The Ferryman's Toll - The Nationalist Film Board - Creation of Canada - Episode 1

00:00:00.000 Thank you.

00:00:30.000 Thank you.

00:01:00.000 Thank you.

00:01:30.000 Thank you.

00:02:00.000 Welcome to the first episode of the Nationalist Film Board.

00:02:05.100 And tonight we're going to start by reviewing episode one of Creation of Canada.

00:02:11.000 It's a 1967 National Film Board series that is essentially a 100-year retrospective, or at least a retrospective on Canadian history from the perspective of Canadians roughly 100 years after Confederation.

00:02:30.880 We're going to start by playing the episode in its entirety. It runs roughly an hour.

00:02:39.140 And then I've also clipped some pieces from the video that I think are of particular note to go over.

00:02:47.180 There's a few things that I'd like to draw everyone's attention to as we watch this episode and the series in general.

00:02:55.760 First of all, there are very few value judgments in this series.

00:03:03.400 Very rarely do they insinuate any kind of morality onto the history that they are observing, which is something that is extremely refreshing.

00:03:13.720 When we live in a hyper-politicized, hyper-moralized version of history where everything must, you know, anachronistically suit the values and morality of whatever set of values dominate society at the time, which is what we see now in history.

00:03:34.700 Everything is viewed through the lens of social justice and intersectionalism.

00:03:40.100 So having this kind of perspective from Canadians roughly 60 years ago, looking back on their early history, is something that, while it may be dated, is refreshing.

00:03:52.860 And I think you'll find that as well.

00:03:54.340 The second piece, both for the series in general, but also particularly for this episode, is that you cannot separate Canadian history, American history, colonial history from the European context.

00:04:13.240 Now, this may seem obvious, but it goes much deeper than just these people came from Europe and they ended up in North America.

00:04:21.240 The decisions that were made in Europe, the wars that were made in Europe, the cultural phenomena that were going on in Europe, all of these things have an impact on what happened in the colonies and they're of significant importance.

00:04:39.580 And so understanding that we are not a rootless segment of the European experience, we are deeply rooted within the European experience is essential.

00:04:49.860 And this also works the opposite way as well.

00:04:55.280 You'll notice that there are events, particularly in this series, but it will continue onwards as we move through this series, that the North American experience also ends up influencing what is going on in Europe.

00:05:09.160 And this is particularly important when we come to the end of this episode.

00:05:14.240 So it's something to keep in mind as we go through it.

00:05:17.300 And the last point that I would like to emphasize before we begin this episode is that in order to understand Canadian history, you have to understand it in the context of anti-American, anti-revolutionary politics.

00:05:36.880 And this is abundantly clear throughout this series, particularly in the early episodes, obviously, when there is more hostilities between, you know, both New France and British North America and the American fledgling nation.

00:05:52.940 So you'll see it immediately in this series, and it will continue for the first few episodes.

00:06:02.880 And then you'll see it diminish, obviously, as we get into the 20th century and that hostility turns into friendship and ultimately close allies.

00:06:12.720 So with that in mind, and without further ado, let's get into this first episode.

00:06:20.160 Now, it is a black and white series.

00:06:21.940 It is produced in 1967, so it is somewhat, you know, dry and somewhat, you know, well, from today's perspective, you would say underproduced, but it is filled with a really interesting, rich history.

00:06:36.000 And I hope you find it as entertaining and educational as I did.

00:06:41.680 So let's get right into it.

00:06:53.160 Quebec, December 31st, 1775.

00:06:57.820 Night falls.

00:06:59.900 Snow and wind lash the city in a blinding fury.

00:07:02.860 But outside the walls, an army prepares to attack.

00:07:14.340 These are the soldiers of the American Revolution.

00:07:17.960 If they succeed, Canada will be part of the future United States.

00:07:32.860 We will know, indeed, from London, which we will solve for, we will see, um, and the zombies are not a miracle.

00:07:56.140 Under pendant, you will see over time.

00:07:58.340 Those cold, desperate American revolutionaries failed, of course, in their assault on Quebec.

00:08:21.160 Their leaders had termed it a friendly invasion, to accomplish by arms what they'd failed to do by persuasion.

00:08:28.340 For Washington, Jefferson, and Franklin had felt it was important that Canada join the 13 rebellious colonies against Britain.

00:08:37.580 Since then, almost two centuries have passed, and there are still two sovereign nations north of the Rio Grande.

00:08:45.280 Almost a whole continent, with only two countries.

00:08:48.080 Not one country, not a dozen countries, but simply two.

00:08:52.800 Yet two countries where most of the people speak the same language, look back to similar origins, and cherish similar institutions.

00:09:02.060 Why did the United States, with ten times Canada's population, never swallow her up? 0.93

00:09:07.840 The United States was always able to do it, and there were always some Americans who wanted to take over Canada.

00:09:15.580 How, then, did Canada happen to survive?

00:09:19.820 John F. Kennedy once said that history had joined the two countries.

00:09:23.720 History is precisely what has kept them apart.

00:09:33.220 What is very true is that the histories of the two countries have been profoundly interwoven.

00:09:39.760 So what we're going to try to do here is answer that question,

00:09:43.820 how did Canada happen to survive, by examining the fabric of both these histories together.

00:09:49.100 It's an intricate, changing, and fascinating process, which involves most

00:09:54.340 Canadian

00:10:05.140 The Navigator's Lamp, shining on the western Atlantic.

00:10:22.240 An age of discovery had started, and old rivals among the nations of Europe

00:10:26.300 were sending explorers westward to find new sources of wealth.

00:10:30.140 If the world was round, this should be the way to the Orient, to China with all its riches. 0.99

00:10:37.840 And so the little ships ventured onto the vast sea.

00:10:43.440 But it was America they found, not China.

00:10:46.920 And among the first of them was John Cabot, who planted the flag of England.

00:10:51.860 It was the beginning of Britain's long interest in this part of the world, 0.75

00:10:55.460 which was strengthened in 1583, when Humphrey Gilbert claimed outright possession of the

00:11:01.180 Newfoundland fishing base, long used by ships of several nations.

00:11:09.700 England's interest soon expanded.

00:11:12.420 She was becoming more and more commerce-minded.

00:11:15.980 And now she sent her explorers through the warmer waters to the south,

00:11:20.140 probing the bays and river mouths of the American coastline.

00:11:23.060 Here they found lands more attractive than the north.

00:11:28.380 But they were not empty.

00:11:30.600 There were Indians, who seemed friendly, and held out the promise of trade.

00:11:41.420 But England had a rival in North America.

00:11:44.660 The flag of France had been brought there by Jacques Cartier in 1534.

00:11:48.540 But his path was a different one, for he had discovered the St. Lawrence River,

00:11:54.500 a fantastic highway to the interior.

00:11:56.660 Jacques Cartier followed the mighty river road for a thousand miles into the interior,

00:12:13.100 until he was able to stand atop Mount Royal at Montreal,

00:12:16.800 and gaze out at a vast domain unknown to the white man.

00:12:21.140 It was sparsely populated by Indians, who again seemed friendly.

00:12:25.040 Eventually, England would have several holdings along the Atlantic coast.

00:12:37.160 If ever linked up, they could control the front door to the continent.

00:12:41.620 But the French, with one great thrust,

00:12:44.720 had penetrated a thousand miles into the interior.

00:12:47.400 From here, they were poised at the start of another 2,000 miles of inland waterways.

00:12:54.920 Thus, through the back door, they might someday control the continent.

00:12:59.780 The seeds of conflict had been planted.

00:13:02.100 Who would be involved in the competition ahead?

00:13:09.340 One group was now arriving in Massachusetts.

00:13:12.360 In 1620, colonists from England, determined to build a new life in a new world.

00:13:18.780 They were deeply religious people,

00:13:21.020 but their beliefs were not tolerated by the official religion of their homeland.

00:13:24.380 Here in America, they could worship as they wished.

00:13:29.300 And their leaders, men like John Elliot,

00:13:32.240 brought the Bible and its message to the Indians,

00:13:35.040 hoping to instill in them the precepts of a Christian life.

00:13:38.320 For the Indians, the religious message might sometimes seem puzzling.

00:13:50.120 But they sensed that some of the men who brought it

00:13:52.400 had good intentions that seemed to promise a better world

00:13:56.000 through harmony and agreement.

00:14:05.060 Elizabeth I, Queen of England.

00:14:07.260 It was under her reign that England had consolidated her mighty sea power,

00:14:12.440 without which commercial expansion would not be possible.

00:14:16.280 Dramatic proof of this power on the seas

00:14:18.500 had come when Protestant England's fleet sank or scattered

00:14:21.960 the huge armada of Catholic Spain.

00:14:31.800 From her island base,

00:14:33.980 England could now reach out across the seas

00:14:36.120 to reap the benefit of her power. 0.73

00:14:38.900 Business-minded leaders like Sir Walter Raleigh

00:14:40.960 were already fascinated by the commercial possibilities,

00:14:44.440 especially of the warmer parts of America,

00:14:46.780 where they foresaw vast plantations of new products,

00:14:50.240 like tobacco, corn, and squash.

00:14:53.420 They had visions of orderly farm communities,

00:14:56.340 where the Indians would work hand-in-hand with them

00:14:58.820 in the pursuit of profit.

00:15:13.480 And at first, the Englishmen found that the Indians

00:15:16.680 were indeed willing to show them their secrets

00:15:18.700 of how to enrich the soil,

00:15:20.880 how best to cultivate the land,

00:15:22.600 so that it would yield the new products.

00:15:24.400 There were hardships, but the settlers kept coming.

00:15:33.240 The restless, adventurous English nation

00:15:36.120 had begun its endless trek overseas.

00:15:38.500 In the 1630s alone,

00:15:41.980 thousands of them made their way across the Atlantic

00:15:44.160 to find new homes in places like Jamestown, Virginia.

00:15:49.200 Others moved off into the interior

00:15:51.220 to open up new territory.

00:15:53.780 But all too soon,

00:15:55.700 they faced trouble with the Indians.

00:15:58.060 For the Indian,

00:15:59.500 the settler who was clearing the forest

00:16:01.220 to build his own world

00:16:02.560 was destroying the Indian's world. 1.00

00:16:04.920 The two ways of life

00:16:07.180 came into bloody conflict.

00:16:27.800 Far to the north,

00:16:29.580 there were different perils

00:16:30.800 for the adventurers from England.

00:16:32.100 Here, icebergs and polar bears

00:16:34.940 seemed to typify

00:16:35.880 the discouraging quality of the land.

00:16:38.500 But the sea was full of treasure,

00:16:40.880 and it was profitable to come and take it.

00:16:47.560 But in these natural harbors,

00:16:49.620 the settlements were not permanent.

00:16:51.740 They were seasonal,

00:16:53.020 kept going only long enough

00:16:54.320 to dry and cure the fish

00:16:55.800 for the long voyage home.

00:17:02.100 This limited contact with the New World

00:17:08.960 grew all through the second half

00:17:11.140 of the 16th century.

00:17:13.460 But even before this,

00:17:15.600 Jacques Cartier of France,

00:17:17.500 dreaming of diamonds and gold

00:17:19.060 as he approached America,

00:17:20.760 had discovered another good reason

00:17:22.580 for setting foot on the continent.

00:17:24.840 The Indians he found there 0.99

00:17:26.540 were without the simplest of metal tools.

00:17:29.020 For these,

00:17:30.220 they showed themselves

00:17:31.140 almost pitifully eager to trade.

00:17:38.680 But it was far from Europe,

00:17:40.600 and the voyage was hard.

00:17:42.780 What could the Indians possibly offer 1.00

00:17:44.620 to make it worthwhile?

00:17:45.800 The Indians did have something to offer 0.85

00:17:52.640 from this desolate land.

00:17:53.960 It was a small, fur-bearing animal,

00:17:57.480 the beaver.

00:18:06.460 The fur of the beaver is thick and soft,

00:18:09.540 and it has an unusual property.

00:18:12.080 When matted,

00:18:13.220 microscopic scales on each hair interlock

00:18:15.680 to bind the mass into a firm and durable felt,

00:18:19.580 ideal for the making of stylish hats.

00:18:21.540 In 17th century Europe,

00:18:24.840 these hats were all the rage

00:18:26.440 among the fashionable rich.

00:18:37.740 In Paris,

00:18:39.180 the money to be made in beaver furs

00:18:40.900 soon aroused interest at the French court,

00:18:43.320 and Samuel de Champlain

00:18:44.880 was commissioned to develop the trade.

00:18:47.720 He was to follow in the footsteps

00:18:49.160 of Jacques Cartier

00:18:50.320 and make his way up the St. Lawrence River

00:18:52.660 to cultivate the Indians. 0.97

00:19:03.120 In 1608,

00:19:05.280 Champlain established permanent headquarters

00:19:07.240 at Quebec.

00:19:09.060 From here,

00:19:10.080 he set out on a great exploration

00:19:11.760 to find Indians

00:19:13.200 who would become hunters of furs

00:19:14.800 and trade with him.

00:19:16.920 For his backers,

00:19:18.540 the whole enterprise depended on this,

00:19:20.880 and here was the beginning

00:19:22.300 of France's fateful penetration 0.57

00:19:24.180 toward the heart of the continent.

00:19:34.660 Champlain's canoe carried him

00:19:36.220 up the Ottawa River,

00:19:38.300 across Lake Huron,

00:19:39.360 and back through much

00:19:40.940 of what is now

00:19:41.540 the province of Ontario.

00:19:43.940 This route would serve missionaries 0.97

00:19:45.880 as well as fur traders,

00:19:47.680 for the French had also

00:19:49.080 brought their religion with them.

00:19:54.960 It was mainly among the Hurons

00:19:56.920 that the Jesuit missionaries

00:19:58.320 preached their zealous,

00:19:59.700 crusading Catholicism.

00:20:01.940 Their work could not help

00:20:03.340 but have its effect

00:20:04.220 on the fur trade,

00:20:05.640 for the missionaries

00:20:06.720 and the traders

00:20:07.720 had one aim in common,

00:20:09.920 securing the goodwill

00:20:11.120 of the Indians.

00:20:13.020 When the Indians responded 0.93

00:20:14.600 favorably to the missionaries,

00:20:16.820 the fur traders stood to benefit,

00:20:18.880 and it worked the other way

00:20:20.720 around as well.

00:20:22.820 Religion and business

00:20:23.940 cooperated,

00:20:25.220 and furs from the Huron lands

00:20:27.360 began to move steadily

00:20:28.740 to Quebec.

00:20:33.000 Indians, waterways, 0.98

00:20:34.960 furs, trade.

00:20:36.720 linked together

00:20:37.520 in a harmonious pattern

00:20:38.960 in French North America,

00:20:40.840 a pattern very different

00:20:42.180 from that of the English colonies

00:20:43.600 to the south.

00:20:49.560 In the English colonies,

00:20:51.320 there was much bloodshed.

00:20:53.320 Early hostilities

00:20:54.180 between settlers and Indians 0.98

00:20:55.600 had worsened

00:20:56.240 into almost constant violence.

00:20:58.120 Inevitably, the Indians 1.00

00:21:05.180 were subdued

00:21:06.020 as the flow of settlers

00:21:07.460 steadily increased

00:21:08.520 during the 17th century.

00:21:10.820 From harbors along

00:21:11.920 the Atlantic coast,

00:21:13.300 new colonies

00:21:13.860 were being thrust inland,

00:21:15.560 from Carolina in the south

00:21:17.020 all the way up

00:21:18.080 to Massachusetts

00:21:18.740 in the north.

00:21:20.560 Year by year,

00:21:22.200 English power

00:21:22.860 was becoming

00:21:23.520 more and more formidable.

00:21:33.100 By contrast,

00:21:34.400 in the north

00:21:34.920 in the French territories,

00:21:36.480 the Indians

00:21:37.180 fared better.

00:21:38.800 For the French,

00:21:40.140 the only good Indian 1.00

00:21:41.320 was a live Indian

00:21:42.300 who could hunt animals

00:21:43.900 and offer the furs in trade.

00:21:50.440 There were settlers

00:21:51.420 among the French

00:21:52.220 as well as fur traders,

00:21:53.840 as ships arriving at Quebec

00:21:55.080 brought sturdy farmers

00:21:56.220 from Normandy and Picardie.

00:22:04.320 But there were far fewer

00:22:05.840 French settlers

00:22:06.560 than there were English

00:22:07.880 to the south.

00:22:09.480 Their colony

00:22:10.160 was just a thin,

00:22:11.380 straggling line of houses

00:22:12.480 on the shores

00:22:13.160 of the St. Lawrence River.

00:22:19.340 The settlers

00:22:20.240 were a deeply religious people,

00:22:22.440 sharing with their leaders

00:22:23.440 the dream of building

00:22:24.540 an ideal Catholic society

00:22:26.460 in the New World.

00:22:31.340 They were also a gay people, 0.94

00:22:33.600 fond of a good feast. 0.96

00:22:37.240 Devout,

00:22:38.580 life-loving,

00:22:39.500 adventurous.

00:22:40.680 This was New France.

00:22:42.740 under the fleur-de-lis.

00:22:45.660 As we have seen,

00:22:47.280 the two societies

00:22:48.360 growing up

00:22:48.980 in the northeastern part

00:22:50.020 of North America

00:22:50.700 were very different

00:22:51.880 and they were headed

00:22:53.600 for conflict.

00:22:54.800 But why?

00:22:56.020 With so much empty space

00:22:57.880 on the continent,

00:22:58.920 what reason was there

00:22:59.960 to fight?

00:23:01.280 Admittedly,

00:23:01.880 one group was English,

00:23:03.160 the other French.

00:23:04.360 But on their own,

00:23:05.400 differences in language

00:23:06.440 and culture

00:23:07.120 tend to keep people apart

00:23:08.700 rather than bring them

00:23:10.240 together in conflict.

00:23:11.820 Admittedly,

00:23:12.400 one group was Catholic

00:23:13.420 and authoritarian,

00:23:15.000 the other Protestant 0.87

00:23:16.140 and individualistic.

00:23:18.000 And they saw each other

00:23:19.380 as papists or heretics. 0.68

00:23:22.080 But even though

00:23:22.920 religious sentiments

00:23:23.860 were strongly felt,

00:23:25.660 they alone were not enough

00:23:26.780 to inspire a crusade

00:23:28.120 in either direction.

00:23:29.820 Another way in which

00:23:30.820 the two groups differed

00:23:31.960 was in their treatment

00:23:33.440 of the Indians.

00:23:35.040 The English colonists

00:23:36.140 felt that the only good Indian 1.00

00:23:38.000 was a dead Indian. 0.69

00:23:39.340 But the French 0.99

00:23:39.960 wanted their Indians 1.00

00:23:40.920 very much alive

00:23:41.940 for purposes of trade.

00:23:44.120 But again,

00:23:45.020 this difference

00:23:45.720 wasn't enough

00:23:46.380 to bring about

00:23:46.980 a head-on collision.

00:23:48.820 That leaves

00:23:49.520 economic factors.

00:23:51.500 But even here,

00:23:52.820 the fur-hungry men 0.54

00:23:53.820 of the interior

00:23:54.420 and the land-hungry men

00:23:56.040 of the coast

00:23:56.580 seem to move

00:23:57.700 in different orbits.

00:24:00.080 What then would cause

00:24:01.200 the eventual conflict?

00:24:03.040 To find the answer,

00:24:04.380 we must first look

00:24:05.480 at problems arising

00:24:06.600 among the Indians.

00:24:11.860 The spires of Quebec

00:24:13.520 and the Indian families

00:24:15.000 camped around them

00:24:15.900 seem to symbolize

00:24:17.560 a natural partnership

00:24:18.720 between the white man

00:24:19.840 and the red.

00:24:20.980 One that preserved

00:24:22.300 and even enriched

00:24:23.420 the Indian way of life.

00:24:24.620 But trade brought problems.

00:24:33.140 The wonderful goods

00:24:34.340 the French brought 1.00

00:24:35.040 from Europe

00:24:35.540 were soon no longer

00:24:37.000 luxuries for the Indians,

00:24:38.420 but necessities,

00:24:39.860 avidly sought by all.

00:24:42.380 Dealing in them

00:24:43.140 was easier than hunting

00:24:44.520 and very profitable

00:24:45.900 for the middlemen.

00:24:47.700 For wherever trade flows,

00:24:50.000 middlemen arise,

00:24:51.000 and before long

00:24:52.640 there were bloody wars

00:24:53.720 among the Indians

00:24:54.540 with the middleman role

00:24:56.220 as prize.

00:25:02.380 These trade wars

00:25:03.800 were between

00:25:04.480 old tribal enemies.

00:25:06.920 Soon after they began,

00:25:09.520 Champlain's guns

00:25:10.480 helped his Algonquin friends

00:25:11.940 score an easy victory

00:25:13.060 over a startled band

00:25:14.120 of Iroquois.

00:25:15.580 From then on,

00:25:16.960 the Iroquois,

00:25:17.680 most powerful Indian nation

00:25:19.440 in America,

00:25:20.520 were the sworn enemies

00:25:21.660 of the French.

00:25:25.580 Just at this time,

00:25:27.380 a second great river route

00:25:28.700 to the interior

00:25:29.320 was discovered,

00:25:30.760 the Hudson Mohawk system,

00:25:32.640 and it ran significantly

00:25:34.600 through the heart

00:25:35.760 of the Iroquois country.

00:25:44.440 The new river route

00:25:45.820 was discovered

00:25:46.400 by Henry Hudson

00:25:47.360 an Englishman,

00:25:48.560 but he flew the flag

00:25:49.900 of Holland,

00:25:50.700 the country he was

00:25:51.360 working for.

00:25:52.920 The Iroquois

00:25:53.840 at once saw

00:25:54.700 that with the help

00:25:55.360 of the Dutch traders,

00:25:56.880 they could build a system

00:25:57.840 to rival that

00:25:58.620 of the Hurons

00:25:59.320 and the French.

00:26:00.940 A working alliance

00:26:02.100 developed,

00:26:03.120 and it was full

00:26:04.140 of ominous possibilities

00:26:05.580 for the colony

00:26:06.740 on the St. Lawrence.

00:26:07.680 The Iroquois warriors

00:26:16.420 were armed

00:26:17.140 by the Dutch

00:26:17.840 and they were ready

00:26:19.320 to fight again

00:26:20.220 to win for themselves

00:26:21.820 the middleman role

00:26:22.860 in the interior.

00:26:25.160 Furs were drawn away

00:26:26.100 from the St. Lawrence

00:26:26.920 to the Dutch posts

00:26:27.860 along the Hudson,

00:26:29.360 and vicious conflicts

00:26:30.540 broke out between

00:26:31.360 the rival systems.

00:26:32.280 made bold by their victories,

00:26:37.620 the Iroquois finally attacked 0.99

00:26:39.100 the heart of the Huron country

00:26:40.600 north of the Great Lakes.

00:26:45.320 The Iroquois virtually wiped out

00:26:47.680 the Hurons,

00:26:48.700 and the entire French trading network

00:26:50.580 was torn to shreds.

00:26:52.020 Among the victims

00:26:57.160 of the Iroquois slaughter

00:26:58.360 were the devoted

00:26:59.760 French missionaries

00:27:00.820 working among the Hurons.

00:27:11.820 By the middle

00:27:12.900 of the 17th century,

00:27:14.820 the Iroquois

00:27:15.420 were attacking

00:27:16.040 the outposts

00:27:16.820 of New France itself.

00:27:18.980 Despite heroic resistance,

00:27:21.220 it seemed that

00:27:21.880 the little colony

00:27:22.620 would utterly perish.

00:27:25.420 But help was on the way.

00:27:27.780 An aroused France

00:27:28.760 sent an able commander,

00:27:30.180 the Marquis de Trassy,

00:27:31.340 with professional soldiers

00:27:32.460 to deal with the Iroquois.

00:27:44.180 The Indians would not risk

00:27:45.960 open battle

00:27:46.580 against such power,

00:27:48.200 and de Trassy

00:27:48.860 finally forced them

00:27:49.880 to withdraw

00:27:50.520 by ruthlessly burning

00:27:52.220 their crops and villages.

00:28:02.980 For the moment,

00:28:04.380 at least,

00:28:05.540 the French colony

00:28:06.320 was safe.

00:28:11.480 Champlain

00:28:12.040 had come close

00:28:13.360 to the Hudson River,

00:28:14.480 but had not discovered it.

00:28:16.560 Some Canadian historians

00:28:17.740 have regretted

00:28:18.540 that France

00:28:19.060 did not make up

00:28:19.880 for this failure

00:28:20.560 in exploration

00:28:21.360 by seizing the river

00:28:22.980 from the Dutch

00:28:23.600 and making it part

00:28:24.900 of her economic network.

00:28:26.940 They argue that

00:28:27.740 by not doing so,

00:28:29.340 France condemned Canada

00:28:30.480 to be forever weaker

00:28:31.740 than the United States.

00:28:33.800 There were,

00:28:34.320 at the time,

00:28:35.040 men in New France

00:28:36.220 who advocated

00:28:37.280 such a seizure.

00:28:38.000 They felt that

00:28:39.540 the Iroquois troubles 0.91

00:28:40.740 showed that the

00:28:41.780 Rumi continent

00:28:42.440 was already too small

00:28:43.820 for the rivals

00:28:44.520 it had produced.

00:28:46.280 They advocated

00:28:47.200 pushing down the Hudson,

00:28:49.280 seizing New Amsterdam,

00:28:50.660 and even trying

00:28:51.420 to encircle

00:28:52.160 and expel

00:28:52.980 the numerous 0.91

00:28:53.540 New Englanders.

00:28:55.460 But in France,

00:28:56.480 there was doubt

00:28:57.200 about undertaking

00:28:58.000 such a big,

00:28:58.940 uncertain venture,

00:29:00.300 which would call

00:29:01.080 for naval supremacy

00:29:02.140 as well as

00:29:03.020 a powerful army.

00:29:03.920 this at a time

00:29:06.040 when New France

00:29:06.740 itself was in dire straits.

00:29:10.360 By the end

00:29:11.440 of the Iroquois wars,

00:29:13.200 the vital flow

00:29:14.040 of furs

00:29:14.540 had entirely dried up.

00:29:16.920 New sources

00:29:17.440 had to be found.

00:29:19.140 And so New France

00:29:20.120 pushed westward

00:29:20.880 once again,

00:29:22.360 lured on

00:29:22.820 by the marvelous

00:29:23.500 network of waterways

00:29:24.740 the fur traders

00:29:25.420 kept discovering.

00:29:33.920 The heroes

00:29:38.220 of this great advance

00:29:39.300 into the interior

00:29:40.100 of the continent

00:29:40.900 were the famous

00:29:42.160 Cureurs de Bois.

00:29:44.500 These men found

00:29:45.360 no journey too long,

00:29:47.140 no hardship too great,

00:29:48.720 as they searched

00:29:49.500 for more furs 0.94

00:29:50.500 and new Indian partners.

00:29:53.420 These alone

00:29:54.140 could rebuild

00:29:54.940 the commercial system

00:29:55.860 of the St. Lawrence.

00:29:56.700 Meanwhile,

00:30:07.020 in the London

00:30:07.540 of Charles II,

00:30:09.240 powerful English

00:30:10.160 commercial forces

00:30:11.000 were at work,

00:30:12.240 where there were

00:30:12.660 men here

00:30:13.220 who took the trouble

00:30:13.980 to learn everything

00:30:14.800 they could

00:30:15.320 about North America.

00:30:17.460 They knew the business

00:30:18.520 end of the fur trade

00:30:19.420 at first hand,

00:30:20.900 and in their sales rooms

00:30:22.200 they discussed

00:30:22.900 the immense profits

00:30:23.960 still to be made

00:30:24.900 across the Atlantic.

00:30:26.700 They were greatly

00:30:27.660 interested in the

00:30:28.440 possibilities of the Hudson,

00:30:30.320 and while France

00:30:31.080 was hesitating here,

00:30:32.780 they were preparing

00:30:33.580 to act.

00:30:39.780 This came at a time

00:30:41.040 when Holland was

00:30:41.860 at the peak

00:30:42.360 of its commercial power.

00:30:44.320 In the North Sea,

00:30:46.060 fierce Anglo-Dutch battles

00:30:47.460 reflected the bitterness

00:30:48.400 of the rivalry

00:30:49.260 between the two countries.

00:30:56.700 across the ocean,

00:30:58.660 New Amsterdam

00:30:59.300 was a tempting target

00:31:00.480 for the English.

00:31:01.900 If they could seize it,

00:31:03.480 the Hudson River route

00:31:04.520 into the interior

00:31:05.260 would be theirs.

00:31:07.160 Moreover,

00:31:08.000 they would be closing

00:31:08.840 a dangerous gap

00:31:10.000 between the existing

00:31:11.000 English colonies

00:31:11.880 to the north

00:31:12.980 and to the south.

00:31:15.460 And so,

00:31:16.040 the English set about 0.97

00:31:16.900 harassing and intimidating

00:31:18.460 the Dutch settlers.

00:31:19.240 The Dutch were unable 1.00

00:31:22.320 to defend

00:31:22.900 their distant colony.

00:31:24.580 And when a strong

00:31:25.440 English naval force

00:31:26.440 arrived at New Amsterdam,

00:31:28.360 Governor Stuyvesant

00:31:29.240 surrendered this important

00:31:30.660 gateway to the continent.

00:31:36.980 Meanwhile,

00:31:37.880 in New France,

00:31:38.940 the emphasis was changing.

00:31:41.220 Colbert,

00:31:41.800 the great French

00:31:42.480 economic administrator,

00:31:44.060 wanted to see the colony

00:31:45.060 developed and strengthened.

00:31:46.220 He felt that the

00:31:48.080 straggling line

00:31:48.800 of little farms

00:31:49.580 was not enough

00:31:50.380 and that the utter dependence

00:31:52.080 on the fur trade

00:31:52.860 should be reduced.

00:31:54.560 And so,

00:31:55.280 new settlers

00:31:55.820 were sent out.

00:31:57.380 In a remarkably short time,

00:31:59.440 the population doubled.

00:32:01.240 But it was still

00:32:02.200 only 7,000,

00:32:04.040 less than one-tenth

00:32:05.240 that of New England.

00:32:11.640 Experiments were made

00:32:12.620 with new types

00:32:13.260 of village organization

00:32:14.400 to foster agriculture.

00:32:16.220 As Colbert argued,

00:32:18.240 the expansion

00:32:18.800 of the colony

00:32:19.460 should depend

00:32:20.180 on what it could produce.

00:32:30.060 Jean Talon,

00:32:31.820 acting for Colbert

00:32:32.920 in Canada,

00:32:33.980 agreed that there

00:32:34.800 should be more

00:32:35.300 to the colony

00:32:35.880 than just fur trade

00:32:37.000 and farming.

00:32:38.320 With this in view,

00:32:39.700 he worked to create

00:32:40.580 a variety of new occupations,

00:32:42.880 encouraging local industry

00:32:44.260 wherever it was practical.

00:32:45.740 It was only a beginning,

00:32:53.560 but there was a new air

00:32:54.460 of optimism

00:32:55.040 in the valley

00:32:55.600 of the St. Lawrence.

00:32:57.060 The little settlements

00:32:57.920 of three rivers

00:32:58.760 and Montreal

00:32:59.380 were beginning

00:33:00.260 to look more like towns.

00:33:02.760 Perhaps there was

00:33:03.640 some hope

00:33:04.180 that New France

00:33:04.960 might yet match

00:33:05.800 the English colonies

00:33:06.680 to the south.

00:33:08.420 But Quebec's hope

00:33:09.460 still depended on fur,

00:33:10.860 and the old problems

00:33:12.920 remained.

00:33:19.580 A few years earlier,

00:33:21.480 the French trader-explorer

00:33:22.780 Radisson had found

00:33:23.980 an easily-traveled water route

00:33:25.380 to Hudson Bay.

00:33:26.160 This was the third

00:33:32.620 great gateway

00:33:33.300 to the continent,

00:33:34.580 and Radisson

00:33:35.160 had a vision

00:33:35.840 of new Indian partners

00:33:37.260 and a cheap outlet

00:33:38.520 for the fur trade.

00:33:44.160 But Radisson

00:33:45.060 was turned down

00:33:46.160 by the war-weary authorities

00:33:47.560 in New France,

00:33:48.760 who felt the new route

00:33:49.880 would involve

00:33:50.640 yet more defense commitments.

00:33:52.080 So Radisson took his plans

00:33:54.380 to the British.

00:33:59.200 In London,

00:34:00.460 astute investors

00:34:01.260 gave Radisson

00:34:02.000 a warm welcome.

00:34:04.020 They listened carefully

00:34:04.920 to his enthusiastic descriptions

00:34:06.560 of the country

00:34:07.200 he had penetrated,

00:34:08.500 to his statement

00:34:09.140 that this was

00:34:10.040 the richest storehouse

00:34:11.100 of furs

00:34:11.620 in North America.

00:34:13.620 Prince Rupert himself

00:34:14.540 was quick to see

00:34:15.260 the possibilities

00:34:15.900 of the scheme.

00:34:17.140 And soon,

00:34:17.800 a charter was obtained,

00:34:19.420 setting up

00:34:19.860 a new trading organization,

00:34:21.160 the Hudson's Bay Company.

00:34:23.560 The company,

00:34:24.620 which had the blessing

00:34:25.300 of King Charles,

00:34:26.340 was well organized

00:34:27.380 and well financed.

00:34:31.100 Before long,

00:34:32.740 Radisson's dreams

00:34:33.660 became reality

00:34:34.620 when its ships

00:34:35.720 arrived in Hudson Bay.

00:34:43.280 From the bay,

00:34:44.640 English lines of trade

00:34:45.800 penetrated deep

00:34:46.720 into the continent,

00:34:48.000 establishing contacts

00:34:49.140 with hunters.

00:34:49.620 The precious furs,

00:34:52.220 still the lifeblood

00:34:53.120 of New France,

00:34:54.040 were now being drained

00:34:55.260 to English posts

00:34:56.180 in the north,

00:34:57.280 as well as down

00:34:58.000 the Hudson River

00:34:58.660 to the south.

00:35:00.540 The struggling colony

00:35:01.760 of the St. Lawrence

00:35:02.760 was caught

00:35:03.800 in an increasingly

00:35:04.820 dangerous English pincer.

00:35:11.080 By now,

00:35:12.180 it was 1680,

00:35:13.720 and New France

00:35:14.560 faced a cruel dilemma.

00:35:15.880 early French commercial

00:35:17.900 policy had made

00:35:19.220 the little colony

00:35:19.980 totally dependent

00:35:20.960 on the fur trade.

00:35:22.700 But this had meant

00:35:23.480 dangerous expansion

00:35:25.140 and involvement

00:35:26.080 in Indian rivalries

00:35:27.480 that had meant

00:35:28.520 almost fatal wars.

00:35:30.840 The small base

00:35:31.580 on the St. Lawrence

00:35:32.400 couldn't make

00:35:33.500 its huge hinterland

00:35:34.800 truly safe

00:35:35.600 for traders

00:35:36.200 and allied Indians.

00:35:37.320 The brilliant

00:35:39.600 but cautious

00:35:40.540 Colbert

00:35:41.040 had pushed

00:35:42.140 a policy

00:35:42.700 of strengthening

00:35:43.820 the colony proper

00:35:44.800 and had warned

00:35:46.260 against overextension

00:35:47.500 along routes

00:35:48.140 hard to defend.

00:35:49.980 But,

00:35:50.640 by caution,

00:35:52.100 New France

00:35:52.620 had missed

00:35:53.180 two great opportunities,

00:35:55.700 the Hudson River

00:35:56.420 and the Hudson Bay routes.

00:35:58.680 A dilemma,

00:35:59.460 indeed.

00:36:00.760 Fur

00:36:00.960 meant ever greater

00:36:02.240 expansion,

00:36:03.360 which needed

00:36:03.960 a much stronger base

00:36:05.340 than the fur men 0.88

00:36:06.060 could provide.

00:36:07.460 But,

00:36:08.100 too much concentration

00:36:09.300 on the base

00:36:10.060 meant lost opportunities

00:36:11.940 in the contest

00:36:12.800 for fur sources.

00:36:14.840 And that trade

00:36:15.660 was still vital.

00:36:17.900 For New France

00:36:18.620 still had a long way

00:36:20.060 to go

00:36:20.380 in achieving

00:36:20.960 a more diversified economy.

00:36:23.980 After Talon,

00:36:25.620 immigration

00:36:26.120 all but ceased.

00:36:27.960 Independence 0.62

00:36:28.420 from fur

00:36:29.180 was still

00:36:30.020 far off.

00:36:31.380 So,

00:36:33.020 when the full

00:36:33.980 implications

00:36:34.580 of the English

00:36:35.340 successes

00:36:35.880 became clear

00:36:36.720 and furs

00:36:37.800 began draining

00:36:38.640 away to the north

00:36:39.660 and to the south,

00:36:41.200 the French

00:36:41.720 were goaded

00:36:42.660 into immediate action.

00:36:44.680 The growing

00:36:45.160 encirclement

00:36:45.880 had to be broken.

00:36:47.640 The only way

00:36:48.400 was to expand,

00:36:49.700 to push

00:36:50.280 between

00:36:51.080 the English positions.

00:36:52.980 A new avenue

00:36:53.820 had to be found.

00:36:59.100 They found it

00:37:00.300 in June 1673.

00:37:03.480 They had sent

00:37:04.540 the explorer

00:37:05.280 Louis Joliet

00:37:06.340 and the missionary

00:37:07.480 Jacques Marquette

00:37:08.500 to find a fabled river

00:37:10.440 running south.

00:37:12.340 It was the great Mississippi

00:37:13.720 leading to the Gulf of Mexico

00:37:15.740 and there were Indians

00:37:17.500 aplenty here

00:37:18.320 to trade with

00:37:19.200 and to convert.

00:37:23.100 Two years earlier,

00:37:24.920 a representative

00:37:25.540 of the French crown

00:37:26.620 had stood at

00:37:27.240 Sault Ste. Marie

00:37:28.000 and proclaimed sovereignty

00:37:30.100 over an enormous area

00:37:31.700 that stretched far

00:37:33.120 to the south

00:37:33.760 and the west,

00:37:35.560 taking in no less than half

00:37:36.900 the present area

00:37:37.780 of the continental

00:37:38.760 United States.

00:37:41.080 It remained

00:37:42.240 only for La Salle

00:37:43.460 to complete the exploration

00:37:44.840 of the Mississippi

00:37:45.700 to its mouth

00:37:46.520 and to reaffirm

00:37:48.140 the French claims

00:37:48.980 on its banks.

00:37:49.720 and the cathedral-like groves

00:37:58.140 of the Mississippi,

00:37:59.400 there arose

00:38:00.040 in the minds

00:38:00.680 of men like La Salle

00:38:01.940 grandiose visions

00:38:03.640 of an empire

00:38:04.620 covering what are now

00:38:05.740 half a dozen

00:38:06.420 great American states.

00:38:08.520 This French

00:38:09.280 and Catholic empire

00:38:10.680 would exist

00:38:11.980 not only for fur trading

00:38:13.340 and missionary work,

00:38:14.700 but also for the greater glory

00:38:16.460 and prosperity of France

00:38:17.920 and its spiritual center

00:38:19.680 would be Quebec.

00:38:22.040 The vision involved

00:38:23.520 the rebuilding

00:38:24.200 in a new world

00:38:25.620 of the lost harmony

00:38:27.120 of medieval times,

00:38:29.060 of orderly villages

00:38:30.000 where religion

00:38:31.080 would be the center

00:38:31.880 of human aspirations.

00:38:32.980 This was the vision

00:38:42.460 of a God-directed society.

00:38:45.400 There would be a populace

00:38:46.680 of ideal servants

00:38:48.080 under ideal spiritual leaders,

00:38:51.160 under men as able

00:38:52.420 and determined

00:38:53.080 as Bishop Laval,

00:38:54.780 who demanded a political

00:38:56.060 as well as a spiritual role

00:38:57.640 for religion

00:38:58.280 in Canadian affairs.

00:39:00.740 And with women 0.95

00:39:01.520 as devoted

00:39:02.200 as Marie de l'Incarnation,

00:39:04.640 the first superior

00:39:05.480 of the Ursuline nuns.

00:39:11.740 The cross

00:39:12.860 and the fleur-de-lis

00:39:14.580 of France,

00:39:16.140 symbols of the civilization

00:39:17.520 that would radiate

00:39:18.860 from the spires

00:39:19.620 of old Quebec.

00:39:24.960 But religion

00:39:26.220 was only one part

00:39:27.680 of New France's vision.

00:39:29.700 Now, more than ever before,

00:39:31.300 the other part

00:39:32.520 involved wealth

00:39:33.680 from the fur trade,

00:39:35.300 for the new discoveries

00:39:36.420 by the explorers

00:39:37.500 had helped France

00:39:38.540 regain the initiative.

00:39:40.780 A French presence

00:39:41.840 in the vast region

00:39:43.600 formed by the basins

00:39:44.720 of the Mississippi,

00:39:45.660 Missouri, Ohio,

00:39:46.760 and Illinois rivers

00:39:47.780 would challenge

00:39:48.940 the forces radiating

00:39:50.500 from Hudson's Bay.

00:39:52.080 And as for the English

00:39:53.760 strongholds to the south,

00:39:55.840 France had, in truth,

00:39:57.560 outflanked them,

00:39:58.180 but only just in time.

00:40:00.840 Already,

00:40:01.400 the English tide

00:40:02.140 was approaching

00:40:02.800 the barriers

00:40:03.400 of the Appalachian mountains,

00:40:05.240 and traders

00:40:06.000 and adventurers

00:40:06.920 were finding ways through.

00:40:09.260 Inexorably,

00:40:10.460 settlers would follow.

00:40:12.340 French territorial claims

00:40:14.140 implied that settlers

00:40:15.480 should stay

00:40:16.560 where they were,

00:40:17.800 but would they?

00:40:19.320 Consider how few French 0.88

00:40:20.640 there were

00:40:21.120 to control

00:40:21.740 the huge area

00:40:22.740 they claimed,

00:40:23.320 only 10,000,

00:40:25.240 as compared

00:40:25.780 with the 100,000

00:40:26.880 Englishmen

00:40:27.420 in the bordering colonies.

00:40:29.500 Never was an empire

00:40:30.540 so undermanned.

00:40:32.280 But with seemingly

00:40:33.260 inexhaustible courage

00:40:34.680 and energy,

00:40:35.880 the French struggled

00:40:36.920 to tie together

00:40:37.860 the St. Lawrence,

00:40:39.120 the Mississippi,

00:40:39.900 and the interior

00:40:40.480 into a great

00:40:41.760 commercial system.

00:40:43.540 This was designed

00:40:44.460 to encircle

00:40:45.180 the powerful enemy

00:40:46.160 and confine it

00:40:47.400 to the coastal regions.

00:40:48.760 On the Great Lakes

00:40:53.660 and westward,

00:40:55.000 the pace of trade

00:40:55.820 was stepped up,

00:40:57.280 and new efforts

00:40:57.940 were made

00:40:58.320 to keep the Indians 1.00

00:40:59.120 peaceful.

00:41:00.480 A remarkable

00:41:01.100 new governor,

00:41:02.200 Count Frontenac,

00:41:03.380 met Iroquois leaders

00:41:04.420 at Cataraqui

00:41:05.320 in 1673

00:41:06.560 and lectured them

00:41:08.020 on the virtues

00:41:08.760 of cooperation

00:41:09.580 and the awful

00:41:10.820 consequences of war.

00:41:12.940 For the moment,

00:41:14.240 the Indians

00:41:14.780 seemed convinced.

00:41:18.760 But only 11 years later,

00:41:25.380 the Iroquois

00:41:26.060 signed an alliance

00:41:27.120 with the English.

00:41:28.700 Now these Iroquois, 1.00

00:41:30.040 traditional enemies

00:41:30.880 of the French,

00:41:32.080 would have powerful backing

00:41:33.300 if they went

00:41:33.860 on the war path.

00:41:40.580 And they did go

00:41:41.860 on the war path

00:41:42.720 against the French 0.99

00:41:43.980 and their Indian friends.

00:41:45.920 These frightful massacres

00:41:47.300 meant an end

00:41:48.060 to the French hopes

00:41:48.900 that they could

00:41:49.800 neutralize the Iroquois. 0.84

00:41:56.400 Meanwhile,

00:41:57.320 up and down

00:41:57.740 the Atlantic coast,

00:41:59.400 ports of the English

00:42:00.180 colonies were growing

00:42:01.260 and a great flood

00:42:02.880 of efficiently produced

00:42:04.020 British goods

00:42:04.760 poured in.

00:42:06.560 English rum,

00:42:08.040 cheaper than French brandy,

00:42:09.940 invaded French territory.

00:42:12.280 Then,

00:42:13.300 reinforcing bitterness

00:42:14.280 in North America,

00:42:15.900 came war in Europe.

00:42:18.060 for it was 1689,

00:42:20.440 beginning of the second

00:42:21.500 Hundred Years' War

00:42:22.580 between England

00:42:23.300 and France.

00:42:25.180 As it progressed,

00:42:26.840 their overseas empires

00:42:28.160 would be increasingly

00:42:29.440 involved.

00:42:34.000 In Quebec,

00:42:35.340 an angry Count Frontenac

00:42:36.680 was back from France

00:42:37.700 to take charge again.

00:42:39.800 With the help

00:42:40.340 of friendly Indians,

00:42:41.660 he was determined

00:42:42.360 to strike back

00:42:43.280 against the Iroquois 0.94

00:42:44.240 and the English.

00:42:45.820 And he launched

00:42:46.580 a series of raids

00:42:47.700 of unparalleled ferocity

00:42:49.480 against places like

00:42:50.960 Schenectady,

00:42:52.160 Deerfield,

00:42:53.160 Casco,

00:42:54.120 Wilkes-Barre,

00:42:55.400 Falmouth.

00:42:55.820 For the English colonists,

00:43:08.500 the memory of these raids

00:43:09.820 was to make the word

00:43:10.740 Canada so synonymous

00:43:11.920 with danger

00:43:12.620 that for a century

00:43:14.200 to come,

00:43:15.300 there would be fear

00:43:16.080 of any power

00:43:16.900 to the north.

00:43:18.400 But still,

00:43:19.620 these were only

00:43:20.320 guerrilla raids.

00:43:21.940 The next phase

00:43:22.840 would be formal clashes

00:43:23.880 between the regular forces

00:43:25.140 of France and Britain.

00:43:27.540 Such warfare

00:43:28.400 was urged

00:43:29.120 by New Englanders

00:43:30.160 like Samuel Vetch,

00:43:31.820 who persuaded the British

00:43:33.000 to send Sir William Phipps

00:43:34.740 with a fleet

00:43:35.300 to Quebec

00:43:35.920 to order Frontenac

00:43:37.260 to surrender.

00:43:38.900 But Frontenac said,

00:43:40.540 I shall answer you

00:43:41.820 out of the mouths 0.85

00:43:42.700 of my cannon.

00:43:53.880 The English were driven 1.00

00:43:56.680 from Quebec

00:43:57.260 by the spirited French defense.

00:43:59.800 And there was another victory

00:44:00.800 for the French

00:44:01.420 when Diberville swept

00:44:02.560 the British out of Hudson Bay.

00:44:04.660 But a British fleet

00:44:05.860 took Acadia

00:44:06.640 and the French also suffered

00:44:08.620 a series of disastrous

00:44:09.900 reverses in Europe

00:44:10.920 like the great sea battle

00:44:12.540 of La Hogue.

00:44:14.260 New France was to pay 0.99

00:44:15.700 for these defeats

00:44:16.540 when the Treaty of Utrecht

00:44:18.240 ended the war

00:44:19.240 in 1713.

00:44:20.420 Under the Treaty,

00:44:27.060 France surrendered

00:44:27.780 all claims

00:44:28.640 to Hudson Bay,

00:44:30.100 one of the great gateways

00:44:31.240 to the interior.

00:44:32.800 She also had to give up

00:44:33.780 any claims

00:44:34.360 to the great fishing island

00:44:35.580 of Newfoundland.

00:44:37.200 And Acadia,

00:44:38.460 twice previously captured

00:44:39.660 and returned,

00:44:40.900 now became Nova Scotia.

00:44:43.060 But the Treaty

00:44:43.740 left some boundaries

00:44:44.740 unresolved,

00:44:46.060 and there were to be

00:44:46.800 fluctuating claims

00:44:47.820 to large border regions.

00:44:49.180 The heart of France's

00:44:51.380 North American empire

00:44:52.380 had survived.

00:44:53.980 But there was real

00:44:54.760 satisfaction for New Englanders

00:44:56.420 in the fact that Acadia

00:44:58.120 and Newfoundland

00:44:59.360 had finally been secured

00:45:01.200 as British territory.

00:45:05.540 There was peace,

00:45:07.620 but the struggle continued.

00:45:10.100 For the French,

00:45:11.200 it meant new exploration,

00:45:13.200 this time westward

00:45:14.400 rather than south.

00:45:15.260 The aim was to

00:45:17.160 siphon off furs

00:45:18.000 before they got

00:45:18.720 to Hudson Bay

00:45:19.540 and the English.

00:45:25.660 The man who pushed

00:45:26.840 the French route west

00:45:27.880 was the remarkable

00:45:28.820 Laverandry,

00:45:30.240 who went from the head

00:45:31.260 of the Great Lakes

00:45:32.080 through Manitoba

00:45:33.260 and up to the Saskatchewan River.

00:45:36.100 His sons went even farther,

00:45:37.900 to the very foothills

00:45:38.960 of the Rockies.

00:45:39.720 Behind them

00:45:41.780 arose a new chain

00:45:43.280 of forts

00:45:43.840 in competition

00:45:44.840 with the English outpost

00:45:46.040 to the north.

00:45:47.740 Here were new focal points

00:45:49.220 for tension,

00:45:50.300 for fierce new conflicts

00:45:51.880 between old rivals.

00:45:57.720 This was the high-water mark

00:46:00.020 of France's brilliant

00:46:01.300 North American adventure,

00:46:03.160 this claim to the whole interior

00:46:05.000 of the continent,

00:46:06.380 to an area half the size

00:46:08.160 of the present United States.

00:46:10.320 But France's lines

00:46:11.340 of communication

00:46:12.140 were overextended

00:46:13.120 and vulnerable

00:46:13.880 to outside pressures.

00:46:15.900 The basic problem,

00:46:17.280 an area too large,

00:46:18.420 a population too small,

00:46:20.400 foreshadowed problems

00:46:21.540 that would long haunt

00:46:22.760 the Canada of the future.

00:46:24.920 For new France, 0.88

00:46:26.320 it meant a diversion

00:46:27.200 of energies

00:46:27.900 needed to foster growth

00:46:29.520 in the underdeveloped colony

00:46:30.900 of the St. Lawrence.

00:46:32.300 So instead of developing

00:46:33.720 economic diversity

00:46:34.940 with the social changes

00:46:36.660 this would have led to,

00:46:38.220 new France remained 0.81

00:46:39.400 largely agricultural,

00:46:41.640 semi-feudal,

00:46:42.840 and pious.

00:46:48.180 The devout people

00:46:49.540 along the St. Lawrence

00:46:50.680 were living under a system

00:46:52.120 that evolved very little

00:46:53.440 as time went on.

00:46:55.200 The relationship

00:46:56.340 between the Habiton farmers

00:46:57.760 and the seigneurs

00:46:58.700 retained an authoritarian tone,

00:47:01.440 although it was far

00:47:02.300 from being oppressive.

00:47:03.260 But above all,

00:47:05.620 the middle class

00:47:06.380 was very small

00:47:07.380 and lacked the vigorous

00:47:08.920 business ambitions

00:47:09.860 that could be seen

00:47:10.980 in the English colonies nearby.

00:47:19.320 Busy ports stretching

00:47:20.800 from Massachusetts

00:47:21.660 down the Atlantic coast

00:47:23.240 to Florida

00:47:23.840 reflected the commercial energies

00:47:25.980 of the English colonies

00:47:26.960 and presented a picture

00:47:28.700 very different

00:47:29.480 from that of new France.

00:47:30.720 here there were

00:47:32.600 solid exports

00:47:33.500 like tobacco

00:47:34.220 to be sent overseas.

00:47:36.360 And here was a rapidly

00:47:37.540 expanding merchant

00:47:38.660 middle class.

00:47:41.500 The ships that crowded

00:47:42.940 the harbors

00:47:43.640 carried on

00:47:44.520 a highly profitable trade

00:47:45.920 between England,

00:47:47.220 Africa,

00:47:48.140 the West Indies,

00:47:49.180 and the American colonies.

00:47:51.400 West Indies sugar,

00:47:52.820 African slaves,

00:47:54.200 New England products

00:47:55.000 like rum,

00:47:56.000 and the cheap manufacturers

00:47:57.220 of Britain

00:47:57.820 all flowed

00:47:59.040 back and forth.

00:48:00.820 A diversified economy

00:48:02.160 in contrast

00:48:02.920 to the fur trade,

00:48:04.500 an economy

00:48:05.060 that already led

00:48:05.960 to cities

00:48:06.460 with thriving business sections.

00:48:13.960 The British colonies

00:48:15.280 were outrunning

00:48:16.020 New France

00:48:16.660 in another way too,

00:48:18.440 for they kept

00:48:19.120 attracting immigrants. 0.67

00:48:21.140 These came not only

00:48:22.060 from England,

00:48:23.100 but also from

00:48:24.000 other parts of Europe

00:48:24.940 like poverty-stricken Ireland

00:48:26.940 and a Germany

00:48:28.200 racked by war.

00:48:30.300 By 1750,

00:48:31.900 the English colonies

00:48:32.760 had a population

00:48:33.660 of a million,

00:48:35.220 and many of them

00:48:36.000 were pressing inland

00:48:37.120 toward the vast territory

00:48:38.680 of New France

00:48:39.600 with its population

00:48:41.040 of only 70,000.

00:48:46.180 It was a vanguard

00:48:47.600 of traders,

00:48:48.620 adventurers,

00:48:49.400 and speculators

00:48:50.140 that was surging

00:48:51.200 through the mountains

00:48:51.980 from the British colonies

00:48:53.180 on the coast.

00:48:54.840 They would be followed

00:48:55.660 by men who would base

00:48:56.860 their long-term livelihood

00:48:58.160 not on furs,

00:48:59.800 but on land.

00:49:01.220 They wanted farms,

00:49:02.680 which in time

00:49:03.420 meant clearing the forests

00:49:04.720 and driving out

00:49:05.940 the fur-bearing animals

00:49:07.140 and the Indians

00:49:08.060 who hunted them.

00:49:09.420 For the French,

00:49:10.460 so dependent still

00:49:11.460 on the fur trade,

00:49:12.680 this threat

00:49:13.280 to the source of supply

00:49:14.500 was a new peril.

00:49:16.080 But the French, 0.94

00:49:17.260 in the aggressive spirit

00:49:18.340 of the old fur trade,

00:49:19.880 did not hesitate

00:49:20.740 to react.

00:49:22.220 There would be

00:49:22.720 no backing down

00:49:23.600 in the face

00:49:24.060 of the oncoming

00:49:24.680 English settlers.

00:49:26.220 Instead,

00:49:27.140 claims would be reinforced

00:49:28.440 and protected

00:49:29.580 by strong defenses.

00:49:35.640 With brilliant

00:49:36.640 military engineering,

00:49:38.380 the French put up 1.00

00:49:39.280 a long chain

00:49:40.000 of defensive forts

00:49:40.960 along the edges

00:49:41.660 of their territory.

00:49:43.240 They knew

00:49:43.860 that their weakness

00:49:44.700 lay in the small number

00:49:45.860 of men available

00:49:46.680 and their strength

00:49:48.020 in mobile tactics

00:49:49.140 and guerrilla warfare.

00:49:51.420 From these forts,

00:49:52.260 they would be able

00:49:53.380 to harass the English 0.79

00:49:54.560 and then retreat

00:49:55.900 to strong positions

00:49:56.900 when chased.

00:49:58.680 Thus, the few

00:49:59.720 sought to outflank

00:50:00.960 and encircle the many

00:50:02.040 with a great arc

00:50:03.560 of fortifications

00:50:04.400 that swept down

00:50:05.820 from Fort Beaussejour

00:50:06.840 to Quebec

00:50:07.600 and Fort Frontenac

00:50:08.700 through to Fort Duquesne

00:50:10.420 and on to Louisiana.

00:50:12.940 A provocative encirclement

00:50:14.320 bound to arouse

00:50:15.840 British resentment.

00:50:16.700 Governor Dinwiddie

00:50:20.920 of Virginia.

00:50:22.960 The French faced 0.77

00:50:24.140 formidable enemies

00:50:25.100 in men like him

00:50:26.140 and Governor Dongan

00:50:27.320 of New York,

00:50:28.320 both of whom

00:50:29.180 had their eye

00:50:29.780 on French territory.

00:50:31.660 And there was

00:50:32.280 Governor Shirley

00:50:32.920 of Massachusetts

00:50:33.660 who feared

00:50:34.760 France's naval threat

00:50:35.820 and Robert Rogers

00:50:37.300 who had become

00:50:38.300 an expert

00:50:38.740 in forest warfare.

00:50:40.680 And finally,

00:50:41.920 there was

00:50:42.780 William Pepperill

00:50:43.600 of Maine

00:50:44.120 who would lead

00:50:45.280 the attack

00:50:45.740 on the French fort

00:50:46.600 at Louisbourg.

00:50:53.800 Louisbourg was attacked

00:50:55.060 in 1745

00:50:56.200 by Pepperill's

00:50:57.200 New Englanders

00:50:57.900 transported by

00:50:59.120 a British fleet.

00:51:09.040 After six weeks

00:51:10.280 of bombarding

00:51:11.060 the fortress,

00:51:12.220 Pepperill and his men

00:51:13.120 were victorious

00:51:13.940 but Louisbourg

00:51:15.440 would be in British

00:51:16.340 hands for only

00:51:17.120 a few years.

00:51:18.840 Much to the disgust

00:51:19.820 of the New Englanders,

00:51:21.280 a treaty would soon

00:51:22.200 return it to France.

00:51:25.820 South of Louisbourg,

00:51:27.540 more trouble

00:51:28.080 was brewing.

00:51:29.720 This was Nova Scotia,

00:51:31.200 British since

00:51:31.800 the Treaty of Utrecht.

00:51:33.340 But the population

00:51:34.280 was still largely French,

00:51:36.160 the Acadians,

00:51:37.300 who had stayed behind

00:51:38.300 to till their

00:51:38.980 prosperous farms.

00:51:40.980 Their presence

00:51:41.800 as a potential

00:51:42.500 fifth column

00:51:43.260 was a constant

00:51:44.440 source of worry

00:51:45.240 for men like

00:51:45.880 Governor Shirley

00:51:46.620 of Massachusetts.

00:51:48.380 Partly at his urging,

00:51:50.060 the city of Halifax

00:51:50.980 was founded in 1749.

00:51:53.600 It was hoped

00:51:54.340 that here

00:51:54.980 a loyal population

00:51:56.480 would counterbalance

00:51:57.460 the potentially

00:51:58.680 disloyal Acadians. 0.98

00:51:59.900 but the existence

00:52:07.140 of Halifax

00:52:07.900 was not enough

00:52:08.620 to allay the fears

00:52:09.480 of Governor Shirley

00:52:10.240 and the other

00:52:11.120 New Englanders.

00:52:12.420 And in 1755,

00:52:14.580 the Acadians

00:52:15.240 heard the bitter news

00:52:16.400 that they were

00:52:17.320 to be deported

00:52:17.940 from the area

00:52:18.600 and scattered

00:52:19.620 through other parts

00:52:20.420 of North America.

00:52:21.120 few of the Acadians

00:52:27.700 were actively disloyal,

00:52:29.340 but they refused

00:52:30.380 to take the oath

00:52:31.280 of loyalty

00:52:31.860 for fear they might

00:52:32.980 have to do military

00:52:33.800 service and fight

00:52:35.060 fellow Frenchmen.

00:52:36.720 This was Britain's 0.98

00:52:37.640 reason for the deportation.

00:52:40.020 The tragedy

00:52:40.580 of the 10,000

00:52:41.840 uprooted Acadians 0.98

00:52:42.960 showed how bitter

00:52:44.280 the North American

00:52:45.060 quarrel had become.

00:52:46.060 To the south

00:52:54.620 and west,

00:52:56.380 English activity

00:52:57.140 was beginning

00:52:57.740 to spill over

00:52:58.380 the Appalachian Mountains

00:52:59.580 toward French territory.

00:53:02.100 And British outposts

00:53:03.220 like Fort Oswego

00:53:04.280 stood threateningly close

00:53:06.080 to the roots

00:53:06.620 of the fur traders.

00:53:08.500 Other colonial initiatives

00:53:10.200 came with men

00:53:11.020 like Colonel Robert Rogers,

00:53:13.080 who with his

00:53:13.860 Iroquois allies

00:53:14.940 launched bloody

00:53:16.040 forest raids

00:53:16.940 against the French.

00:53:24.720 Colonel George Washington,

00:53:27.180 sent by the governor

00:53:28.000 of Virginia in 1754

00:53:30.140 to expel the French 1.00

00:53:32.080 from Fort Duquesne,

00:53:33.780 key to the Ohio country.

00:53:36.180 But the expedition failed,

00:53:38.940 for Washington's men

00:53:39.940 proved no match

00:53:41.000 for the forest fighters

00:53:42.040 from Canada.

00:53:44.120 Washington's defeat

00:53:45.060 shocked the British, 0.98

00:53:46.880 and the following year

00:53:47.940 they sent a much

00:53:49.120 larger force

00:53:49.900 under General Braddock.

00:53:54.080 But the formal array

00:53:55.520 of British redcoats

00:53:56.660 was heading into a trap.

00:54:04.360 Colonel Beaujeu

00:54:05.580 concealed his small band

00:54:07.320 of French and Indian

00:54:08.200 fighters in the forests

00:54:09.800 they knew so well.

00:54:11.800 Deadly fire rained on the British

00:54:13.960 who could barely see

00:54:15.420 their enemies.

00:54:19.020 900 Anglo-Americans died,

00:54:21.640 including Braddock himself.

00:54:24.340 Here was full-scale war, 0.80

00:54:26.400 although Britain and France

00:54:27.480 were still nominally at peace.

00:54:29.260 It was 1756,

00:54:38.240 and the French had just seized

00:54:39.960 Fort Oswego.

00:54:41.880 War had been officially declared

00:54:43.480 in Europe now,

00:54:44.660 and in North America,

00:54:46.120 the tempo of hostility

00:54:47.180 was stepped up.

00:54:49.120 At first,

00:54:50.280 the French did surprisingly well,

00:54:52.660 for they were still

00:54:53.420 the masters of forest warfare.

00:54:55.020 But the British destruction 0.71

00:55:04.040 of Fort Frontenac

00:55:05.200 in 1758

00:55:06.520 marked a turning point.

00:55:08.920 Soon,

00:55:09.500 Fort Duquesne fell too.

00:55:11.700 By now,

00:55:12.320 the British army

00:55:13.100 was as large

00:55:14.080 as the whole population

00:55:15.240 of New France.

00:55:18.780 Across the sea in London,

00:55:21.000 new plans were afoot.

00:55:23.200 William Pitt,

00:55:23.820 the forceful new prime minister,

00:55:25.900 agreed with young officers

00:55:27.060 like James Wolfe

00:55:28.120 that the French

00:55:29.080 could be completely

00:55:29.960 driven out of America 0.67

00:55:31.000 by strong frontal attacks.

00:55:35.960 Louisbourg,

00:55:36.960 the stubborn fortress

00:55:37.900 on the Atlantic,

00:55:39.040 was the first target,

00:55:40.560 and the method

00:55:41.160 was an all-out

00:55:42.140 amphibious attack.

00:55:43.160 Louisbourg,

00:55:53.560 the Gibraltar

00:55:54.160 of North America,

00:55:55.640 fought back stubbornly.

00:55:57.800 But the bombardment

00:55:59.060 by the British fleet

00:55:59.980 and the landings

00:56:01.280 of the army

00:56:01.740 under generals

00:56:02.520 Wolfe and Amherst

00:56:03.660 proved too much.

00:56:06.000 After eight weeks,

00:56:07.580 the British marched in,

00:56:09.260 and Governor Shirley's dream

00:56:10.940 was fulfilled.

00:56:16.220 The following year

00:56:17.580 at Louisbourg,

00:56:18.960 General Wolfe

00:56:19.560 mustered his troops

00:56:20.440 for the decisive

00:56:21.460 assault of the war,

00:56:23.140 an attack

00:56:23.760 on Quebec itself.

00:56:25.900 The army would be transported

00:56:27.280 by Admiral Saunders

00:56:28.480 and his fleet.

00:56:30.240 Men like Saunders

00:56:31.160 had made the British navy

00:56:32.760 master of the Atlantic,

00:56:34.560 with a series

00:56:35.300 of brilliant victories

00:56:36.320 over the French 0.72

00:56:37.080 off the coasts

00:56:38.240 of Europe and Africa.

00:56:40.320 Now,

00:56:41.340 the fleet was ready

00:56:42.380 for Quebec.

00:56:47.620 On board ship

00:56:48.860 off Quebec,

00:56:50.160 General Wolfe

00:56:50.720 and his officers

00:56:51.480 drank a toast

00:56:52.340 to the success

00:56:53.140 of his plan of attack.

00:56:55.300 The fortress

00:56:55.940 of New France

00:56:56.740 seemed inaccessible.

00:56:59.040 But early

00:56:59.540 in the September dawn,

00:57:01.380 Wolfe's soldiers

00:57:02.000 set out on the river

00:57:02.920 in small boats

00:57:03.840 to carry out

00:57:05.120 a daring scheme.

00:57:13.320 The French

00:57:14.280 expected Wolfe's attack

00:57:15.560 at strongly defended places

00:57:17.120 above and below

00:57:18.120 his position on the river.

00:57:19.960 But Wolfe

00:57:20.580 had other plans.

00:57:22.520 He had found

00:57:23.180 a small trail

00:57:24.260 leading to the heights

00:57:25.440 of Quebec,

00:57:26.520 a trail that was

00:57:27.380 weakly guarded

00:57:28.040 because it seemed useless.

00:57:30.260 But for the Highlanders,

00:57:31.680 it was the answer.

00:57:32.740 Climbing up,

00:57:35.120 it gave them access

00:57:35.880 to the Plains of Abraham.

00:57:37.760 And here,

00:57:38.480 they surprised the French.

00:57:46.700 Hastily assembled,

00:57:48.140 the French soldiers

00:57:48.900 could not dislodge

00:57:50.040 Wolfe's Highlanders.

00:57:51.980 Wolfe died on the field,

00:57:53.700 but his army

00:57:54.540 swept on to victory.

00:57:56.600 After winning

00:57:57.200 the Plains of Abraham,

00:57:58.840 they rushed on

00:57:59.580 to capture the city,

00:58:00.560 the very heart

00:58:02.060 of Canada.

00:58:07.240 A few weeks later,

00:58:08.880 the British Navy

00:58:09.820 drove the last

00:58:10.660 of the great French fleets

00:58:11.900 onto the rocks

00:58:13.060 of Quiberon Bay.

00:58:14.800 This victory in Europe 0.89

00:58:16.160 destroyed France's last hope

00:58:17.960 of rescuing

00:58:18.980 her Canadian colony.

00:58:24.000 Meanwhile,

00:58:24.900 the French still held Montreal,

00:58:26.320 but further resistance

00:58:28.140 was useless.

00:58:30.080 Rather than surrender

00:58:31.140 their flags,

00:58:32.600 they burned them.

00:58:37.640 It was a bitter day

00:58:39.220 for the defenders

00:58:39.980 of New France

00:58:40.900 when in 1760,

00:58:43.420 Montreal yielded

00:58:44.420 to Amherst's

00:58:45.280 Anglo-American force.

00:58:46.560 Louis XV of France,

00:58:54.100 the proud Bourbon King,

00:58:56.060 and his elegant

00:58:56.820 fleur-de-lis

00:58:57.640 had yielded everywhere

00:58:59.200 to the red,

00:59:00.020 white, and blue

00:59:00.580 of Britain,

00:59:01.780 now the dominant

00:59:02.780 world power

00:59:03.680 under King George III,

00:59:06.600 who had just been crowned.

00:59:10.240 Captured French ships

00:59:11.660 now flew the British flag,

00:59:14.340 and it was supreme

00:59:15.280 all over the northeastern part

00:59:16.720 of North America.

00:59:18.380 It flew securely

00:59:19.300 at last in New England,

00:59:21.440 now that the menace

00:59:22.400 of New France

00:59:23.240 had been removed,

00:59:24.660 and it flew

00:59:25.580 on the very St. Lawrence itself,

00:59:28.400 key to the coveted interior.

00:59:34.320 And Englishmen rejoiced.

00:59:36.620 They saw simply

00:59:37.560 that Britannia

00:59:38.360 was at last victorious,

00:59:40.480 that the proud lion

00:59:41.660 had sent the arrogant rooster

00:59:43.340 a-running. 0.98

00:59:43.840 rich, ambitious,

00:59:46.680 sophisticated France

00:59:47.900 and her politicians 0.99

00:59:49.060 were left to weep,

00:59:51.120 and Jack Tarr

00:59:52.080 might well smile

00:59:53.100 at the French discomfort,

00:59:55.020 for at his command,

00:59:56.600 Mars and Neptune,

00:59:58.060 gods of war

00:59:58.920 and the sea,

01:00:00.020 had miraculously

01:00:00.900 joined forces

01:00:01.960 and removed

01:00:03.120 the French challenge 0.84

01:00:04.080 to British North America.

01:00:05.180 from the Ottawa

01:00:10.180 to the Ohio,

01:00:11.580 the spoils

01:00:12.340 were enormous,

01:00:13.860 a great swath

01:00:14.820 of territory

01:00:15.440 for the English settlers

01:00:16.580 to colonize,

01:00:17.860 a fabulous land

01:00:19.060 of mountains

01:00:19.740 and lonely lakes

01:00:20.980 and rushing rivers.

01:00:22.200 but it was a desolate

01:00:41.540 and forbidding land,

01:00:43.180 and in the minds

01:00:44.280 of many Englishmen,

01:00:45.620 it was far less desirable

01:00:47.080 than other parts

01:00:48.040 of the vanquished

01:00:48.700 French Empire,

01:00:49.480 like the little island

01:00:51.300 of Guadalupe

01:00:52.260 in the West Indies.

01:00:54.140 Here,

01:00:55.040 rather than gloomy pine forests,

01:00:57.300 there were friendly palm trees,

01:00:59.320 and the island

01:01:00.520 was incredibly rich.

01:01:06.880 Guadalupe

01:01:07.720 was the greatest

01:01:08.860 sugar-producing area

01:01:10.220 in the world.

01:01:10.980 would it not be better

01:01:12.800 in the peace settlement

01:01:13.640 to take this gem

01:01:15.300 of an island

01:01:15.920 rather than the vast

01:01:17.700 and empty expanse

01:01:18.740 of French North America?

01:01:20.840 This idea held much attraction

01:01:22.760 in bustling mercantile England,

01:01:25.220 whose greatness,

01:01:26.440 as reflected

01:01:26.900 in its busy docks,

01:01:28.540 had been built

01:01:29.120 on the cold calculation

01:01:30.420 of profit and loss.

01:01:35.920 So,

01:01:36.860 in the British Parliament,

01:01:38.300 debate.

01:01:38.620 It was pointed out

01:01:40.540 that Guadalupe's exports

01:01:41.840 were worth

01:01:42.620 600,000 pounds a year,

01:01:45.880 45 times

01:01:47.080 the value

01:01:47.580 of Canada's fur trade.

01:01:49.520 So,

01:01:49.980 why take Canada?

01:01:55.140 But it was

01:01:56.060 William Pitt,

01:01:56.760 the Prime Minister,

01:01:57.640 who finally prevailed.

01:01:59.700 France would recover,

01:02:00.680 he said.

01:02:01.740 Canada must remain

01:02:02.880 a British base.

01:02:04.800 Thus,

01:02:05.180 the map

01:02:05.520 was formally redrawn

01:02:06.740 in the Treaty of Paris.

01:02:08.620 The year was 1763.

01:02:17.180 And in Paris,

01:02:18.580 the sky blazed

01:02:19.700 with fireworks.

01:02:21.560 After 75 years

01:02:22.920 of intermittent war,

01:02:24.700 there was now peace

01:02:25.960 between England

01:02:26.720 and France.

01:02:27.380 In North America,

01:02:31.440 every settlement

01:02:32.380 from Hudson Bay

01:02:33.540 to Florida

01:02:34.160 now flew

01:02:35.440 the Union Jack.

01:02:37.340 For the New England

01:02:38.620 colonists,

01:02:39.880 the mother country

01:02:40.640 had removed

01:02:41.300 a heated obstacle

01:02:42.420 in the path

01:02:43.040 of expansion.

01:02:44.740 As far as

01:02:45.480 London was concerned,

01:02:47.320 Canada would now

01:02:48.100 be another

01:02:48.680 Massachusetts

01:02:49.400 or Connecticut.

01:02:50.440 But Canada

01:02:52.940 was clearly

01:02:53.980 not like the others.

01:02:55.920 It was French,

01:02:57.220 with cultural roots

01:02:58.500 as deep

01:02:59.160 and as unique

01:02:59.960 as any

01:03:00.560 Anglo-Saxon colony.

01:03:02.400 And there was

01:03:03.040 something distinctive

01:03:04.540 about the empire

01:03:05.700 the men of the

01:03:06.580 St. Lawrence

01:03:07.100 had forged

01:03:07.840 from the forest.

01:03:09.420 No lack of vision

01:03:10.680 nor energy

01:03:11.480 had beaten them,

01:03:12.160 only numbers

01:03:13.960 and isolation.

01:03:16.460 Would the independence

01:03:17.480 of the Canadian system

01:03:18.620 reassert itself?

01:03:20.380 Or would it be absorbed

01:03:21.780 in some

01:03:22.440 grander

01:03:23.540 continental system?

01:03:26.020 Confidently,

01:03:27.260 London prepared

01:03:28.040 to organize

01:03:28.920 her victory.

01:03:30.860 But that

01:03:31.960 very victory

01:03:33.040 was to prove

01:03:34.400 her undoing.

01:03:42.160 that

01:03:43.960 ha ha ha

01:03:45.900 Thank you.

01:04:15.900 Thank you.

01:04:45.900 Thank you.

01:05:15.900 Thank you.

01:05:45.880 Well, I hope you all found that interesting and entertaining.

01:05:51.140 I think those of you who are watching and didn't fall asleep appreciated that.

01:05:55.160 Obviously, you know, part of the problem with these series in general is that they cover such a large swath of history that basically it's just coal notes.

01:06:07.120 Like even, you know, that is a very broad overview of history.

01:06:12.980 We're talking about a period for 1497 to 1763, almost 300 years.

01:06:18.760 You know, the ability to get into detail in these things is very minimal.

01:06:24.580 And so, you know, all these things should really do is lead you down rabbit holes, you know, and what you'll find is that, you know, your own history is this endless, you know, ball of tangled yarn.

01:06:38.600 And you have to start pulling at threads in different, you know, places to get an idea of, you know, to really get an idea of the breadth of the history that you're studying.

01:06:48.720 So, and this is true, obviously, for the earlier periods, you'll get into more detail as there's more, there's more documentation, there's more, you know, significance, there's more, you know, to unpack.

01:07:06.880 Now, that being said, there's still quite a bit that we can get into in that series.

01:07:12.800 And so I've, I've taken some clips from that episode to kind of discuss in more detail.

01:07:20.180 But by all means, if you guys have questions or comments or things that you thought were interesting, you can throw them in the chat, regular comments or super chats.

01:07:28.800 I'll try to, you know, answer them or I might not have the answer, honestly, because there's a lot, you know, when I watch these kinds of series,

01:07:36.880 I learn a lot of things, there's little tidbits that I'd never knew about, obviously, and I start digging, you know, into it a little bit deeper.

01:07:46.580 But to bring it back to, you know, the three points that I brought up at the beginning, the first of all being you, I'm sure you noticed that there's very little in the way of that, what I would call value judgments.

01:08:01.260 You know, they don't condemn the actions of one group over another, there's no, you know, they shouldn't have done this, or they should have done that, or how awful it was of them to, you know, kill these people or that people.

01:08:16.620 And that goes for all sides.

01:08:18.100 You know, they don't condemn the Iroquois for fighting the Huron, they don't condemn the French for fighting the Iroquois, they don't condemn the English for fighting the French, like it's, it is, yeah, Snitter just said it is what it is, which is objectively what history, you know, should be when you're trying to study it to a certain extent.

01:08:37.960 But also understanding that, you know, this is how we became what we are.

01:08:44.160 And if we start placing value judgments on it, well, all you're doing is sowing more seeds for conflict.

01:08:49.260 So just looking at it objectively is something, as I said, it's very refreshing relative to the kind of history that you would get in modern times, which would insist on putting those kind of value judgments on everything that happened.

01:09:02.520 With an emphasis on focusing, obviously, on the minor instances of Europeans doing it to non-Europeans, with the complete over, you know, completely overlooking any of those instances that go in reverse.

01:09:20.940 But with that all being said, oh, the second element, I hope that, you know, wasn't lost on anybody that I mentioned at the beginning was the extent to which, you know, European continental history is woven into the North American and vice versa.

01:09:39.260 These are not separate things that you can look at in, you know, silos, you have to understand one to understand the other.

01:09:45.640 And one of the criticisms that I have, particularly of this episode, but of this series in general, is that they do mention it, but they just kind of skate around the fact that, you know, most of the conflicts that were discussed in that episode are in the context of European wars.

01:10:07.080 And I'll get into that more in a second, but virtually none of these conflicts were happening in a vacuum of North America.

01:10:15.280 There was something also going on in Europe that was causing these conflicts to spill over, or, you know, in some cases, these conflicts in North America led to the outbreak of conflict in Europe.

01:10:28.140 So the idea that, you know, you can separate, you know, the conflicts from one another is ridiculous, and they kind of don't do a good job at saying that.

01:10:37.660 But I'll try to elaborate on that as we go through some of these clips.

01:10:40.620 Then, obviously, the third aspect, you know, in the Canadian experience is how much of this is rooted in, you know, the fact that we aren't American.

01:10:52.640 And I think, you know, the first clip I have is the very beginning of the first episode of this series of Canadian history.

01:10:59.220 It's not a coincidence that they chose this particular clip, you know, as the prologue for the entire series.

01:11:08.080 And I'll play it right now just to kind of illustrate this point.

01:11:11.580 Quebec, December 31st, 1775.

01:11:16.100 Night falls.

01:11:17.900 Snow and wind lash the city in a blinding fury.

01:11:21.720 But outside the walls, an army prepares to attack.

01:11:24.960 These are the soldiers of the American Revolution.

01:11:35.540 If they succeed, Canada will be part of the future United States.

01:11:41.920 So that's the very first clip in the entire series.

01:11:46.940 You know, it's important to remember that I think Canadians, even 60 years ago, were much more cognizant of the fact that we were founded in opposition to the American experiment.

01:12:01.160 You know, and now we've become kind of pulled into its gravity and culturally dominated by it.

01:12:06.980 But this is not always the case.

01:12:09.780 And it's something that I think our, you know, generations previous were more potentially more aware of than we were.

01:12:19.780 That being said, it's still a very subconscious thing within the Canadian psyche.

01:12:24.140 And we see that as it plays out today. 0.99

01:12:27.400 Hey, there's a reason why it's so easy for the liberals to tap into that anti-American sentiment and their elbows up bullshit. 0.97

01:12:34.560 And it's because it's a deeply encoded thing in the Canadian experience. 1.00

01:12:37.700 So when faced with, you know, what I would maybe refer to as American chauvinism, it kind of instinctively perks up this little fuck you attitude among Canadians. 0.98

01:12:52.580 And that's, again, deeply encoded both within the French and the loyalist factions in Canada. 0.98

01:13:02.120 So important to continue to remember that in context.

01:13:07.700 But moving along here, the next thing I wanted to bring up, just because I think this is an interesting one, it's two clips.

01:13:18.880 So I'll start with the first one and then we'll transition to the second one.

01:13:23.660 Men like John Elliott brought the Bible and its message to the Indians, hoping to instill in them the precepts of a Christian life.

01:13:37.700 For the Indians, the religious message might sometimes seem puzzling, but they sensed that some of the men who brought it had good intentions that seemed to promise a better world through harmony and agreement.

01:13:50.780 Yeah, so for those of you who are maybe familiar with Converted Savages, which is a Devin Stack episode, probably see the interesting kind of irony of that clip.

01:14:12.140 And if you were paying close attention, the irony probably wasn't lost on you just in that episode itself as a contained entity.

01:14:20.640 Because a few minutes, just a few minutes after that clip of the discussion of how the English attempted to bring Puritan Christianity to the aboriginals who lived in the southern colonies.

01:14:41.640 Well, a lot of them ended up going to war and the obvious big one here is the Jamestown Massacre of 1622.

01:14:51.700 So shortly after the establishment at the colony of Jamestown in 1619 in Virginia, three years later, I believe it was, the Indians tried to massacre the entire colony and they killed roughly a third of it. 0.88

01:15:06.320 So this idea that you were going to somehow Christianize the aboriginals or the Indians and then they would magically be like Europeans or something was quite foolish.

01:15:27.040 And here's the second clip that goes along with it just to kind of illustrate that point from this episode itself.

01:15:36.320 Many of you pointed out as well that, you know, there's a difference as well between the French colonial experiment and the English colonial experiment.

01:16:02.540 Now, a lot of you were saying, oh, English are based, you know, because, you know, I think they said it a couple of times in the episode, you know, to the English, the only good Indian was a dead Indian to the French.

01:16:15.200 The only good Indian was a living one. 1.00

01:16:17.900 This makes sense in the context of how they were trying to carry out their their colonies.

01:16:25.240 The French colonies were based on trade.

01:16:27.960 That was the primary motivating factor behind them, as we saw.

01:16:33.960 We'll get into this actually shortly, but it was trade itself that was the purpose of it.

01:16:41.580 And without the Indians to show them or to provide them new sources of pelts, the colony wouldn't have survived. 1.00

01:16:51.400 So the idea that they would be hostile towards them and not have good relations with them was counterintuitive, whereas the English experiment was more about settlement and establishing footholds within the continent.

01:17:05.820 So that's why you will see that hostility.

01:17:09.300 The English were taking and holding ground, whereas the French were much, obviously, much less populated and weren't necessarily trying to enter into Indian territory and then hold it and settle it.

01:17:24.580 So. Two different approaches lead to, you know, two different philosophies when it comes to it.

01:17:31.080 And as we saw, you know, the as much as it may sound based or, you know, it may sound hardcore, as we know, the English were not necessarily completely adverse to working with them.

01:17:42.420 And, you know, as time went on, they did, in fact, work with them, which is why they were arming the Iroquois against the Huron and the French and vice versa. 0.74

01:17:50.500 So both made alliances as was necessary to expand.

01:17:55.460 So it's easy to, you know, conflate the French with being soft or something, but it was simply a reality of what their purpose was in the continent at that time.

01:18:05.840 So, yeah, and yeah, we'll move right along here because that's the next clip I have here is understanding as well.

01:18:19.680 I guess one of the good things about this series is that it doesn't do the kumbaya, noble savage.

01:18:24.460 They were all peaceful and loving before Europeans and then, you know, et cetera.

01:18:29.320 This is, you know, kind of subtly hinted at here, but it is mentioned.

01:18:34.800 But even before this, Jacques Cartier of France, dreaming of diamonds and gold as he approached America, had discovered another good reason for setting foot on the continent.

01:18:46.020 The Indians he found there were without the simplest of metal tools. 0.51

01:18:50.780 For these, they showed themselves almost pitifully eager to trade.

01:18:59.920 But it was far from Europe and the voyage was hard.

01:19:03.200 What could the Indians possibly offer to make it worthwhile? 1.00

01:19:08.980 Well, obviously, the answer to that last question was pelts, in particular beaver pelts.

01:19:15.960 But this is it's interesting because we've just, you know, passed truth and reconciliation bullshit day a month ago or whatever it was.

01:19:26.400 And at the time, there was a clip going around that I played it on a stream where some, you know, Indian in B.C. was complaining about how, you know, we get somebody.

01:19:37.480 Some politician had said something like, you know, we gave you the light bulb and she said, well, we never asked for that.

01:19:43.220 Actually, you did.

01:19:44.400 You asked for everything that Europeans could give you. 0.97

01:19:47.440 It's part of the reason why, you know.

01:19:49.320 You had the relations with them that you did.

01:19:52.340 It's part of the reason why it was worthwhile for, in particular, the French to continue expanding.

01:19:58.060 They could bring goods that they could manufacture cheaply and get something extremely valuable to them out of it.

01:20:03.960 So if it wasn't for like you demanding goods, there's a chance that, you know, expansion, at least in the Canadian experience, wouldn't have happened as it did.

01:20:13.740 But you motivated, like the Indians themselves motivated, you know, European expansion into the continent.

01:20:20.180 So it's just, again, something worth bringing up because, like, you were as much a part of this process or sorry, maybe not you were as much a part of this process, but you willingly took part in this process on both sides, whether it was Iroquois, Algonquin, Huron, you know, it doesn't matter.

01:20:41.760 You were involved in the process the entire time and, you know, didn't like the outcome at the end.

01:20:50.340 So I don't know.

01:20:52.020 Get good.

01:20:53.980 But, yeah, I'm moving right along here into Samuel Deschamps playing.

01:21:00.600 And I just I brought up this clip.

01:21:03.320 It'll extend you another one.

01:21:04.700 But this one in particular is just to drive the point home about the kind of time periods that we're talking about.

01:21:11.760 In 1608, Champlain established permanent headquarters at Quebec.

01:21:20.080 From here, he set out on a great exploration to find Indians who would become hunters of furs and trade with him. 1.00

01:21:28.340 For his backers, the whole enterprise depended on this.

01:21:31.800 And here was the beginning of France's fateful penetration toward the heart of the continent.

01:21:37.480 So a couple of things on this one.

01:21:46.760 The first is 1608.

01:21:51.580 1608.

01:21:52.280 We're talking about 400 years ago.

01:21:56.180 So, again, when they do this whole, you know, 400 years.

01:22:02.020 Like, let me put it this way.

01:22:04.600 Let's go back even further.

01:22:05.940 This series starts with John Cabot, 1497, right?

01:22:10.640 Discovering the North American continent in, you know, the Canadian hemisphere or whatever.

01:22:17.560 Only about 40 years before that was the Ottoman conquest of Constantinople.

01:22:29.460 If the European conquest and expansion into North America is stolen land, you know, it's illegal.

01:22:40.380 Then I guess Constantinople must be returned immediately to the Roman Empire, right?

01:22:46.420 To the Italians. 1.00

01:22:50.140 Right?

01:22:51.040 In theory.

01:22:53.600 What's the difference?

01:22:54.520 40 years difference.

01:22:56.600 Was it 1453, I think?

01:22:59.920 Or 1457?

01:23:01.040 Something like that.

01:23:02.600 So this idea that, you know, yeah.

01:23:07.380 On this Nile says Greeks. 1.00

01:23:08.880 Sure.

01:23:09.420 Whatever.

01:23:09.640 I mean, it was the Holy Roman, or not the Holy Roman Empire.

01:23:12.620 It was the Byzantine Empire, the Eastern Roman Empire.

01:23:15.680 But sure.

01:23:16.180 Whatever.

01:23:16.540 The Greeks.

01:23:17.680 If you want to do it like that.

01:23:22.600 Yeah.

01:23:23.100 Waythorne says it was 1453.

01:23:25.500 Yeah.

01:23:25.720 Exactly.

01:23:26.960 The point I'm getting at here is that it's only the Europeans who owe these blood debts to the places that they've conquest. 0.96

01:23:37.580 Or at least in, you know, the perspective of modern history, that seems to be the way it is.

01:23:42.660 We're talking about four centuries.

01:23:46.220 This is longer than many of the nation states in Europe existed in their current forms.

01:23:52.120 Some ethnogenesis of European cultures and, you know, ethnicities across the globe are younger than that.

01:23:59.900 A good example of this would be something like Jamaicans or Haitians.

01:24:05.780 You know, nobody would deny that Haitians are a distinct people with an ethnic identity in modern times.

01:24:13.480 And it's the same age as any European ethnicity existing in the colonial world, particularly, well, in North America anyways.

01:24:22.520 So why is it that one is valid and not the other? 0.95

01:24:24.980 And the answer, of course, is that they hate white people. 0.99

01:24:27.520 So, but yeah, the other thing that I wanted to mention on that as well, just a theme going forward, because this will come up again a couple times, is God damn the French were indomitable. 1.00

01:24:46.340 So, when you understand, I'll play this clip and then we'll talk more about it.

01:24:54.180 But if you were paying attention during that episode, you'll notice that much of the exploration and discovery, you know, throughout the interior of the North American continent was carried out by the French, not the English.

01:25:08.360 Um, Radisson, Champlain, Laverandre, um, you know, even Hudson's Bay, right?

01:25:17.600 So Hudson's Bay discovered by, was it Radisson?

01:25:20.720 Yeah, sure.

01:25:22.360 The English are the ones who took advantage of that discovery, but it was the French who made it. 0.97

01:25:27.760 So I do find that like interesting that particularly, not so much in the, the, uh, naval exploration, but in the, the interior exploration of the continent, you'll find that it was the French that were making these insane journeys that just are a celebration of the human spirit.

01:25:49.560 Right? Right. Um, so we'll, we'll get into that more, uh, in a second, but I'll play this clip and it'll, it'll show, I'll, I'll show you what I'm talking about.

01:25:59.180 Champlain's canoe carried him up the Ottawa river, across Lake Huron, and back through much of what is now the province of Ontario.

01:26:08.260 This route would serve missionaries as well as fur traders, but the French had also brought their religion with them.

01:26:19.560 It was mainly among the Hurons that the Jesuit missionaries preached their zealous, crusading Catholicism.

01:26:26.460 Their work could not help but have its effect on the fur trade, for the missionaries and the traders had one aim in common, securing the goodwill of the Indians.

01:26:37.620 When the Indians responded favorably to the missionaries, the fur traders stood to benefit, and it worked the other way around as well. 0.96

01:26:47.020 Religion and business cooperated.

01:26:49.560 And furs from the Huron lands began to move steadily to Quebec.

01:26:57.300 Indians, waterways, furs, trade. 0.99

01:27:01.100 Linked together in a harmonious pattern in French North America.

01:27:05.180 A pattern very different from that of the English colonies to the south.

01:27:08.540 Yeah, so obviously that ties into what we were talking about before, about the difference in colonial tactics or, you know, expansionary tactics between the French and the English.

01:27:20.040 The French being more trade and exploration driven and the English being more settlement and, you know, agriculture driven.

01:27:28.460 But the first part of that clip that is interesting is, I'll just play it again just for a second.

01:27:36.080 Just pay it.

01:27:36.700 Like, look at the route that Champlain took in 1608.

01:27:42.240 Champlain's canoe carried him up the Ottawa River, across Lake Huron, and back through much of what is now the province of Ontario.

01:27:50.040 Do you guys realize how much, how massive that journey was by canoe and portage?

01:28:02.440 So down to St. Lawrence, into the Ottawa River, across into Lake Huron, and then back across.

01:28:09.280 Basically, Champlain mapped out the entirety of where, like, 60% of the Canadian population now lives today.

01:28:17.720 Okay.

01:28:20.040 What an absurd, insane journey to do in those conditions.

01:28:26.600 And, like, it's the kind of thing that, like, you can't even grasp it today.

01:28:30.040 Because if you were to do, like, a 10-day canoe trip with, like, modern technology and navigation and all this stuff, that would be, like, a crazy thing to do, right?

01:28:41.680 I'm going to go on a 10-day or three-week or whatever portage trip, you know, through.

01:28:46.220 So, like, you have all the benefits of, like, if you get in trouble, there's probably a town nearby.

01:28:52.460 You might be able to get supplies if you need to.

01:28:54.940 You'll be able to get help if you, like, all of these things.

01:28:57.780 Like, imagine just setting off with, you know, 50, a retinue of 50 guys into unknown territory and just hoping you find a way back.

01:29:05.800 And, you know, it all works out insane.

01:29:09.840 So, like, when you understand, just drive that.

01:29:14.660 You know, it's the kind of thing that if you were to drive that territory, you'd be like, hold.

01:29:17.880 Like, and you just think about that. 0.99

01:29:19.340 You're cognizant of the fact that somebody did this in a fucking boat and by foot. 0.98

01:29:23.780 You'd be like, what the, like, no modern roads, no trails, like, nothing. 0.99

01:29:28.720 Like, just, you know, into wild Indian territory.

01:29:32.060 No idea if they're going to try to scalp you or if they want, you know, to trade. 0.99

01:29:35.780 Just fucking send it. 0.99

01:29:43.400 Yeah, unbelievable. 0.98

01:29:45.040 The last thing as well there, too, I think it's an interesting point because it talks about how, you know, there was a, there was a mutually beneficial relationship between the missionaries and the traders.

01:30:04.600 I find this hard to believe.

01:30:07.780 I feel like this is maybe something that is a little bit whitewashed.

01:30:13.260 I think that it's much more likely that the reason the Indians were open to hearing, you know, the biblical word and to listen to these missionaries is because of the trade that was being brought.

01:30:29.420 I doubt that many of them were convinced, you know, to engage in trade because of the word of God, you know, words from a book that they couldn't even read.

01:30:39.000 I find that highly doubtful.

01:30:42.180 I think that probably trade is what motivated them to listen to the preachers or the missionaries.

01:30:49.940 And even more so, I bet you that a lot of them wouldn't have listened to the missionaries at all if it wasn't for the prospect of trade.

01:30:57.600 And I suspect that in some circumstances, trade was withheld, you know, without, you know, if hear us out and, you know, let us introduce you to the word of God or no trade.

01:31:09.160 I don't know, I don't know, I find that very unlikely.

01:31:15.320 But that was just my kind of, when I saw that, that was just kind of my opinion.

01:31:19.540 But hey, I don't know, maybe they just heard it.

01:31:29.160 And they got it.

01:31:30.100 Real pieces, they heard Jesus turned water into wine and they were immediately interested, perhaps.

01:31:49.860 All right, let's keep it rolling, though.

01:31:55.400 Yeah, this is obviously ties into what I was just kind of talking about, which is the primary motivating factor, you know, between having the Indians wanting to have good relations with the Europeans is access to tools and trade that they couldn't have produced on their own.

01:32:10.740 The spires of Quebec and the Indian families camped around them seemed to symbolize a natural partnership between the white man and the red, one that preserved and even enriched the Indian way of life.

01:32:25.440 But trade brought problems.

01:32:33.940 The wonderful goods the French brought from Europe were soon no longer luxuries for the Indians, but necessities, avidly sought by all.

01:32:43.180 Dealing in them was easier than hunting and very profitable for the middlemen.

01:32:47.520 For wherever trade flows, middlemen arise, and before long there were bloody wars among the Indians, with the middleman role as prize. 0.96

01:33:03.200 These trade wars were between old tribal enemies.

01:33:07.700 Soon after they began, Champlain's guns helped his Algonquin friends score an easy victory over a startled band of Iroquois. 0.98

01:33:15.520 From then on, the Iroquois, most powerful Indian nation in America, were the sworn enemies of the French.

01:33:25.460 Yeah, so the thing I think is interesting about the way that's framed is that it sounds like the trade led to war between these Indian factions, right?

01:33:39.420 But if you listen to the end of the clip, they mention that, you know, these wars were fought along old tribal, like, you know, old enemy tribal lines.

01:33:48.780 So it's like, well, what were they fighting about before?

01:33:50.760 And obviously the answer is they were always fighting.

01:33:53.100 This just became the new reason to fight.

01:33:55.320 So prior to, you know, the desire to be the middleman in trade between Europeans and other tribes being the reason for them to be at war, before that they were at war over game and territory, right?

01:34:11.320 The same as every other, you know, civilization or, you know, tribal peoples in the world.

01:34:19.520 That's what every war is fought over, trade, territory, et cetera.

01:34:23.760 So this idea that Europeans introduced, you know, that kind of conflict, that's almost seems how it's framed.

01:34:31.200 Or maybe I'm just reading into that.

01:34:33.700 But I did think that was interesting anyways.

01:34:36.480 And obviously it didn't end well.

01:34:42.000 So here's, you know, it's interesting that they do bring it up, you know, how these wars were fought a couple times during this episode.

01:34:52.300 But this clip in particular kind of drives it home.

01:34:55.220 This time, a second great river route to the interior was discovered, the Hudson Mohawk system.

01:35:01.500 And it ran significantly through the heart of the Iroquois country.

01:35:06.480 The new river route was discovered by Henry Hudson, an Englishman.

01:35:17.360 But he flew the flag of Holland, the country he was working for.

01:35:21.640 The Iroquois at once saw that with the help of the Dutch traders, they could build a system to rival that of the Hurons and the French.

01:35:29.660 A working alliance developed.

01:35:31.860 And it was full of ominous possibilities for the colony on the St. Lawrence.

01:35:36.480 The Iroquois warriors were armed by the Dutch.

01:35:46.980 And they were ready to fight again to win for themselves the middleman role in the interior.

01:35:53.860 Furs were drawn away from the St. Lawrence to the Dutch posts along the Hudson.

01:35:57.260 And vicious conflicts broke out between the rival systems.

01:36:04.020 Made bold by their victories, the Iroquois finally attacked the heart of the Huron country, north of the Great Lakes. 0.92

01:36:10.520 The Iroquois virtually wiped out the Hurons, and the entire French trading network was torn to shreds.

01:36:20.700 Yeah, so it's just a little genocide.

01:36:29.340 It's a little genocide over some trade.

01:36:31.700 So obviously, part of the interesting thing about this clip, because in the grand scheme of things, it's not as relevant as many other things from this time period.

01:36:44.860 But, you know, again, it kind of drives home this idea that colonial expansion into North America was not something that was just done, obviously, by the French and the English.

01:36:57.340 Although that's often how it's portrayed in the context of Canada and America as well, to a certain extent.

01:37:06.880 But obviously, this was something that was being done by many European nations.

01:37:10.680 Obviously, you know, the Dutch were involved, right?

01:37:13.320 And we'll get to New Amsterdam in a second.

01:37:15.080 But we're talking about, you know, the middle of the 17th century to, you know, the end of the 17th century.

01:37:24.460 The Dutch were a legitimate force in European military and trade.

01:37:31.580 So the importance of this is like, you know, it shouldn't be lost.

01:37:37.760 You know, they were a rival at one point to these other powers, at least to a certain extent, as with the Spanish, as with the Portuguese, as were, you know, some other smaller nations.

01:37:51.360 So it wasn't just a French and English, you know, adventure that was going on here.

01:37:59.720 And yeah, I'll play this next clip just because it helps, you know, illustrate that point, you know.

01:38:08.420 This came at a time when Holland was at the peak of its commercial power.

01:38:13.160 In the North Sea, fierce Anglo-Dutch battles reflected the bitterness of the rivalry between the two countries.

01:38:25.780 Across the ocean, New Amsterdam was a tempting target for the English. 0.98

01:38:30.640 If they could seize it, the Hudson River route into the interior would be theirs.

01:38:34.820 Moreover, they would be closing a dangerous gap between the existing English colonies, to the north and to the south.

01:38:44.240 And so the English set about harassing and intimidating the Dutch settlers.

01:38:50.080 The Dutch were unable to defend their distant colony.

01:38:53.340 And when a strong English naval force arrived at New Amsterdam, Governor Stuyvesant surrendered this important gateway to the continent.

01:39:02.480 The Dutch were unable to defend their distant colony.

01:39:04.820 You know, so that was 1664, I believe.

01:39:11.120 And like, obviously, the relevance of this, again, it's like, well, what does this matter?

01:39:17.900 It's like, well, to drive that point home again about how, you know, what's going on in Europe is intricately linked back to what's going on in the new world.

01:39:27.660 Um, that was resolved.

01:39:31.580 Uh, I forget the treaty now.

01:39:34.040 Um, I forget the name of the treaty.

01:39:38.400 But it was at the end of the second Anglo-Dutch war, which obviously there was a first Anglo-Dutch war, followed by a third Anglo-Dutch war, all within, you know, the latter half of the 17th century.

01:39:54.080 So, you know, like, that was resolved.

01:39:57.760 Like, there's war going on.

01:39:59.160 Like, the English and Dutch are at war.

01:40:00.620 And then the irony of it as well is that the French were on the side of the English in that war, uh, I believe, against the Dutch.

01:40:07.840 So, like, there's these constantly, it's incredibly complicated.

01:40:11.960 It's incredibly difficult to wrap your mind around all of it.

01:40:16.200 And the alliances are constantly shifting in Europe.

01:40:20.000 And that has an impact on what's going on in, uh, you know, the Canadian and American context.

01:40:27.940 Um, so, yeah, I just thought I would bring that up because it's interesting.

01:40:31.420 Um, these next clips as well, this has more to do with mindset.

01:40:37.800 Um, so I thought, I thought that this was interesting.

01:40:40.300 You probably, uh, caught this if you were paying attention again.

01:40:44.720 Um, that one of the things that hindered France and, uh, their colony was hesitation.

01:40:50.320 A lack of commitment, uh, to what they were doing.

01:40:54.620 Uh, we saw this with, uh, well, I'll play the clips because it illustrates it very well.

01:40:59.320 By the end of the Iroquois Wars, the vital flow of furs had entirely dried up.

01:41:06.140 New sources had to be found.

01:41:08.380 And so, new France pushed westward once again, 0.93

01:41:11.580 lured on by the marvelous network of waterways the fur traders kept discovering.

01:41:15.440 The heroes of this great advance into the interior of the continent

01:41:30.120 were the famous Coureurs de Bois.

01:41:33.580 These men found no journey too long, no hardship too great,

01:41:37.920 as they searched for more furs and new Indian partners.

01:41:41.500 These alone could rebuild the commercial system of the St. Lawrence.

01:41:55.320 Meanwhile, in the London of Charles II,

01:41:58.480 powerful English commercial forces were at work,

01:42:01.440 where there were men here who took the trouble to learn everything they could about North America.

01:42:05.420 They knew the business end of the fur trade at first hand,

01:42:10.100 and in their sales rooms they discussed the immense profits still to be made across the Atlantic.

01:42:15.900 They were greatly interested in the possibilities of the Hudson,

01:42:19.460 and while France was hesitating here, they were preparing to act.

01:42:23.360 Yeah, that last line is what really sells it.

01:42:30.160 So, while the French had excellent explorers on the ground,

01:42:35.040 they had men that were risking everything,

01:42:37.620 their leadership lacked vision and the ability to actually follow through on what was being discovered,

01:42:44.480 whereas the English were taking advantage of it.

01:42:46.320 And, you know, that's emphasized again in this next clip,

01:42:49.100 where, you know, some of you were making fun of it.

01:42:52.640 The French explorer Radisson, who discovers, you know, the route into the Hudson's Bay,

01:42:57.420 or at least solidifies trade within the Hudson's Bay,

01:43:01.800 and has the vision of what it could be used for,

01:43:05.820 ends up going to the English with his plan, because the French turned him down.

01:43:09.420 A few years earlier, the French trader explorer Radisson

01:43:12.960 had found an easily-traveled water route to Hudson's Bay.

01:43:21.040 This was the third great gateway to the continent,

01:43:24.360 and Radisson had a vision of new Indian partners

01:43:26.940 and a cheap outlet for the fur trade.

01:43:33.780 But Radisson was turned down by the war-weary authorities in New France,

01:43:38.440 who felt the new route would involve yet more defense commitments.

01:43:41.760 So Radisson took his plans to the British.

01:43:48.920 In London, astute investors gave Radisson a warm welcome.

01:43:53.660 They listened carefully to his enthusiastic descriptions of the country he had penetrated,

01:43:58.100 to his statement that this was the richest storehouse of furs in North America.

01:44:03.300 Prince Rupert himself was quick to see the possibilities of the scheme,

01:44:06.240 and soon a charter was obtained, setting up a new trading organization,

01:44:10.820 the Hudson's Bay Company.

01:44:13.220 The company, which had the blessing of King Charles, was well-organized and well-financed.

01:44:20.820 Before long, Radisson's dreams became reality when its ships arrived in Hudson Bay.

01:44:26.720 From the bay, English lines of trade penetrated deep into the continent,

01:44:37.680 establishing contacts with hunters.

01:44:40.380 The precious furs, still the lifeblood of New France,

01:44:43.880 were now being drained to English posts in the north,

01:44:46.960 as well as down the Hudson River to the south.

01:44:49.880 The struggling colony of the St. Lawrence

01:44:52.420 was caught in an increasingly dangerous English pincer.

01:44:56.720 So, lack of vision, or at least lack of a willingness to commit the resources necessary

01:45:05.860 to take advantage of their discoveries, hindered the French colonies.

01:45:11.140 And ultimately, this is of immense significance in why they couldn't grow,

01:45:16.000 and why they couldn't maintain the colony in the end.

01:45:18.320 As we saw, by the end of it, you know, the English military presence in North America

01:45:25.300 outnumbered the French settlers in their entirety.

01:45:29.800 So, the English were just simply more willing to commit to their colonial experiment.

01:45:35.460 Big J Michigan says, Prince Rupert, be like, yes, but the land must be named after me.

01:45:47.600 Yeah, Prince Rupert's land?

01:45:48.740 Yep.

01:45:49.680 Yeah.

01:45:50.000 And obviously, what that led to was the formulation of the, I mean,

01:45:54.340 the oldest and arguably greatest company in Canadian history,

01:45:57.700 the Hudson Bay Company, which is now essentially defunct or being sold off to a Chinaman.

01:46:04.840 I'm not sure where we ended off with that, but it's unfortunate that that, you know,

01:46:09.500 like many other great things like the National Film Board or the CBC or the Royal Canadian Mounted Police

01:46:15.580 or the Hudson's Bay, all of these iconic Canadian symbols and institutions are being diluted

01:46:21.600 and sold off to the highest bidder, things that we should take more pride in,

01:46:25.960 or they're being completely corrupted and degenerated into the exact inverse of what they were supposed to be.

01:46:38.680 Yeah, this brings us on to this upcoming period of history is where it gets really important,

01:46:46.460 and this will continue for into the next two episodes of this series.

01:46:54.260 Then, reinforcing bitterness in North America, came war in Europe,

01:46:59.540 for it was 1689, beginning of the second Hundred Years' War between England and France.

01:47:06.800 As it progressed, their overseas empires would be increasingly involved.

01:47:12.140 In Quebec, an angry Count Frontenac was back from France to take charge again.

01:47:21.420 With the help of friendly Indians, he was determined to strike back against the Iroquois and the English, 0.98

01:47:27.400 and he launched a series of raids of unparalleled ferocity

01:47:31.320 against places like Schenectady, Deerfield, Casco, Wilkes-Barre, Falmouth.

01:47:42.140 For the English colonists, the memory of these raids was to make the word Canada so synonymous with danger

01:47:54.480 that for a century to come, there would be fear of any power to the North.

01:48:00.240 But still, these were only guerrilla raids.

01:48:03.800 The next phase would be formal clashes between the regular forces of France and Britain.

01:48:07.980 Such warfare was urged by New Englanders like Samuel Vetch,

01:48:13.680 who persuaded the British to send Sir William Phipps with a fleet to Quebec

01:48:17.780 to order Frontenac to surrender.

01:48:20.760 But Frontenac said,

01:48:22.400 I shall answer you out of the mouths of my cannon.

01:48:31.720 Yeah, sorry.

01:48:33.160 I probably should have broken that clip up into a couple

01:48:36.040 because there's a bunch of things in there.

01:48:38.920 So, first of all, 1689,

01:48:44.440 you get the outbreak of what some refer to as the Second Hundred Years' War.

01:48:49.580 Now, this is, I think, a terrible way of framing it,

01:48:52.660 but you can understand why some people want to just lump it all together

01:48:55.720 because basically from 1689 to 1789,

01:49:00.260 there's almost continuous warfare between the English and the French.

01:49:05.560 Now, it's a misnomer because it's not one continuous conflict.

01:49:12.000 Like, it's a bunch of conflicts that kind of all are linked together

01:49:21.620 but have different breaking out points,

01:49:23.680 and there's treaties and momentary pieces and stuff like that in the whole thing.

01:49:27.180 In the case of North America,

01:49:30.420 this period is referred to as King William's War.

01:49:33.620 In the European context,

01:49:38.320 this is referred to as the Nine Years' War.

01:49:42.660 And then we're going to move on to...

01:49:48.220 Anyways, it's very complicated.

01:49:51.100 But the point is, this is where things accelerate, let's say,

01:49:57.920 when it comes to conflict between France and England in the colonial setting.

01:50:03.220 Um, and that culminates, obviously, with, um...

01:50:11.420 Oh, yeah.

01:50:12.280 One thing, too.

01:50:13.620 How...

01:50:13.960 Everybody mentioned it, but it's so true. 1.00

01:50:16.180 How fucking badass is that line from Frontenac? 0.94

01:50:19.400 Which, another thing here as well is, 0.98

01:50:21.820 if you've been paying attention just, you know,

01:50:23.900 through the episode in general,

01:50:25.580 um, you'll have heard a lot of names.

01:50:27.560 You'll have heard names that you've seen on signs.

01:50:30.920 You've lived in neighborhoods that are named after them.

01:50:34.140 You've, you know, seen it on whatever,

01:50:37.540 institutions, buildings, highways, bridges,

01:50:41.280 like Frontenac, Montcalm, Lavarandri, Radisson.

01:50:46.740 Like, these names pop up everywhere in Canada.

01:50:49.720 Um, and most people don't even know what they are.

01:50:52.880 There's, you know, it just passes them by

01:50:54.940 and they don't really think about it.

01:50:56.580 Um, but these are almost all incredibly significant.

01:51:00.920 In the Canadian context.

01:51:02.140 Yeah, Snitter says Brock.

01:51:03.320 Yeah, that's another one that'll come up later.

01:51:05.120 Yeah, Amherst, Wolf.

01:51:06.580 Yeah, all these names, uh, come up

01:51:08.600 and people just don't really think about it.

01:51:11.820 Um, and it's one thing that you can do.

01:51:14.100 Like, seriously, if you want to engage

01:51:16.580 in a fun little personal history experiment,

01:51:18.680 when you see a name on a sign,

01:51:21.200 like a road sign or something like that,

01:51:23.320 and it's whatever, uh, Arsenault or something like that,

01:51:26.780 you can look it up.

01:51:27.660 Just look up, like, why is this place called Arsenault?

01:51:30.740 And you'll get an idea.

01:51:32.680 And the example of this right here is,

01:51:35.080 um, as I was watching this,

01:51:36.840 I heard a name that I recognized, Lavarandri.

01:51:39.900 And I was like, I know that from somewhere.

01:51:42.080 And then I looked up the name

01:51:43.980 and I was, you know,

01:51:45.260 I realized that where I know that from

01:51:47.140 is there's a boulevard in Gatineau,

01:51:49.300 you know, called Boulevard Lavarandri.

01:51:51.880 All right.

01:51:52.320 And I've been on it, I don't know,

01:51:53.500 a hundred times in my life or more.

01:51:56.380 And, um, never knew why.

01:51:58.780 Never knew, never even thought to go like,

01:52:00.460 why is it called this?

01:52:01.420 And then you realize that this,

01:52:03.060 this particular individual's exploits

01:52:06.960 in the Canadian, uh, in Canadian history 0.99

01:52:09.360 are fucking legendary. 0.98

01:52:10.840 And his own story is, 0.99

01:52:13.780 is worthy of like a full length feature film

01:52:16.860 or its own documentary or its own,

01:52:19.640 like, you know, I'm sure there's books

01:52:20.820 on this, uh, individual,

01:52:22.400 but yeah, I'll just play that clip.

01:52:24.560 Uh, you know, in this series,

01:52:26.420 he gets like 50 seconds, right?

01:52:29.840 Because we're going, we're,

01:52:30.780 we're just moving through history so quickly

01:52:34.040 that you can't, uh, get into the details

01:52:36.640 of, of these individuals

01:52:38.240 more than just kind of mention it.

01:52:40.460 But you realize like what they went through

01:52:42.400 and the distances they traveled,

01:52:44.500 it's insane.

01:52:45.600 So I'll play the clip.

01:52:47.800 There was peace, but the struggle continued.

01:52:52.000 For the French, it meant new exploration,

01:52:55.320 this time westward rather than south.

01:52:58.340 The aim was to siphon off furs

01:53:00.160 before they got to Hudson Bay and the English.

01:53:07.780 The man who pushed the French route west

01:53:10.040 was the remarkable Laverandri,

01:53:11.820 who went from the head of the Great Lakes

01:53:14.260 through Manitoba

01:53:15.420 and up to the Saskatchewan River.

01:53:18.220 His sons went even farther

01:53:19.580 to the very foothills of the Rockies.

01:53:23.280 Behind them arose a new chain of forts

01:53:25.980 in competition with the English outpost

01:53:28.200 to the north.

01:53:29.900 Here were new focal points for tension,

01:53:32.380 for fierce new conflicts

01:53:34.040 between old rivals.

01:53:35.180 So that's, that's all he gets.

01:53:40.880 So I, I watched this and I'm like, let's,

01:53:43.080 like I did some cursory research into him

01:53:45.660 and he realized like, holy, this guy was a badass.

01:53:48.040 So him and his four sons

01:53:49.520 through multiple expeditions,

01:53:51.960 got as far, his sons got as far as the Rockies.

01:53:54.460 He got as far as the Saskatchewan River.

01:53:56.240 But if you understand,

01:53:57.480 if you've ever driven that distance

01:53:59.800 from the Great Lakes

01:54:01.240 to Fort Saskatchewan, 0.99

01:54:03.700 that's fucking crazy 0.99

01:54:05.840 to do that by canoe and on foot. 0.99

01:54:09.280 Like it makes Sean Plain's little journey

01:54:11.600 that we were talking about earlier

01:54:12.860 look like a leisurely walk.

01:54:15.300 That is an insane distance to travel

01:54:17.740 by foot and by boat.

01:54:22.320 The speaker says,

01:54:23.440 didn't cross the Rockies.

01:54:25.300 Yeah.

01:54:27.300 But what's even more incredible

01:54:29.100 is that like this was his entire life.

01:54:32.300 His entire life was charting this,

01:54:34.420 this first thrust into,

01:54:36.320 you know, the prairies,

01:54:38.380 you know, in terms of Europeans.

01:54:43.140 And he got very far

01:54:46.880 and he didn't just sacrifice,

01:54:51.400 you know, his,

01:54:53.260 his time and energy

01:54:56.240 and, you know,

01:54:57.560 his life,

01:54:58.300 you know,

01:54:58.640 ultimately,

01:54:59.360 well, he didn't die,

01:55:00.300 but, you know,

01:55:01.600 it wasn't just his life's work.

01:55:03.780 He had a son that was killed

01:55:05.880 in this process.

01:55:07.540 You know,

01:55:07.660 his eldest son,

01:55:08.940 Jean Baptiste,

01:55:09.760 was killed by Sioux Indians, 0.90

01:55:12.080 you know,

01:55:12.900 which is like on the border

01:55:14.220 of Minnesota

01:55:14.920 and Manitoba

01:55:16.440 slash Ontario.

01:55:17.420 So like that,

01:55:20.480 that's,

01:55:20.840 that's what was sacrificed

01:55:22.600 to chart these courses.

01:55:24.380 Like,

01:55:24.840 it's not just,

01:55:26.520 you know,

01:55:27.200 it gets skated over.

01:55:29.060 It's like,

01:55:29.280 just think of that experience

01:55:30.460 of like,

01:55:31.420 you know,

01:55:31.700 you,

01:55:32.680 no roads,

01:55:33.840 no civilization.

01:55:35.680 There's,

01:55:36.200 there's nothing supporting you.

01:55:37.320 You're just out there with,

01:55:38.380 I think he had,

01:55:39.560 I think he had 40 men

01:55:40.820 and four sons.

01:55:41.780 So there's less than 50

01:55:43.060 of them total

01:55:43.740 going into wild territory

01:55:45.780 that nobody knows anything about.

01:55:47.420 Just to see what's there.

01:55:49.820 And,

01:55:50.320 you know,

01:55:50.860 losing your own child

01:55:52.400 along the way

01:55:53.200 to do that.

01:55:55.180 It was crazy.

01:55:56.000 And then,

01:55:56.700 you know,

01:55:57.580 you have,

01:56:00.460 sure,

01:56:02.600 your,

01:56:02.880 your name lives on.

01:56:06.180 But most people

01:56:07.040 don't even remember it anymore.

01:56:08.560 Which is why,

01:56:09.200 like that,

01:56:09.620 that one in particular hit me.

01:56:10.880 It's like,

01:56:11.360 I,

01:56:11.680 I knew that the moment

01:56:12.780 I heard that name,

01:56:13.680 I was like,

01:56:14.060 I know I've heard that before.

01:56:15.700 Um,

01:56:17.360 and couldn't even remember where.

01:56:19.580 So that's why I say like,

01:56:20.940 you know,

01:56:21.680 do a little digging,

01:56:22.800 um,

01:56:23.740 into,

01:56:25.360 uh,

01:56:25.640 the thing,

01:56:26.260 just the things

01:56:26.920 that are named around you.

01:56:28.520 Um,

01:56:28.960 why they're named that thing.

01:56:30.020 And you'd be surprised

01:56:30.820 at how much rich,

01:56:32.040 you know,

01:56:32.300 history and information

01:56:33.400 there is out there

01:56:34.360 about the place that you live

01:56:36.360 and why it's called what it is.

01:56:42.060 All right.

01:56:42.980 Um,

01:56:44.600 this was,

01:56:45.700 yeah,

01:56:46.980 we'll keep,

01:56:47.480 we'll keep it rolling here.

01:56:49.060 I'm almost done with the clips

01:56:50.400 and then we can do some general,

01:56:51.940 just,

01:56:52.500 you know,

01:56:53.180 Q and a,

01:56:53.760 or just,

01:56:54.300 you guys can make comments

01:56:55.240 and I'll read them or whatever,

01:56:56.140 but this was Nova Scotia,

01:56:58.520 British since the treaty of Utrecht,

01:57:00.460 but the population

01:57:01.780 was still largely French.

01:57:03.600 Sorry.

01:57:04.100 I skated,

01:57:04.840 I skated over that too

01:57:05.920 in the,

01:57:06.520 a couple of clips ago.

01:57:07.880 So,

01:57:08.280 did I miss,

01:57:13.960 uh,

01:57:14.320 I,

01:57:14.700 sorry,

01:57:15.060 I missed a clip.

01:57:16.300 Um,

01:57:16.880 I skipped over a clip.

01:57:17.940 I'll just play.

01:57:18.380 The English were driven 1.00

01:57:19.720 from Quebec

01:57:20.320 by the spirited French defense

01:57:22.020 and there was another victory

01:57:23.860 for the French

01:57:24.480 when Diberville swept the British

01:57:25.980 out of Hudson Bay.

01:57:27.700 But a British fleet

01:57:28.900 took Acadia

01:57:29.700 and the French also suffered

01:57:31.680 a series of disastrous reverses

01:57:33.560 in Europe

01:57:33.980 like the great sea battle

01:57:35.600 of La Hogue.

01:57:37.500 New France was to pay 0.99

01:57:38.760 for these defeats

01:57:39.600 when the treaty of Utrecht

01:57:41.280 ended the war in 1713.

01:57:48.660 Under the treaty,

01:57:50.140 France surrendered all claims

01:57:51.700 to Hudson Bay,

01:57:53.160 one of the great gateways

01:57:54.300 to the interior.

01:57:55.840 She also had to give up

01:57:56.840 any claims

01:57:57.420 to the great fishing island

01:57:58.640 of Newfoundland.

01:58:00.140 And Acadia,

01:58:01.500 twice previously captured

01:58:02.700 and returned,

01:58:03.960 now became Nova Scotia.

01:58:05.900 But the treaty left

01:58:07.100 some boundaries unresolved

01:58:08.540 and there were to be

01:58:09.840 fluctuating claims

01:58:10.860 to large border regions.

01:58:13.100 The heart of France's

01:58:14.440 North American empire

01:58:15.420 had survived.

01:58:17.040 But there was real satisfaction

01:58:18.380 for New Englanders

01:58:19.460 in the fact that Acadia

01:58:21.160 and Newfoundland

01:58:22.420 had finally been secured

01:58:24.240 as British territory.

01:58:27.560 Yeah, so I should have

01:58:28.740 played that one before

01:58:29.640 the Lavarandre clip.

01:58:31.580 But yeah,

01:58:34.480 so this is 1713, right?

01:58:37.140 This is where we talk about

01:58:38.400 the convoluted nature

01:58:40.080 of the second hundred years war.

01:58:42.880 But the idea here

01:58:46.540 is that that was

01:58:48.980 the Treaty of Utrecht,

01:58:50.620 which is what ceded Acadia

01:58:52.240 and Newfoundland

01:58:53.100 to the British

01:58:54.420 in North America,

01:58:55.480 was a result of the

01:58:57.460 War of the Spanish Succession.

01:59:01.520 So like,

01:59:02.100 would you understand?

01:59:03.400 So something that's going on

01:59:04.820 with the Holy Roman Empire

01:59:06.340 and a dispute over

01:59:07.420 who is the rightful inheritor

01:59:08.740 of the Spanish throne,

01:59:10.780 you know,

01:59:11.040 with the French,

01:59:11.920 results in war

01:59:13.580 that then,

01:59:14.220 you know,

01:59:14.920 cedes multiple colonies

01:59:16.540 to the British

01:59:18.320 in North America,

01:59:19.240 which the British

01:59:20.740 had pulled out

01:59:21.780 of that conflict

01:59:23.080 prior to the end.

01:59:24.500 It's just like

01:59:25.120 a super convoluted,

01:59:26.420 you know,

01:59:26.900 mess of European diplomacy

01:59:29.080 and warfare

01:59:29.720 that,

01:59:31.240 you know,

01:59:31.740 takes a lot of time

01:59:33.220 and effort to study

01:59:34.360 to really wrap your head around.

01:59:36.280 But even that,

01:59:37.120 like,

01:59:37.320 think of this.

01:59:38.000 We're talking about

01:59:38.700 a war that was being fought,

01:59:40.720 the Holy Roman Empire,

01:59:42.720 right?

01:59:43.720 This was after

01:59:44.780 the last of the Habsburgs, 0.80

01:59:47.620 you know,

01:59:48.380 who had ruled Spain

01:59:49.700 had died,

01:59:52.120 which led to this

01:59:53.460 dispute over

01:59:54.960 the rightful inheritance

01:59:56.320 of the Spanish throne.

01:59:59.180 So,

01:59:59.460 yeah,

02:00:00.600 I just think it's,

02:00:03.260 like,

02:00:03.400 an interesting thing

02:00:04.900 to point out

02:00:05.740 that this is all,

02:00:08.020 you know,

02:00:08.220 it'll keep coming up

02:00:09.480 where what's going on

02:00:10.940 in Canada

02:00:12.220 and the United States

02:00:12.980 may be called something

02:00:13.900 like,

02:00:14.680 you know,

02:00:15.500 King William's War,

02:00:16.500 but it's actually

02:00:17.080 the Nine Years War

02:00:18.080 or I forget even

02:00:19.880 what it was called.

02:00:21.300 Was it the Iroquois Wars?

02:00:23.800 I think it was called

02:00:24.700 the Iroquois Wars

02:00:25.680 in North America

02:00:28.920 is actually

02:00:29.720 the War of Spanish Succession

02:00:31.380 in Europe.

02:00:32.020 And these are conflicts

02:00:32.880 that are,

02:00:33.460 they're tied together.

02:00:34.340 They're not separate

02:00:36.080 from one another,

02:00:36.860 but they,

02:00:37.420 they,

02:00:39.240 they're

02:00:39.680 distinguishable

02:00:40.980 from one another.

02:00:46.280 Yeah.

02:00:48.080 Now we'll move on

02:00:52.440 to Acadia,

02:00:54.920 obviously,

02:00:55.460 because this is,

02:00:56.240 you know,

02:00:57.120 the end result

02:00:58.300 of it being

02:01:00.460 ceded to the British.

02:01:02.560 This was Nova Scotia,

02:01:04.380 British since

02:01:04.980 the Treaty of Utrecht.

02:01:06.300 But the population

02:01:07.460 was still largely French,

02:01:09.340 the Acadians,

02:01:10.440 who had stayed behind

02:01:11.460 to till their

02:01:12.160 prosperous farms.

02:01:14.040 Their presence

02:01:14.980 as a potential

02:01:15.680 fifth column

02:01:16.420 was a constant

02:01:17.620 source of worry

02:01:18.420 for men like

02:01:19.060 Governor Shirley

02:01:19.780 of Massachusetts.

02:01:21.580 Partly at his urging,

02:01:23.260 the city of Halifax

02:01:24.140 was founded

02:01:24.600 in 1749.

02:01:26.780 It was hoped

02:01:27.520 that here

02:01:28.140 a loyal population

02:01:29.660 would counterbalance

02:01:30.640 the potentially

02:01:31.820 disloyal Acadians. 0.98

02:01:33.100 but the existence

02:01:40.300 of Halifax

02:01:41.060 was not enough

02:01:41.780 to allay

02:01:42.220 the fears

02:01:42.640 of Governor Shirley

02:01:43.400 and the other

02:01:44.280 New Englanders.

02:01:45.600 And in 1755,

02:01:47.780 the Acadians

02:01:48.400 heard the bitter news

02:01:49.580 that they were

02:01:50.480 to be deported

02:01:51.120 from the area

02:01:51.780 and scattered

02:01:52.800 through other parts

02:01:53.600 of North America.

02:01:54.300 The Acadians

02:01:54.500 few of the Acadians

02:02:00.880 were actively

02:02:01.500 disloyal,

02:02:02.780 but they refused

02:02:03.540 to take the oath

02:02:04.440 of loyalty

02:02:05.020 for fear they might

02:02:06.140 have to do military

02:02:06.960 service and fight

02:02:08.220 fellow Frenchmen.

02:02:09.880 This was Britain's 0.98

02:02:10.820 reason for the

02:02:11.560 deportation.

02:02:13.160 The tragedy

02:02:13.740 of the 10,000

02:02:15.000 uprooted Acadians 0.98

02:02:16.120 showed how bitter

02:02:17.460 the North American

02:02:18.220 quarrel had become.

02:02:19.220 Yeah, so

02:02:27.140 obviously

02:02:29.320 this is

02:02:30.940 largely condemned

02:02:32.640 by modern historians.

02:02:34.320 It's considered

02:02:35.140 unfair

02:02:36.340 and harsh

02:02:37.100 and cruel

02:02:37.520 and a lot of

02:02:38.280 people today

02:02:39.660 even that live

02:02:40.560 in the area

02:02:41.720 that was known

02:02:42.480 as Acadia.

02:02:43.880 I mean,

02:02:44.060 it's still kind of

02:02:44.620 known as Acadia.

02:02:46.400 Right?

02:02:47.520 Have

02:02:48.080 some

02:02:49.200 resentful

02:02:50.120 kind of views

02:02:50.680 on it,

02:02:51.000 but it's kind

02:02:51.640 of easy

02:02:51.900 to understand

02:02:52.520 the British

02:02:52.940 logic

02:02:53.380 in why

02:02:54.360 they would

02:02:54.620 do this

02:02:55.020 and I think

02:02:55.380 that it's

02:02:55.840 kind of

02:02:57.100 relatable

02:02:57.500 for us

02:02:58.160 today,

02:02:58.840 frankly.

02:03:00.840 You have

02:03:01.620 a large

02:03:02.080 population

02:03:02.720 that outnumbers

02:03:03.680 the ethnic

02:03:05.120 and linguistic

02:03:05.700 population

02:03:06.440 that you know

02:03:07.340 is loyal to you.

02:03:09.040 They refuse

02:03:10.140 to make

02:03:11.720 an oath

02:03:12.100 of loyalty

02:03:12.640 to the British

02:03:13.260 crown

02:03:13.560 because they

02:03:14.060 don't want

02:03:14.540 to fight

02:03:14.960 their ethnic

02:03:15.900 kin

02:03:16.380 and you

02:03:17.680 are positive

02:03:18.680 because

02:03:19.280 if you've

02:03:20.100 been paying

02:03:20.420 attention

02:03:20.780 this is

02:03:21.900 17

02:03:22.320 what is

02:03:23.520 it

02:03:23.640 1755

02:03:25.740 I think

02:03:27.240 the Acadian

02:03:28.900 expulsion

02:03:29.380 begins

02:03:29.840 and

02:03:32.280 if you look

02:03:33.720 back on the

02:03:34.260 last century

02:03:35.040 of

02:03:36.060 history

02:03:37.080 from that

02:03:37.860 period

02:03:38.260 so you know

02:03:38.960 back into

02:03:39.500 the 1650s

02:03:40.540 what has

02:03:41.480 the experience

02:03:42.300 been between

02:03:42.980 the French

02:03:44.300 and the English

02:03:44.960 in North America?

02:03:45.920 it's been

02:03:46.660 a constant

02:03:47.200 state

02:03:47.640 of skirmishing

02:03:48.360 and warfare

02:03:49.160 and competition

02:03:50.980 so the idea

02:03:52.240 that you would

02:03:52.700 have a large

02:03:53.320 population

02:03:53.980 that is

02:03:55.000 potentially

02:03:55.420 hostile

02:03:55.900 towards you

02:03:56.600 that refuses

02:03:57.200 to swear

02:03:57.620 an oath

02:03:58.180 of loyalty

02:03:58.620 to the

02:03:58.980 British

02:03:59.180 crown

02:03:59.480 like

02:04:00.020 why would

02:04:00.520 you want

02:04:00.860 that there?

02:04:01.320 And so

02:04:01.560 they took

02:04:02.360 practical

02:04:02.920 measures

02:04:03.400 which is

02:04:03.860 send them

02:04:04.400 somewhere

02:04:04.760 where they're

02:04:05.140 not going

02:04:05.460 to be an

02:04:05.760 issue

02:04:06.060 is that

02:04:07.160 cruel?

02:04:07.820 Yes

02:04:08.100 is it

02:04:08.600 understandable

02:04:09.820 in the

02:04:10.140 context?

02:04:10.640 Yes

02:04:10.800 and if

02:04:11.160 you think

02:04:11.720 about what

02:04:12.260 comes

02:04:12.580 immediately

02:04:12.980 after those

02:04:13.620 expulsions

02:04:14.280 it's

02:04:15.660 completely

02:04:16.020 understandable

02:04:16.600 because

02:04:17.020 what is

02:04:18.280 it

02:04:18.400 three

02:04:18.800 years

02:04:19.240 or two

02:04:24.380 years

02:04:24.820 sorry

02:04:25.160 after those

02:04:26.100 expulsions

02:04:26.740 they were

02:04:27.500 at war

02:04:27.880 with the

02:04:28.120 French

02:04:28.460 in the

02:04:30.820 French

02:04:31.020 and Indian

02:04:31.340 wars

02:04:31.720 so

02:04:32.420 you know

02:04:33.100 it's kind

02:04:33.340 of understandable

02:04:33.860 why the

02:04:34.280 British did 0.99

02:04:34.680 what they

02:04:34.920 did

02:04:35.180 and it

02:04:40.060 it's highly

02:04:41.080 relevant to

02:04:41.740 us right

02:04:42.420 now

02:04:42.800 you know

02:04:44.000 that he

02:04:44.460 even used

02:04:45.100 the term

02:04:45.560 or they

02:04:45.920 even used

02:04:46.340 the term

02:04:46.800 in that

02:04:47.320 clip

02:04:47.640 you know

02:04:48.880 that we

02:04:49.160 would use

02:04:49.500 today

02:04:49.760 which is

02:04:50.180 four and

02:04:51.000 fifth columns

02:04:51.680 or enemy

02:04:52.220 fifth columns

02:04:52.960 like you

02:04:53.360 why are we

02:04:54.500 importing all

02:04:55.400 of these

02:04:55.680 people who

02:04:56.180 are not

02:04:56.540 us

02:04:56.920 this is a

02:04:58.300 potential

02:04:58.640 disaster

02:04:59.360 waiting to

02:05:00.240 happen

02:05:00.540 and

02:05:01.980 that's

02:05:02.920 that's

02:05:03.140 playing out

02:05:03.600 pretty

02:05:03.820 obviously

02:05:04.320 it's not

02:05:12.740 to say

02:05:13.060 that it's

02:05:13.440 right

02:05:13.780 what they

02:05:14.320 did

02:05:14.620 obviously

02:05:15.320 they deported

02:05:15.900 them to

02:05:16.280 Louisiana

02:05:16.780 and that's

02:05:17.220 where you

02:05:17.460 get the

02:05:17.900 the Cajun

02:05:18.660 in the

02:05:21.420 United States

02:05:22.020 there's still

02:05:23.060 a small

02:05:23.480 French speaking

02:05:24.040 population

02:05:24.620 there today

02:05:25.140 obviously

02:05:25.620 but

02:05:28.140 what

02:05:29.020 what other

02:05:29.760 what other

02:05:31.760 solution

02:05:32.280 would you

02:05:32.760 have offered

02:05:33.380 to the

02:05:34.020 British

02:05:34.280 at that

02:05:34.660 time

02:05:34.980 to deal

02:05:35.960 with a

02:05:36.220 potentially

02:05:36.600 hostile

02:05:37.060 population 0.75

02:05:37.780 that you're

02:05:38.320 you're

02:05:38.720 constantly

02:05:39.200 at war

02:05:39.800 with

02:05:40.080 that

02:05:41.000 refuses

02:05:41.460 to swear

02:05:41.900 loyalty

02:05:42.320 to the

02:05:42.960 crown

02:05:43.260 Brian

02:05:50.400 7316

02:05:51.080 bring the

02:05:51.700 Acadians 0.98

02:05:52.180 back and

02:05:52.660 deport 0.95

02:05:52.940 the

02:05:53.140 Jeets

02:05:53.400 I would

02:05:53.800 be okay

02:05:54.180 with that

02:05:54.520 yeah

02:05:54.700 let's

02:05:54.980 bring the

02:05:55.480 the

02:05:56.200 the

02:05:56.360 the

02:05:57.020 the

02:05:57.900 French

02:05:58.420 Louisianans

02:05:59.260 back to

02:05:59.760 Nova Scotia

02:06:00.480 and get 0.98

02:06:01.200 rid of all

02:06:01.540 the Jeets

02:06:01.960 out of Nova

02:06:02.400 Scotia

02:06:02.820 that sounds

02:06:03.240 like a deal

02:06:03.660 to me

02:06:03.980 anyways

02:06:09.880 it's

02:06:10.580 again

02:06:11.180 the thing

02:06:11.920 that I

02:06:12.180 think is

02:06:12.480 interesting

02:06:12.940 about this

02:06:13.400 series

02:06:13.780 in general

02:06:14.500 is that

02:06:14.940 they don't

02:06:15.260 place value

02:06:15.920 like that

02:06:16.460 they explain

02:06:18.000 what happened

02:06:18.760 and why the

02:06:19.560 British did 0.99

02:06:20.180 it and they

02:06:20.640 don't go

02:06:21.000 and that was

02:06:21.480 a terrible

02:06:22.080 thing for the

02:06:22.720 British to

02:06:23.160 do

02:06:23.320 they don't

02:06:24.040 have some

02:06:24.640 you know

02:06:25.460 bleeding

02:06:26.160 heart

02:06:26.620 you know

02:06:27.360 liberal

02:06:27.700 come on

02:06:28.260 and lecture

02:06:29.080 you about

02:06:29.760 how awful

02:06:30.720 it was

02:06:31.260 that the

02:06:31.660 British

02:06:32.040 would deport

02:06:32.900 you know

02:06:33.380 the Acadians

02:06:34.200 from the

02:06:35.200 territory

02:06:35.520 I mean

02:06:35.880 it kind of

02:06:36.620 emphasizes that

02:06:37.360 it was sad

02:06:38.000 for the

02:06:38.360 Acadians 0.98

02:06:38.900 but it's

02:06:39.580 not like

02:06:39.880 they're like

02:06:40.300 you see what

02:06:41.040 I'm saying

02:06:41.720 is they're

02:06:42.180 not trying

02:06:42.840 to push

02:06:44.040 you into

02:06:44.660 demonizing

02:06:45.420 the British

02:06:45.880 for that

02:06:46.280 action

02:06:46.780 you know

02:06:48.700 at least

02:06:49.840 not

02:06:50.120 without

02:06:50.440 the

02:06:51.060 correct

02:06:51.480 context

02:06:52.000 so

02:06:52.280 yeah

02:06:54.400 now we'll

02:06:56.160 move into

02:06:56.680 yeah

02:06:56.980 as I said

02:06:58.340 immediately

02:06:58.700 after

02:06:59.260 the expulsion

02:07:01.420 of the

02:07:01.680 Acadians 0.98

02:07:02.120 you get

02:07:02.940 the French

02:07:03.440 and Indian

02:07:03.740 Wars

02:07:04.120 which is

02:07:04.800 part of

02:07:05.580 the

02:07:05.700 Seven Years

02:07:06.180 War

02:07:06.500 again

02:07:07.540 these things

02:07:08.200 are often

02:07:08.840 not linked

02:07:09.740 but the

02:07:10.080 interesting

02:07:10.460 thing about

02:07:10.940 this one

02:07:11.400 in particular

02:07:11.920 is that

02:07:12.640 war

02:07:13.720 in

02:07:14.340 North

02:07:16.920 America

02:07:17.460 is what

02:07:18.720 caused

02:07:19.140 this

02:07:19.440 what

02:07:20.100 caused

02:07:20.540 the

02:07:20.720 Seven Years

02:07:21.280 War

02:07:21.580 or

02:07:21.800 was

02:07:21.980 one

02:07:22.200 of

02:07:22.300 the

02:07:22.900 main

02:07:25.260 reasons

02:07:25.720 why

02:07:26.140 war

02:07:26.440 broke

02:07:26.740 out

02:07:26.940 in

02:07:27.140 Europe

02:07:27.360 more

02:07:29.260 than

02:07:29.420 the

02:07:29.560 other

02:07:29.700 way

02:07:29.880 around

02:07:30.240 typically

02:07:30.720 it

02:07:30.980 was

02:07:31.160 events

02:07:31.640 in

02:07:31.820 Europe

02:07:32.040 that

02:07:32.300 would

02:07:32.440 lead

02:07:32.640 to

02:07:32.800 hostilities

02:07:33.400 or

02:07:33.740 the

02:07:34.100 outbreak

02:07:36.340 of

02:07:36.640 open

02:07:37.000 general

02:07:37.380 war

02:07:37.760 in

02:07:38.380 the

02:07:38.500 colonies

02:07:38.860 in

02:07:39.100 this

02:07:39.300 instance

02:07:39.780 it

02:07:40.040 was

02:07:40.400 specifically

02:07:41.700 war

02:07:42.880 in

02:07:43.540 the

02:07:43.660 colonies

02:07:44.040 that

02:07:44.360 led

02:07:44.580 to

02:07:45.160 outbreak

02:07:46.220 of

02:07:46.420 war

02:07:46.580 in

02:07:46.720 Europe

02:07:46.940 Colonel

02:07:48.120 George

02:07:48.740 Washington

02:07:49.260 sent

02:07:50.120 by

02:07:50.320 the

02:07:50.500 governor

02:07:50.740 of

02:07:51.020 Virginia

02:07:51.380 in

02:07:51.900 1754

02:07:52.880 to

02:07:53.860 expel

02:07:54.340 the

02:07:54.520 French

02:07:54.800 from

02:07:55.040 Fort

02:07:55.320 Duquesne

02:07:55.960 key to

02:07:56.900 the

02:07:57.040 Ohio

02:07:57.360 country

02:07:57.800 but

02:07:59.420 the

02:07:59.560 expedition

02:08:00.080 failed

02:08:00.800 for

02:08:01.860 Washington's

02:08:02.440 men

02:08:02.660 proved

02:08:03.100 no

02:08:03.380 match

02:08:03.740 for

02:08:03.960 the

02:08:04.120 forest

02:08:04.460 fighters

02:08:04.780 from

02:08:05.000 Canada

02:08:05.380 Washington's

02:08:07.440 defeat

02:08:07.800 shocked

02:08:08.500 the

02:08:08.680 British

02:08:09.000 and

02:08:09.840 the

02:08:10.000 following

02:08:10.260 year

02:08:10.680 they

02:08:11.400 sent

02:08:11.560 a

02:08:11.680 much

02:08:11.840 larger

02:08:12.220 force

02:08:12.640 under

02:08:12.880 General

02:08:13.200 Braddock

02:08:13.620 but

02:08:17.340 the

02:08:17.520 formal

02:08:17.820 array

02:08:18.220 of

02:08:18.480 British

02:08:18.760 redcoats

02:08:19.380 was

02:08:20.180 heading

02:08:20.380 into

02:08:20.640 a

02:08:20.800 trap

02:08:21.100 Colonel

02:08:27.620 Beaujeu

02:08:28.300 concealed

02:08:29.200 his small

02:08:29.740 band of

02:08:30.200 French

02:08:30.480 and Indian

02:08:30.940 fighters

02:08:31.400 in the

02:08:32.060 forests

02:08:32.560 they knew

02:08:33.040 so well

02:08:33.580 deadly

02:08:35.080 fire

02:08:35.640 rained

02:08:36.100 on the

02:08:36.360 British

02:08:36.700 who could

02:08:37.520 barely

02:08:37.800 see

02:08:38.140 their

02:08:38.380 enemies

02:08:38.840 900

02:08:42.400 Anglo

02:08:43.000 Americans

02:08:43.500 died

02:08:44.000 including

02:08:44.760 Braddock

02:08:45.200 himself

02:08:45.700 here

02:08:47.340 was

02:08:47.580 full

02:08:47.900 scale

02:08:48.220 war

02:08:48.720 although

02:08:49.360 Britain

02:08:49.680 and

02:08:49.900 France

02:08:50.200 were

02:08:50.400 still

02:08:50.700 nominally

02:08:51.240 at

02:08:51.600 peace

02:08:52.020 it

02:08:59.160 was

02:08:59.340 1756

02:09:00.400 and

02:09:01.460 the

02:09:01.600 French

02:09:01.840 had

02:09:02.020 just

02:09:02.240 seized

02:09:02.680 Fort

02:09:03.100 Oswego

02:09:03.660 war

02:09:05.080 had

02:09:05.280 been

02:09:05.420 officially

02:09:05.800 declared

02:09:06.200 in

02:09:06.400 Europe

02:09:06.620 now

02:09:07.000 and

02:09:07.780 in

02:09:07.920 North

02:09:08.080 America

02:09:08.540 the

02:09:08.960 tempo

02:09:09.260 of

02:09:09.460 hostility

02:09:09.900 was

02:09:10.160 stepped

02:09:10.440 up

02:09:10.780 at

02:09:12.020 first

02:09:12.400 the

02:09:13.220 French

02:09:13.440 did

02:09:13.680 surprisingly

02:09:14.280 well

02:09:14.760 for

02:09:15.580 they

02:09:15.700 were

02:09:15.840 still

02:09:16.140 the

02:09:16.360 masters

02:09:16.660 of

02:09:16.900 forest

02:09:17.260 warfare

02:09:17.760 but

02:09:25.880 the

02:09:26.040 British

02:09:26.260 destruction

02:09:26.760 of

02:09:27.060 Fort

02:09:27.300 Frontenac

02:09:27.900 in

02:09:28.200 1758

02:09:29.220 marked

02:09:29.900 a

02:09:30.060 turning

02:09:30.300 point

02:09:30.700 soon

02:09:31.960 Fort

02:09:32.440 Duquesne

02:09:32.920 fell

02:09:33.180 too

02:09:33.500 by

02:09:34.600 now

02:09:34.920 the

02:09:35.140 British

02:09:35.420 army

02:09:35.800 was

02:09:36.240 as

02:09:36.420 large

02:09:36.780 as

02:09:36.960 the

02:09:37.120 whole

02:09:37.360 population

02:09:37.940 of

02:09:38.220 new

02:09:38.420 France

02:09:38.900 so

02:09:42.140 obviously

02:09:43.940 you'll

02:09:44.520 see some

02:09:45.040 familiar

02:09:45.440 names

02:09:45.940 in the

02:09:46.200 French

02:09:46.420 Indian

02:09:46.680 wars

02:09:46.940 a lot

02:09:47.240 of

02:09:47.360 the

02:09:47.680 Anglo

02:09:48.920 American

02:09:49.520 leadership

02:09:50.720 from that

02:09:51.520 war

02:09:51.820 ended up

02:09:52.320 being the

02:09:52.680 leadership

02:09:53.000 of the

02:09:53.360 American

02:09:53.660 Revolution

02:09:54.200 and

02:09:56.380 a lot

02:09:56.760 of

02:09:56.860 mid

02:09:58.340 and

02:09:58.740 mid

02:09:59.240 to

02:09:59.400 high

02:09:59.640 ranking

02:09:59.960 officers

02:10:00.520 George

02:10:00.940 Washington

02:10:01.200 was a

02:10:02.700 colonel

02:10:03.160 in the

02:10:03.820 British

02:10:05.220 military

02:10:05.620 at this

02:10:05.980 point

02:10:06.220 was among

02:10:07.700 them

02:10:07.940 but there

02:10:08.460 is

02:10:08.640 others

02:10:09.000 as well

02:10:09.440 but it

02:10:12.300 is

02:10:12.460 interesting

02:10:12.780 too

02:10:12.960 there

02:10:13.080 you can

02:10:13.300 see the

02:10:13.760 difference

02:10:14.360 in tactics

02:10:14.940 as well

02:10:15.320 and I

02:10:15.800 forgot to

02:10:16.180 mention

02:10:16.360 this

02:10:16.580 as well

02:10:16.960 there

02:10:17.300 the raids

02:10:19.080 and the

02:10:19.780 tactics

02:10:20.460 of the

02:10:21.180 French

02:10:21.600 and

02:10:22.140 their

02:10:23.360 Indian

02:10:24.080 allies

02:10:24.720 basically

02:10:26.920 for the

02:10:27.440 past

02:10:27.980 century

02:10:28.480 at this

02:10:29.020 time

02:10:29.260 point

02:10:29.540 led to

02:10:30.640 actually

02:10:31.480 it was

02:10:31.900 in one

02:10:32.300 of the

02:10:32.500 clips

02:10:32.860 that I

02:10:33.840 had played

02:10:34.280 earlier

02:10:34.840 where it

02:10:36.860 brings up

02:10:37.320 that these

02:10:38.340 raids would

02:10:38.980 have an

02:10:39.260 impact on

02:10:39.900 the psyche

02:10:40.360 of the

02:10:41.480 Anglo

02:10:42.440 Americans

02:10:43.020 for some

02:10:44.400 time

02:10:44.740 this goes

02:10:45.460 on

02:10:45.920 as we

02:10:46.500 know

02:10:46.800 into

02:10:47.260 the

02:10:47.880 War

02:10:48.860 of

02:10:48.980 1812

02:10:49.460 as well

02:10:49.940 and we'll

02:10:50.200 see that

02:10:50.500 come up

02:10:50.880 again

02:10:51.180 but

02:10:51.400 this

02:10:52.120 these

02:10:53.600 hit

02:10:53.840 and run

02:10:54.420 vicious

02:10:55.760 very

02:10:57.360 violent

02:10:58.080 tactics

02:10:58.600 that were

02:10:59.140 used by

02:10:59.740 the French

02:11:00.560 and Indians

02:11:00.980 at this

02:11:01.320 time

02:11:01.560 had a

02:11:03.260 psychological

02:11:03.740 impact

02:11:04.240 to the

02:11:04.480 point

02:11:04.680 where

02:11:05.060 it was

02:11:06.960 like

02:11:07.220 ghost

02:11:07.980 stories

02:11:08.660 right

02:11:09.160 among

02:11:09.460 the

02:11:09.660 Americans

02:11:10.060 so that's

02:11:11.180 why you'll

02:11:11.620 see

02:11:11.920 as we

02:11:12.380 know

02:11:12.600 when

02:11:13.220 Brock

02:11:14.240 takes

02:11:14.680 Fort

02:11:15.000 Detroit

02:11:15.380 in the

02:11:15.660 War

02:11:15.780 of

02:11:15.900 1812

02:11:16.480 General

02:11:16.900 Hull

02:11:17.320 is

02:11:17.960 terrified

02:11:18.380 of

02:11:19.280 the

02:11:19.960 British

02:11:20.340 and

02:11:20.820 the

02:11:20.980 French

02:11:21.300 and

02:11:21.640 the

02:11:21.880 Indians

02:11:22.280 because

02:11:24.520 well

02:11:24.980 he's

02:11:25.200 terrified

02:11:25.580 of the

02:11:25.960 tactics

02:11:26.300 that

02:11:26.580 they

02:11:26.720 would

02:11:26.880 use

02:11:27.120 and

02:11:27.220 this

02:11:27.360 is

02:11:27.500 kind

02:11:27.660 of

02:11:27.760 like

02:11:27.960 a

02:11:28.660 legendary

02:11:29.460 thing

02:11:29.880 yeah

02:11:30.100 so

02:11:31.300 but

02:11:32.840 yeah

02:11:33.240 to end

02:11:36.220 on that

02:11:36.580 clip

02:11:36.880 as I

02:11:37.300 mentioned

02:11:37.560 earlier

02:11:37.900 like

02:11:38.240 part of

02:11:38.920 the

02:11:39.020 problem

02:11:39.320 that the

02:11:39.620 French

02:11:39.820 had

02:11:39.980 at this

02:11:40.240 point

02:11:40.440 is

02:11:40.560 that

02:11:40.700 they

02:11:40.840 didn't

02:11:41.140 have

02:11:41.320 the

02:11:41.500 settlement

02:11:41.820 and the

02:11:42.180 population

02:11:42.740 to

02:11:43.500 match

02:11:44.440 the

02:11:44.640 British

02:11:44.900 and so

02:11:45.280 they were

02:11:45.540 simply

02:11:45.860 outnumbered

02:11:47.020 outgunned

02:11:47.500 and there

02:11:47.700 was really

02:11:48.040 nothing

02:11:48.360 to be

02:11:49.160 done

02:11:49.320 about it

02:11:49.760 on top

02:11:50.460 of this

02:11:50.680 too

02:11:50.980 they were

02:11:52.740 losing the

02:11:53.160 war in

02:11:53.580 Europe

02:11:54.400 which

02:11:56.100 you know

02:11:57.120 is why

02:11:57.640 reinforcements

02:11:58.580 aren't

02:11:58.960 coming

02:11:59.360 so yeah

02:12:01.180 that comes

02:12:01.540 up again

02:12:01.940 later

02:12:02.160 but

02:12:02.440 we're

02:12:03.520 almost

02:12:03.760 at the

02:12:04.120 end

02:12:04.320 here

02:12:04.520 so

02:12:04.780 I'll

02:12:05.840 play

02:12:06.340 this

02:12:06.580 clip

02:12:06.860 about

02:12:07.200 Wolf

02:12:07.820 as well

02:12:08.340 again

02:12:08.720 somebody

02:12:09.340 pointed

02:12:09.680 out

02:12:09.900 in the

02:12:10.100 comments

02:12:10.400 as well

02:12:10.740 that

02:12:10.980 isn't

02:12:11.360 it

02:12:11.480 interesting

02:12:11.800 that

02:12:12.040 it's

02:12:12.380 a time

02:12:12.820 period

02:12:13.100 where

02:12:13.380 you know

02:12:13.700 leaders

02:12:14.120 fought

02:12:14.580 with their

02:12:14.880 men

02:12:15.140 yeah

02:12:15.440 of course

02:12:15.820 we've

02:12:16.420 already

02:12:16.620 listened

02:12:16.860 to

02:12:17.040 so

02:12:17.320 General

02:12:18.400 Braddock

02:12:19.100 from

02:12:20.740 that last

02:12:21.340 clip

02:12:21.620 that I

02:12:21.900 just

02:12:22.080 played

02:12:22.460 killed

02:12:23.040 amongst

02:12:23.380 his

02:12:23.620 men

02:12:23.960 and

02:12:25.300 obviously

02:12:25.680 in this

02:12:26.740 next

02:12:27.000 clip

02:12:27.300 General

02:12:28.360 Wolf

02:12:28.720 also

02:12:29.400 dies

02:12:29.800 with

02:12:29.940 his

02:12:30.080 men

02:12:30.300 The

02:12:32.460 fortress

02:12:32.800 of

02:12:33.040 New

02:12:33.200 France

02:12:33.640 seemed

02:12:34.340 inaccessible

02:12:35.180 but

02:12:36.160 early

02:12:36.440 in the

02:12:36.740 September

02:12:37.120 dawn

02:12:37.580 Wolf

02:12:38.440 soldiers

02:12:38.900 set out

02:12:39.360 on the

02:12:39.600 river

02:12:39.820 in

02:12:40.060 small

02:12:40.380 boats

02:12:40.740 to

02:12:41.420 carry

02:12:41.680 out

02:12:42.020 a

02:12:42.400 daring

02:12:42.740 scheme

02:12:43.320 The

02:12:50.800 French

02:12:51.180 expected

02:12:51.760 Wolf's

02:12:52.120 attack

02:12:52.460 at

02:12:52.660 strongly

02:12:52.980 defended

02:12:53.460 places

02:12:54.020 above

02:12:54.360 and below

02:12:55.020 his

02:12:55.280 position

02:12:55.640 on

02:12:55.840 the

02:12:55.960 river

02:12:56.180 but

02:12:57.140 Wolf

02:12:57.440 had

02:12:57.680 other

02:12:57.960 plans

02:12:58.480 he

02:12:59.600 had

02:12:59.780 found

02:13:00.080 a

02:13:00.280 small

02:13:00.660 trail

02:13:01.160 leading

02:13:01.740 to

02:13:01.940 the

02:13:02.100 heights

02:13:02.340 of

02:13:02.480 Quebec

02:13:02.820 a

02:13:03.620 trail

02:13:03.920 that

02:13:04.100 was

02:13:04.260 weakly

02:13:04.620 guarded

02:13:04.940 because

02:13:05.280 it

02:13:05.460 seemed

02:13:05.800 useless 0.52

02:13:06.300 but 0.97

02:13:07.460 for

02:13:07.620 the

02:13:07.780 Highlanders

02:13:08.380 it

02:13:08.940 was

02:13:09.100 the

02:13:09.260 answer

02:13:09.660 climbing

02:13:11.380 up

02:13:11.720 it

02:13:12.100 gave

02:13:12.300 them

02:13:12.440 access

02:13:12.740 to

02:13:13.020 the

02:13:13.180 plains

02:13:13.480 of

02:13:13.660 Abraham

02:13:13.960 and

02:13:14.980 here

02:13:15.240 they

02:13:15.460 surprised

02:13:15.920 the

02:13:16.100 French

02:13:16.480 Hastily

02:13:24.160 assembled

02:13:24.620 the

02:13:25.140 French

02:13:25.380 soldiers

02:13:25.780 could

02:13:26.060 not

02:13:26.320 dislodge

02:13:26.920 Wolf's

02:13:27.280 Highlanders

02:13:27.840 Wolf

02:13:29.160 died

02:13:29.580 on the

02:13:29.880 field

02:13:30.200 but

02:13:30.960 his

02:13:31.140 army

02:13:31.420 swept

02:13:31.720 on

02:13:31.940 to

02:13:32.060 victory

02:13:32.420 after

02:13:33.780 winning

02:13:34.080 the

02:13:34.280 plains

02:13:34.540 of

02:13:34.700 Abraham

02:13:35.000 they

02:13:35.920 rushed

02:13:36.200 on

02:13:36.440 to

02:13:36.620 capture

02:13:36.920 the

02:13:37.160 city

02:13:37.460 the

02:13:38.240 very

02:13:38.540 heart

02:13:38.940 of

02:13:39.140 Canada

02:13:39.500 a

02:13:44.720 few

02:13:44.880 weeks

02:13:45.120 later

02:13:45.420 the

02:13:46.100 British

02:13:46.380 Navy

02:13:46.680 drove

02:13:47.060 the

02:13:47.240 last

02:13:47.540 of

02:13:47.700 the

02:13:47.820 great

02:13:48.040 French

02:13:48.380 fleets

02:13:48.780 onto

02:13:49.400 the

02:13:49.600 rocks

02:13:49.940 of

02:13:50.140 Kiberon

02:13:50.580 Bay

02:13:50.840 this

02:13:52.220 victory

02:13:52.560 in

02:13:52.780 Europe

02:13:53.020 destroyed

02:13:53.660 France's

02:13:54.220 last

02:13:54.560 hope

02:13:54.840 of

02:13:55.360 rescuing

02:13:55.860 her

02:13:56.100 Canadian

02:13:56.440 colony

02:13:56.900 meanwhile

02:14:01.500 the

02:14:01.880 French

02:14:02.120 still

02:14:02.440 held

02:14:02.740 Montreal

02:14:03.220 but

02:14:04.240 further

02:14:04.560 resistance

02:14:05.020 was

02:14:05.360 useless 0.93

02:14:05.780 rather

02:14:07.260 than

02:14:07.600 surrender

02:14:08.020 their

02:14:08.300 flags

02:14:08.800 they

02:14:09.700 burned

02:14:10.040 them 0.93

02:14:10.360 it

02:14:12.360 was a

02:14:15.580 bitter

02:14:15.760 day

02:14:16.100 for

02:14:16.280 the

02:14:16.420 defenders

02:14:16.860 of

02:14:17.120 new

02:14:17.300 France

02:14:17.780 when

02:14:18.580 in

02:14:18.780 1760

02:14:19.680 Montreal

02:14:20.640 yielded

02:14:21.280 to

02:14:21.440 Amherst's

02:14:22.160 Anglo-American

02:14:22.900 force

02:14:23.520 Louis

02:14:29.020 Louis XV

02:14:29.540 of

02:14:29.980 France

02:14:30.500 the

02:14:31.100 proud

02:14:31.480 Bourbon

02:14:31.880 king

02:14:32.300 and

02:14:33.120 his

02:14:33.300 elegant

02:14:33.680 fleur 0.77

02:14:34.060 de

02:14:34.200 lease

02:14:34.520 had

02:14:35.240 yielded

02:14:35.620 everywhere

02:14:36.040 to

02:14:36.440 the

02:14:36.600 red

02:14:36.800 white

02:14:37.020 and

02:14:37.220 blue

02:14:37.440 of

02:14:37.700 Britain

02:14:37.980 now

02:14:39.000 the

02:14:39.260 dominant

02:14:39.620 world

02:14:40.100 power

02:14:40.520 under

02:14:41.460 King

02:14:41.720 George

02:14:42.120 III

02:14:42.540 who

02:14:43.720 had

02:14:43.900 just

02:14:44.120 been

02:14:44.360 crowned

02:14:45.240 yeah

02:14:48.280 so

02:14:48.600 obviously

02:14:50.740 they

02:14:51.300 mentioned

02:14:51.640 Wolfe

02:14:52.040 and again

02:14:52.420 an example

02:14:53.720 of a

02:14:53.960 general

02:14:54.240 dying

02:14:54.640 with his 0.99

02:14:55.000 men

02:14:55.220 that's

02:14:57.860 why he's

02:14:58.180 immortalized

02:14:58.940 obviously

02:14:59.400 in

02:14:59.860 what was

02:15:00.840 Canada's

02:15:01.480 unofficial

02:15:02.000 anthem

02:15:02.400 for some

02:15:02.900 time

02:15:03.200 which was

02:15:03.640 the

02:15:03.780 Maple Leaf

02:15:04.180 Forever

02:15:04.500 in one

02:15:05.400 of the

02:15:05.580 first

02:15:05.840 verses

02:15:06.320 or in

02:15:07.120 the first

02:15:07.460 verse

02:15:07.820 of that

02:15:08.420 I think

02:15:08.960 it's

02:15:09.100 the first

02:15:09.480 is it

02:15:09.800 the first

02:15:10.200 line

02:15:10.600 of the

02:15:10.880 entire

02:15:11.220 song

02:15:11.620 I think

02:15:12.800 it is

02:15:13.140 in days

02:15:13.780 of yore

02:15:14.380 from

02:15:14.860 Britain

02:15:15.240 shores 0.53

02:15:15.680 Wolfe

02:15:16.180 the

02:15:16.360 dauntless

02:15:16.800 hero

02:15:17.100 came

02:15:17.540 it's

02:15:18.640 literally

02:15:18.900 the

02:15:19.120 first

02:15:19.360 line

02:15:19.620 of

02:15:19.700 the

02:15:19.920 anthem

02:15:20.760 so

02:15:21.660 he

02:15:21.940 was

02:15:22.080 immortalized

02:15:22.780 for his

02:15:23.760 victory

02:15:24.040 at Quebec

02:15:24.480 on the

02:15:25.260 Plains

02:15:25.480 of

02:15:25.600 Abraham

02:15:25.880 and

02:15:27.620 obviously

02:15:28.100 you know

02:15:29.740 it should

02:15:30.060 was this

02:15:32.760 the

02:15:33.020 key to

02:15:34.000 you know

02:15:35.460 the victory

02:15:36.140 in what

02:15:37.120 was known

02:15:37.640 as the

02:15:37.860 Seven Years

02:15:38.220 War

02:15:38.460 it was

02:15:38.680 certainly

02:15:39.120 a big

02:15:39.480 part of

02:15:39.840 it

02:15:39.960 but

02:15:40.220 you know

02:15:42.420 we

02:15:42.640 underestimate

02:15:43.100 the line

02:15:44.040 there at

02:15:44.320 the end

02:15:44.620 is

02:15:44.840 important

02:15:45.220 this

02:15:46.280 is

02:15:46.440 where

02:15:46.600 Britain

02:15:46.860 secured

02:15:47.240 itself

02:15:47.640 as

02:15:47.880 being

02:15:48.100 the

02:15:48.300 dominant

02:15:48.840 world

02:15:49.220 power

02:15:49.620 until

02:15:50.240 the end

02:15:50.580 of the

02:15:50.780 Second

02:15:50.960 World War

02:15:51.540 despite

02:15:53.460 the fact

02:15:53.820 that they

02:15:54.200 ended up

02:15:54.940 losing

02:15:55.180 the

02:15:55.360 American

02:15:55.620 Revolutionary

02:15:56.320 War

02:15:56.540 this

02:15:56.880 secured

02:15:57.540 their

02:15:57.780 hegemony

02:15:58.360 in

02:15:59.660 in the

02:15:59.860 world

02:16:00.360 and

02:16:01.380 globally

02:16:01.760 for

02:16:02.560 two

02:16:03.000 centuries

02:16:03.460 so

02:16:04.460 yeah

02:16:05.880 it's

02:16:06.060 incredibly

02:16:06.860 significant

02:16:08.140 and

02:16:10.020 the

02:16:10.420 Canadian

02:16:10.740 theater

02:16:11.100 was not

02:16:11.580 a small

02:16:11.940 theater

02:16:12.280 in this

02:16:13.020 war

02:16:14.300 so

02:16:14.640 Strider

02:16:16.720 chill

02:16:17.160 all

02:16:19.500 right

02:16:19.660 yeah

02:16:25.420 I'll

02:16:25.940 one more

02:16:26.980 clip

02:16:27.300 and then

02:16:27.740 we'll

02:16:28.340 wrap this

02:16:29.120 up

02:16:29.320 or we'll

02:16:29.600 go to

02:16:30.120 just

02:16:30.620 general

02:16:31.000 discussion

02:16:31.500 but

02:16:31.780 I do

02:16:32.460 think

02:16:32.600 this is

02:16:32.900 important

02:16:33.400 particularly

02:16:36.000 you know

02:16:37.320 for early

02:16:37.880 Canadian

02:16:38.180 history

02:16:38.500 but

02:16:38.800 it sets

02:16:39.420 the

02:16:39.660 tone

02:16:40.380 for

02:16:40.700 later

02:16:41.080 Canadian

02:16:41.420 history

02:16:41.820 which is

02:16:42.840 you know

02:16:44.040 in the

02:16:44.640 modern

02:16:44.880 context

02:16:45.480 particularly

02:16:46.240 from

02:16:49.140 Western

02:16:49.560 Canada

02:16:49.920 there's

02:16:50.320 a lot

02:16:50.580 of

02:16:51.340 dissatisfaction

02:16:54.140 or frustrations

02:16:55.280 with Quebec

02:16:56.000 it's important

02:16:57.700 to remember

02:16:58.100 though that

02:16:59.100 Quebec

02:17:02.160 is uniquely

02:17:02.940 unique in

02:17:03.460 the Canadian

02:17:03.840 context

02:17:04.440 and we

02:17:06.320 need to

02:17:06.780 understand

02:17:07.160 that that

02:17:07.520 is just

02:17:08.140 the reality

02:17:08.780 of it

02:17:09.200 that Canada

02:17:10.060 would not

02:17:10.420 be what

02:17:10.760 it is

02:17:11.400 today

02:17:11.680 without

02:17:12.000 the

02:17:12.480 Quebecois

02:17:13.840 and if

02:17:16.260 you were

02:17:16.460 to remove

02:17:16.860 it

02:17:17.060 Canada

02:17:18.020 would

02:17:18.320 lose

02:17:18.900 a lot

02:17:19.160 of

02:17:19.240 its

02:17:19.360 character

02:17:19.760 I think

02:17:21.400 we

02:17:21.500 underestimate

02:17:21.940 that

02:17:22.440 we don't

02:17:23.480 really

02:17:23.740 appreciate

02:17:24.180 it enough

02:17:24.680 but I

02:17:25.160 think

02:17:25.500 the

02:17:25.780 narrator

02:17:26.360 here

02:17:26.840 ends

02:17:27.400 this

02:17:27.860 clip

02:17:28.080 very well

02:17:28.640 by

02:17:28.880 summarizing

02:17:29.800 this

02:17:30.020 In

02:17:31.140 North

02:17:31.460 America

02:17:31.840 every

02:17:32.960 settlement

02:17:33.500 from

02:17:33.960 Hudson

02:17:34.380 Bay

02:17:34.660 to

02:17:34.880 Florida

02:17:35.260 now

02:17:36.260 flew

02:17:36.560 the

02:17:36.880 Union

02:17:37.280 Jack

02:17:37.660 for

02:17:38.860 the

02:17:39.120 New

02:17:39.440 England

02:17:39.740 colonists

02:17:40.400 the

02:17:41.180 mother

02:17:41.380 country

02:17:41.740 had

02:17:41.980 removed

02:17:42.400 a

02:17:42.660 hated

02:17:42.960 obstacle

02:17:43.540 in the

02:17:43.920 path

02:17:44.160 of

02:17:44.280 expansion

02:17:44.780 as far

02:17:46.320 as

02:17:46.580 London

02:17:47.060 was

02:17:47.340 concerned

02:17:47.820 Canada

02:17:48.680 would

02:17:48.980 now

02:17:49.220 be

02:17:49.440 another

02:17:49.800 Massachusetts

02:17:50.540 or Connecticut

02:17:51.560 but

02:17:53.360 Canada

02:17:54.060 was clearly

02:17:55.080 not like

02:17:55.900 the others

02:17:56.420 it

02:17:57.240 it was

02:17:57.420 French

02:17:57.800 with

02:17:58.760 cultural

02:17:59.200 roots

02:17:59.620 as

02:17:59.900 deep

02:18:00.280 and

02:18:00.480 as

02:18:00.720 unique

02:18:01.080 as

02:18:01.340 any

02:18:01.660 Anglo-Saxon

02:18:02.480 colony

02:18:02.860 and

02:18:03.960 there

02:18:04.040 was

02:18:04.160 something

02:18:04.520 distinctive

02:18:05.640 about

02:18:06.120 the

02:18:06.340 empire

02:18:06.820 the

02:18:07.080 men

02:18:07.300 of

02:18:07.500 the

02:18:07.700 Saint

02:18:07.860 Lawrence

02:18:08.220 had

02:18:08.500 forged

02:18:08.960 from

02:18:09.300 the

02:18:09.460 forest

02:18:09.800 no

02:18:10.920 lack

02:18:11.260 of

02:18:11.480 vision

02:18:11.800 nor

02:18:12.140 energy

02:18:12.600 had

02:18:12.840 beaten

02:18:13.040 them

02:18:13.280 only

02:18:14.400 numbers

02:18:15.080 and

02:18:15.880 isolation

02:18:16.400 would

02:18:17.840 the

02:18:18.060 independence

02:18:18.600 of the

02:18:19.020 Canadian

02:18:19.280 system

02:18:19.740 reassert

02:18:20.480 itself

02:18:20.940 or

02:18:21.900 would

02:18:22.120 it

02:18:22.260 be

02:18:22.400 absorbed

02:18:22.880 in

02:18:23.160 some

02:18:23.520 grander

02:18:24.640 continental

02:18:25.160 system

02:18:25.780 confidently

02:18:27.680 London

02:18:28.620 prepared

02:18:29.140 to

02:18:29.480 organize

02:18:30.020 her

02:18:30.460 victory

02:18:30.900 but

02:18:32.720 that

02:18:32.980 very

02:18:33.580 victory

02:18:34.140 was

02:18:35.020 to

02:18:35.180 prove

02:18:35.500 her

02:18:35.720 undoing

02:18:36.380 I

02:18:39.440 think

02:18:39.660 that

02:18:39.840 was

02:18:40.140 really

02:18:40.660 well

02:18:40.960 summarized

02:18:41.680 in

02:18:41.840 that

02:18:42.080 clip

02:18:42.440 which

02:18:42.640 is

02:18:42.800 that

02:18:43.040 you

02:18:43.980 know

02:18:44.060 there

02:18:44.220 was

02:18:45.100 this

02:18:45.280 perception

02:18:45.740 that

02:18:46.240 Quebec

02:18:46.940 would

02:18:47.240 just

02:18:47.380 be

02:18:47.680 brought

02:18:48.040 into

02:18:48.320 the

02:18:48.660 British

02:18:49.120 fold

02:18:49.380 but

02:18:49.580 that

02:18:49.820 was

02:18:49.960 never

02:18:50.160 going

02:18:50.320 to

02:18:50.400 happen

02:18:50.660 was

02:18:50.920 it

02:18:51.080 and

02:18:51.360 the

02:18:52.360 distinct

02:18:53.800 culture

02:18:54.640 identity

02:18:55.240 ethnicity

02:18:55.880 language

02:18:56.820 all

02:18:57.960 of

02:18:58.360 these

02:18:58.760 things

02:18:59.020 they

02:18:59.360 continue

02:18:59.780 to

02:19:00.000 this

02:19:00.180 day

02:19:00.480 they're

02:19:01.860 an

02:19:01.960 essential

02:19:02.280 part

02:19:02.720 of

02:19:03.100 Canadian

02:19:03.740 history

02:19:04.180 and

02:19:04.480 something

02:19:04.700 that

02:19:04.860 we

02:19:04.960 shouldn't

02:19:05.240 just

02:19:05.520 it

02:19:06.700 frustrates

02:19:07.360 me

02:19:07.540 when I

02:19:07.780 see

02:19:07.920 a lot

02:19:08.140 of

02:19:08.280 Anglo

02:19:08.700 you know

02:19:09.200 Canadian

02:19:09.480 Anglo

02:19:09.820 nationalists

02:19:10.420 be

02:19:10.560 dismissive

02:19:11.140 about

02:19:11.480 our

02:19:12.000 Quebec

02:19:12.180 counterparts

02:19:12.720 it's

02:19:13.240 important

02:19:13.680 and I

02:19:16.240 would

02:19:16.340 like to

02:19:16.580 see us

02:19:16.820 be more

02:19:17.120 united

02:19:17.480 than

02:19:17.760 divided

02:19:18.200 and our

02:19:21.000 histories

02:19:21.740 are

02:19:22.040 intricately

02:19:22.620 intertwined

02:19:23.400 and

02:19:24.020 you know

02:19:25.160 it's important

02:19:25.640 to remember

02:19:25.960 that there

02:19:26.300 is two

02:19:26.760 distinct

02:19:27.220 identities

02:19:27.700 in Canada

02:19:28.220 that make

02:19:28.740 up the

02:19:29.980 Canadian

02:19:30.280 identity

02:19:30.700 as a

02:19:31.060 whole

02:19:31.280 so I

02:19:32.900 thought that

02:19:33.200 that was

02:19:33.520 a good

02:19:34.220 kind of

02:19:35.060 clip at

02:19:35.520 the end

02:19:35.860 and you

02:19:37.200 know as

02:19:37.440 we'll see

02:19:37.900 in later

02:19:38.360 episodes

02:19:38.920 you know

02:19:39.580 Canada

02:19:40.240 would not

02:19:40.860 have continued

02:19:41.400 to exist

02:19:42.400 as it did

02:19:43.620 without the

02:19:44.700 help of the

02:19:45.360 Quebec law

02:19:45.800 and the

02:19:46.000 French so 0.99

02:19:46.480 this idea

02:19:47.500 that you

02:19:49.220 know we

02:19:49.440 don't need

02:19:49.820 them or

02:19:50.560 they don't

02:19:51.480 need us

02:19:51.880 I think

02:19:52.140 is

02:19:52.400 misguided

02:19:54.300 and divisive

02:19:56.400 for the

02:19:58.220 wrong reasons

02:19:58.820 but yeah

02:20:01.780 so that

02:20:02.800 was that

02:20:03.740 was basically

02:20:04.300 the clips

02:20:04.800 that I

02:20:05.140 pulled myself

02:20:06.040 from the

02:20:06.540 show I

02:20:06.880 don't know

02:20:07.120 if anybody

02:20:07.600 brought any

02:20:08.700 points or

02:20:09.840 made note

02:20:10.320 of any

02:20:10.580 points that

02:20:11.120 they want

02:20:12.240 to address

02:20:12.760 but we're

02:20:13.920 coming up

02:20:14.300 on two

02:20:15.060 and a half

02:20:15.440 hours here

02:20:16.080 and I'd

02:20:16.420 like to

02:20:16.680 keep these

02:20:17.260 you know

02:20:17.720 under

02:20:18.120 around that

02:20:18.920 time or

02:20:19.340 under at

02:20:19.840 least three

02:20:20.220 hours

02:20:20.600 so yeah

02:20:23.520 with that

02:20:24.860 I'll go

02:20:25.320 first to

02:20:25.960 the super

02:20:26.820 chats

02:20:27.200 I should

02:20:28.560 have I

02:20:28.860 should have

02:20:29.120 mentioned

02:20:29.340 this at

02:20:29.740 the beginning

02:20:30.180 for for

02:20:32.100 these streams

02:20:32.760 I'm gonna

02:20:33.180 hold the

02:20:33.680 super chats

02:20:34.260 till the

02:20:34.620 end just

02:20:35.680 because I'm

02:20:36.560 trying to do

02:20:36.960 it more

02:20:37.220 structured

02:20:37.640 obviously

02:20:38.180 when you

02:20:39.820 I also

02:20:42.140 meant to

02:20:42.480 mention that

02:20:43.020 as we're

02:20:43.600 watching this

02:20:44.180 you can

02:20:44.760 make a

02:20:45.800 little note

02:20:46.300 or whatever

02:20:46.860 if you

02:20:48.240 remember what

02:20:49.040 point in

02:20:50.240 the episode

02:20:50.740 it is

02:20:51.420 I'll pull

02:20:51.880 it up

02:20:52.300 on the

02:20:54.360 screen and

02:20:54.820 rewatch it

02:20:55.500 the same way

02:20:56.020 that we did

02:20:56.380 these clips

02:20:56.900 because it

02:20:57.380 helps people

02:20:58.000 you know

02:20:58.420 see the

02:20:58.780 context of

02:20:59.320 what we're

02:20:59.540 talking about

02:21:00.140 or something

02:21:01.300 they may

02:21:01.620 have missed

02:21:01.980 so if

02:21:02.760 there's

02:21:03.300 you know

02:21:03.800 sections that

02:21:04.500 you want

02:21:04.840 to address

02:21:05.360 um or

02:21:06.240 questions you

02:21:06.900 have about

02:21:07.240 it by

02:21:08.540 all means

02:21:09.040 uh and

02:21:10.860 obviously

02:21:11.320 uh where

02:21:12.120 we end on

02:21:12.660 that note

02:21:13.500 um you

02:21:14.420 know 1763

02:21:15.440 is where

02:21:15.880 that ends

02:21:16.320 which rapidly

02:21:17.620 transitions into

02:21:19.040 the American

02:21:19.920 Revolutionary

02:21:20.740 War uh

02:21:21.580 because one

02:21:22.300 was born out

02:21:23.120 of the other

02:21:23.600 um the

02:21:24.960 American

02:21:25.280 Revolutionary

02:21:25.980 War was a 0.92

02:21:27.720 result of

02:21:29.180 as we know

02:21:29.960 not uh

02:21:32.080 economic

02:21:32.520 sanctions but

02:21:33.340 economic

02:21:34.000 stresses being

02:21:34.880 placed on

02:21:35.340 the American

02:21:35.880 colonies to

02:21:37.020 help Britain

02:21:37.680 recover the

02:21:38.560 costs of

02:21:39.240 waging the

02:21:40.020 seven years

02:21:40.440 war against

02:21:40.900 the French

02:21:41.380 uh which

02:21:42.560 secured you

02:21:43.380 know the

02:21:43.600 American

02:21:43.940 colonies uh

02:21:45.360 for the

02:21:45.700 British uh

02:21:46.540 they needed

02:21:46.940 a way to

02:21:47.620 uh refinance

02:21:49.360 uh following

02:21:50.200 those wars and

02:21:51.000 so they

02:21:51.300 resulted to

02:21:52.040 things like

02:21:52.680 tax uh

02:21:53.640 taxes on

02:21:54.300 tea and

02:21:55.080 stamps and

02:21:55.640 other uh

02:21:56.540 goods coming

02:21:57.260 out of or

02:21:57.980 into the

02:21:59.100 Americas um

02:22:00.560 now this in

02:22:01.440 combination with

02:22:02.300 a lack of

02:22:02.920 political

02:22:03.220 representation as

02:22:04.180 we know is

02:22:04.600 what ultimately

02:22:05.280 led to the

02:22:06.000 American

02:22:06.280 Revolution

02:22:06.780 um so

02:22:08.960 one resulted

02:22:10.260 in the other

02:22:10.800 and this is

02:22:11.240 why I think

02:22:11.920 uh Covenant

02:22:12.920 Soldier uh

02:22:13.960 one of the

02:22:14.420 uh Americans 0.62

02:22:15.560 who frequently

02:22:16.660 listens to the

02:22:17.680 daily toll

02:22:18.300 streams was in

02:22:18.940 here earlier

02:22:19.340 saying uh

02:22:20.540 that uh this

02:22:21.280 is really

02:22:21.600 interesting for

02:22:22.220 him too and

02:22:22.700 I don't see

02:22:23.420 why it wouldn't

02:22:24.040 be if you're

02:22:24.760 a nationalist

02:22:25.440 uh particularly

02:22:26.840 like an

02:22:27.580 American

02:22:27.920 nationalist

02:22:28.420 this history

02:22:29.280 is really as

02:22:30.360 much yours

02:22:30.860 as it

02:22:31.180 is ours

02:22:31.740 um there's

02:22:33.460 a there's

02:22:33.880 an entire

02:22:34.400 episode um

02:22:36.580 that we're

02:22:37.000 going to do

02:22:37.560 next week

02:22:38.260 that is

02:22:39.080 dedicated to

02:22:39.720 the American

02:22:40.160 Revolution

02:22:40.700 obviously it's

02:22:42.120 being examined

02:22:42.740 from the

02:22:43.100 Canadian

02:22:43.380 context but

02:22:44.100 that it's an

02:22:45.020 incredibly

02:22:45.520 significant part

02:22:46.780 of Canadian

02:22:47.300 history obviously

02:22:48.320 and as we

02:22:49.720 saw at the

02:22:50.200 beginning it's

02:22:51.040 this this

02:22:51.620 entire series

02:22:52.580 starts with

02:22:53.560 the uh

02:22:54.600 attempt to

02:22:55.220 take Quebec 0.92

02:22:55.700 now one

02:22:56.360 thing that it

02:22:56.780 didn't mention

02:22:57.300 in that intro

02:22:58.060 clip uh that

02:22:59.060 I've that we

02:23:00.000 watched and I

02:23:00.640 played again

02:23:01.160 there is that

02:23:02.520 the you know

02:23:04.660 American soldiers

02:23:05.800 that were being

02:23:06.420 led at Quebec

02:23:07.180 there in that

02:23:08.480 uh winter assault

02:23:09.360 were being led

02:23:10.100 by Benedict

02:23:10.600 Arnold right

02:23:12.220 so um early

02:23:13.980 in the American

02:23:14.720 Revolutionary War

02:23:15.480 there was an

02:23:15.880 attempt to take

02:23:16.800 Canada and

02:23:17.800 uh there was

02:23:18.260 two uh

02:23:19.360 attempts and

02:23:20.720 they were both

02:23:21.520 repelled and

02:23:22.160 then no further

02:23:23.260 attempts were made

02:23:23.940 after that but

02:23:24.680 um things

02:23:26.700 could have gone

02:23:27.120 extremely differently

02:23:27.880 if if uh

02:23:29.320 Benedict Arnold

02:23:29.900 had succeeded

02:23:30.560 at taking Quebec

02:23:31.680 and the interesting

02:23:32.940 aspect of that as

02:23:33.780 well is that if he

02:23:34.560 had taken Quebec

02:23:35.720 wouldn't that have

02:23:36.820 set set an

02:23:37.540 entire it's one of

02:23:38.320 these uh you

02:23:39.160 know alternate

02:23:39.640 history kind of

02:23:40.520 timelines if

02:23:41.600 Benedict Arnold

02:23:42.240 takes Quebec 0.62

02:23:42.980 not only does

02:23:44.140 Canada get brought 0.94

02:23:44.980 into the fold of

02:23:45.740 the you know

02:23:46.440 American Revolution

02:23:47.420 and ultimately

02:23:48.860 become part of

02:23:50.180 that new nation

02:23:51.000 uh Benedict Arnold

02:23:52.540 probably never

02:23:53.580 betrays the

02:23:54.400 Americans and

02:23:55.300 is remembered as

02:23:56.120 one of the

02:23:56.560 greatest military

02:23:57.560 figures in

02:23:58.580 American history

02:23:59.440 uh and not as

02:24:01.060 a traitor isn't

02:24:01.960 that an interesting

02:24:02.740 kind of uh

02:24:04.320 uh alternate view

02:24:07.820 on on the

02:24:09.480 story um but

02:24:12.760 I'll uh move

02:24:13.600 on to uh super

02:24:15.860 chats here I'll

02:24:17.160 uh just I gotta

02:24:18.540 scroll all the way

02:24:19.340 to the top to

02:24:20.300 uh oh to do

02:24:29.160 this all right

02:24:30.060 um God ate my 0.99

02:24:32.440 balls uh on 0.99

02:24:35.340 Rumble says I

02:24:36.360 missed the

02:24:36.720 Halloween stream so

02:24:37.660 here's a spooky

02:24:38.340 joke for you how

02:24:39.200 do you scare off a 1.00

02:24:40.100 Jewish vampire you 0.99

02:24:41.260 hold up an iron 0.99

02:24:42.040 cross that's pretty

02:24:44.840 good um I don't

02:24:50.100 know that it's

02:24:50.580 entirely relevant to

02:24:51.480 this stream but

02:24:52.220 that's a pretty

02:24:52.680 good one uh

02:24:53.640 Brian 7316 says

02:24:54.720 excellent presentation

02:24:55.580 Alex I love our

02:24:56.380 history we can never

02:24:57.280 lose our country I

02:24:58.780 mean yeah this is a

02:25:01.280 part of the emphasis

02:25:01.960 I try to you know

02:25:03.380 make with guys in the

02:25:04.360 club is that look

02:25:06.820 even if it's not

02:25:07.740 something that you

02:25:09.300 personally are are

02:25:10.580 that super interested

02:25:11.900 in you know a lot

02:25:12.940 of people can love

02:25:13.700 their country and

02:25:14.360 they're not interested

02:25:15.080 in you know they

02:25:15.940 love their country as

02:25:16.880 it is or as they

02:25:18.280 experienced it

02:25:19.060 themselves uh in

02:25:20.180 their lifetime and

02:25:21.440 they're not

02:25:21.740 necessarily um you

02:25:24.080 know interested in

02:25:24.800 being a student of uh

02:25:26.700 you know what is what

02:25:27.760 is almost ancient

02:25:28.740 history at this point

02:25:29.780 um and that's

02:25:32.240 understandable um now

02:25:34.140 oftentimes I think

02:25:35.260 that the reason people

02:25:35.900 aren't interested in

02:25:36.660 their own history is

02:25:37.460 because it's presented

02:25:38.180 to them more of like a

02:25:39.800 a bookkeeper's ledger

02:25:41.180 like a you know an

02:25:42.000 accountant you know

02:25:42.960 here's the facts and

02:25:43.900 figures here's the

02:25:44.820 dates uh in times

02:25:46.560 you know uh memorize

02:25:48.880 this and it's very

02:25:50.080 dry and it's not how

02:25:52.660 you want to uh examine

02:25:55.460 history um and even

02:25:57.080 this might you know be

02:25:58.180 a little bit dry for

02:25:59.240 some but the the real

02:26:00.780 the the best history

02:26:02.400 teachers the best

02:26:03.280 history presenters are

02:26:05.060 able to do it in a way

02:26:05.920 that appeals to emotion

02:26:06.960 um and uh reaches

02:26:09.620 people on a on a

02:26:10.720 spiritual level more

02:26:11.740 than on an

02:26:12.700 intellectual level

02:26:13.520 uh that's how you

02:26:14.580 really convey history

02:26:15.880 uh in a powerful way

02:26:17.180 to people um so

02:26:20.060 yeah um we need more

02:26:22.900 of that but frankly we

02:26:25.120 also need people to

02:26:26.000 just you know grin and

02:26:27.800 bear it and learn their

02:26:29.040 history because nobody

02:26:30.640 else is going to learn

02:26:31.340 it for them and the

02:26:33.580 reality of things

02:26:35.680 politically is that our

02:26:37.880 history is a weapon

02:26:39.060 that serves us not our

02:26:41.740 enemies if we know our

02:26:43.680 history and we are able

02:26:45.440 to convey it um in

02:26:47.180 combination with our

02:26:48.120 political arguments it

02:26:49.640 benefits us not them

02:26:51.480 they can't lean on our

02:26:53.240 history to their

02:26:54.160 advantage we can lean on

02:26:56.020 our history to our

02:26:56.920 advantage and it will

02:26:58.140 resonate with the

02:26:59.080 average person so um

02:27:01.680 that's part of the the

02:27:02.720 reason for why i'm

02:27:03.980 engaging in this series

02:27:04.960 at all is because i

02:27:07.500 understand that there's

02:27:08.300 a practical political

02:27:09.600 significance to people

02:27:10.800 you know being more

02:27:11.940 aware of who they are

02:27:13.440 where they came from

02:27:14.340 what was sacrificed to

02:27:15.560 get to this point and

02:27:17.200 we need more people to

02:27:18.820 be armed with that

02:27:19.660 information and that

02:27:20.540 knowledge and even just

02:27:21.960 refreshed on it a lot of

02:27:23.240 you maybe knew a lot of

02:27:24.960 this stuff but haven't

02:27:25.840 really thought about it in

02:27:26.660 a long time i know that

02:27:27.620 i have to do that

02:27:28.680 occasionally there's

02:27:29.600 certain periods of

02:27:30.480 history that i'm more

02:27:31.200 familiar with than

02:27:32.100 others obviously but even

02:27:33.580 i have to revisit these

02:27:34.960 topics you know from

02:27:36.060 time to time to refresh

02:27:37.120 myself um you know and

02:27:39.000 the more accurate you

02:27:40.640 can be with dates and

02:27:41.640 figures and um you

02:27:43.740 know uh important

02:27:45.460 personalities and things

02:27:46.800 like that is um something

02:27:49.900 that that helps you convey

02:27:51.460 that you know what the 1.00

02:27:52.180 fuck you're talking 1.00

02:27:52.720 about 1.00

02:27:52.980 uh raging dissident uh

02:27:56.860 what's up dude he says

02:27:57.820 uh record scratch yeah

02:27:59.360 that's me i know what

02:28:00.620 you're thinking an

02:28:01.500 internet nighttime racist

02:28:02.800 history teacher seems

02:28:03.920 pretty cool right well it

02:28:05.680 is the wonder you sound

02:28:07.420 is that what i am now is

02:28:11.040 that what i became

02:28:11.800 i'm an online racist

02:28:15.560 history teacher well one

02:28:19.260 of my high school teachers

02:28:20.180 said that i should be a

02:28:21.060 history teacher but i

02:28:23.400 don't i don't think they're

02:28:24.180 gonna let me into any

02:28:25.000 classrooms anytime soon

02:28:26.360 i'll make my own

02:28:28.940 classroom uh chucky's

02:28:31.380 extremist circus uh gifted

02:28:32.940 five subscriptions thanks so

02:28:34.280 much man really appreciate

02:28:35.280 those uh canadian girl 1.00

02:28:36.940 rumble also gifted five

02:28:38.140 subscriptions you guys are

02:28:39.380 awesome those are uh super

02:28:41.260 helpful um and obviously

02:28:43.240 anybody who gets uh you

02:28:45.000 know signs up for the

02:28:45.860 recurring subscription those

02:28:47.400 are the uh super helpful

02:28:50.800 because it creates

02:28:51.960 basically a guaranteed

02:28:52.920 income like if i know that

02:28:54.900 i have 100 subscribers and i

02:28:56.580 know i have x amount of

02:28:57.520 money coming in every month

02:28:58.520 so um it's one of the best

02:29:00.080 ways you can support me so

02:29:01.280 cheers to those of you who

02:29:02.620 get those uh chuck is the 1.00

02:29:04.320 extremist circus is damn 0.75

02:29:05.500 good deal now i did make a 0.82

02:29:07.140 note of that i saw uh when

02:29:08.840 you uh sent in that super

02:29:10.400 chat that was in reference

02:29:11.480 to exchanging all of the

02:29:13.300 jeets for the french

02:29:14.920 descendants uh in america so

02:29:18.080 the the cajuns or the the

02:29:19.640 the acadians that were sent

02:29:21.100 there so we're gonna do a

02:29:22.900 reverse population transfer

02:29:24.640 uh canada gets all of the

02:29:26.760 americans uh from louisiana

02:29:28.920 who are of french descent

02:29:30.340 and uh indian india gets

02:29:32.840 all of its jeets back 0.61

02:29:33.900 damn good deal would you 0.65

02:29:36.400 take that deal univich 0.99

02:29:37.640 of course i would damn good 0.65

02:29:39.980 deal great meme um

02:29:43.320 uh unix op gifted five

02:29:48.140 subscriptions you guys are

02:29:49.480 uh awesome thank you

02:29:51.060 uh drawfork uh thanks for

02:29:54.880 this alex cheers man i hope

02:29:56.640 uh everybody enjoyed it um

02:29:58.480 it's a little bit of a

02:29:59.560 smaller audience uh than i

02:30:01.440 normally would have for my 0.99

02:30:02.980 bullshit streams and that's 0.98

02:30:04.500 understandable why because 0.99

02:30:06.120 this is a bit of a more dry

02:30:07.700 topic that um you know and

02:30:09.840 less goofing around and more

02:30:12.380 uh i don't know it's less

02:30:15.160 entertainment more education

02:30:16.580 and entertainment draws in

02:30:18.140 more eyeballs than education so 0.96

02:30:19.820 i appreciate everybody who

02:30:21.260 appreciates it does that make

02:30:22.580 sense

02:30:22.900 uh former member says uh

02:30:26.140 thanks fairy i feel like i'm

02:30:27.240 back in school in the 1970s

02:30:29.280 good that's kind that's kind

02:30:30.920 of what i'm going for

02:30:31.740 um

02:30:32.660 yeah

02:30:34.500 uh now you guys are building

02:30:36.680 end towers in the chat so

02:30:38.160 that's sweet

02:30:38.680 um

02:30:39.840 yeah

02:30:41.560 uh celsus says we've been

02:30:49.700 eagerly anticipating this

02:30:51.000 yeah well like i said this is

02:30:52.840 the first crack at more

02:30:54.840 history focused streams i'm

02:30:56.680 going to continue uh this

02:30:58.040 series through to the end of

02:30:59.940 the creation of canada series

02:31:01.360 which

02:31:01.680 is nine parts um so we'll have

02:31:04.700 nine episodes on this similar

02:31:06.260 format i might tweak things here

02:31:08.200 and there obviously because this

02:31:09.380 is a a new kind of way of doing

02:31:12.300 this for me

02:31:12.880 so um i might add some things i

02:31:17.400 would like to have

02:31:18.180 you know more ability to like

02:31:19.860 bring stuff

02:31:20.620 in to talk about but i was trying

02:31:23.440 to get an idea of how long doing

02:31:25.320 it like this would last

02:31:26.540 and doing it just like this has

02:31:29.220 already taken i don't want this

02:31:30.740 to extend beyond three hours

02:31:32.220 so i think it's probably going to

02:31:35.060 be similar format and i might try to

02:31:36.920 streamline it a little bit more so

02:31:38.480 there's uh less noise um that

02:31:43.180 makes sense um i'll go over

02:31:47.820 though to uh entropy was add a few

02:31:51.540 over there uh cosmo crater uh you

02:31:55.280 legend thank you so much for those

02:31:57.380 uh he said first of all thanks for

02:31:59.480 your irl work history lessons and

02:32:01.580 streams

02:32:01.960 yeah i i'm look i'm not gonna lie i

02:32:04.920 have the most fun doing the irl

02:32:06.220 stuff i i wish i could get super

02:32:09.400 chats for doing irl stuff because

02:32:11.100 that's that's what's fun doing the

02:32:13.380 interviews going to training doing

02:32:16.060 the actions uh planning uh things

02:32:19.580 like that that's that's what i'm

02:32:21.360 enjoying the most right now um it's a

02:32:24.340 lot of fun uh doing that stuff it's a

02:32:26.360 lot of fun seeing the the way people

02:32:28.480 react to it obviously um i'm gonna

02:32:31.280 try not to overlap too much of like

02:32:34.180 what's going on with the club or

02:32:35.420 current events with these streams but

02:32:37.320 um obviously the reception to the

02:32:41.460 uh the cbc hates white people demo and

02:32:46.060 the edit that came out has been amazing 0.93

02:32:48.300 uh that was one of jeremy's i think i

02:32:50.840 i personally think that might be jeremy's

02:32:52.400 best speech ever um i don't know i'd

02:32:55.120 have to line it up with some of the

02:32:56.420 other ones he's done to compare to

02:32:58.280 really gauge that but i don't remember

02:33:00.020 ever being like so hyped uh on a speech

02:33:03.280 and maybe that's biased because i was

02:33:04.980 standing there and you know i got to

02:33:06.560 experience the whole kind of process but

02:33:08.940 that was a he absolutely crushed it um

02:33:13.120 and it's been received very well so

02:33:16.360 we'll see how that plays out there's

02:33:18.760 i believe there's already been a pretty

02:33:21.020 large spike in uh recruiting because of

02:33:24.140 that and now it's just on to the next

02:33:27.160 one um we need to do more we need to be

02:33:31.680 more uh consistent we need to be more

02:33:33.820 frequent in these types of things um we

02:33:37.020 have to keep moving forward it's not

02:33:38.720 enough to just like do one and then like

02:33:40.520 okay now you know i don't know we'll do

02:33:43.280 something six months from now that's not

02:33:45.140 good enough uh so we have to keep uh

02:33:47.380 pressing forward obviously the focus at

02:33:49.760 least for the next little while we'll

02:33:51.620 be recruiting and we're moving into the

02:33:53.860 uh the holiday season so it'll be harder

02:33:57.060 to get guys to uh to to do uh uh group

02:34:03.120 activities and whatnot uh just because of

02:34:05.000 their personal obligations but um we're

02:34:09.160 we're already planning we have we have all

02:34:13.940 the ideas we have all the ideas it's about

02:34:16.660 having the resources to make it happen

02:34:18.780 and having the the men to uh you know

02:34:22.140 come back bigger and stronger every single

02:34:24.840 time so um

02:34:27.540 yeah

02:34:30.720 uh brian7316 gifted five subscriptions

02:34:35.080 thanks a lot man uh oh and then he just

02:34:37.620 gifted another five subscriptions you're 0.98

02:34:39.720 brian you're a fucking legend um you're 0.98

02:34:42.600 you've always been super supportive so 0.98

02:34:44.640 yeah thank you so much uh just a comment

02:34:49.200 there liebensblood said

02:34:50.420 uh you guys and nsn are killing it doing

02:34:54.260 great stuff

02:34:54.860 ah man i don't even being in the same 0.93

02:34:58.760 sentence as uh nsn and killing it is a 0.57

02:35:02.660 great compliment um every time i think 0.53

02:35:05.820 we're starting to uh ramp up and and you

02:35:09.160 know not not beyond their level but like

02:35:11.620 we're catching up a little bit they go and

02:35:13.760 do something like drop that that uh white 0.92

02:35:16.460 australia rising documentary it's just a 0.99

02:35:18.600 holy shit like they're they just keep 0.98

02:35:21.400 raising the bar raising the bar setting a 1.00

02:35:23.540 higher and higher standard which is good

02:35:25.000 um they're setting the standard for

02:35:27.520 nationalist organizations across the

02:35:29.520 planet and they should be incredibly proud

02:35:31.420 of that uh and obviously uh hopefully thomas

02:35:34.960 school is released sooner rather than

02:35:37.340 later but yeah um

02:35:40.720 that that presentation was great it has

02:35:45.140 to be i said it uh on my telegram and

02:35:47.020 twitter but that has to be the single

02:35:48.780 greatest piece of nationalist propaganda

02:35:50.940 produced in at least the last 50 years

02:35:53.600 um i don't know of anything that's better

02:35:56.340 than that if you know of something that

02:35:58.040 you think is comparable um let me know but

02:36:01.660 i can't think of any legitimate you know

02:36:04.760 ethno-nationalist piece of propaganda that

02:36:07.040 comes close to that in the last 50 years

02:36:08.900 um i think you'd have to go back to

02:36:11.220 probably what like rockwell um to find

02:36:14.180 something comparable and even then i guess

02:36:16.780 there's the argument that they surpassed it

02:36:18.360 and you know you're really talking about more

02:36:20.300 like the last 80 years um something like

02:36:22.900 triumph like they're they're getting close

02:36:24.520 i know it's not the same but like

02:36:26.720 if you've ever seen triumph of the will like

02:36:31.060 that's that's clearly what they're shooting

02:36:33.500 for and if they are able to maintain the

02:36:37.240 growth that they've had over the the past

02:36:39.380 three years they might be able to reach the

02:36:42.160 point where they're producing something

02:36:43.840 similar to triumph of the will in the next

02:36:45.900 decade so i mean i know having spoken with

02:36:49.580 thomas and knowing where he's at and how

02:36:52.460 much he appreciates that particular um you

02:36:55.440 know piece of german propaganda i know that

02:36:57.600 is what he's literally aiming for and

02:36:59.920 you know he's they're well on their way so

02:37:02.480 yeah they they killed it um liebensblatt said

02:37:05.300 did that just drop yeah they released it

02:37:07.180 it was like 5 a.m uh yesterday morning

02:37:10.380 eastern time um so yeah it's out there it's

02:37:13.500 on their youtube they have a youtube for it

02:37:15.580 there it's on telegram it's been posted all

02:37:18.260 over twitter so if you want to go watch it i

02:37:20.180 think it's like 35 minutes long incredibly well

02:37:24.280 done um and on just on a side note too since

02:37:29.280 we're talking about them um you should check

02:37:32.900 out the awfully offensive um i think that's how

02:37:36.540 you pronounce it i don't know uh but he's done

02:37:38.380 some great interviews with their guys

02:37:40.180 tim lutz blair cottrell i think he's got

02:37:42.540 nathan bull on um or he had nathan bull on

02:37:46.200 recently i gotta check that one out because 0.98

02:37:48.100 uh i fucking i'd love nathan is one of my 0.97

02:37:52.820 favorites they have this like they have this 0.99

02:37:56.420 like cast of characters now and it's to the

02:37:59.080 point where like they all have like you know

02:38:01.060 they can have their own like stats cards or

02:38:03.700 like you know i don't know what you call it

02:38:06.440 um but nathan is just like that he doesn't really

02:38:11.100 say much but he's just always there he's like

02:38:13.520 everywhere all the time um and he uh like he's just

02:38:19.540 i don't even i don't even know what character

02:38:23.040 anyways i i think he's awesome so uh check that

02:38:28.700 out obviously uh jim roberts uh jimbo uh as

02:38:32.840 he's uh colloquially known as or uh that's his

02:38:36.920 nickname uh was recently uh sentenced to 75

02:38:40.540 days in prison he's on bail though i don't really

02:38:42.980 know how that works um but yeah that was in relation

02:38:47.380 to i think something that he said to a bunch of

02:38:49.560 grandmas for refugees um but uh he's out and fighting

02:38:54.760 the charges i guess so yeah um

02:38:57.720 at least he says i like the guy who bangs the

02:39:01.880 drum yeah that's what i mean is like there's all

02:39:04.060 these characters that like that's what you have to

02:39:06.260 do they've they've developed a cadre of guys that

02:39:08.940 are all um exceptional individuals in their own

02:39:12.360 right um and that's that's how you ultimately

02:39:15.780 build it and like just look at any successful

02:39:18.420 obviously it's usually centered around one person

02:39:21.540 which in this case is uh thomas sewell but

02:39:24.060 um like all of his supporting you know cast is

02:39:29.300 a-list actors right if you want to put it that way

02:39:32.200 um and that's obviously a testament to his leadership so

02:39:35.940 uh well done to those guys um yeah everybody's trying to

02:39:39.940 emulate them as but like you know it's funny so

02:39:42.420 somebody called me a timu uh a timu thomas sewell recently i was like is that

02:39:48.120 supposed to be an insult and the reason why i think it's so funny is

02:39:51.060 because sewell gets called uh sometimes i've

02:39:54.560 seen people call like a you know dollar tree

02:39:57.460 hitler or discount hitler or you know two cent hitler

02:40:01.540 timu hitler etc and i've seen sewell react to this where he's like

02:40:06.140 so you think that i'm the two cent hitler so that means i'm two percent hitler

02:40:10.640 like well that's an excellent compliment if i'm two percent of the man hitler was

02:40:14.600 i'm doing something right and i think the same thing when somebody is

02:40:18.040 like you're the timu thomas sewell i'm like i'm doing something right then

02:40:21.200 if i'm if i'm timu thomas sewell i'm doing all right

02:40:24.160 right um you're nothing like that's that's the difference i'd rather be

02:40:30.340 timu thomas sewell than nothing because that's what you are

02:40:34.020 so i think that's funny uh i think they called jeremy they've called jeremy

02:40:38.840 that too right um

02:40:41.360 yeah i don't mind being timu thomas sewell

02:40:45.420 i'm okay with that

02:40:47.780 okay uh back to the uh i think that's it for the

02:40:54.180 sorry to go off on the tangent it's not necessarily really relevant to the stream

02:40:58.180 of the creation of canada and the nationalist film board but

02:41:01.520 um it's worth mentioning because uh those i mean if we're talking about

02:41:06.340 producing nationalist content and video and you know stuff like that that will

02:41:10.640 one day go in the archives of uh you know australia's national film

02:41:15.000 board or whatever that piece of propaganda is is historic

02:41:18.980 cosmo crater thank you so much man he said this is for your puppy

02:41:28.080 yeah i don't know striders around here somewhere but uh he's chill now he was

02:41:33.700 getting a little antsy uh scotian lady says looking forward to this

02:41:36.960 thanks pro patria thanks a lot for tuning in i hope you enjoyed that

02:41:40.500 scotian lady and uh diagoiam said this is much needed infotainment thanks man

02:41:45.680 cheers glad i hope you liked it um you guys were really supportive so

02:41:51.400 hopefully that's a good sign that uh it's uh something good uh jazz 416 is

02:41:57.020 next saturday the intention is to do it this this stream will be done on a

02:42:02.320 friday or saturday that will depend on what my

02:42:04.920 commitments are outside of streaming so if i've got to do stuff saturday

02:42:09.280 morning for the club i'm i'm you know not going to do it on a

02:42:13.300 friday if i have to be somewhere on a weekend i might not be able to do

02:42:18.340 one so it's going to be friday or saturday

02:42:21.360 whenever i can make it work on the more you know weekend uh side of the

02:42:26.440 streams tuesday i'll intend to do the regular kind of the daily toll stuff 0.97

02:42:30.940 which is more just shoot the shit or talk um you know 0.97

02:42:34.580 current events and uh yeah 0.97

02:42:37.260 but yeah i'll let you guys know the day before does that sound good like i'll post

02:43:05.080 that the i'm doing the stream the day before so that you know it's i'm not

02:43:09.200 gonna you know how you know you guys know how i normally am with the daily

02:43:12.420 toll where it's like you don't even know if it's gonna happen until like half an

02:43:15.740 hour before and then i'm live i'm not gonna do that with this i'll give you

02:43:19.260 ample time that like it's being done at this and then obviously the

02:43:22.040 the playback is going to be available

02:43:24.720 on rumble so i know i saw people come into the stream and they're like you know

02:43:28.760 what i'm just uh dropping in to say

02:43:31.260 hello but i'm gonna come back and watch the whole thing in its entirety because

02:43:35.700 i missed the first half or whatever which makes sense so

02:43:38.100 this is something that's probably going to be uh better consumed

02:43:41.420 in its entirety rather than just like i just you can just drop in whenever

02:43:45.100 yeah

02:43:49.260 uncle semite says daily toll i should probably change it to weekly toll but

02:43:56.140 whatever um the the joke of the of the title to begin with was that like

02:44:03.580 daily life is now like you just have to there's a toll to daily life of like you

02:44:10.260 know you everything you it's just clown world like the the toll of watching like

02:44:16.140 this stuff day after day and the the deterioration of society around you so like

02:44:21.500 that was kind of like the the point of the name but yeah weekly toll is probably

02:44:26.300 more accurate

02:44:27.100 adam says things is now your timu devin stack

02:44:32.220 again if i can get a frat if i can emulate a fraction of what devin stack has been able

02:44:38.700 to do with his streams through these streams i'll be pretty happy with that actually so

02:44:42.380 i don't take that as an insult at all um

02:44:45.180 yeah that's kind of the point um i am trying to mimic his kind of format a little bit uh with

02:44:52.780 these streams uh except for the fact that i i'm not gonna just play the clips or you know

02:44:58.860 produce the excerpts i'm gonna actually play the content its entirety and then discuss it which

02:45:03.820 i mean uh black bill does that with some stuff uh he's definitely played full uh movies or uh

02:45:10.620 episodes of stuff before and then you know discuss them so

02:45:19.420 uh mr sauerkraut says damn i tried earlier and you weren't on watch the ppc convention instead

02:45:24.220 pitiful well you can like i said you can go back and re-watch this one but um uh yeah watching the ppc 0.98

02:45:32.380 convention i was like why like why don't you just watch paint dry like they're they're dead

02:45:39.420 dead and i don't i don't even mean that to be dismissive and not that i want to again you know

02:45:44.940 this should be relatively contained to the topic of uh you know this series that we're discussing but

02:45:52.860 the ppc is a dead organization they have no ability to attract youth if you look at who attends their

02:45:58.540 events they're all over the age of 50 essentially with the exception the irony being that most of their

02:46:03.820 youth are immigrants um they're i don't know i don't know somebody explained that to me but

02:46:09.900 every time i see the ppc youth like half of them are brown 0.72

02:46:16.220 so like i just i don't understand how anybody can look at the ppc and not be like you're already dead

02:46:21.900 you're more dead than the conservatives the conservatives have more youth than you do

02:46:26.300 so like you're a you're a dead organization you have you have completely failed to attract

02:46:31.580 the radical youth um because you don't know how frankly you don't know how to i tried to explain

02:46:37.500 multiple times um when i knew they were listening how to do that i know daniel tyree pushed for them

02:46:42.860 to try and do that and they ignored it and now they're gonna die because of it um you know metaphorically so

02:46:48.940 um ngd uh one thing i meant to bring up here though i totally forgot about this um

02:47:01.260 i i did mark a couple comments though i meant to be more diligent with this uh of uh because there's

02:47:08.860 a way to do this in stream yard where you can bring up old comments so i i starred a few of them

02:47:14.140 um this one killed me as i was uh watching the video with you guys and reading the chat but uh

02:47:21.020 ebp97 said uh sending my semen to penetrate deep into furry land looking for beaver 0.99

02:47:30.540 it's true they do use thrust and penetrate and uh you know they're looking for fur and beavers yeah 0.89

02:47:36.540 it's pretty look it it's the era of gunner nationalism all right everything needs to be 1.00

02:47:41.980 sexuality is just how you you know it's the best metaphor it's why we're gonna fuck our enemies to 0.98

02:47:48.700 death right that line that line from the documentary is never gonna go away um they're gonna play that 1.00

02:47:57.980 one over and over of jeremy just screaming i will fuck these people to death um yeah 0.99

02:48:08.060 uh real p and this one also got me this was in reference to the narrator who i think is oh god 0.98

02:48:19.260 it's willis frank so willis frank wells i think is his name um i've learned it like so many times and i

02:48:26.620 don't know why that name won't stick in my head but i actually i love the commentator in this series i

02:48:31.820 think he's excellent and uh that made me laugh but you know this guy is actually fortisac that guy's

02:48:37.260 fortisac's grandpa actually he didn't know that a hundred percent that's fortisac's grandpa

02:48:46.300 james yeah james frank willis thank you former member i don't know why i said what did i say whatever

02:48:54.220 uh mr sauerkraut said on a more happy note i played your second son's video for a friend today

02:49:10.860 he was impressed yeah um a bunch of people have mentioned that um that apparently this that video

02:49:18.620 is circulating really well on uh on facebook in particular and there's i'm not gonna you know

02:49:28.060 get into too many details but there are guys within the club who their normie friends don't know that

02:49:33.740 they are a member of the club who have their normie friends coming up for them and be like yo check these

02:49:38.060 guys out this is awesome which means we're gaining traction um obviously there's issues with this because

02:49:45.660 the cbc is look frankly the cbc is hated by the majority of canadians um and that that's not just

02:49:53.500 i'm not just talking about right-wingers at this point a lot of the left wing also hates the cbc

02:49:58.780 because they feel like in particular the the far left factions who are um uh favorable to palestine

02:50:08.140 they feel that the cbc is covering up uh war crimes genocide which they kind of are um they're

02:50:13.900 certainly more sympathetic to the palestinian cause than a lot of the media is in the west uh

02:50:21.020 for obvious reasons because most of it's owned by jews but um as the cbc is a you know publicly

02:50:28.300 funded organization and canada at least in terms of the federal government is actually

02:50:33.260 well they're certainly not hostile towards the palestinians let's just put it that way

02:50:39.180 um they do continue to kind of run covered at least to a certain extent uh for the jews and the

02:50:45.260 israelis so they're hated by the far left they're hated by the center right to the far right like it's

02:50:53.500 only the moderate left to i don't even know if there is a moderate left anymore honestly but um

02:51:00.540 um that kind of like neo-liberal left that still exists is the only people that have any respect

02:51:10.620 for cbc and even they don't watch it or read it they just support it because their system shills that's

02:51:18.620 what they do they support anything uh that the system does uh and they support anything that the 0.89

02:51:24.380 system tells them to support so they're the only ones who give a shit about cbc at this point so part of

02:51:30.460 the problem with attacking cbc is that you get a lot of support from people who don't agree with 0.70

02:51:35.820 you otherwise so we're gonna have to deal with an influx of people who it's literally this simple 0.99

02:51:41.580 you guys hate cbc you son of a bitch i'm in like okay that's good but also there's a lot more to what 1.00

02:51:49.580 we're about than hating cbc so maybe you should do a little bit more research into our positions before 0.99

02:51:55.580 you just sign the application um because that is straight up that that is happening we get guys

02:52:05.340 like it's you guys you guys told cbc to go themselves i'm in let's do this

02:52:12.540 so uh yeah it is an odd problem to have liquid zoo um

02:52:16.140 um so yeah but anyways that was a massively successful uh demonstration uh the guys in

02:52:23.260 regina killed it looking super sharp um the guys in ottawa did a great job of just

02:52:31.260 obviously the one in ottawa had a bit more stress and uh you know risk to it than the one in regina

02:52:37.980 uh but uh both both uh groups of uh men absolutely uh nailed it uh um couldn't be happier with those

02:52:48.620 guys and uh the the outpouring of support for those guys was uh massive

02:53:03.180 yeah snitter says this is like the comments agreeing with the nsn like quote i don't like nazis

02:53:07.500 but these guys are right yeah well that's the truth though is like you actually you probably

02:53:12.780 would like us if you got to know us and you would probably agree with most of what we say

02:53:17.580 if you heard us out so yeah um all right we're coming up on three hours though um i'm gonna wrap

02:53:29.100 it up there uh just because i don't want to uh uh extend this out beyond what it needs to be um

02:53:37.500 for future reference after i'm done the clips i've gone through everything so you know once i've done

02:53:42.380 the clips and super chats if i continue on it's not really relevant to the the show um

02:53:56.620 uh yeah sorry i i was reading yeah you didn't have to i was actually reading your comments anyways

02:54:02.700 there levens blood because this is a good question uh but uh levens blood said i don't live in an area

02:54:09.500 with any acs or groups around i was thinking of wearing like a red eye shirt to uh the gym or

02:54:15.420 something not explicitly white nationalist do you think that would work and finding uh other of our

02:54:19.900 guys yeah it definitely can help uh i can tell you right now that uh i wear stuff like this around and

02:54:25.580 that actually works they may not be super aligned but um you can try different things uh so it a hundred

02:54:34.460 percent could work um the better approach is to reach out to even if there's not an active club

02:54:43.180 in your area uh specifically reach out to the closest one and this may it may require some work

02:54:50.780 and an effort on your part but let's say the closest one to you that's operating somewhat 0.97

02:54:57.740 frequently is three hours away yeah it's going to be a pain in the ass to reach out to those guys and 0.85

02:55:05.020 make contact with them and then meet them get to know them a little bit but just find the one that's

02:55:11.820 closest to you anyways um and make that initial effort and the reason why i say that is because once you

02:55:18.460 have that contact what you've done is you've extended their network you know much further than it should

02:55:24.060 be and now if they get another guy who's two hours from them or an hour from them now you have contact

02:55:30.620 with that guy or maybe they get contacted by another guy who's in your area so the more contacts like if

02:55:37.100 you're let's say you're in location a and there's b c d e all around you where there are active clubs

02:55:44.940 reach out to those active clubs you know find out who they are and then what will end up happening is

02:55:50.460 they will find guys that are in your area or at least close enough to you that you can meet with

02:55:55.260 them regularly and now all of a sudden you are an active club you become that node that other people

02:56:01.740 are pushing guys towards that you know are reaching out to them so having those contacts is essential

02:56:06.940 but yeah obviously one of the best things you can do is just throw up a flag somehow in your area and

02:56:12.860 find guys because if you can find here's the rule if you can find four to six guys like if you can get

02:56:19.900 four to six guys in total um you know meeting somewhat regularly as in like ideally once a week

02:56:26.860 but you know at worst once a month if you can get four to six guys together once a month and you start

02:56:32.940 publicizing that and you do that consistently eventually it will snowball and i know this because

02:56:38.940 we've had multiple uh clubs start from that initial two three four five to six guys just meeting

02:56:47.900 regularly and maybe there's not a lot of growth immediately but they do it consistently they

02:56:53.260 publicize that they're doing it and eventually they start to find the others and it snowballs and they go

02:56:58.940 from four to five guys to 40 to 50 guys really quickly so make that initial effort and it will it will

02:57:07.980 bear results if you just stick with it um so i hope that hope that answers your question um

02:57:19.820 but i would be surprised if there's not something in your area honestly uh maybe you just haven't heard

02:57:25.260 of it so uh you know keep your ear to the ground go go into twitter spaces um

02:57:30.380 um if you don't want to reveal your location then that's more of a difficult thing to do but if

02:57:37.900 you're comfortable being like i live in this general area go into one of the the american nationalist

02:57:44.140 twitter spaces and just be like hey i live in this area does anybody know if there's groups

02:57:48.700 uh that are organizing and there might be something and somebody will be able to connect you with them so

02:57:53.820 you gotta you gotta put in a little bit of cursory effort and it could have uh massive results

02:58:07.100 okay with that i'm gonna shut her down uh i got everything on entropy i got everything i believe

02:58:14.220 on rumble if i if i miss something i'm sorry guys as i said i'm trying to you know do this different than

02:58:21.100 i normally do where i'm not just answering the the super chats as quickly as i can so i do apologize

02:58:26.460 i might miss something but i'm pretty sure i didn't and uh next weekend we will continue this series

02:58:32.860 with part two of creation of canada which is the american revolution oddly enough um it's one of the

02:58:39.900 the better episodes in the series uh it's obviously a very interesting chapter of history in general

02:58:45.580 it's of extreme significance to the future of canada after that point and um you know it's one

02:58:51.740 that the americans will probably get a lot out of too so if you're one of the american audience and

02:58:56.300 you're listening to this now or you're catching the replay tune in next weekend because it's the one

02:59:00.700 of the most significant ones for you uh and obviously so is the third episode which is the war of 1812

02:59:06.380 so the next couple episodes uh are very much uh american focused um from the canadian perspective

02:59:14.300 obviously but uh worth listening to so thanks everybody i hope you enjoyed that uh let me know

02:59:20.380 like seriously if you have any like constructive criticism comments you you think that i should

02:59:24.860 add something or change something you can reach out to me if you want if you can if you know how to

02:59:28.620 make contact with me um like i said this is a new format i'm not really used to doing it like this so

02:59:34.940 hopefully it went well hopefully you enjoyed that and uh i'll continue to try and work on it and make

02:59:40.220 it better um because this is normally i just show up and run my mouth so i'm trying to be a little

02:59:46.780 bit more focused all right have a great rest of your weekend everybody we'll be black i'll be back

02:59:51.100 for plat army tomorrow and um yeah enjoy cheers i'll uh and you know what i'll end with that fantastic

03:00:00.300 intro that was made for me uh by edgy d made that so great job on that yeah we'll end with this

03:00:30.300 so

03:00:45.980 so

03:00:54.220 We'll be right back.

03:01:24.220 We'll be right back.

The Ferryman's Toll - November 02, 2025

The Nationalist Film Board - Creation of Canada - Episode 1

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