contaminating each other, not only in the chicken house, but in the processing facility.
00:37:05.000Murphy looked at that and said, I can do the same thing with hogs.
00:37:35.000And within a few years, it was at that time, there were 28,000 independent hog farmers in North Carolina.
00:37:44.000By the time I started working on this, about six or eight years later, there was 2,200 farms, hog farms, factories, and 80% of them owned or contracted with Smithfield, with one company now owned by the Chinese.
00:39:14.000You're familiar with the great American smoke-out, you know, where nobody smokes for a day.
00:39:18.000To try to, you know, get the tobacco companies.
00:39:20.000Why don't we have a great American junk food out?
00:39:23.000And if nobody went to McDonald's or Hardee's or Burger King or Taco Bell for one week, just one week, imagine, those outfits would be brought to their knees.
00:39:44.000You know, you just need to stop buying it and just don't buy it.
00:39:47.000And people don't realize that I think that what we have, yes, you gave this beautiful litany of what's the problem, but that developed, yes, was there collusion with the fratter side, with the U.S. duh and the Congress and the, yes, all of that's true.
00:40:07.000But the other part is also true that somebody bought it.
00:40:11.000Somebody decided this cheap food is the way to go and that lets me go to all the soccer games and I can go on the Caribbean cruises and I don't have to think about and I can eat non-intentionally so I can be intentional every place else.
00:40:26.000And I'm suggesting that there are lots of things in life that we need to be less intentional about, where we need to be more intentional about our food.
00:40:38.000Because one of our little slogans here at the farm is, That we're healing the landscape one bite at a time.
00:40:45.000Our point is that when you look at your plate, I like to encourage people to squint.
00:40:51.000There's a Native American named Tom Brown.
00:41:20.000Does that represent a landscape that builds soil, that increases the commons, that hydrates the landscape?
00:41:28.000That populates the countryside with loving caretakers, stewards, who get up every morning embracing the awesome responsibility and privilege of being able to be participants as caressers of our ecological umbilical.
00:41:49.000All we have to do is have the will and recognize that what's on our plate is actually creating the landscape our grandchildren will inherit.
00:41:58.000And what we have today is the culmination of trillions and trillions and trillions of decisions that people have been making.
00:42:05.000Your parents, my parents, our ancestors have brought us to this place.
00:42:09.000And the world we're going to have in 50 years is also going to be a physical manifestation of trillions and trillions of decisions that we make between now and then.
00:42:20.000And so I just encourage people to take this seriously and realize that every decision You know, there's that old saying about the two dogs and the little boy asks his grandfather which dog will thrive, and the grandfather says, the dog that you feed.
00:42:38.000If we want a different world, we have to feed a different world.
00:42:41.000I guess that pun is perfectly intended.
00:42:43.000We do have to feed a different kind of world if we're going to have a different kind of world.
00:42:48.000Yeah, one of the dogs is the good dog, the other dog is the bad dog.