The Art of Manliness - The Conquering Father Who Made an Empire-Building Son

00:00:00.000 The Art of Manliness

00:00:30.000 He's a classical historian and the author of numerous books in antiquity

00:00:32.580 Including Philip and Alexander, Kings and Conquerors

00:00:35.160 Adrian first surveys the state of the Macedonians

00:00:37.360 Before Philip assumed the throne

00:00:38.480 Sharing how they differed from other Greeks

00:00:39.960 Who actually weren't sure Macedonians even countered his fellow Greeks

00:00:42.840 And how Macedon was burdened with political instability

00:00:45.160 A deficient army and a palace full of deadly injury

00:00:47.860 Adrian then explores how Philip

00:00:49.260 Despite having little political or military experience

00:00:51.660 Was able to take control and turn his army and kingdom around

00:00:54.260 Including the innovations in weaponry and tactics

00:00:56.360 That allowed him to achieve domination in Greece

00:00:58.400 We then talk about the relationship between Philip and his son Alexander

00:01:00.880 And how Alexander inherited many things from his father

00:01:03.300 That set him up for his own success

00:01:04.820 Including the plan to invade the Persian Empire

00:01:07.240 And we're in our conversation

00:01:08.160 Exploring the question of whether Philip, if he had lived longer

00:01:10.640 Could have achieved what Alexander did

00:01:12.380 After the show is over, check out our show notes at

00:01:14.080 AOM.IS slash Philip and Alexander

00:01:16.080 Adrian Goldsworthy, welcome to the show

00:01:26.620 Thank you for having me

00:01:27.980 So you are a historian

00:01:30.220 And you spent a lot of your career

00:01:32.200 Writing about ancient Rome

00:01:33.940 But in a book you published last year

00:01:36.340 You take a detour to ancient Greece

00:01:39.200 To look at the lives of Alexander the Great

00:01:41.300 And his father Philip

00:01:42.380 I'm curious, what led you to go to ancient Greece

00:01:44.780 If you spent most of your career writing about ancient Rome?

00:01:47.380 Well, you can't really be an ancient historian

00:01:49.320 And look at the Romans and ignore the Greeks

00:01:51.340 Because the Romans, apart from the overlap

00:01:54.260 As they take over the eastern Mediterranean

00:01:56.280 They are so culturally indebted

00:01:59.840 And have this mix of sort of envy

00:02:03.080 And admiration of Greek culture and Greek language

00:02:08.120 So, you know, when you're reading Roman history

00:02:11.040 You are reading about emperors and other leaders

00:02:14.160 Who are inspired by Alexander

00:02:15.600 And of course the paradox is that the bulk of our sources

00:02:18.120 For both Philip and Alexander

00:02:19.480 Particularly Alexander

00:02:20.680 Are all written by people who are Greeks

00:02:23.500 But also Roman citizens

00:02:24.900 Writing under the rule of the Roman emperors

00:02:26.680 Centuries later

00:02:27.920 So the two are always interlinked

00:02:30.100 And while I did a little bit

00:02:31.540 When I did a biography of Cleopatra a few years ago

00:02:34.260 Obviously it's from the family of one of Alexander's generals

00:02:37.540 It's always been there

00:02:39.340 It's one of those things I thought I'd get around to

00:02:41.480 But actually the trigger for this

00:02:43.060 Was when the publishers asked me to write this book

00:02:46.400 And if they just said write a biography of Alexander

00:02:49.340 I wouldn't have done it

00:02:50.200 Because I think there are enough out there already

00:02:51.620 But when they said could you do us Philip as well

00:02:53.860 The more I thought about it

00:02:55.720 The more I wanted to write the book

00:02:56.840 It just you thought

00:02:57.520 This is an obvious thing

00:02:58.680 Why hasn't it been done before

00:02:59.820 We want a good accessible account of these two men

00:03:03.740 And trying to put them into context

00:03:05.040 Not simply Alexander gets on Bucephalus

00:03:07.860 Charges off to glory

00:03:08.860 And then, you know, it's a great dramatic story

00:03:10.700 But there's a reason

00:03:12.400 There's lots of background as to why all this happened

00:03:14.920 Right, yeah

00:03:16.020 So Alexander gets the lion's share of attention

00:03:18.760 From historians

00:03:19.400 For obvious reasons, right?

00:03:21.000 He's Alexander the Great

00:03:22.140 He's one of the few men in history

00:03:23.400 He's had the great put after his name

00:03:25.320 But yeah, in this book

00:03:26.560 You make the case to really understand

00:03:28.380 And appreciate what Alexander did

00:03:30.700 You have to understand and appreciate

00:03:32.280 What his father Philip did

00:03:33.740 During his kingship of Macedonia

00:03:35.660 And then to understand and appreciate

00:03:37.660 What Philip did

00:03:38.480 You have to really understand and appreciate

00:03:40.420 What was going on in Greece

00:03:42.800 Well, geopolitically

00:03:44.320 And Macedonia

00:03:45.620 Before Philip became king

00:03:47.460 So let's start there

00:03:48.140 Let's talk about Macedonia

00:03:49.140 Because it's

00:03:49.520 It doesn't get a lot of attention

00:03:51.620 Until Alexander the Great

00:03:53.060 Most of the time he's been thinking about

00:03:55.280 Or reading about Sparta or Athens

00:03:57.140 What's the story of Macedonia?

00:03:59.000 Like, where did it come from?

00:04:00.620 How long did it exist?

00:04:02.100 Sort of big picture

00:04:02.940 It's around for a long time

00:04:05.240 It's on the fringes of the Greek world

00:04:07.220 The Macedonians are speaking a dialect of Greek

00:04:09.960 The Greek language

00:04:11.260 But there is a question mark

00:04:13.840 At least from the southern Greeks

00:04:15.040 Over whether or not they really are Hellenes

00:04:17.440 Whether they really are Greek or not

00:04:19.220 You know, you have the classic case

00:04:20.520 Alexander I, ancestor of our Alexander

00:04:23.320 Wanted to enter the Olympic Games

00:04:25.760 And this prompts debate in the committee

00:04:27.620 As to, well, is he a Greek or not?

00:04:29.520 You know, he may be a prince of Macedon

00:04:30.940 He may even be king by that time

00:04:32.320 But is he Greek?

00:04:34.060 And he gets in because he claims

00:04:36.140 That his family had originally come

00:04:37.600 From the Greek city of Argos, their exile

00:04:39.520 So that the royal family is Greek

00:04:42.220 And he gets in and he gets to compete

00:04:44.600 We don't know which year

00:04:46.080 We don't have all the details

00:04:47.240 But it's interesting that he is then known

00:04:49.400 As Alexander the Philhellene

00:04:50.760 You know, Alexander the lover of things Greek

00:04:52.880 Which rather suggests that they're still

00:04:55.600 Not at all convinced

00:04:57.080 That the Macedonians are proper Greeks

00:04:59.460 And they don't quite do things

00:05:01.620 In the characteristic way of southern Greece

00:05:05.120 Where the city-state is the political institution

00:05:08.040 That dominates life

00:05:09.160 You know, you are a citizen first

00:05:10.900 That's where you identify most strongly

00:05:13.460 We sometimes forget a little bit

00:05:15.560 There are Greeks all over the Mediterranean world

00:05:18.020 And beyond

00:05:18.560 You know, there are some Greek colonies

00:05:20.040 In the Black Sea

00:05:20.760 From very early on

00:05:22.200 The Greeks have been a very adventurous people

00:05:25.400 And have set up these trading

00:05:26.820 And farming communities all around the world

00:05:29.180 About which we know a lot less

00:05:31.920 Than we do the sort of famous cities

00:05:34.780 Like Athens and Sparta

00:05:36.020 And there is a problem

00:05:38.140 That because the Athenians

00:05:39.460 Write most of the history

00:05:40.700 Or if not Athenians

00:05:41.700 People who go to Athens

00:05:43.000 And are heavily influenced by them

00:05:44.300 We get that narrow view

00:05:46.500 Of what it meant to be a Greek

00:05:48.060 And often when you'll read modern books

00:05:50.460 They'll talk about Greek attitudes

00:05:51.940 To this, that, and the other

00:05:53.120 When it comes down to it

00:05:55.080 Often what we mean are

00:05:56.420 The attitudes of aristocratic Athenians

00:05:58.540 So we have to be a little bit careful

00:06:00.620 That how we see the Macedonians

00:06:02.600 Isn't over-influenced

00:06:03.860 By the view of a minority

00:06:06.520 You know, the well-to-do

00:06:07.980 The well-educated in Athens

00:06:10.100 Which was a city that became so much bigger

00:06:12.360 So much more important

00:06:13.940 So much wealthier than anyone else

00:06:15.980 That again, it's unusual

00:06:17.980 You know, it's the head of a maritime empire

00:06:19.940 At least for a while

00:06:20.840 So the Macedonians are a fringe people

00:06:23.480 You know, they are part loosely

00:06:25.060 Of this broader Greek community

00:06:26.900 But nobody's quite sure

00:06:28.480 Which side of the line they come on

00:06:29.780 Are they in or are they out

00:06:30.820 And they don't do things

00:06:33.120 In the way that southern Greeks would expect

00:06:35.060 So they still have kings

00:06:36.040 And they are ruled by

00:06:37.940 Alexander and Philip's family

00:06:39.660 The Argeid family

00:06:40.760 That claims they've come from Argos originally

00:06:43.260 And for the last few centuries

00:06:45.040 Before Philip comes along

00:06:46.320 The family have been busy

00:06:47.520 Murdering each other

00:06:48.580 And fighting wars

00:06:50.240 Against the Illyrians

00:06:51.080 The Thracians

00:06:51.780 And also Athenians

00:06:54.000 Thebans

00:06:54.540 Other Greeks who intervene

00:06:55.900 Who see Macedonia

00:06:57.100 As somewhere ripe for the picking

00:06:59.580 It's got a lot of natural resources

00:07:01.640 It's got better forests

00:07:03.140 Which produce better timber

00:07:04.340 Than are available

00:07:05.380 In most of southern Greece

00:07:06.840 It's got mines for silver

00:07:09.500 For gold

00:07:10.320 For other minerals

00:07:11.420 Lots of things that you don't get

00:07:13.080 It's even a different climate

00:07:15.060 To some extent

00:07:16.140 Than southern Greece

00:07:17.440 So it's potentially

00:07:19.200 A very wealthy place

00:07:20.600 But because it's so

00:07:21.820 Politically unstable

00:07:22.980 Because the Macedonians

00:07:24.480 Are not famous

00:07:25.380 As soldiers

00:07:26.220 In the early days

00:07:27.600 You know

00:07:27.820 Their foot soldiers

00:07:29.020 Their infantry

00:07:29.700 Are considered to be

00:07:31.160 Next to useless

00:07:31.920 The cavalry are okay

00:07:33.080 But by Greek standards

00:07:34.460 In that time

00:07:35.240 Who wins a battle

00:07:36.080 With cavalry

00:07:36.660 So they are more

00:07:39.120 Someone to be plundered

00:07:40.540 Someone to be picked upon

00:07:41.760 Than a power in their own right

00:07:43.060 Occasionally they have

00:07:44.480 Strong kings

00:07:45.240 But the pattern

00:07:46.020 For generations before Philip

00:07:47.840 Is of civil war

00:07:50.300 Murder

00:07:50.940 Assassination

00:07:52.020 And wars

00:07:53.160 Often unsuccessful

00:07:54.120 Against your tribal neighbors

00:07:56.120 And your Greek neighbors

00:07:56.980 So Macedonia

00:07:58.140 Is really

00:07:58.920 An important kingdom

00:08:00.760 Until Philip

00:08:02.100 And then it changes

00:08:03.680 Very very suddenly

00:08:04.640 Yeah

00:08:05.400 The way you describe

00:08:06.320 The assassination

00:08:07.020 It sounded very mafioso

00:08:09.180 And it sounded like

00:08:10.880 Being king of Macedonia

00:08:12.240 Wasn't a lot of fun

00:08:13.740 Because yeah

00:08:14.120 You became king

00:08:15.080 But in about a month

00:08:16.640 Someone was going to

00:08:17.220 Try to kill you

00:08:17.860 Yeah

00:08:18.780 I mean it's one of the problems

00:08:19.920 In that they

00:08:20.580 They managed to convince

00:08:21.880 Everyone that only a member

00:08:23.380 Of the royal family

00:08:24.260 The argued line

00:08:25.300 Can actually be king

00:08:26.800 So that's good in a way

00:08:28.080 It can't just be any old nobleman

00:08:29.560 Who suddenly declares himself

00:08:30.700 Ruler

00:08:31.460 The problem is

00:08:32.700 There's no

00:08:33.660 Pattern for succession

00:08:35.280 There's no rule

00:08:36.240 That the eldest son

00:08:37.220 Of the current king

00:08:37.960 Should always succeed

00:08:38.900 You have to get recognized

00:08:40.480 By enough of

00:08:42.000 The Macedonian

00:08:42.880 Adult men

00:08:43.920 The people who fight

00:08:44.580 In the army

00:08:45.520 And particularly

00:08:45.980 The aristocrats

00:08:46.820 And you can always

00:08:48.480 Get killed

00:08:49.260 So your own family

00:08:50.640 Are likely to be enemies

00:08:51.960 Because they could be king

00:08:53.340 Just as much as you

00:08:54.200 And the problem

00:08:55.100 With a system like that

00:08:56.140 Is that if everyone knows

00:08:57.820 That they're going

00:08:59.880 To be under suspicion

00:09:00.680 Then you start to reason

00:09:02.440 Well I may as well

00:09:03.560 Plot

00:09:04.440 Because I'm probably

00:09:05.800 Going to get killed anyway

00:09:06.700 So it's all about

00:09:07.500 Survive of the fittest

00:09:08.540 And it does mean

00:09:10.040 That they just waste

00:09:10.840 Their strength

00:09:11.520 Fighting against each other

00:09:13.000 So this is when

00:09:14.180 Philip comes on the scene

00:09:15.220 Macedonia

00:09:16.180 It's politically unstable

00:09:17.320 The other Greek city-states

00:09:19.000 Don't really think

00:09:19.920 Of Macedonia

00:09:20.660 As Greek

00:09:21.480 They basically see it

00:09:22.640 As a place

00:09:23.220 You can go pick on

00:09:24.200 And take their

00:09:24.640 Natural resources

00:09:25.380 What was Philip's

00:09:27.220 Early life

00:09:28.180 As a young man

00:09:28.780 Was he

00:09:29.140 Did he

00:09:29.580 Was he being groomed

00:09:31.060 To be a future king

00:09:31.860 Of Macedonia

00:09:32.560 Or was he

00:09:34.120 Sort of seen

00:09:34.640 One of many

00:09:35.560 Potential

00:09:36.160 Heirs of the kingdom

00:09:37.220 He's one of many

00:09:39.600 I mean

00:09:39.880 When Philip was born

00:09:41.340 This wasn't big news

00:09:42.780 Even in Macedonia

00:09:43.940 Let alone in the

00:09:44.800 Wider Greek world

00:09:45.980 He's the youngest

00:09:47.160 Of three

00:09:48.360 Full brothers

00:09:49.340 Both of whom

00:09:50.280 Become king

00:09:50.940 Before he does

00:09:52.020 And both of whom

00:09:52.680 Need violent ends

00:09:53.600 But there are also

00:09:54.940 At least another

00:09:55.940 Three half brothers

00:09:57.100 There is an uncle

00:09:58.400 There are cousins

00:09:59.100 There are lots of people

00:10:00.140 With royal blood

00:10:01.740 Who could make a claim

00:10:02.980 For the throne

00:10:03.500 So

00:10:03.900 Philip is someone

00:10:05.860 Who is a spare

00:10:06.840 Basically

00:10:07.320 You know

00:10:07.620 There's a chance

00:10:08.380 He could become king

00:10:09.240 But it relies on

00:10:10.000 Lots of other people

00:10:10.680 Dying or him

00:10:11.320 Becoming very strong

00:10:12.200 And

00:10:13.160 In fact

00:10:14.540 His oldest brother

00:10:15.840 Is murdered

00:10:16.400 By a conspiracy

00:10:17.980 Within the court

00:10:19.240 His

00:10:20.080 The middle brother

00:10:21.000 Gets killed

00:10:21.780 Fighting against the Illyrians

00:10:23.340 Along with a large part

00:10:24.320 Of the army

00:10:24.760 Before that's happened

00:10:26.340 Philip spent

00:10:27.120 Two maybe three years

00:10:28.640 As a hostage

00:10:29.280 In Thebes

00:10:30.420 Which is the

00:10:31.560 The great city

00:10:32.320 Of sort of

00:10:33.000 Northern Greece

00:10:33.760 I suppose

00:10:34.240 Or the

00:10:34.660 I was going to say

00:10:35.780 Northern southern Greece

00:10:36.640 Almost the

00:10:37.120 That area

00:10:37.900 That has come

00:10:38.780 To dominate the region

00:10:40.200 Up in this part

00:10:41.520 Of the world

00:10:42.100 And the Thebans

00:10:43.620 Have been arbitrators

00:10:44.620 In civil wars

00:10:45.560 In disputes

00:10:46.120 Between Macedonians

00:10:47.520 Thessalians

00:10:48.280 Illyrians

00:10:48.760 And others

00:10:49.280 So Philip actually

00:10:50.740 Spends several years

00:10:51.820 In comfortable captivity

00:10:53.260 You know

00:10:53.580 He's raised in the household

00:10:54.800 Of a Greek nobleman

00:10:56.780 He gets to hunt

00:10:57.660 He gets to go

00:10:58.180 To the gymnasium

00:10:59.120 There's all sorts

00:11:00.220 Of speculation

00:11:00.840 Even in the ancient world

00:11:01.900 Well you know

00:11:02.360 Maybe he learns

00:11:03.080 About the politics

00:11:04.100 Of city-states

00:11:05.100 Maybe he learns

00:11:05.800 About military drill

00:11:07.480 Because the Thebans

00:11:08.300 Have this famous unit

00:11:09.220 Called the sacred band

00:11:10.280 That's doing very well

00:11:11.280 And this is

00:11:11.600 This is the period

00:11:12.580 When just for a couple

00:11:13.560 Of decades

00:11:14.220 The Thebans

00:11:15.020 Managed to beat

00:11:15.780 The Spartans

00:11:16.520 And dominate

00:11:17.140 The rest of the

00:11:18.520 Greek world

00:11:18.940 They are the big city

00:11:19.880 For this brief period

00:11:20.900 And Philip is there

00:11:22.380 For several years

00:11:23.180 But you know

00:11:24.040 It's a striking contrast

00:11:25.160 Alexander

00:11:25.720 There's never any prospect

00:11:26.740 That he's going to be

00:11:27.500 A hostage anywhere

00:11:28.500 Or a prisoner anywhere

00:11:29.660 Whereas Philip

00:11:30.840 Has this period

00:11:31.960 Where it's

00:11:32.840 It's rubbed in

00:11:33.780 That

00:11:34.380 Your kingdom

00:11:35.720 Is weak

00:11:36.380 Your people

00:11:37.580 Don't really matter

00:11:38.620 You know

00:11:39.400 We are dominant

00:11:40.200 You are not

00:11:40.760 We are civilized

00:11:41.540 You are not

00:11:42.140 So Philip

00:11:43.660 Becomes king

00:11:44.340 When his second brother

00:11:45.220 Dies

00:11:45.700 Faces challenges

00:11:47.280 From several other

00:11:49.140 Contenders for the throne

00:11:50.100 Straight away

00:11:50.900 He's got the Illyrians

00:11:52.080 Have just massacred

00:11:52.880 Half the Macedonian army

00:11:54.120 So

00:11:55.060 And have taken

00:11:56.460 Quite substantial parts

00:11:57.920 Of Macedonian territory

00:11:59.120 So he

00:11:59.660 He inherits a kingdom

00:12:01.120 That looks as if

00:12:03.460 It's going to be dismembered

00:12:04.580 By much stronger neighbours

00:12:05.640 Or looks that

00:12:07.240 There's no certainty

00:12:08.420 That he is going to last

00:12:09.520 The next month

00:12:10.600 And the next year

00:12:11.340 And beyond that

00:12:12.120 That somebody else

00:12:13.060 Won't become king of Macedon

00:12:14.320 And he is

00:12:15.360 Only in his early 20s

00:12:17.180 He doesn't have

00:12:18.460 Very much military experience

00:12:21.080 Any political experience

00:12:22.580 Really

00:12:22.920 That we know about

00:12:24.200 Anyway

00:12:24.620 He hasn't had much time

00:12:26.020 But also

00:12:26.800 There hasn't been

00:12:27.780 The opportunity

00:12:28.400 So this is

00:12:29.260 An untried

00:12:30.440 But charismatic

00:12:31.820 Very self-confident

00:12:33.340 Young man

00:12:33.940 Who miraculously

00:12:35.480 Almost manages

00:12:36.240 To turn this situation around

00:12:37.660 Well let's talk about

00:12:38.900 How he did that

00:12:39.540 Because as you said

00:12:40.280 This guy had no military experience

00:12:42.160 Hardly any

00:12:42.780 Hardly any political experience

00:12:44.100 But he was able

00:12:45.400 To revolutionise

00:12:46.920 The Macedonian army

00:12:47.960 What were some of the

00:12:48.840 Innovations that

00:12:49.580 Philip introduced?

00:12:50.940 It's quite a profound change

00:12:52.620 But it's one of those things

00:12:53.840 Where it's very difficult

00:12:55.360 For us to tell

00:12:56.100 At this distance

00:12:56.840 How quickly

00:12:57.580 A lot of this happens

00:12:58.780 We can see the end result

00:13:00.500 Which ultimately

00:13:01.240 Will be the army

00:13:01.920 That Philip leads

00:13:03.080 To such success

00:13:03.760 And then Alexander

00:13:04.440 Will take off

00:13:05.260 To conquer Asia

00:13:06.400 One of the first things

00:13:08.300 He does

00:13:08.980 Is very much

00:13:10.360 About morale

00:13:11.600 Rather than anything else

00:13:12.780 And it's worth

00:13:13.500 Remembering this

00:13:14.520 Because he spends

00:13:16.140 The first few months

00:13:17.840 Of his reign

00:13:18.320 The winter months

00:13:19.040 When there's very little

00:13:19.660 Campaigning

00:13:20.220 Going around

00:13:21.240 Talking to people

00:13:22.120 Encouraging people

00:13:23.160 Trying to recruit

00:13:24.380 A new army

00:13:24.880 And training them differently

00:13:26.180 The classic infantry soldier

00:13:28.380 Of the Greek world

00:13:29.140 Is the hoplite

00:13:29.980 The man who

00:13:30.900 Provides his own equipment

00:13:32.120 Who's usually a farmer

00:13:33.440 Wealthy enough

00:13:34.440 To provide himself

00:13:35.200 With the shield

00:13:36.420 The armour

00:13:36.900 The spear

00:13:37.480 And fights in this

00:13:38.960 Densily packed phalanx

00:13:40.420 Next to his neighbours

00:13:41.460 The same people

00:13:43.040 You'll show off

00:13:44.240 When you're competing

00:13:45.040 With them in the gymnasium

00:13:46.200 You fight side by side

00:13:47.600 And it's all about

00:13:48.260 This sort of civic identity

00:13:50.040 Macedonia doesn't have

00:13:51.800 That culture at all

00:13:52.540 And it doesn't have

00:13:52.960 The wealth to do that

00:13:54.060 So Philip creates

00:13:55.700 A different type

00:13:56.500 Of infantry soldier

00:13:57.300 By arming his men

00:13:58.200 With a thing called

00:13:58.780 A sarissa

00:13:59.360 Which instead of being

00:14:00.320 A spear you wield

00:14:01.840 One-handed

00:14:02.520 Is twice as long

00:14:05.100 It's 16, 18 feet long

00:14:07.160 Has to be held

00:14:08.500 In both hands

00:14:09.380 And it's not a weapon

00:14:11.120 For subtlety

00:14:11.840 But it keeps your opponent

00:14:13.520 A long way away

00:14:14.360 And if there are lots of you

00:14:15.460 Standing side by side

00:14:17.180 Then you end up

00:14:18.840 With a hedgerow

00:14:19.780 Of spearheads

00:14:21.000 Pike heads

00:14:21.560 Pointing forward

00:14:22.360 It's very difficult

00:14:23.580 For the enemy

00:14:24.080 To get to you

00:14:24.880 Now you have to learn

00:14:26.300 Some basic drill

00:14:27.380 And then more advanced drill

00:14:28.660 As you will go on

00:14:29.480 To do anything

00:14:30.020 With that sort of formation

00:14:31.000 But it's a new idea

00:14:33.640 It's a new weapon

00:14:34.660 And the new tactics

00:14:36.680 That are involved

00:14:37.180 He also starts

00:14:38.380 Probably in his early battles

00:14:39.940 Still relying very heavily

00:14:41.200 On the sort of

00:14:41.900 Traditional royal guard

00:14:43.000 But Macedonian cavalry

00:14:44.580 Has always been

00:14:45.300 Quite well thought of

00:14:46.380 Philip develops tactics

00:14:48.380 Which make the infantry

00:14:50.000 And the cavalry

00:14:50.580 Fight in mutual support

00:14:52.020 And that's something

00:14:53.460 Again that has rather

00:14:54.440 Been neglected

00:14:55.000 In the Greek world

00:14:55.700 Partly because southern

00:14:56.820 Greece is not

00:14:57.680 Great country

00:14:58.320 For raising horses

00:14:59.140 Or for using cavalry

00:15:00.280 So you have this development

00:15:03.020 It's this

00:15:03.820 These combined arm tactics

00:15:05.440 But also

00:15:06.280 Philip's leadership

00:15:07.640 You know

00:15:08.220 Philip is there

00:15:09.080 Setting an example

00:15:10.100 Leading from the front

00:15:11.740 Risking death

00:15:13.360 And wounds

00:15:13.840 And he suffers

00:15:14.340 Plenty of wounds

00:15:15.040 In his career

00:15:15.640 Including the loss

00:15:16.380 Of an eye

00:15:16.820 So that's one development

00:15:18.460 That will allow him

00:15:19.260 To beat the Illyrians

00:15:20.360 And then

00:15:21.360 By moving quickly

00:15:23.220 And out thinking them

00:15:24.080 And just being

00:15:24.760 Being bold

00:15:25.720 Basically taking risks

00:15:26.980 Philip manages to beat

00:15:28.440 The other contenders

00:15:29.340 He also starts

00:15:30.740 To do something else

00:15:31.640 That he'll do

00:15:32.060 Throughout his career

00:15:33.100 And he uses

00:15:34.640 Money and diplomacy

00:15:35.800 He bribes

00:15:37.000 Some of the Thracians

00:15:38.680 To stop supporting

00:15:39.640 One of the rivals

00:15:40.360 To the throne

00:15:41.020 That rival disappears

00:15:42.660 So possibly part of the deal

00:15:43.900 Is also that they

00:15:44.640 Get rid of him permanently

00:15:45.860 And Philip is later

00:15:47.640 Supposed to have boasted

00:15:48.680 That he was prouder

00:15:50.300 Of his diplomatic successes

00:15:51.880 Than he was

00:15:52.420 His military ones

00:15:53.180 You know

00:15:53.360 If he could get

00:15:53.900 What he wanted

00:15:54.660 Without risking a battle

00:15:56.320 Then all the better

00:15:57.240 But the other

00:15:58.980 Big change

00:16:00.120 Which will be

00:16:00.540 A profound one

00:16:01.380 For the later campaigns

00:16:03.740 And this is slower

00:16:05.520 Is the development

00:16:07.340 Of siege craft

00:16:08.460 Because up until then

00:16:10.220 Pretty much the only way

00:16:11.520 To capture an enemy city

00:16:12.740 If it was

00:16:13.160 Properly fortified

00:16:14.420 Was either to

00:16:15.340 Starve it out

00:16:15.900 Which takes a long time

00:16:16.940 And often means

00:16:17.600 Your own

00:16:18.020 Your besieging army

00:16:19.220 Starves before the

00:16:20.320 Defenders do

00:16:21.360 Or hope that

00:16:22.560 Somebody inside

00:16:23.440 Opens a back door

00:16:24.320 For you to nip in

00:16:25.020 In the dark

00:16:25.440 While no one's looking

00:16:26.240 So you could get in

00:16:27.220 Through treachery

00:16:27.840 You could get in

00:16:28.280 Through starvation

00:16:29.060 Philip develops

00:16:31.020 Siege craft

00:16:31.760 Where you can

00:16:32.220 Directly assault

00:16:33.560 A city

00:16:34.340 He starts to hire

00:16:36.360 Engineers

00:16:37.280 From all around

00:16:38.060 The Mediterranean world

00:16:39.040 Pay them well

00:16:39.860 Allow them to research

00:16:40.780 They develop

00:16:41.320 Artillery

00:16:41.940 Siege towers

00:16:43.160 Then mobile

00:16:43.800 Siege towers

00:16:44.440 All the techniques

00:16:45.480 That will allow them

00:16:46.160 To get through

00:16:47.200 Over or sometimes

00:16:48.220 Even under

00:16:48.920 The walls

00:16:49.980 And storm the place

00:16:51.460 And it makes

00:16:52.620 Philip's campaigns

00:16:53.600 Much more decisive

00:16:54.760 Because in the past

00:16:56.240 If somebody

00:16:56.980 Things go badly

00:16:57.840 For someone in battle

00:16:58.780 Or they don't

00:16:59.760 Risk a battle

00:17:00.540 They can go and

00:17:01.360 Hide behind their walls

00:17:02.520 And wait for the enemy

00:17:03.660 To go away

00:17:04.460 Philip creates

00:17:06.180 A new situation

00:17:06.800 Where you can't

00:17:07.600 Do that

00:17:07.980 Because his army

00:17:08.640 Comes at you

00:17:09.160 And it keeps coming at you

00:17:10.280 And he clearly

00:17:11.300 Organizes the supply

00:17:12.480 Well enough

00:17:12.980 That you can stay

00:17:13.840 At a siege

00:17:14.520 For long enough

00:17:15.540 To win

00:17:16.020 And also

00:17:16.920 That you can campaign

00:17:17.840 Most of the year round

00:17:19.260 You don't have to have

00:17:20.380 These lulls over winter

00:17:21.660 Instead you can attack

00:17:23.620 Even if only

00:17:24.280 In a limited way

00:17:25.060 But you can do it

00:17:25.900 When the enemy

00:17:26.480 Is least prepared

00:17:27.280 Least expecting it

00:17:28.780 So it's all

00:17:29.480 This combination

00:17:30.240 But as I say

00:17:31.440 This is a

00:17:32.020 It isn't instant

00:17:33.080 It's a gradual thing

00:17:34.320 There's a learning process

00:17:35.380 But one of the

00:17:36.740 Great advantages

00:17:37.500 Like a lot of

00:17:38.280 Successful

00:17:39.000 Military leaders

00:17:40.040 And you could argue

00:17:40.820 In almost any aspect

00:17:41.720 Of life as well

00:17:42.480 Because you have

00:17:44.140 Those early successes

00:17:45.180 And then you add

00:17:46.200 Another success

00:17:46.940 And another success

00:17:47.920 You come to believe

00:17:49.440 That you are going to win

00:17:50.740 And the Macedonians

00:17:52.320 Develop this

00:17:53.040 Immense self-confidence

00:17:54.560 That means that

00:17:55.540 They don't give up

00:17:56.600 Even when things

00:17:57.280 Look terrible

00:17:57.860 That makes them

00:17:59.000 Extremely hard to beat

00:18:00.280 So success

00:18:01.120 Feeds off itself

00:18:02.160 In many ways

00:18:02.900 Well I'm curious

00:18:04.300 About this

00:18:04.740 So as soon as

00:18:05.600 Philip gets into power

00:18:07.160 He immediately

00:18:08.140 Makes these changes

00:18:08.900 And he starts

00:18:10.760 I think it's hard

00:18:12.700 For us modern people

00:18:13.600 To understand

00:18:14.080 Because we think

00:18:14.460 Well you go to war

00:18:15.340 For some moral reason

00:18:16.660 Right

00:18:17.000 Because you're

00:18:17.820 Or you're defending yourself

00:18:19.180 In ancient Greece

00:18:20.800 It was different

00:18:21.420 Like you would just go

00:18:22.400 It was about accumulating

00:18:23.720 Land and power

00:18:24.700 So what was

00:18:25.840 I mean what was

00:18:26.420 Driving Philip

00:18:27.420 Like why did he

00:18:28.200 Set out to

00:18:28.900 I mean basically

00:18:29.840 It sounded like

00:18:30.260 He set out to

00:18:30.880 Conquer all of Greece

00:18:31.800 Well it starts

00:18:34.360 As he sets out

00:18:35.060 To survive

00:18:35.580 And it you know

00:18:36.620 It is as simple as that

00:18:37.680 And because we know

00:18:38.440 The end result

00:18:39.100 And he will come

00:18:39.760 To dominate Greece

00:18:40.600 We forget just how

00:18:42.040 Dire the situation was

00:18:43.380 Not just in that first year

00:18:44.880 But for several years

00:18:45.820 Afterwards

00:18:46.280 And you know

00:18:47.360 There's a big risk

00:18:48.120 In all of this

00:18:48.660 Because Philip is leading

00:18:49.740 From the front

00:18:50.380 In these campaigns

00:18:51.300 He takes all these wounds

00:18:53.220 Had the aim of one

00:18:54.860 Of those enemies

00:18:55.420 Been slightly better

00:18:56.580 Or the luck not

00:18:57.800 With Philip that day

00:18:58.700 He might have been

00:18:59.440 Crippled or dead

00:19:00.360 Very early on

00:19:01.360 There's no obvious

00:19:03.060 Successor

00:19:03.760 No you know

00:19:04.500 Alexander's only born

00:19:06.380 A few years later

00:19:07.480 He has another son

00:19:09.120 But who's not much older

00:19:10.660 There's no one there

00:19:12.140 To take over

00:19:12.880 So you could very easily

00:19:13.980 Just through the king

00:19:14.900 Getting himself killed

00:19:15.800 Have gone back to that chaos

00:19:17.080 Where the Macedonians

00:19:17.940 Turn on themselves

00:19:18.760 So you have to remember

00:19:21.680 That all the time

00:19:22.480 And it's hard to know

00:19:24.280 At which point

00:19:25.000 You sort of tip over

00:19:25.920 From being this

00:19:26.460 Purely about survival

00:19:27.720 To being about domination

00:19:29.280 But you're right

00:19:31.200 In the ancient world

00:19:32.100 You don't need

00:19:33.320 A great reason

00:19:34.720 To go to war

00:19:35.880 There is this assumption

00:19:37.180 It's quite striking

00:19:38.960 Actually from something

00:19:39.820 That a Greek historian

00:19:40.600 In the second century BC

00:19:41.660 Polybius says

00:19:42.540 About the Romans

00:19:43.720 Is that he writes

00:19:44.720 This universal history

00:19:45.880 To explain

00:19:46.680 How the Romans

00:19:47.920 Came to dominate

00:19:48.760 The Mediterranean world

00:19:50.000 And he goes on a lot

00:19:51.380 About the Roman

00:19:52.100 Military machine

00:19:52.980 How the legion worked

00:19:54.160 And the Roman

00:19:54.540 Political system

00:19:55.360 That gave them

00:19:55.820 Such stability

00:19:56.600 He never once

00:19:58.440 Asked the question

00:19:59.340 Well why are they

00:20:00.420 Doing this

00:20:01.040 Because as far

00:20:02.540 As he's concerned

00:20:03.340 And most Greeks

00:20:04.120 And most other peoples

00:20:05.340 In the ancient world

00:20:06.140 If you can dominate

00:20:07.820 You do

00:20:08.540 Because if you don't

00:20:10.220 Someone is likely

00:20:10.900 To dominate you

00:20:11.640 It is very much

00:20:12.500 This sort of

00:20:12.880 Dog eat dog

00:20:13.640 Situation

00:20:14.600 Where you are

00:20:15.200 Either

00:20:15.640 The conqueror

00:20:17.380 Or the conquered

00:20:18.020 And ancient states

00:20:20.140 Don't have this ideal

00:20:21.780 Of peaceful coexistence

00:20:23.360 With each other

00:20:24.100 And they will remember

00:20:25.720 Grudges from

00:20:26.900 A very long time ago

00:20:28.420 In the same way

00:20:30.020 That Philip and Alexander

00:20:31.220 Will you know

00:20:31.680 Talk about

00:20:32.100 We're invading Persia

00:20:33.120 To for vengeance

00:20:34.380 Of Xerxes invasion

00:20:36.040 Nearly a century

00:20:36.700 And a half ago

00:20:37.460 You know

00:20:37.760 It's not exactly

00:20:38.320 Recent history

00:20:39.260 It's certainly

00:20:39.720 Not living memory

00:20:40.520 So it is about

00:20:42.860 Survival means

00:20:44.480 That you have to be strong

00:20:45.660 And in order to be strong

00:20:47.140 You have to keep on

00:20:48.180 Proving that

00:20:49.400 Because again

00:20:50.560 There's this sense

00:20:51.620 That you can't

00:20:53.340 You can't simply

00:20:54.300 At least your strength

00:20:56.260 Relies as much

00:20:57.140 On people's perception

00:20:58.220 Of it

00:20:58.660 You know

00:20:59.460 If they're frightened

00:21:00.320 Of you

00:21:00.840 Then you've got to

00:21:02.020 Keep on reminding them

00:21:03.060 Of why they're frightened

00:21:04.020 Of you

00:21:04.500 And if so

00:21:05.540 They will treat you

00:21:06.220 With respect

00:21:06.680 But this is

00:21:07.240 It's very much

00:21:07.840 An honour-based system

00:21:08.960 So that

00:21:10.260 City-states

00:21:11.720 That are tiny

00:21:12.400 Will go and fight

00:21:14.180 Someone much bigger

00:21:14.940 With very little hope

00:21:15.780 Of winning

00:21:16.160 But because they feel

00:21:17.520 That they've been slighted

00:21:18.520 Because they feel

00:21:19.180 It would be dishonourable

00:21:20.140 Not to

00:21:20.680 And it is this culture

00:21:22.280 Of competition

00:21:23.400 Of excelling everyone else

00:21:25.220 Of being better

00:21:25.920 So it feeds into warfare

00:21:27.540 But it is something

00:21:28.300 That they do

00:21:29.000 Very lightly

00:21:29.860 And Philip will

00:21:31.420 Make early allies

00:21:32.640 Fight on their side

00:21:33.680 And within a few years

00:21:34.880 Will turn against them

00:21:36.300 But in most cases

00:21:38.420 They were thinking

00:21:39.620 About turning against him

00:21:40.760 Because Philip

00:21:41.920 While he's

00:21:42.520 Relatively weak

00:21:43.840 Can be a useful ally

00:21:45.060 It might help you

00:21:45.740 Against someone else

00:21:46.660 Other threats

00:21:47.500 Can seem bigger

00:21:48.280 But then when Philip

00:21:49.840 Becomes strong

00:21:50.560 The other threats

00:21:51.200 Might seem a bit smaller

00:21:52.240 To you

00:21:52.500 A bit less important

00:21:53.260 So you start talking

00:21:54.220 About allying

00:21:55.280 With former enemies

00:21:56.140 Against him

00:21:56.980 And it is

00:21:58.780 It is a very

00:21:59.620 Different mindset

00:22:00.420 To us

00:22:00.900 But this is the way

00:22:01.780 Not just the Greek world

00:22:03.300 But to a great extent

00:22:04.320 The entire ancient world

00:22:05.420 Works

00:22:05.900 We're going to take

00:22:06.860 A quick break

00:22:07.240 For your word

00:22:07.680 From our sponsors

00:22:08.300 And now back

00:22:11.480 To the show

00:22:12.100 Well let's talk about

00:22:13.620 What the other

00:22:14.340 Greek city-states

00:22:15.380 Thought of Macedonia

00:22:16.400 So before Philip

00:22:17.300 Other Greek city-states

00:22:18.720 Like well

00:22:19.000 There's sort of

00:22:19.320 These yokels

00:22:20.200 Backcountry

00:22:21.360 We don't have to

00:22:21.740 Really worry about them

00:22:22.480 Maybe pick on them

00:22:23.360 To get their timber

00:22:24.040 But then Philip

00:22:25.540 Started having

00:22:25.900 These string of successes

00:22:27.120 And then they started

00:22:28.560 Expanding their influence

00:22:29.560 And power

00:22:30.060 What did the other

00:22:31.380 Major city-states

00:22:32.280 Particularly the southern

00:22:33.020 City-states

00:22:33.700 Think like Athens

00:22:34.340 And Sparta

00:22:34.740 Where they kind of like

00:22:35.460 Man we got to start

00:22:36.120 Doing something

00:22:36.560 About this guy

00:22:37.260 They tend to think

00:22:39.220 In a fundamentally

00:22:40.560 Selfish way

00:22:42.060 In that it's

00:22:42.860 What's in this for us

00:22:44.060 And the question

00:22:45.420 Then becomes

00:22:46.240 Well is

00:22:46.960 Philip someone useful

00:22:48.840 That we can actually use

00:22:50.580 Against rivals

00:22:52.340 So is it worth

00:22:53.780 Allying with him

00:22:54.500 Which many Greeks do

00:22:56.380 And significant factions

00:22:57.880 Within Thessaly

00:22:58.600 Will do so

00:22:59.260 To the extent

00:22:59.840 Where Philip becomes

00:23:00.880 Effective overlord

00:23:02.800 Really

00:23:03.120 Of Thessaly

00:23:03.900 But having

00:23:04.520 Helped one side

00:23:05.660 Win a civil war

00:23:06.600 Against other Thessalians

00:23:08.180 And then keep them

00:23:09.080 In power

00:23:10.160 And in the sacred war

00:23:12.260 As well

00:23:12.500 Philip is seen

00:23:13.240 As a useful ally

00:23:14.360 In an existing struggle

00:23:16.080 That he has had

00:23:16.940 Nothing to do with

00:23:17.940 Up until this point

00:23:18.860 So some of them

00:23:20.400 See that

00:23:20.800 Others see him

00:23:22.280 As a threat

00:23:22.920 You know

00:23:23.580 The Athenians

00:23:24.540 Have always had

00:23:25.080 A lot of interest

00:23:25.760 In the area

00:23:26.300 They've thought of

00:23:26.880 Macedon

00:23:27.340 As an area

00:23:28.040 Where they can

00:23:28.920 Exploit

00:23:29.780 For their resources

00:23:30.640 Athenians have always

00:23:31.820 Needed a lot of timber

00:23:32.700 They're a maritime nation

00:23:33.780 They've based their power

00:23:34.740 On having a large fleet

00:23:35.720 The best timber

00:23:36.940 For ship construction

00:23:37.760 Comes from Macedonia

00:23:38.800 Or at least

00:23:39.080 The most accessible

00:23:39.820 Timber

00:23:40.860 So they want that

00:23:42.780 They've got

00:23:43.440 In what's now

00:23:44.480 The Gallipoli Peninsula

00:23:45.340 They've got colonies there

00:23:46.760 They're trying to

00:23:47.280 Dominate that area

00:23:48.180 So they start having

00:23:49.860 Conflicts of interest

00:23:51.280 With Philip

00:23:51.960 But again

00:23:53.280 It's

00:23:53.960 You've got the internal

00:23:54.940 Politics within a city

00:23:55.960 Like Athens

00:23:56.520 Where some people

00:23:57.200 Are saying

00:23:57.700 Actually he's not

00:23:59.060 Really a threat to us

00:24:00.140 Then let's just let him

00:24:01.580 Cause problems for other people

00:24:02.820 And let's work with him

00:24:04.080 Whereas others are saying

00:24:05.420 No this man is going to be

00:24:06.620 You know

00:24:06.920 A great threat to Athens

00:24:08.160 His strength

00:24:09.640 Demeans us

00:24:10.680 Makes us seem weaker

00:24:12.040 And he's going to

00:24:13.400 Take things that are

00:24:14.200 Areas that we actually want

00:24:15.700 So we should fight him

00:24:17.360 And you have Demosthenes

00:24:19.240 The famous orator

00:24:20.480 Who composes a series

00:24:22.260 Of speeches

00:24:22.840 That are subsequently

00:24:23.500 Published and have survived

00:24:24.780 In a probably

00:24:25.780 A tidied up form

00:24:26.820 That it becomes

00:24:28.820 The big cause

00:24:29.840 Of his political career

00:24:31.220 Really is opposing Philip

00:24:32.640 And it almost becomes

00:24:34.400 An end to within itself

00:24:35.620 It's useful for him

00:24:36.800 It marks him out

00:24:37.740 As different from

00:24:38.360 The other orators

00:24:39.040 It's clearly not

00:24:40.340 A unique point of view

00:24:42.000 Because he can persuade

00:24:42.880 Plenty of other people

00:24:43.640 To support him at times

00:24:44.880 But it is not

00:24:46.340 Universal

00:24:47.300 Other people think

00:24:48.420 Differently

00:24:48.880 And they change as well

00:24:50.340 You know

00:24:50.560 There is this situation

00:24:51.560 Where suddenly

00:24:52.700 It seems actually

00:24:53.560 Yeah we've got other problems

00:24:54.700 Let's go to them

00:24:55.820 I mean one of the great

00:24:57.000 Paradoxes of

00:24:58.100 Greek history

00:24:59.000 Of the

00:25:00.460 Late 5th

00:25:01.740 And into the 4th century BC

00:25:03.060 Is that having had

00:25:04.220 This union of the

00:25:05.700 Greek states

00:25:06.240 To defeat the Persian invasion

00:25:07.600 In 480-479

00:25:09.840 That subsequently

00:25:11.500 Every significant

00:25:12.960 Greek city

00:25:13.680 Goes to the Persian king

00:25:15.060 For financial aid

00:25:16.800 In their struggles

00:25:17.620 Against other Greeks

00:25:18.480 So

00:25:19.340 You know

00:25:20.780 These things are very fluid

00:25:21.780 And that's the situation

00:25:23.480 That Philip exploits

00:25:24.460 Very well

00:25:25.020 He's got to keep on

00:25:26.040 Making enough people

00:25:28.380 Think that it's worth

00:25:29.280 Being his friend

00:25:30.160 To

00:25:32.380 Hold the balance of power

00:25:34.300 And that's

00:25:34.780 That's what he does

00:25:35.760 Because again

00:25:37.580 He

00:25:37.800 You know

00:25:38.280 He keeps on trying

00:25:38.960 To woo Athens

00:25:39.580 He is never that

00:25:40.780 Vicious towards the Athenians

00:25:42.180 Never seems to want

00:25:43.180 To destroy Athens

00:25:44.060 Never marches on Athens

00:25:45.360 Always wants peace with them

00:25:47.000 Because they're too much trouble

00:25:48.240 To fight

00:25:49.320 So you have

00:25:51.000 This

00:25:52.060 But it

00:25:52.900 The balance changes

00:25:54.400 All the time

00:25:55.100 And cities that have

00:25:56.340 Have been friends

00:25:58.180 Then choose not to be

00:25:59.220 The other thing

00:25:59.920 You have to remember

00:26:00.500 Is that all these cities

00:26:01.340 Have their own local politics

00:26:02.800 So you've got different factions

00:26:03.840 Vying for power within them

00:26:05.200 Whether they're democracies

00:26:06.520 Oligarchies or whatever

00:26:07.680 But also

00:26:08.900 They've got rivalries

00:26:10.060 With much closer

00:26:11.220 Neighbours come enemies

00:26:12.700 So

00:26:13.700 If your enemy

00:26:15.200 Allies with Philip

00:26:16.700 Then the probability

00:26:17.820 Is you're going to look

00:26:18.780 For somebody else

00:26:19.700 Some other strong

00:26:20.820 External power

00:26:21.780 To use against Philip

00:26:23.080 To use against your main enemy

00:26:24.280 That's your focus

00:26:25.120 So

00:26:25.460 Again

00:26:26.860 Demosthenes tries to pitch this

00:26:28.560 As you know

00:26:29.080 This is

00:26:29.480 Should be the Greek world

00:26:30.900 Against Philip

00:26:32.020 And it certainly should be

00:26:32.840 All of Athens against Philip

00:26:33.940 If not who are going to

00:26:34.780 Dominate them

00:26:35.300 But plenty of other people

00:26:36.660 Don't see it that way

00:26:37.720 And it's

00:26:38.080 It's not even clear

00:26:39.460 That Philip sees it that way

00:26:41.020 He wants to

00:26:42.020 Get respect

00:26:43.360 Because that means

00:26:44.360 And he's not going to be attacked

00:26:46.200 But he's not

00:26:48.240 Setting out

00:26:49.480 Systematically

00:26:50.120 To conquer

00:26:51.040 Southern Greece

00:26:52.260 And if the

00:26:52.780 Southern Greeks

00:26:53.860 Would actually

00:26:54.600 Ally with him

00:26:56.580 Then he's

00:26:57.520 He's perfectly happy with that

00:26:58.640 So it's

00:26:59.240 It's a lot more complicated

00:27:00.280 And it does change

00:27:01.220 Very quickly

00:27:01.780 And we're only really

00:27:02.480 Glimpsing

00:27:03.080 The details of it

00:27:04.200 Right

00:27:04.520 But he ends up

00:27:05.760 Effectively conquering

00:27:07.340 Southern Greece

00:27:08.140 Right

00:27:08.380 Like he

00:27:08.800 People kind of just

00:27:10.180 You're the guy in charge

00:27:11.500 We're not going to mess with you

00:27:12.460 He does

00:27:13.940 But remember

00:27:14.500 You know

00:27:14.820 You've got the big

00:27:15.540 The supposedly

00:27:16.380 The sort of death

00:27:17.020 Of Greek liberty

00:27:17.660 Where the Thebans

00:27:18.920 Athenians

00:27:19.500 And allies

00:27:20.060 Are defeated by Philip

00:27:21.200 At the Battle of Kyreneia

00:27:22.280 But

00:27:23.200 Other Greeks

00:27:24.720 Fought on Philip's side

00:27:25.780 You know

00:27:26.620 Again

00:27:27.040 You've got to remember

00:27:27.800 And some people

00:27:28.620 Like the Spartans

00:27:29.480 Are doing their own thing

00:27:31.100 As usual

00:27:31.600 And they don't fight

00:27:32.400 The Macedonians

00:27:33.080 Until much much later

00:27:34.040 When it's far too late

00:27:35.060 For them to do anything

00:27:36.320 But they're being

00:27:37.220 They're asserting

00:27:38.140 Their own independence

00:27:39.760 Their own status

00:27:40.720 By not getting involved

00:27:41.980 In any alliance

00:27:42.760 Where they're not supreme

00:27:43.780 Or with any state

00:27:45.200 That they don't particularly like

00:27:46.260 You know

00:27:46.420 It's a classic case

00:27:47.300 Where as far as

00:27:48.240 They're concerned

00:27:48.780 The Thebans

00:27:49.300 The Thebans and Athenians

00:27:49.940 Are far more of a threat

00:27:51.020 To them personally

00:27:51.880 Living there

00:27:53.160 In the southern

00:27:53.920 Peloponnese

00:27:54.600 Than the Macedonians

00:27:55.480 Are at that stage

00:27:57.020 So

00:27:57.340 You can tell it

00:28:00.280 The simple way

00:28:01.100 But it is a lot

00:28:02.440 More complicated

00:28:03.280 Because

00:28:03.760 Whilst the Greeks

00:28:05.500 Have this cultural identity

00:28:06.780 They are so

00:28:07.700 Disunited politically

00:28:09.060 I mean

00:28:09.880 The classic comment

00:28:10.760 Is from

00:28:11.360 Justin later on

00:28:12.460 Who describes

00:28:13.200 Philip sort of

00:28:14.460 As if he's looking down

00:28:15.340 From a tower

00:28:15.900 Watching the Greeks

00:28:16.560 Squabbling with each other

00:28:17.420 Fighting each other

00:28:18.140 And just picks them off

00:28:18.960 One by one

00:28:19.600 And there is some truth in it

00:28:21.820 But again

00:28:22.500 Plenty of Greeks

00:28:24.060 Never fight the Macedonians

00:28:25.580 Because they see Philip

00:28:27.140 As a useful friend

00:28:28.160 From the very start

00:28:29.140 So

00:28:30.460 We shouldn't forget them

00:28:31.740 And how long

00:28:33.120 Did it take from Philip

00:28:33.840 From becoming king

00:28:34.780 To

00:28:35.220 Becoming the top dog

00:28:37.360 In Greece

00:28:38.200 Was that

00:28:38.820 10-20 years?

00:28:40.760 Yeah

00:28:41.060 I mean

00:28:41.460 It's again

00:28:42.420 None of these things last

00:28:44.640 You have to keep proving

00:28:46.120 Right

00:28:46.820 That you're

00:28:47.480 The

00:28:48.080 The most powerful

00:28:49.820 And that's why

00:28:50.340 The Kyreneia campaign

00:28:51.440 Comes relatively late

00:28:53.020 And that confirms things

00:28:54.920 In 338 BC

00:28:56.100 But

00:28:56.560 Yeah

00:28:57.100 It's the best part

00:28:57.840 Of 20 years

00:28:58.580 From then on

00:28:59.660 Until his death

00:29:00.620 Which comes only

00:29:01.400 A couple of years later

00:29:02.280 He is not challenged

00:29:04.160 Again in Greece

00:29:05.140 But as soon as he dies

00:29:07.040 Some Greeks

00:29:07.960 Will try and challenge

00:29:09.160 Macedonian dominance

00:29:10.080 Because they think

00:29:11.240 Well Alexander's just this kid

00:29:12.540 He's never really done anything

00:29:13.720 So you know

00:29:14.620 We should be going back

00:29:15.880 To the good old days

00:29:16.480 When Macedonia

00:29:17.180 Is this hopeless place

00:29:18.960 Where they're just

00:29:19.820 Fighting each other

00:29:20.480 All the time

00:29:21.040 And they're no threat

00:29:21.660 To anybody

00:29:22.220 That's one of the things

00:29:23.980 To remember

00:29:24.560 That you add Philip

00:29:26.440 And Alexander's reigns together

00:29:28.320 And you're still less

00:29:29.120 Than 40 years

00:29:30.060 And there are plenty

00:29:31.680 Of people

00:29:32.280 Demosthenes one of them

00:29:33.560 But plenty of others

00:29:34.260 Who are

00:29:35.080 Who were alive

00:29:36.500 Before Macedonia mattered

00:29:37.900 Who can remember

00:29:38.880 A weak

00:29:39.420 You know

00:29:40.220 Pathetic Macedonia

00:29:41.560 Before Philip came along

00:29:42.780 And changed things

00:29:43.660 And have seen

00:29:44.680 This incredible

00:29:45.520 Burst of conquest happen

00:29:47.460 But part of them

00:29:48.960 Are thinking

00:29:49.320 You know

00:29:49.560 There is this natural thing

00:29:50.680 To assume

00:29:51.120 That the world

00:29:52.280 Where you grow up

00:29:53.060 Is that's how

00:29:53.600 The world should be

00:29:54.480 It does happen

00:29:56.980 Incredibly fast

00:29:58.220 And it takes people

00:30:00.020 A while to accept

00:30:00.980 This fact

00:30:01.360 For it to sink in

00:30:02.240 That actually

00:30:02.660 Suddenly things have changed

00:30:03.680 You know

00:30:03.840 The Macedonians do matter

00:30:04.900 In the same way

00:30:05.940 The Persians probably

00:30:06.680 Weren't too frightened

00:30:07.380 When Philip launched

00:30:08.440 His invasion

00:30:09.000 And Alexander followed up

00:30:10.240 You know

00:30:10.460 You just think

00:30:10.900 Well

00:30:11.180 It's just some

00:30:12.260 Unimportant Greeks

00:30:13.080 What's this going to matter

00:30:14.000 You know

00:30:14.420 They've come before

00:30:15.120 They've gone away before

00:30:16.060 They didn't know

00:30:17.440 Things were going to be

00:30:18.220 So different

00:30:18.780 Well okay

00:30:20.060 You mentioned Persia

00:30:20.840 So I mean

00:30:21.200 I think Alexander

00:30:22.180 Is famous for conquering

00:30:23.420 All of Persia

00:30:24.420 But I

00:30:25.380 People forget this

00:30:26.420 The idea

00:30:27.100 To go and conquer Persia

00:30:28.640 Was Philip's idea

00:30:29.900 When did he start

00:30:31.000 Developing his plans

00:30:32.080 For invading Persia

00:30:33.220 It's difficult to say

00:30:35.280 Precisely

00:30:35.800 He talks about it

00:30:37.080 Openly

00:30:37.560 In the last few years

00:30:39.220 Of his reign

00:30:40.000 And you go back

00:30:42.600 To the earlier

00:30:43.840 Alexander

00:30:44.420 Who was the king

00:30:45.380 At the time

00:30:45.800 Of the Persian invasion

00:30:46.960 Who'd gone as an ally

00:30:48.540 With Xerxes' army

00:30:50.180 Because he was

00:30:50.940 An ally of the Persian empire

00:30:53.080 You know

00:30:53.580 Probably not a satrap

00:30:55.460 As such

00:30:55.900 But they'd been

00:30:56.740 The Macedonians

00:30:57.560 Was the client kings

00:30:58.580 Of the Persians

00:30:59.560 They did what they were told

00:31:00.580 They provided troops

00:31:01.580 For the invasion

00:31:02.840 There's a story

00:31:04.380 Circulated later

00:31:05.400 That Alexander

00:31:06.100 Goes to warn the Greeks

00:31:07.100 Before the battle

00:31:07.700 Of Plataea

00:31:08.380 Rides up in the night

00:31:10.140 And gives them a message

00:31:11.040 And then as the Persian army

00:31:12.600 Breaks and retreats

00:31:13.700 Out of Greece

00:31:14.060 The Macedonians

00:31:14.720 Turn on them

00:31:15.180 But the Macedonians

00:31:16.360 Had actually been

00:31:17.380 Part of that invasion

00:31:18.660 That Philip and then

00:31:20.020 Alexander

00:31:20.420 Are claiming to avenge

00:31:21.540 So there's an oddity

00:31:23.300 There from the start

00:31:24.380 But it's not

00:31:26.260 A new idea

00:31:27.360 Because there have been

00:31:28.620 These Panhellenists

00:31:30.160 That have been

00:31:30.800 Talking about this

00:31:31.980 For a while

00:31:32.560 And it comes down

00:31:33.600 To these

00:31:34.020 Educated intellectual Greeks

00:31:36.760 Looking around

00:31:37.560 And seeing

00:31:38.360 Greek city

00:31:39.400 Fighting Greek city

00:31:40.420 And then they have

00:31:42.020 This dismissive view

00:31:43.260 Of barbarian easterners

00:31:44.780 Who are

00:31:45.300 Nowhere near as good

00:31:46.380 At fighting as us

00:31:47.420 Hey look

00:31:47.920 We showed that

00:31:48.480 In the Persian wars

00:31:49.360 You know

00:31:49.600 We beat back two invasions

00:31:51.080 And yet are incredibly wealthy

00:31:53.080 So you know

00:31:53.620 There's just something wrong

00:31:54.620 About the world

00:31:55.380 If these

00:31:55.900 These effeminate

00:31:56.820 Trouser wearing

00:31:57.580 Barbarians from the east

00:31:58.840 Have all the money

00:31:59.940 And we don't

00:32:00.820 And wouldn't it be great

00:32:02.160 If instead of

00:32:02.720 Fighting each other

00:32:03.400 We all got together

00:32:04.420 We went off

00:32:05.320 Took land from the Persians

00:32:06.840 And then

00:32:07.680 We Greeks could live

00:32:08.860 As proper civilized

00:32:10.140 Hellenes

00:32:10.580 Because they could

00:32:11.260 Preside over these

00:32:12.020 Estates worked by

00:32:13.060 Persian serfs

00:32:14.000 And you know

00:32:15.240 They'd have enough time

00:32:16.160 And leisure to develop

00:32:17.120 Their intellect

00:32:18.140 And their culture

00:32:18.800 And they wouldn't be

00:32:19.920 Fighting each other anymore

00:32:20.900 So this sort of

00:32:22.520 The appeal for

00:32:23.520 You could be the leader

00:32:24.980 Of this great

00:32:25.660 Almost crusade

00:32:26.720 For want of a better term

00:32:27.660 To go and conquer

00:32:29.000 The Persian empire

00:32:29.880 Has been around

00:32:31.160 For a while

00:32:31.560 And other leaders

00:32:32.740 Have been approached

00:32:33.540 In this way

00:32:34.260 So it's hard to know

00:32:37.080 But I think there's

00:32:37.900 One of the things

00:32:38.840 With Philip

00:32:39.300 Is that he creates

00:32:41.100 A system

00:32:41.620 In his strength

00:32:42.580 In Macedonia

00:32:43.180 That really relies

00:32:44.200 On continued conquest

00:32:46.100 Continued success

00:32:47.440 Because again

00:32:49.160 It's a much later

00:32:50.040 Historian

00:32:50.520 Justin

00:32:51.020 Has this sort of

00:32:51.880 Rather dismissive comment

00:32:53.540 That Philip made war

00:32:55.100 More like a merchant

00:32:55.780 In that

00:32:56.960 He takes the profits

00:32:58.060 From one campaign

00:32:59.040 All the plunder

00:32:59.780 And spends the money

00:33:01.400 To buy supporters

00:33:02.280 To buy more troops

00:33:03.280 To prepare for the next war

00:33:05.180 So in a sense

00:33:05.760 He's always investing

00:33:06.760 His profits

00:33:08.600 In the next adventure

00:33:10.420 So there's never

00:33:11.180 This period

00:33:11.740 Where he's financially secure

00:33:12.960 It's all about

00:33:13.740 Right we've got to keep winning

00:33:14.960 We've got to keep winning

00:33:15.800 And Persia is

00:33:17.620 The big obvious

00:33:19.240 Juicy target

00:33:20.420 That Greek armies

00:33:21.220 Have attacked before

00:33:22.180 So

00:33:23.380 It develops

00:33:25.960 And it's

00:33:26.520 It is also

00:33:28.000 It's an obvious way

00:33:29.120 And many leaders

00:33:29.780 Throughout history

00:33:30.480 Have used it

00:33:31.380 If you can

00:33:32.180 Bring together

00:33:33.880 People who've been

00:33:34.700 Fighting each other

00:33:35.600 Then often one of the best

00:33:36.680 Ways of uniting them

00:33:37.740 Is to find

00:33:38.380 A common enemy

00:33:39.240 Or find someone else

00:33:40.620 They can go and hate

00:33:41.560 And

00:33:42.620 Preferably defeat

00:33:44.040 And profit from that defeat

00:33:45.300 So in the same way

00:33:46.220 That Phillips

00:33:46.740 United Macedonia

00:33:48.340 And then added

00:33:49.080 Lots of communities

00:33:50.100 That had been

00:33:50.880 On the fringes

00:33:52.360 Of the Macedonian kingdom

00:33:53.400 Sometimes in

00:33:54.140 Sometimes out

00:33:55.020 By joining them

00:33:56.980 Into one army

00:33:57.700 Mixing up the population

00:33:59.100 And then

00:34:00.160 Letting them enjoy

00:34:01.900 The spoils

00:34:02.640 Of victory

00:34:03.480 After victory

00:34:04.360 They fight together

00:34:05.240 They share the profits together

00:34:07.020 So you're doing

00:34:08.220 The same thing

00:34:09.080 On a larger scale

00:34:10.160 With these newfound allies

00:34:11.980 Newfound

00:34:12.660 Subdued former enemies

00:34:14.240 In southern Greece

00:34:15.280 By saying

00:34:15.720 Let's get together

00:34:16.920 Let's go and do this

00:34:18.060 And it'll be good

00:34:18.840 For all of us

00:34:19.440 Because we're all

00:34:20.000 Going to profit from this

00:34:21.020 And before Philip

00:34:22.400 Is really able

00:34:22.900 To get his plan going

00:34:23.900 He dies

00:34:24.820 He gets murdered

00:34:25.620 Like previous

00:34:26.440 Macedonian kings

00:34:27.400 And Alexander

00:34:28.740 Assumes the throne

00:34:29.440 But before we talk

00:34:30.580 About Alexander's rule

00:34:31.940 Let's talk a little bit

00:34:32.880 About the father-son

00:34:33.900 Relationship

00:34:34.580 Before Philip dies

00:34:35.560 So about this time

00:34:37.320 Alexander's a teenager

00:34:38.720 He's like 17

00:34:39.560 18 years old

00:34:40.360 What was the relationship

00:34:42.300 Like between him

00:34:43.580 And Philip

00:34:44.020 Was Philip grooming him

00:34:45.420 To be the next king

00:34:46.140 Of Macedonia

00:34:46.780 Or was Alexander

00:34:48.440 Just one of many

00:34:49.400 Potential successors

00:34:50.700 He's not one of many

00:34:52.740 I mean it's

00:34:53.340 It's one of the striking things

00:34:54.480 One of the ways

00:34:55.620 Philip brings stability

00:34:57.060 To Macedonia

00:34:57.980 Is by killing off

00:34:59.780 Most of the male members

00:35:00.780 Of the royal family

00:35:01.520 You know he disposes

00:35:03.260 Of several half-brothers

00:35:04.740 Of cousins

00:35:05.540 Of others

00:35:06.480 Like that

00:35:07.200 So there aren't many

00:35:08.300 Close contenders

00:35:09.780 For the throne left

00:35:10.820 And oddly for a man

00:35:13.540 Who is portrayed

00:35:15.440 At least in Greek sources

00:35:16.740 And to some extent

00:35:17.860 This is the way

00:35:18.380 They portray any tyrant

00:35:19.500 As you know

00:35:20.400 Incredibly promiscuous

00:35:21.920 And having

00:35:22.440 Not only marrying

00:35:23.560 Eight possibly nine times

00:35:25.560 But having countless affairs

00:35:27.200 As well

00:35:27.880 Philip only has

00:35:29.260 Two legitimate sons

00:35:30.940 One of whom is

00:35:32.960 For reasons that aren't

00:35:34.400 Quite clear from the sources

00:35:35.360 Considered incapable of rule

00:35:37.760 Whether through physical defects

00:35:39.720 Or mental defects

00:35:40.960 So he's basically

00:35:42.680 Got Alexander

00:35:43.840 Significantly he's taken

00:35:45.620 Another wife

00:35:46.120 Just before he's murdered

00:35:47.480 But so

00:35:48.500 But that would have

00:35:49.280 Taken a long time

00:35:50.060 Even if

00:35:50.600 That had produced

00:35:51.800 A boy

00:35:52.540 That new marriage

00:35:53.920 Then it's going to

00:35:54.680 Take a while

00:35:55.340 Before that boy

00:35:56.220 Will be old enough

00:35:57.300 And have proved himself

00:35:58.320 Enough to have a chance

00:35:59.280 Of succeeding

00:35:59.920 So Alexander is the

00:36:01.560 Sort of the best option

00:36:02.660 But there have been

00:36:04.500 Moments of friction

00:36:05.320 There have been

00:36:06.100 The dispute

00:36:07.100 At the wedding feast

00:36:08.020 Where the nobleman

00:36:09.360 The uncle of the new bride

00:36:10.660 Is supposed to have

00:36:11.580 Proposed a toast

00:36:12.360 That this new marriage

00:36:14.060 Will produce a legitimate

00:36:15.040 Heir to the throne

00:36:15.980 Alexander takes that

00:36:17.260 As an accusation

00:36:17.980 That he's illegitimate

00:36:19.280 There's a fight

00:36:21.140 Philip tries

00:36:22.100 Takes the uncle's side

00:36:23.740 After all

00:36:24.200 It's effectively

00:36:24.980 His father-in-law

00:36:25.860 And he's just

00:36:26.620 You know

00:36:26.860 The marriage he's just had

00:36:27.880 Storms at Alexander

00:36:29.380 But he's too drunk

00:36:30.040 To make it across the floor

00:36:31.080 So collapses

00:36:31.780 But Alexander then

00:36:33.060 Goes into exile

00:36:34.900 For a while

00:36:35.500 Self-imposed

00:36:36.180 He goes and hides

00:36:36.820 Amongst his mother's

00:36:37.600 People

00:36:37.800 The Illyrians

00:36:38.380 For a while

00:36:38.780 Before coming back

00:36:39.740 So he has been groomed

00:36:42.840 Because he is really

00:36:43.800 The only clear choice

00:36:45.540 If there are other children

00:36:46.840 Then they're not legitimate

00:36:47.780 And it would be harder

00:36:48.880 For them to succeed

00:36:50.360 Though probably not impossible

00:36:51.740 So Alexander's the best bet

00:36:54.900 For the moment

00:36:55.420 But remember

00:36:56.340 Philip is only in his 40s

00:36:57.900 And although he keeps

00:36:58.640 Getting wounded

00:36:59.380 His family tend to live

00:37:01.920 Very long lives

00:37:02.860 Unless somebody kills them

00:37:03.960 And it's one of the striking things

00:37:06.380 Of how many tough

00:37:07.820 Elderly Macedonians

00:37:09.320 There are around

00:37:09.820 And more generally

00:37:10.600 In the Greek world

00:37:11.100 There's a Spartan king

00:37:12.140 Who dies coming back

00:37:13.040 From a campaign

00:37:13.640 In his 80s

00:37:14.900 Around about this time

00:37:15.580 The Illyrian king

00:37:16.460 Who's defeated

00:37:17.120 And killed Philip's

00:37:18.720 Middle brother

00:37:19.440 Is in his 80s

00:37:20.720 So there's a lot of

00:37:22.160 Really tough old birds

00:37:23.280 Around at this time

00:37:24.420 And there's no reason

00:37:25.760 To think that Philip

00:37:26.580 You know

00:37:27.300 Would not have expected

00:37:28.340 To live on another

00:37:29.140 20, 30

00:37:29.900 Maybe more years

00:37:30.960 So things could have changed

00:37:33.820 And he might have led

00:37:35.780 His Persian expedition

00:37:36.740 Whatever he would have done

00:37:38.020 With that

00:37:38.560 And come back in glory

00:37:40.200 And maybe Alexander

00:37:41.760 Wouldn't have lived that long

00:37:42.740 We don't know

00:37:43.780 Whether he was planning

00:37:44.500 On taking Alexander

00:37:45.400 With him or not

00:37:46.260 The balance of probability

00:37:48.480 From the evidence

00:37:49.300 Is that probably he wasn't

00:37:50.480 He was going to leave him behind

00:37:51.640 So that means

00:37:53.020 Alexander's there

00:37:53.920 Doing very little

00:37:54.760 While Philip's winning

00:37:55.500 All the glory

00:37:56.120 And you have all these stories

00:37:58.260 From biographers

00:37:59.780 Like Plutarch

00:38:00.600 Talking about

00:38:01.420 Alexander being

00:38:02.720 Melancholy

00:38:03.880 When he heard

00:38:04.640 The news of Philip's

00:38:05.540 Later victory

00:38:06.240 And his friends

00:38:06.900 Ask him why

00:38:07.580 And it's all

00:38:08.020 Well you know

00:38:08.340 My father's leaving me

00:38:09.240 Nothing to do in the world

00:38:10.300 How can I win glory

00:38:11.360 So you get this mixture

00:38:13.020 Of a sort of envy

00:38:14.320 But you also get

00:38:16.080 The anecdotes

00:38:18.220 That suggest

00:38:18.860 There's a closer relationship

00:38:20.080 You know

00:38:20.380 There's one where

00:38:21.420 Philip's complaining

00:38:22.460 About his wounds

00:38:23.200 And Alexander says

00:38:24.080 You should be proud of them

00:38:24.960 You know

00:38:25.120 They're badges of honour

00:38:26.020 And of course

00:38:26.720 The famous story of him

00:38:28.220 Taming the horse

00:38:29.240 Bucephalus

00:38:30.000 And Philip's great pride

00:38:31.760 In this kid

00:38:32.780 Who's able to mount

00:38:33.580 The stallion

00:38:34.220 That no one else

00:38:34.760 Could ride

00:38:35.280 So there are lots

00:38:37.240 Of different traditions

00:38:38.200 There is also

00:38:39.620 The other strong tradition

00:38:40.620 That Alexander's mother

00:38:41.720 The famous Olympias

00:38:42.920 Had come to hate

00:38:44.500 Philip

00:38:45.340 Problem is

00:38:46.540 We just don't know enough

00:38:47.980 We don't know

00:38:48.480 All of these stories

00:38:49.780 Are written down

00:38:50.420 Much later

00:38:51.000 And we don't know

00:38:52.140 How far they were embellished

00:38:53.680 How much this has been

00:38:55.000 Turned into a sort of

00:38:55.820 Soap opera

00:38:56.400 That writers felt

00:38:57.640 Well this is the sort of story

00:38:58.840 That my audience wants

00:39:00.580 And how much is reality

00:39:02.180 We don't really know enough

00:39:03.680 About any of them

00:39:04.660 As people

00:39:05.220 To be absolutely sure

00:39:07.120 So

00:39:08.160 Without Philip

00:39:10.620 There wouldn't be any Alexander

00:39:12.460 He certainly couldn't have started

00:39:13.780 And done things as quickly

00:39:14.820 As he could

00:39:15.380 He is

00:39:16.480 Gifted the throne

00:39:18.000 At a time

00:39:19.500 When he's still young

00:39:20.540 He's got this superb army

00:39:22.260 Under his control

00:39:23.040 He's got a war with Persia

00:39:24.420 That's only just started

00:39:25.520 He's got the energy

00:39:27.040 He's got the resources

00:39:28.300 He's got the force

00:39:29.680 And he's got that

00:39:31.160 Sort of confidence

00:39:32.040 That you do tend to have

00:39:33.360 When you're

00:39:33.980 Just in your early 20s

00:39:35.460 Or late teens

00:39:36.120 That I can do anything

00:39:37.640 I'm special

00:39:38.620 Nothing really bad

00:39:39.540 Is going to happen to me

00:39:40.460 You know

00:39:40.900 I can do this

00:39:41.900 So

00:39:42.860 It all comes together

00:39:44.200 Very

00:39:44.640 Well for Alexander

00:39:46.460 To allow him

00:39:47.400 To

00:39:47.720 To steam off

00:39:48.840 And not just do these things

00:39:49.960 But do these things so fast

00:39:51.440 But again

00:39:52.760 It's

00:39:53.360 Chance really

00:39:54.320 Yeah

00:39:55.240 And I think you do a good job

00:39:56.480 Of showing that

00:39:57.760 That transition

00:39:58.500 From Philip

00:39:59.380 To

00:40:00.100 To Alexander

00:40:01.040 I mean all the things we talked about

00:40:02.120 That Philip introduced

00:40:02.960 The new weapon

00:40:04.060 Like the really long spear

00:40:05.360 Like Alexander continued to use that

00:40:07.180 The different

00:40:08.100 The new formations

00:40:08.880 Like Alexander continued to use that

00:40:10.820 Philip was really big on drilling

00:40:12.420 And Alexander continued to do that

00:40:14.840 And then

00:40:15.260 The whole idea of Persia

00:40:16.800 Well Alexander just picked up

00:40:18.060 Where Philip

00:40:18.460 Left off

00:40:19.220 So I mean that's

00:40:19.640 That's

00:40:20.900 I mean yeah

00:40:21.400 I guess

00:40:21.780 I think the big point of this book

00:40:22.780 Without Philip

00:40:23.520 There would be no Alexander

00:40:24.580 I'm curious

00:40:25.780 Are there ways

00:40:26.940 In which

00:40:27.540 Alexander

00:40:28.540 Differed from his father

00:40:29.920 In leadership style

00:40:30.820 It's a little difficult to say

00:40:33.920 Because we don't have

00:40:35.420 Descriptions of Philip's battles

00:40:37.460 Of the same sort of detail

00:40:39.440 As we have for Alexander's

00:40:40.800 So we know far less about him

00:40:42.320 It's

00:40:42.640 It's one of those great ironies

00:40:44.280 Philip was

00:40:45.280 Up until Alexander

00:40:46.960 The great man

00:40:47.820 The man who changed everything

00:40:48.960 There were lots of books

00:40:49.760 Written about him in the ancient world

00:40:51.060 But they haven't survived

00:40:52.100 On the other hand

00:40:54.040 Philip's clearly getting wounded

00:40:55.400 So he's obviously leading

00:40:56.740 In the same sort of aggressive

00:40:58.100 Very personal style

00:41:00.220 Inspirational style

00:41:01.480 As Alexander

00:41:02.320 Who will also

00:41:03.060 Tally up this great catalogue

00:41:05.020 Of wounds

00:41:05.600 So probably

00:41:06.860 It's much the same

00:41:07.820 The other thing

00:41:08.900 That we sometimes forget

00:41:10.040 You know

00:41:10.260 We look at the tactics

00:41:11.320 We look at the weapons

00:41:12.160 We look at the institution

00:41:13.160 But the actual people involved

00:41:15.840 For the first few years

00:41:18.080 Of Alexander's campaign

00:41:19.580 Nearly everybody

00:41:21.680 In his army

00:41:22.800 Has served for much longer

00:41:24.180 Under Philip

00:41:24.720 You know

00:41:25.820 There's even the comment

00:41:26.620 In one of our sources

00:41:27.660 That he chose

00:41:28.660 The older soldiers

00:41:29.860 To take with him

00:41:30.740 You know

00:41:31.280 We tend to think of war

00:41:32.320 As being fought by

00:41:33.460 Youngsters in their teens

00:41:35.320 In their early twenties

00:41:36.280 But

00:41:36.720 Actually a lot of these soldiers

00:41:38.680 Are middle-aged men

00:41:40.080 When they go off

00:41:40.840 To attack Persia

00:41:41.580 And many of the commanders

00:41:42.740 The same

00:41:43.360 You know

00:41:43.580 You have people who

00:41:44.520 Have served under Philip

00:41:45.940 That reappear

00:41:47.600 After Alexander's death

00:41:49.040 And Antigonus Gonatus

00:41:50.900 One of the contenders

00:41:52.240 In the wars of the successors

00:41:53.480 Barely mentioned under Alexander

00:41:55.220 Who leaves him in Asia Minor

00:41:56.520 With very few troops

00:41:57.760 To sort of deal

00:41:58.340 With the situation there

00:41:59.460 Becomes one of the key figures

00:42:01.140 He'd already made a name

00:42:02.320 For himself

00:42:02.900 Under Philip

00:42:03.540 So it is very much

00:42:05.200 Philip's army

00:42:05.940 Doing what Philip's army

00:42:06.980 Has done lots of times before

00:42:08.440 With Alexander in charge

00:42:10.560 Perhaps the difference

00:42:12.360 Is that

00:42:13.040 The sheer scale of it all

00:42:14.700 Becomes far far greater

00:42:16.440 You know

00:42:17.020 Philip's campaigns

00:42:17.880 Had been over

00:42:18.740 A relatively small

00:42:19.880 Geographical area

00:42:20.780 Whereas Alexander

00:42:21.480 Just keeps on going

00:42:22.880 And clearly

00:42:24.240 Doesn't really want to stop

00:42:26.200 And even when he dies

00:42:27.580 You know

00:42:27.820 You've got all these plans

00:42:28.680 For campaigns to Arabia

00:42:29.840 And beyond

00:42:30.540 Because he's still

00:42:31.780 He's only in his thirties

00:42:32.740 You know

00:42:32.960 There's no reason to stop

00:42:34.240 And you have

00:42:34.780 The whole

00:42:35.980 Way the army works

00:42:37.540 Has been geared up

00:42:38.540 To constant fighting

00:42:39.620 But it does cause

00:42:41.080 Stress because

00:42:42.660 In the past

00:42:44.460 Yes you've fought a war

00:42:45.380 But you've usually

00:42:45.840 Been able to go home

00:42:46.580 For a month or two

00:42:47.660 You've been able to go

00:42:48.220 Back to your family

00:42:48.980 And it's interesting

00:42:51.180 That at the end

00:42:52.220 Of the first year

00:42:53.420 Of campaigning

00:42:54.260 In Alexander's

00:42:55.280 Persian campaigns

00:42:55.980 He lets the newly

00:42:57.100 Married men

00:42:57.700 Go back to Macedonia

00:42:59.120 And the you know

00:43:00.340 The ostensible reason

00:43:01.280 Is to go off

00:43:02.860 And breed the next

00:43:03.520 Generation of

00:43:04.140 Macedonian soldiers

00:43:05.000 But there's that

00:43:05.980 Sort of link with

00:43:06.840 These aren't really

00:43:08.940 Professional soldiers

00:43:10.420 That are removed

00:43:12.340 From their home

00:43:13.040 Communities

00:43:13.620 They've

00:43:14.140 Under Philip

00:43:15.120 They've been able

00:43:15.720 To be very much

00:43:16.960 Part of their

00:43:18.140 Families

00:43:18.540 Their farms

00:43:19.200 They've gone back

00:43:19.900 To do that

00:43:20.440 Under Alexander

00:43:21.340 Because of sheer

00:43:21.800 Distance

00:43:22.340 That becomes

00:43:22.860 Less and less

00:43:23.700 Possible

00:43:24.180 But it's

00:43:25.940 I think there's

00:43:27.340 An expansion

00:43:27.960 Where Alexander

00:43:29.020 Comes to believe

00:43:30.100 That he can do

00:43:30.720 Almost anything

00:43:31.760 And the other

00:43:32.260 Thing that changes

00:43:33.120 Is that as he

00:43:33.960 Goes on

00:43:34.480 He adds more

00:43:35.400 And more

00:43:35.780 Local troops

00:43:36.860 And Asian troops

00:43:37.760 To his army

00:43:38.340 So that by the

00:43:39.460 Time the army

00:43:40.040 Is in northern

00:43:40.600 India

00:43:40.980 It's huge

00:43:42.140 It's several

00:43:42.700 Times larger

00:43:43.440 Than it had

00:43:43.920 Been when he

00:43:44.380 Invaded

00:43:44.800 And the proportion

00:43:46.460 Of Macedonians

00:43:48.300 And even Greeks

00:43:49.080 In that force

00:43:50.000 Has shrunk

00:43:50.880 Because you've

00:43:51.360 Added so many

00:43:52.040 Of these other

00:43:52.500 Contingents

00:43:53.160 That might be

00:43:53.800 Horse archers

00:43:55.060 Or light cavalry

00:43:55.860 All sorts of

00:43:56.580 Different ways

00:43:57.120 Of fighting

00:43:57.680 And even to

00:43:59.300 The extent

00:43:59.660 Where later on

00:44:00.400 You're taking

00:44:01.160 Persian teenagers

00:44:02.620 You're teaching

00:44:03.400 Greek and you're

00:44:04.160 Drilling them as

00:44:04.720 A new phalanx

00:44:05.560 That will appear

00:44:06.680 Just before

00:44:07.280 Alexander's

00:44:08.260 Death

00:44:09.100 So he does

00:44:11.020 Develop things

00:44:11.820 But it's

00:44:12.420 We really need

00:44:14.480 To know far more

00:44:15.380 About what

00:44:15.900 Philip actually did

00:44:16.700 And how he did

00:44:17.380 Things to say

00:44:18.820 Where Alexander

00:44:19.940 Differs or whether

00:44:20.660 He does or not

00:44:21.460 It's extremely

00:44:22.480 Hard to say

00:44:23.220 I think one

00:44:24.460 Distinction you

00:44:25.100 Made was

00:44:26.340 Philip was really

00:44:26.960 Good at diplomacy

00:44:27.800 Alexander not so

00:44:29.660 Much

00:44:29.960 Alexander's like

00:44:30.540 I'll just conquer

00:44:31.120 You

00:44:31.420 That's how

00:44:32.760 I'll take care

00:44:33.760 Because he knows

00:44:34.220 He can

00:44:34.640 And it's

00:44:35.220 And perhaps

00:44:35.680 That is a

00:44:36.340 Youthful thing

00:44:36.980 In that

00:44:37.300 Philip began

00:44:38.780 His reign

00:44:39.460 In really dire

00:44:40.880 Straits

00:44:41.380 When Macedonia

00:44:42.840 Could easily

00:44:43.500 Have pretty much

00:44:44.700 Ceased to exist

00:44:45.540 It could easily

00:44:46.460 Have been taken

00:44:47.020 Over all

00:44:47.500 At the very least

00:44:48.260 Permanently dominated

00:44:49.440 By stronger

00:44:50.240 Neighbors

00:44:50.820 Alexander's never

00:44:52.420 Lived in that

00:44:53.020 World

00:44:53.340 Without reality

00:44:54.120 He's never had

00:44:54.600 To face that

00:44:55.220 Possibility

00:44:55.800 As far as

00:44:56.700 He's concerned

00:44:57.340 He's head of

00:44:57.960 The best army

00:44:58.680 In the world

00:44:59.100 And the strongest

00:44:59.560 Kingdom in the world

00:45:00.400 So he could do

00:45:01.640 Anything

00:45:02.000 And it's

00:45:03.180 Something

00:45:03.420 There's that

00:45:05.060 Odd paradox

00:45:06.200 With Alexander

00:45:06.820 On the one hand

00:45:07.520 He can be this

00:45:08.020 Incredibly inspirational

00:45:09.420 Leader

00:45:09.960 Whether it's

00:45:10.880 Famously

00:45:11.640 When on the march

00:45:13.100 When nobody's got water

00:45:13.980 Somebody brings him

00:45:14.820 Some water in a helmet

00:45:15.780 And he pours it away

00:45:16.700 Because he can't share it

00:45:17.820 Or helping a soldier

00:45:19.700 Who's gone virtually

00:45:20.420 Snowblind

00:45:21.340 And sitting him down

00:45:22.980 In his seat

00:45:23.560 Next to the fire

00:45:24.460 Or waiting for men

00:45:25.780 To come in through

00:45:26.320 The desert

00:45:26.760 On the one hand

00:45:27.620 He can do all these

00:45:28.340 Incredible inspirational

00:45:29.860 Things

00:45:30.360 And yet

00:45:31.000 Also completely

00:45:32.640 Misread

00:45:33.280 The mood of his

00:45:34.220 Soldiers

00:45:34.660 And he seems to

00:45:35.820 Believe that they

00:45:36.500 Want to keep on

00:45:37.260 Conquering just as

00:45:38.020 Much as he does

00:45:38.700 And that anything

00:45:39.180 He wants

00:45:39.920 They're going to

00:45:40.960 Want too

00:45:41.520 And doesn't

00:45:42.720 Understand that

00:45:43.580 Once they've

00:45:44.180 Defeated Persia

00:45:45.480 Once

00:45:45.980 Darius is out of

00:45:47.600 The way

00:45:47.780 Once any

00:45:48.160 Challenges are out

00:45:48.800 Of the way

00:45:49.120 Most of them

00:45:49.860 Are actually thinking

00:45:50.520 Well let's go

00:45:51.420 Home for a bit

00:45:51.900 And enjoy

00:45:52.340 What we've won

00:45:53.460 We've got all

00:45:54.380 This money

00:45:54.720 We've got all

00:45:55.220 This loot

00:45:55.540 We've got all

00:45:55.980 This glory

00:45:56.540 What can we

00:45:58.380 Possibly do

00:45:59.080 That's going to

00:46:00.300 Be better than

00:46:00.820 That

00:46:01.120 Can't we have

00:46:01.880 A bit of a rest

00:46:02.480 First

00:46:02.960 And he just

00:46:03.900 Doesn't appear

00:46:04.880 To get that

00:46:05.820 And but then

00:46:06.800 You know this

00:46:07.240 Is this is a man

00:46:08.800 Who's been fed

00:46:10.040 Success and

00:46:11.620 Victory and is

00:46:12.340 Surrounded by a

00:46:13.280 Court where

00:46:14.000 Anything he says

00:46:15.760 Is going to be

00:46:16.200 Accepted and

00:46:17.500 Where people are

00:46:18.660 Vying for his

00:46:19.620 Affection for his

00:46:20.780 Favor so

00:46:22.620 It's probably not

00:46:24.380 Surprising add in

00:46:25.540 The exhaustion

00:46:26.220 Of the sheer

00:46:27.760 Distance he's

00:46:28.540 Traveling the

00:46:30.280 Amount he's

00:46:30.840 Fighting you

00:46:31.600 Know it's we

00:46:32.380 Always focus on

00:46:33.480 The big famous

00:46:34.140 Battles but

00:46:34.860 Actually he

00:46:35.380 Spends most of

00:46:36.020 His time in

00:46:36.960 Skirmishes in

00:46:37.840 Raids in

00:46:38.620 Sieges in

00:46:39.260 Assaults on

00:46:39.840 These little

00:46:40.180 Wall villages

00:46:40.860 Which are just

00:46:42.360 As dangerous

00:46:43.100 They're not as

00:46:44.140 Big in scale

00:46:44.880 But they are

00:46:45.480 Extremely dangerous

00:46:46.280 Particularly for

00:46:46.900 Those who go

00:46:47.360 First and

00:46:48.940 Alexander was

00:46:49.560 Always inclined to

00:46:50.220 Do that

00:46:50.720 I mean an

00:46:51.960 Interesting

00:46:52.120 Counterfactual to

00:46:52.940 Think about and

00:46:53.360 You kind of

00:46:54.220 Suggested at

00:46:55.400 The end of

00:46:55.760 The book is

00:46:56.540 If Philip had

00:46:58.060 Survived could

00:46:59.400 Philip have

00:47:00.100 Done what

00:47:00.680 Alexander did

00:47:01.700 Right because

00:47:02.340 Alexander did

00:47:03.360 What he did

00:47:03.660 All he knew

00:47:04.700 Was success

00:47:05.260 We had this

00:47:05.640 Confidence

00:47:06.260 Philip came from

00:47:07.440 A world where

00:47:07.920 He basically had

00:47:08.600 To build up

00:47:09.200 Macedonia from

00:47:10.120 Nothing

00:47:10.480 So there's

00:47:11.360 That

00:47:11.500 He had

00:47:12.360 Probably a

00:47:13.360 Hint of

00:47:13.640 Insecurity

00:47:14.200 Something fun

00:47:15.580 To think about

00:47:16.060 Is would

00:47:16.600 Philip have

00:47:17.080 Done what

00:47:17.420 Just kept

00:47:18.100 Going and

00:47:18.620 Going and

00:47:19.080 Gone into

00:47:19.500 India

00:47:19.940 Because of

00:47:21.140 That different

00:47:22.240 Background

00:47:22.640 I suspect

00:47:23.700 It wouldn't

00:47:24.300 Have happened

00:47:24.640 As fast

00:47:25.340 Under Philip

00:47:26.320 Simply because

00:47:27.120 He's just that

00:47:27.840 Much older

00:47:28.380 And he's also

00:47:29.700 Been a little

00:47:30.600 More cautious

00:47:31.240 Because he

00:47:31.980 Knows that

00:47:32.420 Things can

00:47:32.760 Go wrong

00:47:33.220 On the other

00:47:34.180 Hand once

00:47:34.780 You attack

00:47:35.280 Persia

00:47:35.860 You know

00:47:36.760 You have

00:47:37.040 All these

00:47:37.340 Offers from

00:47:38.020 The Persians

00:47:38.600 At various

00:47:39.060 Times

00:47:39.380 Yes take

00:47:39.880 The western

00:47:40.220 Half of

00:47:40.580 The kingdom

00:47:40.920 You know

00:47:41.340 Marry my

00:47:41.820 Daughter

00:47:42.080 All this

00:47:42.460 Sort of

00:47:42.660 Thing

00:47:42.820 But the

00:47:44.680 Ancient

00:47:44.940 World being

00:47:45.340 The ancient

00:47:45.740 World once

00:47:46.520 You've

00:47:46.740 Attacked someone

00:47:47.420 As powerful

00:47:48.000 As that

00:47:48.540 If you

00:47:49.520 Leave them

00:47:49.900 In existence

00:47:50.400 They're going

00:47:50.860 To come

00:47:51.180 Back for

00:47:52.340 Revenge

00:47:52.740 Eventually

00:47:53.240 You know

00:47:53.840 They're not

00:47:54.180 Going to

00:47:54.480 Forgive you

00:47:54.900 For this

00:47:55.340 So there

00:47:56.180 Is an

00:47:56.460 Element

00:47:56.780 That unless

00:47:57.420 You just

00:47:57.960 See this

00:47:58.540 As a

00:47:58.760 Plundering

00:47:59.320 Raid

00:47:59.800 Which

00:48:00.340 Spartans

00:48:01.380 Have done

00:48:01.700 In the

00:48:01.960 Past

00:48:02.500 Other people

00:48:03.400 Have done

00:48:03.960 On the

00:48:04.360 Sort of

00:48:04.540 The fringes

00:48:05.120 Of the

00:48:05.360 Persian

00:48:05.640 Empire

00:48:06.020 You know

00:48:06.340 Take a

00:48:06.620 Bit of

00:48:06.780 Asia Minor

00:48:07.400 Plunder

00:48:08.180 A bit

00:48:08.400 Here

00:48:08.560 Maybe take

00:48:09.000 A little

00:48:09.200 Bit of

00:48:09.440 Territory

00:48:09.860 Unless it

00:48:10.700 Was very

00:48:11.080 Limited

00:48:11.440 Which seems

00:48:12.040 Unlikely

00:48:12.800 For the

00:48:13.640 Scale of

00:48:14.280 What Philip

00:48:14.740 Was doing

00:48:15.400 Then you

00:48:16.740 Probably

00:48:17.220 Have to

00:48:17.900 Overrun

00:48:18.580 The Persian

00:48:18.980 Empire

00:48:19.300 Otherwise

00:48:19.640 You're

00:48:20.320 Just

00:48:20.500 Setting

00:48:20.960 Yourself

00:48:21.300 Up

00:48:21.560 For

00:48:21.760 And

00:48:22.140 That's

00:48:22.360 An

00:48:22.480 Argument

00:48:22.820 That

00:48:23.020 Alexander

00:48:23.440 Is

00:48:23.620 Supposed

00:48:23.840 To

00:48:23.940 Have

00:48:24.040 Used

00:48:24.180 Repeatedly

00:48:24.860 To

00:48:25.260 His

00:48:25.440 Soldiers

00:48:25.800 When

00:48:25.980 They're

00:48:26.140 Saying

00:48:26.340 Can

00:48:26.560 We

00:48:26.660 Go

00:48:26.840 Home

00:48:27.180 It's

00:48:27.920 No

00:48:28.260 Look

00:48:28.500 We've

00:48:28.700 Got

00:48:28.840 To

00:48:29.000 Beat

00:48:29.160 Them

00:48:29.300 Because

00:48:29.400 If

00:48:29.460 We

00:48:29.540 Don't

00:48:29.720 Put

00:48:29.960 Them

00:48:30.120 Down

00:48:30.360 Permanently

00:48:30.980 They're

00:48:31.420 Going

00:48:31.460 To

00:48:31.540 Get

00:48:31.700 Up

00:48:31.860 Again

00:48:32.080 And

00:48:32.240 Come

00:48:32.400 Back

00:48:32.600 At

00:48:32.720 Us

00:48:32.820 When

00:48:32.960 We

00:48:33.100 Might

00:48:33.300 Be

00:48:33.460 We

00:48:33.500 On

00:48:34.520 The

00:48:34.640 Other

00:48:34.760 Hand

00:48:34.980 As

00:48:35.100 You

00:48:35.200 Say

00:48:35.540 Philip's

00:48:36.020 Much

00:48:36.200 More

00:48:36.340 Of

00:48:36.420 A diplomat

00:48:36.980 Than

00:48:37.140 Alexander

00:48:37.680 But

00:48:38.360 There

00:48:38.620 Again

00:48:39.040 Was

00:48:39.860 He

00:48:40.020 Able

00:48:40.300 To

00:48:40.460 Be

00:48:40.760 Such

00:48:41.100 A

00:48:41.220 Diplomat

00:48:41.720 Because

00:48:42.120 He

00:48:42.620 Knew

00:48:43.120 The

00:48:44.240 Peoples

00:48:45.160 Of

00:48:45.360 Greece

00:48:45.680 He

00:48:46.080 Knew

00:48:46.540 The

00:48:47.260 Illyrians

00:48:47.700 The

00:48:47.900 Thracians

00:48:48.280 His

00:48:48.600 Mother

00:48:48.800 Is

00:48:49.040 An

00:48:49.160 Illyrian

00:48:49.560 He

00:48:50.840 Knows

00:48:51.320 The

00:48:51.840 Culture

00:48:52.260 Of

00:48:52.800 Those

00:48:53.020 Groups

00:48:53.300 So

00:48:53.380 It's

00:48:53.480 Much

00:48:53.700 Easier

00:48:54.100 To

00:48:54.280 Negotiate

00:48:54.800 And

00:48:54.920 Deal

00:48:55.100 With

00:48:55.360 Them

00:48:55.560 Would

00:48:56.300 He

00:48:56.380 Have

00:48:56.500 Coped

00:48:56.780 As

00:48:56.920 Well

00:48:57.040 Would

00:48:57.200 He

00:48:57.260 Been

00:48:57.440 Able

00:48:57.660 To

00:48:57.880 Win

00:48:58.300 Over

00:48:58.680 As

00:48:59.460 Many

00:48:59.800 People

00:49:00.160 In

00:49:00.320 The

00:49:00.440 Persian

00:49:00.720 Empire

00:49:01.200 Maybe

00:49:02.240 Maybe

00:49:02.520 Not

00:49:02.740 I

00:49:02.880 Mean

00:49:02.980 Alexander

00:49:03.440 Doesn't

00:49:03.900 Do

00:49:04.100 As

00:49:04.320 Bad

00:49:05.020 A

00:49:05.140 Job

00:49:05.320 As

00:49:05.460 We

00:49:05.580 Might

00:49:05.820 Think

00:49:06.140 An

00:49:06.300 Awful

00:49:06.480 Lot

00:49:06.680 Of

00:49:06.800 People

00:49:07.100 Don't

00:49:08.400 Have

00:49:08.540 Any

00:49:08.700 Part

00:49:17.700 Fair

00:49:18.000 Enough

00:49:18.240 You

00:49:18.360 Know

00:49:18.440 The

00:49:18.580 King

00:49:18.720 Is

00:49:18.840 Dead

00:49:19.020 Long

00:49:19.220 Live

00:49:19.380 The

00:49:19.500 King

00:49:19.680 We

00:49:19.840 Don't

00:49:20.080 Mind

00:49:20.360 Having

00:49:20.640 Another

00:49:20.900 Overlord

00:49:21.360 Areas

00:49:22.120 Like

00:49:22.320 Egypt

00:49:22.660 There's

00:49:22.920 Almost

00:49:23.140 No

00:49:23.360 Fighting

00:49:23.700 At

00:49:23.900 All

00:49:24.120 Because

00:49:24.420 They

00:49:24.620 Didn't

00:49:24.860 Want

00:49:25.020 To

00:49:25.100 Be

00:49:25.220 Under

00:49:25.660 Persian

00:49:26.020 Rule

00:49:26.320 They'll

00:49:26.880 Happily

00:49:27.200 Take

00:49:27.560 The

00:49:27.840 Newcomers

00:49:28.360 You

00:49:28.500 Know

00:49:28.600 Why

00:49:28.820 Fight

00:49:29.100 Them

00:49:29.380 For

00:49:29.620 The

00:49:30.000 Persians

00:49:30.680 It's

00:49:30.880 Just

00:49:31.040 Not

00:49:31.220 Worth

00:49:31.520 It

00:49:31.760 So

00:49:32.720 A

00:49:33.740 Lot

00:49:33.880 Of

00:49:33.980 It

00:49:34.100 Would

00:49:34.280 Have

00:49:34.400 Happened

00:49:34.820 But

00:49:35.040 Again

00:49:35.460 It's

00:49:36.060 We

00:49:37.720 Always

00:49:38.020 Like

00:49:38.300 As

00:49:38.440 Historians

00:49:38.980 We

00:49:39.140 Try

00:49:39.400 And

00:49:39.580 See

00:49:39.780 These

00:49:40.040 Deeper

00:49:40.720 Trends

00:49:41.620 Underlying

00:49:42.500 Societies

00:49:43.760 Economies

00:49:44.680 Military

00:49:45.040 Developments

00:49:45.720 And

00:49:45.880 See

00:49:46.260 The

00:49:46.500 Big

00:49:47.240 Pattern

00:49:48.080 That

00:49:48.240 Will

00:49:48.360 Make

00:49:48.600 Things

00:49:48.880 Happen

00:49:49.880 As

00:49:50.340 In

00:49:50.560 This

00:49:50.720 Fairly

00:49:51.300 Predictable

00:49:51.880 Almost

00:49:52.140 Inevitable

00:49:52.720 Way

00:49:53.100 With

00:49:54.520 People

00:49:54.780 Like

00:49:55.000 Philip

00:49:55.220 And

00:49:55.360 Alexander

00:49:55.740 You're

00:49:56.000 Dealing

00:49:56.220 With

00:49:56.400 Individuals

00:49:57.200 Who

00:49:57.460 Don't

00:49:58.040 Have

00:49:58.180 A

00:49:58.260 Replacement

00:49:58.700 If

00:49:59.180 They

00:49:59.340 Get

00:49:59.740 Themselves

00:50:00.120 Killed

00:50:00.560 Then

00:50:01.240 There

00:50:01.460 Is

00:50:01.600 No

00:50:01.780 Certain

00:50:02.140 That

00:50:02.400 Somebody

00:50:02.700 Else

00:50:02.980 Will

00:50:03.120 Be

00:50:03.220 To

00:50:03.460 Take

00:50:03.700 Over

00:50:03.980 And

00:50:04.220 Do

00:50:04.340 What

00:50:04.500 They're

00:50:04.680 Doing

00:50:04.960 And

00:50:05.760 It

00:50:05.900 Does

00:50:06.200 Remind

00:50:06.700 You

00:50:06.940 Of

00:50:07.180 The

00:50:07.560 Thing

00:50:08.080 We

00:50:08.220 Don't

00:50:08.480 Like

00:50:08.640 To

00:50:08.800 Think

00:50:09.000 About

00:50:09.280 As

00:50:09.460 Professional

00:50:09.800 Historians

00:50:10.120 But

00:50:10.300 The

00:50:10.760 Role

00:50:10.980 Of

00:50:11.120 Chance

00:50:11.600 And

00:50:11.980 The

00:50:12.400 Role

00:50:12.540 Of

00:50:12.660 Personality

00:50:13.240 In

00:50:13.940 It

00:50:14.060 All

00:50:14.280 And

00:50:14.580 While

00:50:15.000 Clearly

00:50:15.500 The

00:50:16.020 Ancient

00:50:16.280 Sources

00:50:16.680 It's

00:50:17.100 Very

00:50:17.280 Much

00:50:17.540 All

00:50:17.700 About

00:50:17.920 Alexander

00:50:18.360 The

00:50:18.540 Man

00:50:18.780 Alexander

00:50:19.320 The

00:50:19.620 Great

00:50:20.040 Hero

00:50:20.420 Or

00:50:20.680 The

00:50:20.780 Great

00:50:20.960 Villain

00:50:21.220 However

00:50:21.460 You

00:50:21.700 Chose

00:50:22.440 To

00:50:22.620 See

00:50:22.860 Him

00:50:23.100 It

00:50:24.320 Is

00:50:24.720 One

00:50:24.900 Of

00:50:24.960 Those

00:50:25.100 Situations

00:50:25.660 Where

00:50:25.880 That

00:50:26.100 Individuals

00:50:27.040 That

00:50:27.220 His

00:50:27.680 Personality

00:50:28.240 Did

00:50:28.640 Make

00:50:28.880 A

00:50:29.000 Huge

00:50:29.220 Difference

00:50:29.580 To

00:50:29.760 History

00:50:30.120 In

00:50:30.920 That

00:50:31.120 Short

00:50:31.420 Term

00:50:31.740 Because

00:50:32.260 A lot

00:50:34.940 Of

00:50:35.060 People

00:50:35.340 Wouldn't

00:50:35.680 Have

00:50:35.800 Been

00:50:35.940 Able

00:50:36.320 To

00:50:36.740 Do

00:50:36.880 What

00:50:37.080 He

00:50:37.220 Did

00:50:37.580 But

00:50:38.320 The

00:50:38.640 Probability

00:50:39.060 Is

00:50:39.240 Quite

00:50:39.420 A lot

00:50:39.600 Of

00:50:39.700 Us

00:50:39.800 Wouldn't

00:50:40.060 Even

00:50:40.220 Have

00:50:40.380 Tried

00:50:40.720 So

00:50:42.020 It's

00:50:42.580 A

00:50:42.920 Reminder

00:50:43.300 That

00:50:43.460 We

00:50:43.560 Are

00:50:43.720 Just

00:50:43.900 Dealing

00:50:44.140 With

00:50:44.320 Human

00:50:44.580 Beings

00:50:44.880 Even

00:50:45.100 If

00:50:45.280 We

00:50:45.420 Don't

00:50:46.300 Have

00:50:46.600 Enough

00:50:46.840 Evidence

00:50:47.200 To

00:50:47.400 Understand

00:50:47.980 Their

00:50:48.220 Personalities

00:50:48.840 As

00:50:49.080 Well

00:50:49.240 As

00:50:49.380 Like

00:50:49.960 That

00:50:50.860 It

00:50:51.100 Does

00:50:51.500 The

00:50:51.940 Individuals

00:50:52.600 Do

00:50:52.760 Matter

00:50:53.140 And

00:50:53.840 It

00:50:53.960 Isn't

00:50:54.220 Just

00:50:54.520 About

00:50:54.840 The

00:50:55.040 Inevitable

00:50:56.700 March

00:50:57.200 Of

00:50:57.340 History

00:50:57.720 Well

00:50:58.500 Adrian

00:50:58.740 This

00:50:58.900 Has

00:50:58.960 Been

00:50:59.040 A

00:50:59.140 Great

00:50:59.300 Conversation

00:50:59.880 Where

00:51:00.080 Can

00:51:00.220 People

00:51:00.380 Go

00:51:00.560 To

00:51:00.680 Learn

00:51:00.820 More

00:51:00.980 About

00:51:01.160 The

00:51:01.300 Book

00:51:01.480 And

00:51:01.600 Your

00:51:01.700 Work

00:51:01.980 Well

00:51:02.740 There's

00:51:02.920 My

00:51:03.040 Website

00:51:03.440 Adrian

00:51:03.740 Goldsworthy

00:51:04.220 Dot

00:51:04.480 Com

00:51:04.840 Has

00:51:05.240 More

00:51:05.620 About

00:51:05.880 This

00:51:06.160 And

00:51:06.420 All

00:51:06.800 The

00:51:06.900 Books

00:51:07.300 There

00:51:07.640 And

00:51:08.320 Then

00:51:08.520 It

00:51:08.640 Will

00:51:08.720 Be

00:51:08.840 The

00:51:09.000 Same

00:51:09.180 With

00:51:09.340 Basic

00:51:09.640 Books

00:51:09.920 As

00:51:10.100 The

00:51:10.300 Publisher

00:51:10.740 And

00:51:11.240 They've

00:51:11.420 Got

00:51:11.520 Some

00:51:11.700 Stuff

00:51:11.920 Up

00:51:12.060 On

00:51:12.180 Their

00:51:12.320 Website

00:51:12.780 As

00:51:12.940 Well

00:51:13.140 But

00:51:13.500 Either

00:51:13.960 Of

00:51:14.080 Those

00:51:14.240 Should

00:51:14.400 Be

00:51:14.500 Fine

00:51:14.720 Fantastic

00:51:15.480 Well

00:51:15.640 Adrian

00:51:15.900 Goldsworthy

00:51:16.280 Thanks for

00:51:16.600 Your

00:51:16.660 Time

00:51:16.800 It's

00:51:16.900 Been

00:51:17.000 A

00:51:17.100 Pleasure

00:51:17.320 Thank

00:51:18.080 You

00:51:18.180 Very

00:51:18.300 Much

00:51:18.500 For

00:51:18.620 Having

00:51:18.760 Me

00:51:18.940 My

00:51:19.680 Guest

00:51:19.920 Today

00:51:20.020 Was

00:51:20.140 Adrian

00:51:20.440 Goldsworthy

00:51:20.920 He's

00:51:21.180 The

00:51:21.280 Author

00:51:21.480 Of

00:51:21.600 The

00:51:21.700 Book

00:51:21.880 Philip

00:51:22.160 And

00:51:22.280 Alexander

00:51:22.700 It's

00:51:22.900 Available

00:51:23.140 On

00:51:23.280 Amazon

00:51:23.500 Dotcom

00:51:24.040 And

00:51:24.160 Bookstores

00:51:24.500 Everywhere

00:51:24.800 You

00:51:25.200 Find

00:51:25.400 More

00:51:25.600 Information

00:51:25.880 About

00:51:26.020 His

00:51:26.120 Work

00:51:26.300 At

00:51:26.420 Adreangoldsworthy

00:51:27.860 Dotcom

00:51:41.420 That wraps

00:51:41.760 Up

00:51:41.940 Another

00:51:42.220 Edition

00:51:42.480 Of

00:51:42.600 The

00:51:42.720 A1

00:51:42.980 Podcast

00:51:43.320 Check

00:51:43.740 Out

00:51:43.840 Our

00:51:43.920 Website

00:51:44.200 Artof

00:51:44.500 Manliness

00:51:44.740 Dotcom

00:51:45.160 Where

00:51:45.280 You

00:51:45.300 Can

00:51:45.380 Check

00:51:45.540 Out

00:51:45.640 Our

00:51:45.720 Podcast

00:51:46.220 Archives

00:51:46.780 As well

00:51:47.000 As

00:51:47.100 Thousands

00:51:47.340 Of

00:51:47.480 Articles

00:51:47.740 About

00:51:48.300 Pretty

00:51:48.540 Anything

00:51:49.000 You

00:51:49.200 Think

00:51:49.400 Of

00:51:49.580 And

00:51:49.840 If

00:51:49.920 You

00:51:49.960 Like

00:51:50.120 To

00:51:50.200 Enjoy

00:51:50.400 Ad

00:51:50.660 Free

00:51:50.840 Episodes

00:51:51.220 Of

00:51:51.320 The

00:51:51.380 A1

00:51:51.560 Podcast

00:51:51.860 You

00:52:11.420 As

00:52:11.920 Always

00:52:12.160 Thank

00:52:12.460 For

00:52:12.560 The

00:52:12.660 Continued

00:52:12.960 Support

00:52:13.220 Until

00:52:13.420 Next

00:52:13.600 Time

00:52:13.760 This

00:52:13.860 Is

00:52:13.880 Brad

00:52:14.020 McKay

00:52:14.340 Remind

00:52:14.740 You

00:52:14.840 Not

00:52:14.920 Listen

00:52:15.260 To

00:52:15.340 A1

00:52:15.500 Podcast

00:52:15.960 But

00:52:16.320 Put

00:52:16.560 What

00:52:16.820 You

00:52:16.920 Heard

00:52:17.140 Into

00:52:17.340 Action

The Art of Manliness - August 25, 2021

The Conquering Father Who Made an Empire-Building Son

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