#477: The History and Future of America's Special Forces
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Summary
When people talk about military special forces, the Navy seals are often the first to come to mind. But there are several special forces in the military that have a storied history and play a fundamental role in America s military defense. My guest is the only person to have been allowed to audit and write about the training programs of the respective special forces units of every branch of the military. His name is Dick Couch, and he is a retired U.S. Navy Seal and the author of several books on special operations forces.
Transcript
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brett mckay here and welcome to another edition of the art of manliness podcast when people talk
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about military special forces the navy seals are often the first to come to mind but there are
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several special forces in the military that have a storied history and play a fundamental role in
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america's military defense my guest is the only person to have been allowed to audit and write
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about the training programs of the respective special forces units of every branch of the
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military his name is dick couch he's a retired u.s navy seal and the author of several books on
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america's special operation forces today on the show we particularly discuss his book sua sponte
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the forging of a modern american ranger we begin our conversation discussing the history and varied
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purposes of the military's different special operations forces dick then explains how a
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soldier becomes an army ranger and why going to ranger school isn't the thing that makes you a
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he walks us through the process of becoming a ranger including ranger assessment and selection
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and we end our conversation discussing the role special operation forces will play in the future
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of america's military after the show's over check out our show notes at aom.is army ranger dick joins
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me now via clearcast.io all right dick couch welcome to the show thank you so you've written
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several books about america's special operating forces what got you started with that well i uh
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i i've had a very interesting service career in that i spent time in both the underwater demolition
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and seal teams and subsequent to that i went and spent about four years at central intelligence agency as
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a paramilitary officer and i thought well with this background i'd i would love to write a book so i
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started on a spy book and i was part way through it when i saw a book on navy seals on the shelf and i
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picked it up and i read it and it was wasn't about navy seals it was about some very brave sailors who
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were on river patrol boats so i called the editor up and i said gee this these aren't navy seals these are
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somebody else and he said well navy seals are really hot right now and i thought okay i think
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i get it so i i started writing about a navy seal story it turned out to be seal team one and i never
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looked back from there and why do you think it's important for civilians to understand how you know
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the navy seals or other special operating forces work well i'm before 9-11 they were
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becoming more important but they were another member in the mix of our our ability to project
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power overseas and a part of our department of defense since 9-11 they've taken a more central role
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in the global war on terror i think that they maybe get a little bit too much attention quite often at
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the expense of some very capable and brave and much needed army navy and air force marine personnel
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but they seem to be the first forces you're right now and they're you know there's again i'm i'm
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certainly not the only guy writing about navy seals now and then they've they've made some very
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successful film films on seal operations well as you said earlier you know you found that book that
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the publisher purported to be about navy seals but it wasn't about navy seals so it seems like there's a
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lot of misconceptions that people have about special operating forces what are some of the most common
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ones that you've come across as you've talked to civilians about about your work well i think that
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special operations across the spectrum are various communities and the primary ones being navy seals
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army special forces the 75th ranger regiment which is an army organization and the marine special
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operations command each one of them are separate cultures they have separate missions they there's
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some commonality in how they execute their missions but they're they do very different things
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so i think that uh and they've grown tremendously since 9-11 and they're very much you know even as
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we draw down perhaps in syria and afghanistan those special those special operators are still hard at work
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overseas and so you know you mentioned some how they're different they have different cultures
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so how how do they differ from each other in sort of broad strokes well perhaps the let me start with
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the navy seals they have as many of them admit they're jack of all trades and master of none they have a
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maritime portfolio which means they have to be good in the water and they have a lot of their training is
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focused around the water it takes about a third of the time to keep those combat
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swimmer skills intact and and up to speed there even though they we don't hear about them being used
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very often they've got air operations to train for they've got land warfare to train for so there's a
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very broad spectrum it takes about a year and a half to train basically train and qualify a navy seal
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and and then perhaps another year of training with his operational unit before he's ready to deploy
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so it's a long training pipeline the specialty of seals are maritime operations but been primarily used
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in a direct action role which means they're they're out there uh on patrol looking for bad guys and
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dealing with them army special forces which is another culture in itself but i and i've said this
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much to the chagrin of my fellow seals i think they're the most important special operator on
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the battlefield because their primary goal is to train other militaries other security forces so
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if they do their job right and they do it well then we get to come home so i think they're very
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important they take on a lot of combat roles and direct action missions like seals but they're primarily
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trainers the third special operations component i'll mention are the 75th rangers the 75th rangers are
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the best light infantry in the world they have a very short training period perhaps two months to take a
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young infantryman and make him into an army ranger and then he may have four or five months of pre-deployment
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work out but they don't have they don't do a lot of things but what they do is light infantry work
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they're very good at conducting combat assaults and they do that very very well the fourth member
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of the special operations mixture in the ground combat area is the marine special operations command
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with the marine raiders and they do in some ways like the seals they do a bit of everything over the
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beach work in water work they're more of an agile expeditionary force and they do spend a lot of time
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like army special forces in training other security forces but next to seals i would say that you know
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the army special forces and the marine raiders are among the most highly trained special operations
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ground combatants that we have well i'd like to dig in more into the army rangers here because you wrote
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a book about sua sponte about them and about their training and their culture but before we get
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there like how did what were the origins of you know america's special operating forces did like each
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branch did it happen sort of organically and they said they saw a need where they needed something a
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little more specialized and then they you know sort of over time formalized it or was it from the get-go
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they knew they needed a very formal structured special operations and they started it well i think that i mean
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we can trace the origins of special operations back to richard rogers and rogers rangers that we
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remember from spencer tracy and in northwest passage but each of the components today has kind of their
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roots as far as the seals go they came from the navy frogmen of world war ii after the landings at tarawa
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and the need for hydrographic data because we lost an awful lot of marines because we didn't know the
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the coastal conditions that they were going to have to advance across in order to make these landings
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so that's where the birth of the navy seals happened in 1943 after the landings of tarawa and we needed
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navy frogmen so that's where the seals came from army special forces they they can kind of trace their
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roots maybe back to the special operators in the civil war and the men who operated behind the lines
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formerly they were kind of a cold war organization as we built a special forces capability to go behind
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the lines in case the soviets came in and took europe then we'd have some people to go behind the
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lines and create partisan forces so they've always been a training component but they have their roots
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in the cold war and certainly they were very well deployed in vietnam the army rangers again they're
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just an outgrowth of light infantry that is by extension has been almost seconded from the army to the
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special operations command and they rotate soldiers good soldiers through the ranger regiment back to the
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army and back into the ranger regiment the marines are new to the special operations mix they came about
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in 2006 be you know secretary rumsfeld suggested without taking no for an answer that the marines
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needed a special operations component there were marine raiders two or three battalions of marine
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raiders during the second world war they were stood up at the insistence of president roosevelt whose son
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was a battalion commander of the marine raiders the marines have had kind of a checkered career with
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special operations and and special units in general the marines feel that they
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in the in among themselves are special and i have to agree with them they are special but they've built
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a very robust capability since 2006 and now i think they're a very valued member of the special operations
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ground combat mix so all these different organizations and forces have different goals different objectives
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different cultures would you say since 9 11 that there's been more integration like you you see
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seals working with arming ragers like there's more i don't know what's the right word i'm looking for
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a collaboration i guess is the right word i don't think so they they tend to operate with their own
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they prepare as a team they're a very team-centric organization they sometimes sometimes some of the
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other ground combatants will be conducting a direct action mission and they might use an element of
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the 75th rangers as a blocking force but they typically don't work together per se i think that
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has to do with a it's it's not that they can't it's just that they prepare they know each other everybody
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has a role on a certain type of mission they know how each other's react they have a commonality in
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their weapons how their gear is placed on their body and how they've trained up to do certain
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missions in a certain way they almost don't have to talk to each other they they it's not that they
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don't operate together and they have in the past but by and large they pretty much stick to their own
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groups when planning and executing special operations so i'd like to dig deep into the army rangers
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because you know as you said thanks to i guess the osama bin laden raid there's been films maybe
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about made about navy seals a lot of people know about navy seals but the army rangers often get
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licked over and i didn't honestly before i read sua sponte i knew hardly anything about army rangers i
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just knew my barber was part of was an army ranger and that was it because i saw his his patches on his
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on his wall so let's talk about ranger school there's a ranger school right right but not everyone who
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goes through a ranger school as a ranger well there's there is a great misconception about
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army rangers and ranger school first of all ranger school is an army leadership school it's a very
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difficult school it's a hard school it's it teaches young army officers that even though they haven't
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slept or eaten or are very hard pressed that they can still go out and make decisions they can fight
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and they can lead in very trying circumstances so it's a leadership school if you go to army
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ranger school and you pass it you are technically ranger qualified but you are not an army ranger
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army rangers are those who serve in the 75th ranger regiment they have three infantry battalions
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one special troops battalion and they have a very high standard of in the execution of
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combat assault and light infantry tactics typically a young army ranger will sign up he'll go to
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basic school he will get his infantry qualification he'll go to airborne school and then he'll go to
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ranger assessment and selection and it's currently a two-month process you might think gosh that's not
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too long two months but they have quite an attrition it's a very difficult period of time for these young
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men and that attrition is probably 75 percent only 25 20 or 25 percent will make it to the end and then
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they're caught they get their tan beret and they are an army ranger the real making of that army ranger
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he's he's been through the school we know he's a tough guy but he really learns how to be an army
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ranger when he gets his to to his infantry platoon his ranger platoon and starts working up for combat
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deployment when i was with the rangers i never met a ranger first sergeant that didn't have at least 12
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combat rotations in they typically overseas for four months back for eight and they go again and again and
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again i think one thing that distinguishes rangers from the rest of the army and the rest of special
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operations they have a very strict adherence to what a being a ranger and doing the right thing they
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consider warriorship and the ethos of being a ranger to be a very high calling and they have very high
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standards and they hold themselves to very high standards i remember one ranger first sergeant
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saying to me our standards are just like army standards there's no difference but we enforce
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them to the letter and they do they take a great deal of pride in that and i have nothing but great
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things and great admiration for the 75th ranger regiment we're going to take a quick break for your
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word from our sponsors and now back to the show well let's talk a little bit more about ranger
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assessment and selection so you said it's two months high attrition rate like what does that
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process look like is it similar to buds or is is it different it has some similarities to buds they
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they don't they have you got to be able to swim 15 yards across the pool so there is almost no
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water requirement for them they're all airborne quality you know have they've all been to jump school
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but their training is around some very arduous physical examinations they basically to put it
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in a nutshell they go out with they have a range called coal range and they go out there for three
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or four days and that ranger first sergeant says you will not become a ranger until you show me you have
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the heart of a ranger and they run them right in the ground to see if they have heart and the best
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thing i can say it's a test for a man's heart past that the the the skill building has to do around
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combat shooting and shooting with somebody on either side of you at night under certain conditions they
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have you have to have some sense of of a team and awareness of those around you while you're conducting
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shooting operations so it starts them down the road on being a good light infantryman and good at
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combat assault and the again a great deal of what makes these young men into good rangers are the
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pre-deployment training and their deployments with the ranger veterans in their in their ranger
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platoons and their ranger companies so just to clarify something you don't have to go to ranger school
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and get your ranger tab to do the ranger assessment and selection correct no you don't and very few
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are what will happen as a young man is he will he will might make two or three combat rotations before
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he goes to ranger school you can't become an nco you know an e4 sergeant in the ranger regiment unless
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you have your ranger tab so these young men they they all want to go to ranger school they want to
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get through that they have a much high have much lower attrition rate for the guys from the ranger
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regiment who go to ranger school but if you're going to stay in that business and make a career
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of it and move up to the ranks you have to have your ranger tab and they go at great lengths to see
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that everybody gets there i might kind of we've talked about these are the progression of a enlisted
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soldier in the ranger regiment officers are assessed by a different program and every officer
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in the ranger regiment who rotates in and then rotates out has to have that ranger tab and and
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that includes uh i know an officer came in he was a veterinary a doctor of veterinary medicine who
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sought to the uh canine aspects of the ranger business and he he was a good officer but he was
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he was having to go to ranger school to become ranger qualified to serve in the regiment
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so in sui sponte you kind of highlight different young men who go through ranger assessment and
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selection i mean kind of give us a thumbnail what are the type of men who are attracted to to doing
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this well i think that it's kind of the same type that are attracted to all special operations i think
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they they want to serve they want to be in a unit that's something that's special i think that they
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maybe it's proving something to themselves a lot of them come in because their dads or uncles or
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or mentors or maybe a high school coach was in the army or it was an army ranger and they've seen
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something in that young man and said here's something you might want to consider or you might
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want to do i get a lot of young men come to me thinking they want to be seals and i said well
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that's good and i wish you well and what have you but take a look at army special forces uh the marines
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uh but also take a look at uh the the 75th ranger regiment uh that's a great place to uh if you want
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to serve your country and be with a what i consider a high quality organization i i can't say enough about
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the 75th ranger regiment after a ranger assessment selection program they start going on combat rotations
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and you said that you know some of these guys can go two or three combat rotations before they even
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start ranger school correct i mean what what does a typical combat rotation look like for a ranger like
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how long are they deployed they're only they'll be deployed typically four months it may be if they
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overlap a little bit they'll stay for a five-month tour or they may shorten it up a little bit but
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they're overseas rather quickly only for about four months and then they're back for about eight uh but
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they're making like i said when i was with the ranger regiment they were going some of them were
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going back on shorter tours than that but they go back again and again and once more they their
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mission is primarily combat assault they also have another mission that they train for is air airfield
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seizure uh it's a very highly orchestrated thing where they parachute in and take over an airfield and
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land aircraft and and set up uh small arms and defensive things so that they can take over
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an airfield just about anywhere in the world so they have to have they maintain that capability but
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in the battle space in afghanistan iraq they're primarily used for combat assault light light arms
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or light small arms and combat assault and their their work in special operations is primarily
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as blocking forces for some of our special missions unit and some of uh and missions that might be
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conducted by army special forces or seals and do rangers like stay in a specific like geographic
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rotation like or location i mean so like sort of like seals there's like seal teams where they all
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kind of sit together in the west coast or the east coast and they well they're the ranger regiment is
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is is located at fort benning that's where they have their headquarters they have one battalion at fort
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lewis the joint fort lewis base in washington state they have one battalion at hunter army airfield
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and savannah and one one battalion actually two battalions at fort benning and so they're pretty
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much in those battalions and they go overseas as a battalion and come back as a battalion the one
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special troops battalion has certain capabilities that they will deploy with the other infantry battalions
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to support them as they need it and so i imagine in between deployments there's training that goes
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on to keep their skills or learn new skills there is there it's constantly they get a couple weeks off
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and then they start back in working up to deploy again i talked with some of the the some of the
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platoon officers and platoon sergeants and said how do these guys measure up you know tour after tour and
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he says you know about 20 percent of them are really not after their first deployment we tend to let
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them go just because they find out not that they're not trying their best but doing that kind of work
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takes not only toughness it and skill it also requires a certain aptitude and talent and not everybody has
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it he might be a tough kid who can get through the initial training but he may just lack what it takes
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to do the job it's a skill-based profession they expect certain things out of them on their second
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and third deployments and it's not for everybody so while there's attrition in the basic training
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there's also attrition in the operational components because some of them just don't measure up when it
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comes to doing you know running around with automatic weapon at night and shooting with other rangers in
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close proximity is um like with uh ranger assessment and selection is that something if you wash out i
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guess the right you know there's attrition can you try again or like say you get you do that first
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deployment and they say well no this isn't for you can you try again or is it pretty much a done deal
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i think they roll some they roll some back if they're hurt or they're injured or what have you uh i've seen
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that uh several times i think that if sometimes somebody is it's clearly they're not quite up to
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this maybe it's by youth or by conditioning uh they'll go back to the regular unit and try again
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and i think the ranger regiment prides itself when they have somebody come to that training and it doesn't
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work out for them that they send that soldier back to his unit better than when they he came there
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so uh there's some who try it once if they don't make it can come back and try it again
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so besides iraq and afghanistan are there any places where army rangers are you know part of the 75th
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are they're doing a lot of combat rotations i don't think so i i i only know of those deployments in
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those areas i can't imagine them not having some presence in north in africa especially north africa
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northwest africa and even somalia type where we have our special operators deployed i think they
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deploy in support of special operations wherever they are and of course we remember the battle of
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mogadishu where they were primarily rangers involved in that engagement so you mentioned donald
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rumsfeld earlier and i remember back you know when the lead up to the iraq and afghanistan wars and
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those are going on there's an emphasis placed on special operations or special operating forces
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what role do you see special operating forces playing in the future of america's military
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well i think that remains to be seen they have expanded their portfolio to things like weapons of mass
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destruction and counterinsurgency operations you know it it used to be a rather narrow focus now it
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seems to be expanding i would like to think that again this is just my opinion that
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as it becomes clear in areas like syria afghanistan and iraq that even if our best efforts are made
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there may not be a clear-cut solution or a victory or a victory to be won within those populations so i
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would hope that we would scale back some of our deployment there because i'm not sure there's a
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clear path to victory there may be some other there are other issues that are kind of uh maybe maybe
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needs to have more attention it could be chinese expansion into southwest asia it could be certain areas of
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of africa and it could be you know certainly the the soviets would like to expand into uh maybe
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reclaim some of their lost empire uh and we perhaps might need some special operators to train and be
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ready for those contingencies do you see any changes coming to special operating forces and how
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they operate at all or is it sort of more the same there's going to stick that ethos that they have
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because it's worked for you know 50 60 sometimes 100 years i i don't know i think that uh you know
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the the the threat defines the mission and how you train toward it and uh we've got some very good
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mountain fighters and what have you army special forces will always they're the largest of our ground
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combat component special operations components i think there's always going to be a need to engage
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with and train other security forces whether it's in south america or africa or where have you or to
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maybe even train ukrainian forces against uh potential russian aggression there i think that seals
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probably you know they've ignored a lot of their maritime capabilities and and fleet support duties
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because they've been running around uh the mountains of the hindu kush chasing uh taliban
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a regular so i think looking hopefully you know and as as an old warrior here i'm thinking we i'd like
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to see it has a less deployed presence a little bit more of a manageable operations tempo as we deploy
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these people so that they're not so hard pressed overseas and maybe a little more careful aligning of
00:28:07.140
our special operations components that are in line with a more narrow definition of our national
00:28:13.580
interests you know you mentioned uh army special forces um how they focus a lot on training that
00:28:18.980
seems like it's a job that requires a lot of soft skills people skills i mean all these jobs
00:28:23.380
all these special operating forces require those kind of people skills soft skills but it seems like army
00:28:28.360
special forces require that especially someone who's sensitive to culture and thinking in systems and
00:28:34.060
management is that the case like that it kind of does it attract that kind of person i think it
00:28:39.460
absolutely does and of course i mentioned it takes about two and a half to three years to make a navy
00:28:43.800
seal it takes maybe two years to make a special operations soldier and my definition of a good special op
00:28:51.120
a good special forces soldier an army green beret i mean he's somebody who's who's a people person uh
00:28:58.860
he'll stop a car driving down the street just to talk to the driver what's your name where you going
00:29:03.420
how are you what are you up to it's not that they don't want to do direct actions but their primary
00:29:11.440
thing is teachers they have to understand people understand other cultures and a lot of their
00:29:16.980
training and their role playing and how they go about it is to make that guy an outgoing person
00:29:23.040
i've seen it when the in special forces training i've seen uh green beret instructors take a young
00:29:30.440
head aside and say look at you're a bit of an introvert that's not going to cut it in the work
00:29:35.200
we have to do here and i want you going out on the weekends going into a bar whether you order
00:29:39.540
a beer or coke it doesn't matter sit down beside somebody and start talking to them and draw them
00:29:44.940
out and find out where they're from what they do what they like what they don't like
00:29:48.420
how they vote what sports teams they root for but you have to be a people person to survive in
00:29:55.380
that business also i would point out that the average age of a navy seal platoon is maybe 28 or
00:30:01.480
29 years old but the average age of a special forces a team might be 32 or 33 they're very experienced
00:30:08.880
soldiers and it takes a while to to acquire those skills along with certain language capabilities that
00:30:15.060
go with conducting the missions that they have to do and how long does like a career last for say
00:30:21.140
a green beret well as long as i mean they're they put in 30 years and they may put it even more than
00:30:28.640
30 years if they are up to it physically i don't the physical demands uh probably the on a pure pain of
00:30:38.680
meter pain-o-meter indication would be that navy seals is physically is the most grueling of the
00:30:45.560
training pipelines but special forces and rangers and the marines are not far behind them in the
00:30:51.660
demands they put on it and some of these guys when they get up into their mid 40s early 40s mid 40s
00:30:58.700
they have all the tools they need to do this business but physically they they just have to
00:31:04.120
work harder at staying fit and staying in shape army special forces their business of training others
00:31:11.200
isn't quite so physically demanding is perhaps some of the other disciplines uh even with the marines
00:31:17.460
in their over-the-beach operations and the things that they have to do to be physically fit to do the
00:31:23.260
mission there's probably not a lot of 50 year old army rangers or navy seals but you probably see that
00:31:28.280
as a green break not so much i think that and you know there may be some who stay on who have had an
00:31:33.560
enlisted career and then an officer career and have been able to stay on for a while it just gets
00:31:39.400
harder and harder to stay fit to do those to do those particular missions especially if you're in
00:31:44.840
a line combat unit if you're in one of those operating platoons uh you work pretty hard to be
00:31:50.920
able to carry that 40 or 50 pounds of operational gear and to run up and down mountains and to go a
00:31:57.400
couple days without sleep it wears you down it is a bit of a young man's game but there's an awful lot
00:32:03.660
of those guys that are in their mid-30s and early 40s that managed to stay on top their physical
00:32:09.760
conditioning and are still able to to go out there and perform with the younger men someplace people can
00:32:15.120
go to learn more about your work well as far as my work and what i write about it you can go to
00:32:20.680
www.dickcouch.com and there's kind of a short squib on each of the books i've written i've been
00:32:28.620
privileged to be able to go to each of the special operations training venues and audit the class with
00:32:36.040
you know walk through with a with a number of those going through their basic training and even into
00:32:41.720
their pre-deployment training so i've been very fortunate to do that as far as any current official
00:32:49.360
data as to what do you do and where do you go to sign up i think you go online each of the special
00:32:55.820
operations components has a very excellent website that tells you what you need to do and how you need
00:33:00.940
to go about it if you want to be one of them past that there's any number of books out there on on
00:33:07.400
all special operations forces but i'm proud to say that i'm the only person who's written who's who's
00:33:13.540
attended all four major special operations training basic and advanced training venues and have been
00:33:20.080
able to allowed to write about it well dick couch thanks for your time it's been a pleasure it's been my
00:33:24.560
pleasure thank you my guest today was dick couch he's the author of several books today we discuss
00:33:28.800
sua sponte it's available on amazon.com and bookstores everywhere you can find out more
00:33:32.720
information about his work at his website dick couch.com also check out our show notes at aom.is
00:33:38.600
slash army ranger where you can find links to resources where you delve deeper into this topic
00:33:42.480
well that wraps up another edition of the aom podcast check out our website artofmanliness.com
00:33:59.540
where you have thousands of in-depth well-researched articles and just about anything
00:34:02.900
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00:34:14.860
a friend or family member you would think we get something out of it as always thank you for your
00:34:18.840
continued support and until next time this is brett mckay encouraging you to not only listen to the
00:34:22.500
aom podcast but put what you've learned into action
00:34:41.420
so i think i would like to believe you've been part of it
00:34:51.680
but i am going to forget this you're welcome to keep the key time
00:34:55.640
and i think that you can find positions here on theDAH side
00:34:57.840
so give it an overview of how you can do that link to what you5th and what i think
00:35:00.820
do you think that you have mentored are saying going in on how you need for it
00:35:04.060
to have something fall to your feet that will beكر mo overall