The Ferryman's Toll - The Nationalist Film Board - Creation of Canada - Episode 2

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00:04:46.000 You know, they'll pay a little bit of homage to that, but very rarely do you hear about the context of, you know, Dutch involvement, Spanish involvement, all of the battles that were happening around the globe as a result of what was going on in this, essentially, what was a civil war between two factions of the British Empire.

00:05:06.900 So important context in that regard that we'll get into more tonight.

00:05:12.260 Right. With that all being said, there's a few key things before we jump right into this next episode that I'd like to draw people's attention to, to maybe pay attention to while we're watching this episode.

00:05:28.040 The first is the importance of Catholic Quebec.

00:05:33.180 Now, this is going to be explained quite a bit in this episode, but understanding that the importance.

00:05:42.260 Importance of Catholicism in the identity of the Québécois and the importance of the Québécois in the context of the identity of Canadians themselves.

00:05:53.780 And that you cannot separate these two things, whether you like it or not, whether you're a fan of the Catholic Church or not, whether you are a fan of the modern French or not.

00:06:04.440 Understanding that the protection, you know, and sustaining of the identity of the habitant of New France, of the Québécois, played a massive role in defining what Canadian was.

00:06:23.080 So you'll see more of that tonight and you'll see why it's it's important, you know, through various clips that we'll get into after we watch the main thing, the main episode.

00:06:34.660 The second point that I'd like to draw your attention to as we go through this episode is that none of these factions involved are unanimous.

00:06:49.340 There is no uniform consent or uniform position within any of these factions.

00:06:55.060 And so the reason why I draw your attention to this is that, you know, oftentimes the way it's presented in in modernity or the way history is often presented to us, you know, decades or hundreds of years after the fact is that there's two sides.

00:07:11.680 Right. There's two sides. And, you know, in this context, the Americans believe one thing and the British believe another thing or the Americans believe one thing and the French believe one thing.

00:07:23.980 And that's not how it ever is. And so understanding that within each of these factions involved in these conflicts and in this historical period,

00:07:33.620 that there is people who desire different things on both sides and ultimately, you know, one side wins out.

00:07:42.760 But you'll see this brought up quite a bit in this episode on both sides, on how there was dissatisfaction among, you know, the Habitans in Quebec or how there was dissatisfaction among loyalists or conservatives in America,

00:07:56.500 about how there was people in America, about how there was people in America, about how there was people in Britain who did not want to do this and wanted to negotiate with their American counterparts in the Continental Congress.

00:08:05.380 They wanted to make concessions and others that wanted to crush them outright.

00:08:08.220 Right. And so the reason I bring your attention to this is that it's an important thing to understand as we live through it in our own lives currently,

00:08:17.780 that. Unanimity is very rare among the people and ultimately, you know,

00:08:27.740 it's only through the lens of history and decades, if not hundreds of years that this bias of, you know,

00:08:35.620 consistency of belief among an entire people, you know, manifest.

00:08:41.160 So just something to keep in mind generally as we, you know, examine history.

00:08:47.480 The last thing that I wanted to bring up is the.

00:08:53.100 The nature of the constantly shifting allegiances that occur in European politics and how essentially is particularly in this time period,

00:09:07.420 but through much of European history,

00:09:09.240 alliances were formed to prevent one,

00:09:14.080 you know,

00:09:15.600 faction or one nation from gaining hegemonic power.

00:09:19.900 And in this context,

00:09:22.360 obviously with the American revolution,

00:09:24.140 what you'll see is that as Britain emerges out of the seven years war or the French and Indian war as the hegemonic power in North America,

00:09:35.040 there was a desire among other powers in Europe to interrupt this.

00:09:43.340 And you'll see this occur again and again.

00:09:46.800 And as we move forward into next episode,

00:09:49.480 which is going to focus somewhat on well,

00:09:52.520 primarily on the war of 1812,

00:09:54.120 but also on the European theater of that war,

00:09:56.460 which is the Napoleonic wars.

00:09:58.560 That was what the entire Napoleonic wars were about,

00:10:01.720 or at least a large part of it was preventing one nation,

00:10:06.600 one system from gaining total dominance over the entire continent.

00:10:10.740 So this is always that you'll see these alliances will shift on a dime whenever one,

00:10:16.280 you know,

00:10:16.700 ekes out another for power and influence in a particular sphere or in Europe in general.

00:10:23.880 So things to consider as we look forward to this,

00:10:27.500 because like I said,

00:10:28.880 you will see it come up in the,

00:10:31.100 you know,

00:10:31.280 the perfect example of this is that,

00:10:32.860 you know,

00:10:35.380 this,

00:10:35.720 this seven years war ends in 1763.

00:10:40.480 And 10 years later,

00:10:42.000 15 years later,

00:10:42.700 we have the outbreak of the American revolution.

00:10:46.240 And all of a sudden,

00:10:47.740 France is backing the very colonials that Imperial France was fighting against 15 years prior to that.

00:10:54.960 And England is using the French colonials in North America and their Indian counterparts, 0.99

00:11:02.360 you know,

00:11:03.120 that they,

00:11:03.740 that they fought viciously in the French and Indian wars to their advantage.

00:11:07.840 So that's how quickly allegiances can shift and change to keep this,

00:11:13.300 this balance.

00:11:14.860 You know,

00:11:15.700 there was not really,

00:11:17.040 there's this idea that in,

00:11:18.580 in modern alliances,

00:11:19.700 we often think of them as being indefinite and eternal,

00:11:24.320 you know,

00:11:25.460 that you can't just abandon your allies.

00:11:28.200 Well,

00:11:28.440 that was not the perception that Europeans had during the period of limited or restricted warfare.

00:11:35.760 So without,

00:11:37.640 with that all being said,

00:11:39.080 sorry to go off on a long tangent there.

00:11:42.100 There's a lot to go through tonight.

00:11:43.500 This is probably going to be one of the longer episodes,

00:11:46.300 just because it is of such importance and significance.

00:11:51.420 And there's a lot of great content in this episode to discuss.

00:11:57.500 But with all that said,

00:11:58.700 let's get right into it.

00:12:00.260 We'll be back after the end there to discuss.

00:12:04.280 Just a little housekeeping before we do that. 0.96

00:12:07.940 I'm not going to answer super chats until the very end.

00:12:11.020 You're welcome to make them.

00:12:15.140 And I will go back and read through them about whatever.

00:12:20.520 They can be about the topics.

00:12:22.100 They can be general questions,

00:12:23.220 but I'm going to address them at the end so that when people go to,

00:12:26.880 if they go to watch the replay,

00:12:28.080 it's not being interrupted by super chats that have nothing to do with the stream.

00:12:31.680 So that'll take place at the very end.

00:12:35.100 If you do have questions or comments or,

00:12:37.860 you know,

00:12:38.060 points that you'd like to add,

00:12:39.240 because I'm sure there's some people out there that could add some interesting

00:12:42.000 color to the conversation,

00:12:43.280 just make a note of it and then put it in the comments as we're going through

00:12:47.780 the discussion and I'll see it in the chat and I'll,

00:12:51.560 I'll bring it up if it's,

00:12:52.960 if I think it's relevant.

00:12:55.780 And yeah,

00:12:56.440 without further ado,

00:12:57.620 let's get right into it.

00:12:58.440 This is the creation of Canada part two,

00:13:00.800 Canada and the American revolution.

00:13:03.780 I'll see you guys in about an hour.

00:13:09.240 Canada and the American politics.

00:13:18.160 Canada,

00:13:19.880 Canada,

00:13:20.000 our women both,

00:13:20.660 have local justice,

00:13:23.180 Canada,

00:13:24.260 Canada,

00:13:25.120 Canada,

00:13:26.140 Canada,

00:13:26.340 Canada,

00:13:27.180 Canada,

00:13:28.020 Canada,

00:13:28.360 Australia,

00:13:28.380 Canada,

00:13:29.480 Canada,

00:13:30.360 Virginia,

00:13:31.460 Canada,

00:13:32.400 лизon,

00:13:33.360 Canada,

00:13:34.320 Canada,

00:13:35.260 Canada,

00:13:35.500 Canada,

00:13:36.400 Why are there just two nations occupying

00:14:04.240 that enormous expanse of the North American continent

00:14:06.940 that lies north of the Rio Grande?

00:14:09.900 Why isn't there only one nation,

00:14:11.700 or a good many nations, as in Europe or South America?

00:14:24.320 It might seem that the question

00:14:27.460 of how many countries on the continent

00:14:30.160 was settled once and for all.

00:14:32.360 For in that year, for the first time,

00:14:34.240 the Union Jack flew all the way

00:14:35.540 from Hudson Bay to Florida.

00:14:37.620 Britain had earlier taken Acadia

00:14:39.320 and Newfoundland from France,

00:14:41.000 and now in 1763,

00:14:43.140 she completed the conquest of New France itself,

00:14:46.060 an area that was already coming to be known as Canada.

00:14:49.460 So now the Union Jack flew over

00:14:51.600 Virginians and Nova Scotians,

00:14:53.720 New Yorkers and Canadians.

00:14:55.600 Seventeen very different British colonies 0.62

00:14:57.960 in North America.

00:15:00.240 In London, the imperial authorities

00:15:02.980 was confidently prepared

00:15:04.280 to impose a common pattern on all of them.

00:15:07.780 But Canada was not like the others.

00:15:11.060 It was French and Catholic,

00:15:13.280 and its economic system based on the fur trade

00:15:15.700 clashed with that of the other colonies.

00:15:18.440 As New France, 0.86

00:15:20.400 Canada had prevented the American colonists 0.96

00:15:22.620 from pushing into the interior

00:15:24.460 from the Atlantic coast.

00:15:25.800 Now this obstacle was gone.

00:15:29.420 Settlers from Virginia and Vermont,

00:15:31.900 New Jersey and the Carolinas

00:15:33.560 could push westward into new lands.

00:15:37.200 But the Indians were still in the forests. 0.99

00:15:41.680 Nobody had invited these former allies

00:15:44.000 of the French to the peace treaty negotiations.

00:15:47.460 Now they were angry,

00:15:49.560 and they had found a leader.

00:15:57.360 Pontiac was probably the most formidable

00:15:59.660 Indian warrior politician

00:16:01.240 ever to appear in North America.

00:16:04.200 He and other proud chiefs

00:16:06.220 were uneasy with the new British officers

00:16:08.300 in the former French garrisons.

00:16:10.700 The French had treated the Indians 1.00

00:16:12.200 as partners in the fur trade.

00:16:14.340 But the British acted more like masters, 0.99

00:16:17.240 aloof and ungenerous.

00:16:18.860 The Indians left their meetings

00:16:23.260 with the British dissatisfied.

00:16:26.080 The end of the war

00:16:27.120 and the disruption of the fur trade

00:16:29.080 had left them far less valuable

00:16:31.060 to the white man.

00:16:33.000 Finally, frustration flared into violence.

00:16:42.420 Pontiac's ferocious onslaught

00:16:43.960 aimed at driving the colonists back

00:16:45.660 from the western frontier,

00:16:46.760 and hardly an English soldier or settler

00:16:49.420 west of Detroit

00:16:50.220 escaped death or capture.

00:16:53.220 The torture of captives

00:16:54.800 revealed the depths of the Indians' hatred. 0.98

00:17:00.420 Bloody battles between Indians 1.00

00:17:02.320 and veteran British troops

00:17:03.900 showed that neither side would yield

00:17:06.200 and that it was time for negotiation.

00:17:08.520 In an effort to understand the cause

00:17:16.340 of the Indians' fury, 1.00

00:17:18.080 the British sent commissioners to question them.

00:17:21.100 From the Indian leaders, like Pontiac, 1.00

00:17:23.560 there came impassioned complaints

00:17:24.920 about the expansion westward

00:17:27.340 by settlers from the American colonies.

00:17:29.860 They were pushing through the passes

00:17:31.480 of the Appalachian Mountains,

00:17:33.360 threatening the Indian way of life. 1.00

00:17:34.980 By filling trees, clearing the land,

00:17:39.440 and starting farms,

00:17:40.820 they were driving out the animals

00:17:42.420 that the Indians had always hunted 1.00

00:17:44.060 for their livelihood.

00:17:53.640 Pontiac reminded the commissioners

00:17:55.440 that some British prisoners

00:17:56.520 had been returned during truces

00:17:58.140 in the fighting.

00:17:58.720 But he warned that

00:18:00.660 unless the British gave heed

00:18:02.320 to the Indians' complaints,

00:18:04.480 there would be no mercy in the future.

00:18:07.640 What the Indians really wanted 1.00

00:18:09.540 was the old French system,

00:18:11.340 which left them a vast interior

00:18:13.100 free of settlers.

00:18:15.160 The British, anxious at all costs

00:18:17.420 to put an end to Pontiac's reign of terror,

00:18:20.060 finally agreed.

00:18:21.720 And in 1763,

00:18:23.860 they proclaimed this expanse

00:18:25.320 Indian territory.

00:18:26.580 At the same time, however,

00:18:29.280 new, narrow boundaries for Quebec

00:18:31.100 discouraged the former French system.

00:18:33.880 As for settlement,

00:18:35.260 it would be forbidden

00:18:36.080 in the territory beyond the Appalachians.

00:18:39.040 This angered the land-hungry colonists

00:18:41.160 of the Atlantic coast.

00:18:43.020 But they were told that

00:18:44.120 if they could not go west,

00:18:45.960 they could go north,

00:18:47.380 to Nova Scotia.

00:18:48.100 In Nova Scotia,

00:18:57.180 the city of Halifax

00:18:58.340 was founded a quarter of a century before.

00:19:01.460 Its growing port

00:19:02.440 and recently established

00:19:03.640 legislative assembly

00:19:04.660 were held out

00:19:05.860 as attractions for immigrants.

00:19:08.300 Here, then,

00:19:09.060 was an alternative

00:19:09.920 to western settlement.

00:19:11.660 And another

00:19:12.180 was the province of Quebec,

00:19:14.380 although its appeal

00:19:15.360 was lessened

00:19:16.040 by the fact

00:19:16.660 that its new,

00:19:17.660 constricted boundaries

00:19:18.660 seemed to offer

00:19:19.740 limited possibilities

00:19:20.860 for further settlement.

00:19:24.780 Montreal,

00:19:26.580 flourishing crossroads

00:19:27.760 of the fur trade,

00:19:29.460 and Quebec,

00:19:30.720 the spiritual center

00:19:31.740 of Catholic Canada,

00:19:33.320 were now occupied towns

00:19:34.880 with the red-coated

00:19:36.200 British soldiers

00:19:37.020 much in evidence.

00:19:38.900 These troops,

00:19:40.020 representing the conquering

00:19:41.160 Protestant power,

00:19:42.120 were under the command

00:19:43.420 of General James Murray,

00:19:45.580 himself a Scottish Catholic.

00:19:48.740 As military governor,

00:19:50.520 he ruled from Quebec,

00:19:52.340 a town that had been left

00:19:53.540 half in ruins

00:19:54.520 by the bombardments of war.

00:20:03.400 These ruins revealed

00:20:04.900 the tragedy of a culture

00:20:06.220 that had been unique

00:20:07.140 in North America.

00:20:08.960 It was a European culture,

00:20:10.360 dominated by a strong

00:20:12.320 religious belief.

00:20:14.280 It was authoritarian,

00:20:15.940 but not oppressive,

00:20:17.520 and it had its admirers

00:20:19.160 as well as detractors

00:20:20.220 in the outside world.

00:20:22.160 But now,

00:20:23.200 its French administrators

00:20:24.220 had gone back to Paris,

00:20:26.540 and its commercial life,

00:20:28.420 like many of its buildings,

00:20:29.980 lay in ruins.

00:20:35.580 Left without leaders,

00:20:37.640 the ordinary Canadians,

00:20:38.860 the habitons,

00:20:40.240 carried on as best they could,

00:20:42.400 drawing strength

00:20:43.100 from their religious heritage.

00:20:45.360 This heritage

00:20:46.120 would help them

00:20:46.960 maintain their identity

00:20:48.260 and resist submersion

00:20:50.080 by a conqueror.

00:20:51.800 This was the homeland

00:20:53.040 they had built,

00:20:54.260 the only homeland

00:20:55.160 they knew.

00:20:56.220 There was no question

00:20:57.020 of returning to France

00:20:58.120 as their leaders had.

00:21:00.060 Now their leadership

00:21:00.880 would come from the church,

00:21:02.520 and it would be

00:21:03.420 their beacon of hope.

00:21:04.620 In 1760,

00:21:15.260 the French Canadians

00:21:16.040 did seem to be

00:21:16.960 facing a dark future.

00:21:18.640 But they'd been toughened

00:21:19.800 by a long struggle

00:21:20.880 for existence,

00:21:21.720 in which they'd often

00:21:22.700 been victims

00:21:23.300 of geography and war

00:21:24.740 and of exploitation

00:21:26.200 by French officials.

00:21:27.860 They had received

00:21:28.560 but fitful support

00:21:29.680 from France,

00:21:30.720 where church and state

00:21:31.740 were preoccupied

00:21:32.600 by a worldwide struggle

00:21:33.960 against Britain

00:21:34.640 and Protestantism.

00:21:36.300 Now officially ceded

00:21:37.680 to a conqueror,

00:21:38.960 the French Canadians

00:21:39.740 instinctively

00:21:40.600 continued the passionate

00:21:42.220 and persistent defense

00:21:43.480 of their essential nationhood

00:21:45.040 under church leadership.

00:21:47.280 And they were helped

00:21:47.980 in the first critical years

00:21:49.420 by the attitude

00:21:50.460 of Governor Murray,

00:21:51.740 who accepted the reality

00:21:53.200 of the French fact.

00:21:55.200 He quickly sent home

00:21:56.300 the provocative

00:21:57.140 Protestant troops

00:21:58.160 from New England,

00:21:58.900 and he preserved French

00:22:00.580 as an official language

00:22:02.020 for law and administration.

00:22:04.680 Murray's regime

00:22:05.540 was in fact more Canadian

00:22:07.340 than that of New France,

00:22:09.680 despite the redcoats.

00:22:16.000 But Murray,

00:22:17.460 now civil governor,

00:22:18.720 soon had to face

00:22:19.560 a difficult situation

00:22:20.840 arising out of the fur trade.

00:22:23.260 Here, at Montreal,

00:22:25.420 was the center

00:22:26.180 of the complex trade

00:22:27.420 that the French had built up, 0.75

00:22:29.380 blending the skills

00:22:30.300 of the traders and merchants

00:22:31.560 and the canoe men

00:22:32.940 who penetrated far

00:22:34.500 into the interior.

00:22:36.480 From here,

00:22:37.760 the furs had poured

00:22:38.740 across to Paris,

00:22:40.360 but now the flag

00:22:41.900 had changed,

00:22:43.260 and it was the Union Jack

00:22:44.720 that flew over the fur trade.

00:22:46.920 And the whole vast enterprise

00:22:48.960 had fallen into new hands.

00:22:50.840 hard-headed merchants

00:22:56.260 from Albany,

00:22:57.420 Boston,

00:22:58.220 and faraway London

00:22:59.320 had followed Wolfe

00:23:00.460 to Canada

00:23:00.940 to take over the fur trade.

00:23:03.180 Almost from the outset,

00:23:04.720 they were in conflict

00:23:05.480 with Governor Murray,

00:23:06.980 seeking for themselves

00:23:07.920 strong political powers

00:23:09.620 at the expense

00:23:10.800 of the French Canadians.

00:23:12.680 They were impatient

00:23:13.500 of regulations

00:23:14.340 that hampered

00:23:14.980 their ambitions,

00:23:16.080 which extended far out

00:23:17.300 to the West,

00:23:18.340 to the source

00:23:19.100 of the precious furs.

00:23:26.000 In the West,

00:23:27.620 the new Montreal merchants

00:23:28.940 hoped to perpetuate

00:23:29.940 the partnership

00:23:30.600 that the French had created 1.00

00:23:31.820 between Indian 0.89

00:23:32.860 and white man.

00:23:34.800 But now,

00:23:35.880 British traders

00:23:36.520 would be at the helm

00:23:37.460 with French voyageurs

00:23:39.000 manning the canoes.

00:23:45.980 To achieve their goals,

00:23:47.580 the merchants demanded

00:23:49.000 the creation

00:23:49.640 of a legislative assembly

00:23:51.100 which they could dominate

00:23:52.420 since Catholics 0.98

00:23:53.520 could not hold office.

00:23:55.460 But Governor Murray

00:23:56.480 refused to give them

00:23:57.560 this advantage

00:23:58.120 over the French Canadians,

00:23:59.740 for he had come

00:24:00.600 to admire greatly

00:24:01.700 the French devotion

00:24:02.740 to religion

00:24:03.420 and the orderly life

00:24:04.900 that stemmed from this.

00:24:06.980 He found the ruthless ambitions

00:24:08.600 of the merchants

00:24:09.440 distasteful

00:24:10.380 compared with the piety,

00:24:12.560 industriousness,

00:24:13.620 and simple pleasures

00:24:14.560 of the Habitans.

00:24:15.360 Thus, under Murray,

00:24:26.100 Quebec was governed

00:24:27.100 not through an elected assembly,

00:24:29.360 but with a small council

00:24:30.640 which the governor appointed.

00:24:35.880 By making sure

00:24:37.300 that the members

00:24:38.140 of the council

00:24:38.760 were sympathetic

00:24:39.460 to the French,

00:24:41.000 Governor Murray

00:24:41.580 further annoyed

00:24:42.640 the English merchants

00:24:43.720 who wanted special privileges

00:24:45.900 in the fur trade.

00:24:47.540 When they were denied these,

00:24:48.900 they blamed French influence.

00:24:51.320 Thus, from the beginning,

00:24:52.580 the new Canadian partnership

00:24:53.840 was an uneasy one,

00:24:55.640 with the English

00:24:56.300 motivated by the promise

00:24:57.520 of economic gain

00:24:58.460 and the French

00:24:59.400 by the desire

00:25:00.280 for national survival.

00:25:02.240 The French were apprehensive

00:25:03.780 of English exploitation,

00:25:05.900 and the English

00:25:06.480 were impatient

00:25:07.260 with a French conservatism

00:25:08.880 that might obstruct progress.

00:25:10.600 each group

00:25:11.820 found difficulty

00:25:12.840 in understanding

00:25:13.640 the other's motivations,

00:25:15.300 and here was the beginning

00:25:16.300 of a problem

00:25:17.280 that was to be

00:25:18.060 Canada's biggest burden

00:25:19.360 for two centuries,

00:25:20.920 right up to the present day.

00:25:22.920 But at the time,

00:25:24.360 if Governor Murray

00:25:25.220 favored the French,

00:25:26.960 it wasn't simply

00:25:27.940 his admiration

00:25:28.640 for their way of life.

00:25:30.320 He had another motive,

00:25:31.880 to keep Quebec friendly

00:25:33.280 in case the British 0.56

00:25:34.700 ever had to face

00:25:35.660 rebellion to the south.

00:25:36.960 In the English colonies,

00:25:44.120 the presence

00:25:44.840 of many British soldiers

00:25:46.100 meant taxation

00:25:47.040 for the colonists,

00:25:48.400 who had to pay

00:25:49.080 for part of their upkeep.

00:25:51.020 This taxation

00:25:52.060 aroused the anger

00:25:53.020 of men like Patrick Henry,

00:25:54.980 who denounced it

00:25:55.780 in the Virginia Assembly.

00:25:57.920 Here was a tradition

00:25:59.080 very different

00:25:59.960 from that of Quebec.

00:26:01.800 Assemblies,

00:26:02.880 local government,

00:26:04.040 and relatively free speech.

00:26:05.480 It was a tradition

00:26:07.340 that went back

00:26:08.080 150 years.

00:26:14.220 From the earliest days

00:26:15.900 in the colonies,

00:26:17.280 parliamentary notions

00:26:18.140 had encouraged

00:26:18.880 the questioning

00:26:19.560 of authority.

00:26:21.180 And there were even

00:26:21.840 outbursts of defiance,

00:26:23.640 like Bacon's rebellion

00:26:24.620 in 1675.

00:26:27.220 There was open expression

00:26:28.700 of discontent,

00:26:30.160 in sharp contrast

00:26:31.040 to French Canada,

00:26:32.200 where unrest

00:26:32.740 could find little outlet.

00:26:34.000 Unlike Quebec, 0.99

00:26:36.140 the English colonies

00:26:37.060 were familiar

00:26:37.720 with edicts,

00:26:39.020 declarations,

00:26:39.820 and manifestos

00:26:40.640 that reflected

00:26:41.520 political unrest.

00:26:44.360 There could actually

00:26:45.580 be events

00:26:46.200 like the deposition

00:26:47.080 of Governor Andros

00:26:48.220 in Boston,

00:26:49.460 taken to jail

00:26:50.220 in chains.

00:26:50.900 It was against

00:26:56.740 this restless background

00:26:58.120 that Patrick Henry

00:26:59.200 made his passionate

00:27:00.080 attack on Britain

00:27:01.020 for taxing the colonists

00:27:02.620 without their consent.

00:27:06.240 Meanwhile,

00:27:07.120 in the streets,

00:27:08.380 British soldiers

00:27:09.120 guarded bales of paper

00:27:10.380 against an angry populace.

00:27:13.040 This was expensive paper

00:27:14.420 that had to be used

00:27:15.900 under the Stamp Act,

00:27:17.320 a law passed in 1765

00:27:19.340 that involved taxation

00:27:21.140 of various documents

00:27:22.360 and publications.

00:27:24.460 For many colonists,

00:27:26.220 this tax symbolized

00:27:27.540 tyranny,

00:27:28.700 and there were riots

00:27:29.720 in which the hated paper

00:27:30.900 was burned.

00:27:37.840 The real issue

00:27:39.140 was economic nationalism.

00:27:41.920 Colonial commerce,

00:27:43.340 symbolized by a growing

00:27:44.460 Wall Street,

00:27:45.480 had produced a strong

00:27:46.920 middle class

00:27:47.740 in cities up and down

00:27:49.300 the Atlantic coast.

00:27:50.960 These men had grown

00:27:51.840 wealthy through trade

00:27:52.960 with Africa

00:27:53.620 and the West Indies.

00:27:55.420 Their methods

00:27:56.000 generally defied

00:27:57.120 the strict trading

00:27:57.920 regulations decreed

00:27:59.060 by Britain,

00:28:00.060 and they were strongly

00:28:00.880 opposed to any

00:28:01.840 tightening of controls

00:28:02.800 by the mother country,

00:28:04.120 of whom they were

00:28:04.700 continually reminded

00:28:05.660 by the presence

00:28:06.540 of the Redcoats.

00:28:12.540 Before long,

00:28:13.620 many voices joined

00:28:14.740 in denouncing Britain's

00:28:15.880 interference

00:28:16.340 in colonial trade.

00:28:18.320 And there was violence,

00:28:19.440 too,

00:28:19.980 when a mob set fire

00:28:21.360 to the British ship

00:28:22.140 Gaspe,

00:28:22.920 which had been enforcing

00:28:24.140 customs regulations.

00:28:26.360 Then came the famous

00:28:27.400 Boston Tea Party,

00:28:28.660 when colonists,

00:28:30.080 disguised as Indians,

00:28:31.640 hurled chests of tea

00:28:32.700 into the harbor.

00:28:34.400 The tea bore a tax

00:28:35.540 that was particularly

00:28:36.780 detested.

00:28:41.900 North America in flames

00:28:43.740 proclaimed a cartoon

00:28:44.860 of the time.

00:28:46.460 And in Britain,

00:28:47.640 William Pitt,

00:28:48.400 the former prime minister,

00:28:50.020 warned Parliament

00:28:50.760 of the dangers.

00:28:52.360 But Lord North,

00:28:53.480 now government leader,

00:28:55.100 obstinately pursued

00:28:56.100 a course destined

00:28:57.320 to further enrage

00:28:58.420 the colonists.

00:29:00.280 Parliament itself

00:29:01.080 was so embroiled

00:29:02.040 in party politics

00:29:03.000 that there was little

00:29:04.200 time to solve

00:29:04.960 colonial problems.

00:29:06.860 And so,

00:29:07.580 in North America,

00:29:09.080 the flames of discontent

00:29:10.540 grew hotter.

00:29:13.740 But what about Canada?

00:29:19.420 For so long,

00:29:20.260 an effective base

00:29:21.240 against the American 0.78

00:29:22.140 colonists.

00:29:23.500 Would the flames

00:29:24.300 of rebellion

00:29:24.860 spread northward?

00:29:26.740 Despite London's hopes,

00:29:28.540 Canada had remained

00:29:29.340 almost entirely French.

00:29:31.460 Governor Murray

00:29:31.960 had been recalled

00:29:33.060 because of complaints

00:29:34.180 by the English merchants

00:29:35.340 about his

00:29:36.000 pro-French policies.

00:29:38.580 But his successor,

00:29:40.120 Sir Guy Carlton,

00:29:41.320 continued Murray's policies,

00:29:42.720 and at his urging,

00:29:44.500 Britain took steps

00:29:45.400 which she felt

00:29:46.140 would ensure

00:29:46.760 the loyalty

00:29:47.380 of the people of Quebec.

00:29:49.100 The Quebec Act

00:29:49.900 of 1774

00:29:51.120 gave them a larger

00:29:52.400 voice in government

00:29:53.420 by permitting Catholics

00:29:54.880 to hold office

00:29:55.880 under a special oath,

00:29:57.600 and it restored

00:29:58.620 the French system

00:29:59.880 of civil law.

00:30:01.520 But this famous legislation

00:30:02.980 was anything but perfect.

00:30:04.800 The Quebec Act

00:30:09.420 did recognize

00:30:10.320 that the province

00:30:11.160 was not going to be

00:30:12.200 a colony

00:30:12.680 just like the others.

00:30:16.200 But the new governor,

00:30:17.800 Guy Carlton,

00:30:18.960 had urged that Quebec's

00:30:20.260 unique features

00:30:21.080 be preserved,

00:30:22.360 for he presumed

00:30:23.620 that the reputed

00:30:24.500 obedience

00:30:24.940 of the French-Canadian

00:30:25.960 habitat

00:30:26.360 could be a bulwark

00:30:28.040 against possible rebellion

00:30:29.440 in the colonies

00:30:30.140 to the south.

00:30:30.840 Thus,

00:30:33.120 the new law

00:30:33.780 strengthened the powers

00:30:34.880 of the landowners

00:30:35.700 and clergy,

00:30:36.560 but gave little

00:30:37.600 to the common man.

00:30:39.740 This authoritarian approach

00:30:41.540 reflected Carlton's

00:30:43.160 aristocratic views.

00:30:44.340 There were territorial

00:30:47.680 changes, too,

00:30:48.740 under the Quebec Act,

00:30:50.060 with vast areas

00:30:51.280 to the west

00:30:51.880 making the little colony

00:30:53.040 a giant again.

00:30:55.520 To help govern

00:30:56.640 this expanse,

00:30:57.900 the old council

00:30:58.800 was enlarged,

00:31:00.100 with Frenchmen

00:31:00.800 now sitting beside

00:31:01.760 their English conquerors.

00:31:03.960 Now, virtually

00:31:04.720 everything the French

00:31:05.700 had had before

00:31:06.400 the conquest

00:31:07.100 had been returned

00:31:08.320 to them.

00:31:09.580 But for the colonies

00:31:10.380 to the south,

00:31:12.100 it seemed that

00:31:12.880 an old threat

00:31:13.800 had been revived.

00:31:19.280 The Yankee frontiersman 0.95

00:31:20.920 now felt himself

00:31:21.900 hemmed in by a wall,

00:31:23.960 behind which lurked

00:31:24.980 an unholy alliance

00:31:26.300 of French Catholics

00:31:27.480 and the Indians,

00:31:28.860 backed by the British Army.

00:31:31.080 The French and Indians

00:31:32.300 were the old enemies.

00:31:34.120 And now,

00:31:34.700 the colony's expansion

00:31:35.620 to the west

00:31:36.200 seemed permanently blocked

00:31:37.920 by the Quebec Act.

00:31:43.800 In the colonial towns,

00:31:46.800 the voices of protest

00:31:47.920 grew louder and angrier,

00:31:49.440 and the listeners

00:31:51.460 became more attentive.

00:31:54.020 Common grievances

00:31:54.800 against Britain

00:31:55.620 drew the various colonies

00:31:57.400 together,

00:31:58.860 and in 1774,

00:32:01.020 their representatives

00:32:01.860 met in Philadelphia

00:32:02.940 in the first Continental Congress.

00:32:06.360 Among their actions

00:32:07.280 was an invitation

00:32:08.160 to Canada

00:32:08.800 to join them.

00:32:14.420 The colonists felt

00:32:15.900 that the Canadians

00:32:16.580 had everything to gain.

00:32:18.820 Weren't the English merchants 1.00

00:32:19.840 dissatisfied?

00:32:21.460 Weren't the French 1.00

00:32:22.240 politically oppressed?

00:32:23.300 But the French Canadians 0.98

00:32:25.600 had reason

00:32:26.200 to be suspicious,

00:32:27.700 for strong

00:32:28.620 anti-Catholic sentiments

00:32:29.880 were embodied

00:32:30.800 in a resolution

00:32:31.600 that the colonists

00:32:32.860 had sent to London,

00:32:34.280 protesting the concessions

00:32:35.520 that the Quebec Act

00:32:36.520 had made

00:32:37.040 to the Church in Canada.

00:32:42.320 Catholic bishops

00:32:43.280 danced around

00:32:44.140 the Quebec Act

00:32:44.920 in a bitter

00:32:45.460 contemporary cartoon,

00:32:47.780 while the British 0.99

00:32:48.900 Prime Minister,

00:32:49.960 Lord North,

00:32:50.960 joined in the fun

00:32:51.760 and the devil

00:32:52.620 looked on

00:32:53.140 approvingly.

00:32:55.260 Anti-Catholic fury

00:32:56.480 was mounting

00:32:57.200 in Protestant New England,

00:32:59.040 and in the eyes

00:33:00.060 of the colonists,

00:33:01.280 the new situation

00:33:02.140 in Quebec

00:33:02.760 was the work

00:33:04.000 of Satan,

00:33:05.380 leading to hell 0.70

00:33:06.280 and damnation.

00:33:09.640 Cartoons depicted

00:33:10.880 Boston imprisoned

00:33:12.100 by harsh British edicts,

00:33:14.260 and as tension grew,

00:33:16.260 two colonists

00:33:17.060 and a wild American Indian

00:33:18.740 were shown

00:33:19.860 attacking Britannia.

00:33:21.020 Meanwhile in Montreal,

00:33:27.720 the influential merchants

00:33:29.780 listened to the sounds

00:33:31.020 of the gathering storm

00:33:32.140 to the south.

00:33:33.820 They too had grievances

00:33:35.160 against the British,

00:33:36.360 so perhaps they would

00:33:37.760 side with the colonists.

00:33:39.620 But as they surveyed

00:33:41.120 their special place

00:33:42.080 in the economy

00:33:42.720 and geography

00:33:43.740 of North America,

00:33:45.360 the merchants

00:33:45.860 found themselves

00:33:46.700 in a dilemma.

00:33:47.500 most important

00:33:51.040 to the merchants

00:33:51.640 was access

00:33:52.620 to the west

00:33:53.400 with its richness

00:33:54.520 of furs.

00:33:56.160 Their profits

00:33:56.940 depended on Indian hunters

00:33:58.340 and French canoe men

00:33:59.860 to bring the furs out.

00:34:01.740 The capital

00:34:02.540 to finance

00:34:03.160 these ventures

00:34:03.840 and the merchandise

00:34:04.920 that was used

00:34:05.720 in trading

00:34:06.260 came from Britain,

00:34:07.840 and Britain was

00:34:08.840 the main market

00:34:09.500 for the skins.

00:34:11.420 Also,

00:34:12.040 the enlarged Quebec

00:34:13.080 had reunited

00:34:14.460 their fur empire.

00:34:18.220 Many of the Montreal merchants

00:34:20.100 originally came

00:34:21.300 from Albany

00:34:22.020 and New York,

00:34:22.960 so there was sympathy

00:34:24.200 for the colonists.

00:34:25.720 But the flow of furs

00:34:27.340 would be endangered

00:34:28.300 if the colonists

00:34:29.460 had their way

00:34:30.300 and were allowed

00:34:31.180 to settle in the west.

00:34:33.240 This,

00:34:34.220 and the merchants'

00:34:35.180 dependence on London,

00:34:36.940 led them to stop short

00:34:38.320 of active support

00:34:39.700 for the revolution

00:34:40.580 that was about

00:34:41.260 to explode.

00:34:41.880 It was April 19th,

00:34:53.540 1775.

00:34:55.880 It took place

00:34:56.520 at Lexington

00:34:57.140 and at Concord

00:34:58.340 in Massachusetts.

00:34:59.760 And it came to be known

00:35:01.260 as the shot

00:35:02.780 heard round the world.

00:35:04.100 In the colonial congresses,

00:35:13.340 there was rejoicing

00:35:14.480 over this first victory

00:35:15.860 by amateur American soldiers

00:35:17.940 over hardened

00:35:18.900 British professionals.

00:35:19.760 And it was soon

00:35:21.660 repeated

00:35:22.060 on a larger scale

00:35:23.460 in the bloody battle

00:35:25.020 that was fought

00:35:25.720 below Bunker Hill.

00:35:26.700 In their attack

00:35:33.580 on Bunker Hill,

00:35:35.240 the British lost 0.97

00:35:36.140 a thousand men,

00:35:37.920 twice as many

00:35:38.520 as the Americans.

00:35:43.580 Now the die was cast.

00:35:46.160 There would be

00:35:46.560 no turning back.

00:35:48.520 The Americans felt

00:35:49.800 new confidence

00:35:50.780 in their strength

00:35:51.660 and the spirit

00:35:53.200 of revolution

00:35:53.880 swept through the colonies.

00:35:56.180 To lead them,

00:35:57.480 the congress picked

00:35:58.320 George Washington,

00:35:59.940 a veteran of the Indian Wars,

00:36:02.040 who would command

00:36:02.720 an army that had

00:36:03.640 little training

00:36:04.780 but much enthusiasm.

00:36:10.040 The congress rushed

00:36:11.480 a delegation to Canada

00:36:12.640 to renew earlier appeals

00:36:14.400 for support,

00:36:15.120 but they returned

00:36:16.700 disappointed.

00:36:18.280 The English merchants

00:36:19.240 were incensed

00:36:20.160 at French political gains

00:36:21.440 under the Quebec Act,

00:36:22.760 but they liked

00:36:23.500 the new Quebec boundaries

00:36:24.880 which reunited

00:36:25.920 the old fur trading empire.

00:36:28.320 Breaking ties

00:36:29.000 with London

00:36:29.520 was too risky financially.

00:36:32.220 The merchants

00:36:32.640 saw loss

00:36:33.440 rather than gain

00:36:34.380 in supporting the rebellion.

00:36:36.480 As for the French, 0.99

00:36:37.900 their leaders

00:36:38.500 were pleased

00:36:39.380 with an act

00:36:39.960 that increased

00:36:40.620 their privileges.

00:36:42.260 The habitant farmers

00:36:43.320 disliked the act,

00:36:44.480 but their disconnection

00:36:45.120 was leaderless

00:36:46.080 and they were not likely

00:36:47.780 to follow the lead

00:36:48.640 of Protestants 0.89

00:36:49.440 and old enemies.

00:36:51.100 The Canadians,

00:36:51.880 it seemed,

00:36:52.760 did not feel

00:36:53.480 that Ben Franklin's

00:36:54.580 old slogan

00:36:55.160 about colonial unity

00:36:56.560 applied to them.

00:37:00.760 The need for colonial unity

00:37:02.820 did preoccupy

00:37:04.380 revolutionaries

00:37:05.140 like Sam Adams,

00:37:06.740 who might well have felt

00:37:07.940 that the slogan

00:37:08.660 should apply

00:37:09.240 to all North America.

00:37:11.740 After all,

00:37:12.940 the Revolutionary Council

00:37:14.140 called itself

00:37:15.260 the Continental Congress

00:37:16.720 and its members

00:37:17.980 still believed

00:37:18.820 that the Canadians

00:37:19.540 would rally to the cause

00:37:20.820 once they understood it

00:37:22.400 more clearly.

00:37:24.440 Meanwhile,

00:37:25.660 the war drew closer

00:37:26.780 to Canada

00:37:27.300 when the Americans

00:37:28.500 surprised and captured

00:37:29.980 Fort Ticonderoga,

00:37:32.180 key to the North-South

00:37:33.400 invasion route.

00:37:37.780 Congress could never forget

00:37:39.600 the possibility

00:37:40.300 of attack

00:37:40.880 by the great British ships

00:37:42.240 that lurked

00:37:43.160 in the St. Lawrence

00:37:43.980 and off Halifax.

00:37:46.680 But now,

00:37:47.800 at least Ticonderoga

00:37:48.960 might block the path

00:37:50.060 of any frightening

00:37:51.060 pincer movement

00:37:52.040 by land

00:37:52.760 aimed against

00:37:53.840 the rebellious colonies.

00:37:55.700 But there were still

00:37:56.920 the Indians

00:37:57.660 for the Americans

00:37:58.500 to worry about.

00:38:00.040 Memories of Red Raiders 0.98

00:38:01.340 from Canada

00:38:02.000 were still vivid

00:38:03.520 in the colonies.

00:38:04.780 And now,

00:38:05.460 perhaps the British

00:38:06.340 would send them

00:38:06.980 on the war path again.

00:38:12.400 With these fears,

00:38:14.280 the revolutionary leaders

00:38:15.480 started looking to men

00:38:16.520 like Richard Montgomery,

00:38:18.300 who knew the Quebec

00:38:19.320 invasion route well,

00:38:20.700 having fought both French

00:38:21.800 and Indians in the area.

00:38:23.920 If Canada could not

00:38:25.140 be persuaded

00:38:25.740 to join the revolution,

00:38:27.420 then why not

00:38:28.060 take it by force?

00:38:29.700 With this goal

00:38:30.580 and Ticonderoga

00:38:31.680 as a starting point,

00:38:33.360 Montgomery set out

00:38:34.320 with 4,000 men

00:38:35.740 up Lake Champlain

00:38:37.220 toward Canada.

00:38:41.960 4,000 men

00:38:43.380 made a formidable force

00:38:44.760 as they approached

00:38:45.880 St. John's

00:38:46.640 on the Richelieu River.

00:38:48.580 There were only

00:38:49.280 700 British soldiers

00:38:50.680 defending the fort,

00:38:52.060 and the Americans

00:38:53.080 besieged and captured it.

00:38:55.940 Meanwhile,

00:38:56.780 another attack

00:38:57.440 on Canada

00:38:57.880 was being mounted.

00:38:59.460 From the coast of Maine,

00:39:01.300 Benedict Arnold

00:39:02.040 was leading 1,100 men

00:39:03.760 toward the fortress

00:39:04.460 of Quebec.

00:39:06.060 It was an incredible march

00:39:07.700 through the wilderness.

00:39:14.240 Finally entering Canada,

00:39:16.360 Arnold's ragged

00:39:17.220 and starving army

00:39:18.280 got help from local farmers

00:39:20.020 and managed to push on

00:39:21.800 to Quebec.

00:39:23.600 Meanwhile,

00:39:24.540 up the St. Lawrence

00:39:25.420 at Montreal,

00:39:26.680 the military situation

00:39:28.220 was desperate.

00:39:28.880 The governor,

00:39:30.360 Sir Guy Carlton,

00:39:31.960 had expected

00:39:32.660 18,000 volunteers

00:39:34.700 when he called up

00:39:35.800 the militia,

00:39:36.820 but only a few hundred

00:39:38.140 turned out.

00:39:40.280 Disillusioned,

00:39:41.360 he abandoned the city

00:39:42.420 to Montgomery's Americans

00:39:43.560 and fled down the river.

00:39:46.780 After taking Montreal,

00:39:48.840 the way was now clear

00:39:50.000 for Montgomery

00:39:50.680 and part of his army

00:39:51.760 to proceed to Quebec

00:39:53.300 and confront the city

00:39:54.740 together with Benedict Arnold.

00:39:56.180 Between them,

00:39:57.860 they had about

00:39:58.300 1,000 men

00:39:59.140 but no artillery

00:40:00.600 to bombard the fortress.

00:40:03.160 On December 31st,

00:40:04.780 in a blinding snowstorm,

00:40:06.820 the Americans

00:40:07.340 launched a surprise attack.

00:40:20.140 But Montgomery

00:40:21.140 was killed in the attack

00:40:22.620 for the British

00:40:23.720 had been ready

00:40:24.380 and by the time

00:40:25.880 the battle was over,

00:40:27.480 more than half

00:40:28.080 the Americans

00:40:28.720 were dead or captured.

00:40:32.620 It was a disastrous

00:40:34.340 defeat for the Americans, 0.80

00:40:36.320 but they didn't

00:40:37.080 give up hope.

00:40:38.540 They were able

00:40:39.020 to maintain

00:40:39.600 the siege of Quebec

00:40:40.540 with reinforcements

00:40:41.760 from the south.

00:40:43.280 At the same time,

00:40:44.360 the revolutionaries

00:40:45.400 still hoped

00:40:46.240 to win over

00:40:46.860 the French-Canadian

00:40:47.700 Abiton farmers

00:40:48.720 to their cause.

00:40:50.440 After all,

00:40:51.360 the American defeat

00:40:52.220 at Quebec

00:40:52.660 had been at the hands

00:40:53.580 of British soldiers,

00:40:54.840 not Canadians,

00:40:56.100 for the Abiton

00:40:56.720 had mostly refused

00:40:57.840 to join the militia.

00:40:59.700 They had not listened

00:41:00.500 too closely

00:41:01.180 to their leaders either,

00:41:03.040 and an attitude

00:41:03.720 of benevolent neutrality

00:41:05.300 had permitted them

00:41:06.440 to trade

00:41:07.320 with the American invaders.

00:41:09.340 The Abiton

00:41:10.000 were clearly unhappy

00:41:11.600 with their lot

00:41:12.460 under British rule.

00:41:13.860 So,

00:41:14.840 couldn't propaganda

00:41:15.760 from the south

00:41:16.520 turn this feeling

00:41:17.880 into a positive

00:41:19.140 pro-Americanism?

00:41:20.860 With Quebec besieged,

00:41:26.080 the Catholic clergy

00:41:27.080 of the province

00:41:27.760 started playing

00:41:28.620 an increasingly

00:41:29.380 effective role

00:41:30.380 in the struggle

00:41:31.400 for the loyalty

00:41:32.120 of the Abiton farmers.

00:41:34.200 This was now being

00:41:35.360 sought by American

00:41:36.340 propagandists

00:41:37.280 who came bearing

00:41:38.580 promises of liberty

00:41:39.780 and equality

00:41:40.600 for all.

00:41:42.280 And it was also

00:41:43.300 being sought

00:41:43.800 by the British.

00:41:44.460 For the Abiton,

00:41:50.560 the American kind

00:41:51.740 of freedom

00:41:52.160 might well seem

00:41:53.080 better than the British, 1.00

00:41:54.720 which gave the big

00:41:55.620 landowners freedom

00:41:56.600 to collect rent

00:41:57.560 and the Abiton's

00:41:59.060 freedom to work hard

00:42:00.280 for little return.

00:42:02.220 But from the pulpit,

00:42:03.680 the clergy warned

00:42:04.800 of the anti-Catholic

00:42:05.940 serpent that lurked

00:42:07.060 behind the

00:42:07.840 Protestant Americans. 0.60

00:42:09.640 Much better to side

00:42:10.680 with the British lion

00:42:11.580 with its proven tolerance

00:42:12.980 toward the church

00:42:13.640 in Quebec.

00:42:15.480 Thus, the clergy

00:42:16.300 stood firm

00:42:17.240 in supporting Britain.

00:42:25.480 The pro-British

00:42:26.960 stand of the clergy

00:42:28.100 was not entirely

00:42:29.440 disinterested.

00:42:31.060 They sensed

00:42:31.700 that survival

00:42:32.340 could be more

00:42:33.260 difficult for them

00:42:34.120 as well as

00:42:34.840 for French Canada

00:42:35.660 in any larger

00:42:37.500 continental nation

00:42:38.640 that the Americans

00:42:39.420 might envisage.

00:42:40.960 The French Canadians

00:42:41.660 were a deeply

00:42:42.320 religious people,

00:42:43.780 so they took the threat

00:42:44.740 to their religion

00:42:45.480 most seriously. 0.91

00:42:47.180 Crude anti-Catholic

00:42:48.320 utterances by the

00:42:49.240 Protestant revolutionary

00:42:50.200 soldiers seemed

00:42:51.480 proof enough of danger,

00:42:53.080 but an increasing

00:42:54.100 American lack of hard cash

00:42:55.860 made neutrality

00:42:57.080 less benevolent.

00:42:58.740 The Abiton were by no 0.95

00:42:59.780 means indifferent

00:43:00.500 to freedom,

00:43:01.900 but they could hardly

00:43:02.760 be roused by slogans

00:43:04.080 about democratic forms

00:43:05.940 of which they knew

00:43:06.860 next to nothing.

00:43:08.320 Thus, the American 0.81

00:43:09.320 propaganda campaign

00:43:10.460 and Quebec failed.

00:43:12.240 But Canada was too

00:43:13.300 strategically vital

00:43:14.420 to the success

00:43:15.440 of the revolution

00:43:16.140 to be easily abandoned.

00:43:18.120 All through the winter

00:43:19.160 of 1776,

00:43:20.800 the Americans built up 0.51

00:43:21.900 their forces at Quebec.

00:43:23.680 Meanwhile,

00:43:24.500 the British commander

00:43:25.440 was anxiously awaiting

00:43:26.660 spring,

00:43:27.700 when the Navy would bring

00:43:28.920 fresh troops from England.

00:43:31.100 Canada might still

00:43:32.080 be the base

00:43:32.700 from which the revolution

00:43:33.800 could be destroyed.

00:43:35.500 The Canadian invasion 0.93

00:43:36.740 was stuck,

00:43:37.440 but to the south,

00:43:39.080 events were on the move.

00:43:43.600 At Ticonderoga

00:43:45.060 on Lake Champlain,

00:43:46.600 the American revolutionaries

00:43:48.400 had captured a rich prize

00:43:50.020 in artillery,

00:43:51.360 some 59 cannon.

00:43:53.580 With incredible energy,

00:43:55.620 they hauled these

00:43:56.520 across New England

00:43:57.440 to Boston,

00:43:58.800 where they used them

00:43:59.560 to occupy key heights

00:44:00.900 around the city.

00:44:01.640 Even the British fleet

00:44:07.720 that stood off Boston

00:44:08.820 was now in peril.

00:44:10.840 General Howe,

00:44:11.720 the British commander,

00:44:13.020 knew the damage

00:44:13.860 artillery could cause,

00:44:15.660 and now he decided

00:44:16.880 to evacuate.

00:44:18.520 He would sail

00:44:19.320 for Halifax,

00:44:20.900 taking with him

00:44:21.560 the last of the king's

00:44:22.680 forces in New England.

00:44:23.700 A notable victory

00:44:29.540 for George Washington,

00:44:31.160 the revolutionary commander.

00:44:33.460 Now,

00:44:34.220 the next step

00:44:35.160 was up to the politicians.

00:44:37.340 With John Hancock

00:44:38.380 presiding,

00:44:39.500 the Continental Congress

00:44:40.520 was sitting at Philadelphia.

00:44:42.760 The question was,

00:44:44.440 should the colonies

00:44:45.260 declare complete independence

00:44:46.760 from Britain?

00:44:48.380 Five delegates

00:44:49.300 were given the task

00:44:50.140 of coordinating

00:44:50.760 the resolves

00:44:51.620 of the various

00:44:52.180 provincial assemblies.

00:44:53.700 And in the end,

00:44:55.100 they produced

00:44:55.700 a classic statement

00:44:56.820 of the case

00:44:57.920 for nationhood

00:44:58.720 and self-determination.

00:45:01.040 Middle-class nationalism 0.70

00:45:02.220 marched with Republican idealism

00:45:04.300 in this celebrated document,

00:45:06.320 the Declaration of Independence.

00:45:16.760 But the famous document

00:45:18.300 did not win easy acceptance.

00:45:21.040 There was a conservative element

00:45:22.460 that still saw

00:45:23.400 in the Crown

00:45:23.940 the true source

00:45:24.740 of British liberty

00:45:25.520 and felt their argument

00:45:27.220 was mainly with Parliament.

00:45:29.600 Others feared the full force

00:45:31.120 of British military retaliation,

00:45:33.340 naval bombardment,

00:45:34.720 and scalping parties

00:45:35.600 from Canada.

00:45:36.860 But in the end,

00:45:38.480 the radicals prevailed.

00:45:40.400 Men like John Hancock.

00:45:41.840 On July 4th, 1776,

00:45:46.900 the Declaration of Independence

00:45:49.820 was accepted.

00:45:51.300 And that evening,

00:45:52.420 the news was communicated

00:45:53.460 to the public.

00:45:55.240 It was fateful news,

00:45:56.720 and it was greeted

00:45:57.520 with mixed feelings,

00:45:58.980 for a large segment

00:45:59.820 of the populace

00:46:00.580 was still loyal

00:46:01.320 to King George III.

00:46:03.280 But for the rebellious majority,

00:46:05.700 it was a day

00:46:06.400 to celebrate.

00:46:06.980 In New York,

00:46:15.440 wild crowds rejoiced

00:46:17.020 as they surrounded

00:46:17.860 the statue of the King.

00:46:19.920 His Majesty,

00:46:21.200 melted down,

00:46:22.140 would make bullets 0.58

00:46:22.920 for rebel guns.

00:46:23.840 For General Washington,

00:46:32.260 independence meant war.

00:46:34.400 War against former friends.

00:46:37.220 For many revolutionary officers

00:46:38.860 and officers loyal to Britain

00:46:40.560 had once fought together

00:46:42.240 against the French.

00:46:43.840 Now, peace overtures

00:46:45.120 of former comrades

00:46:46.180 would have to be rejected

00:46:47.820 by Washington.

00:46:49.320 It would be a fight

00:46:50.160 to the finish.

00:46:53.840 To challenge

00:46:59.700 the revolutionaries,

00:47:01.340 General Howe

00:47:01.940 now returned from Halifax

00:47:03.360 with a British army

00:47:04.160 of 32,000.

00:47:06.600 His strategy

00:47:07.240 was to seize control

00:47:08.660 of the mouth

00:47:09.240 of the Hudson River

00:47:10.020 and then divide

00:47:11.540 the northern

00:47:12.020 and southern colonies.

00:47:14.640 Fearing Howe's plan,

00:47:16.240 Washington rushed

00:47:16.940 his army south

00:47:17.700 from Boston

00:47:18.300 and engaged the British

00:47:20.060 in a series

00:47:20.660 of confused battles

00:47:21.900 around New York.

00:47:23.840 Howe defeated

00:47:24.980 but did not destroy

00:47:26.700 Washington,

00:47:27.620 though he did win

00:47:28.780 control of the mouth

00:47:29.700 of the Hudson.

00:47:35.840 As governor of Canada,

00:47:37.860 Sir Guy Carlton

00:47:38.780 held the key

00:47:39.480 to the second half

00:47:40.380 of Britain's strategy

00:47:41.260 against the revolution.

00:47:43.140 This would involve

00:47:44.080 a thrust southward

00:47:45.320 to join forces

00:47:46.560 with Howe

00:47:47.120 on the Hudson River

00:47:47.960 to complete

00:47:49.120 the splitting

00:47:49.700 of the colonies.

00:47:50.360 The arrival

00:47:55.460 of General Burgoyne

00:47:56.700 in Quebec

00:47:57.160 in the spring

00:47:57.880 of 1776

00:47:59.200 meant the plan

00:48:00.520 could be put

00:48:01.000 into effect.

00:48:02.800 Burgoyne had brought

00:48:03.560 10,000 troops

00:48:04.640 from England,

00:48:05.640 which would be put

00:48:06.420 at Carleton's disposition.

00:48:08.880 The American forces

00:48:10.180 at the gates

00:48:10.720 of Quebec

00:48:11.220 fled post-haste

00:48:12.800 after resieging

00:48:14.000 the city

00:48:14.400 all winter.

00:48:15.960 Half frozen

00:48:16.620 and plagued

00:48:17.580 with scurvy,

00:48:18.720 they headed south,

00:48:20.440 embittered

00:48:20.940 by the knowledge

00:48:21.540 that their

00:48:21.980 Canadian venture,

00:48:23.440 considered so vital

00:48:24.400 by George Washington,

00:48:26.000 had finally

00:48:26.620 ended in failure.

00:48:33.300 Carleton pursued

00:48:34.340 the Americans,

00:48:35.420 but he muffed

00:48:36.080 the chance

00:48:36.440 to catch them.

00:48:37.860 The Americans,

00:48:38.860 now led by Arnold,

00:48:40.320 were able

00:48:40.780 to reach

00:48:41.180 Lake Champlain,

00:48:42.620 and at Valcour Island,

00:48:44.400 they were able

00:48:44.920 to assemble a fleet

00:48:45.820 that could face

00:48:46.620 the British

00:48:47.020 in a naval engagement.

00:48:48.900 It was a rickety,

00:48:50.460 makeshift flotilla,

00:48:52.020 but Sir Guy Carleton

00:48:53.140 took months

00:48:53.900 preparing a fleet

00:48:54.680 to challenge it.

00:48:56.400 As naval battles go,

00:48:58.240 this would be

00:48:58.860 a Picayune affair,

00:49:00.660 yet it turned out

00:49:01.560 to be of major importance,

00:49:03.460 for the British

00:49:04.520 would be decisively

00:49:05.580 delayed here

00:49:06.480 in their overall strategy,

00:49:08.720 regardless of the outcome

00:49:09.860 of this battle.

00:49:14.920 The American fleet,

00:49:16.700 manned by landlubbers, 1.00

00:49:18.420 was overwhelmingly

00:49:19.320 outgunned,

00:49:20.540 and after formidable

00:49:21.780 and courageous resistance,

00:49:23.820 it was totally destroyed.

00:49:25.920 But the Americans

00:49:26.960 had won precious time

00:49:28.400 for their cause.

00:49:31.820 To strike southward

00:49:33.460 and join forces

00:49:34.320 with Howe in New York,

00:49:36.020 that had been

00:49:36.660 Carleton's plan.

00:49:38.460 But now,

00:49:39.160 winter was too close.

00:49:40.880 There would be a delay

00:49:41.860 until next year.

00:49:44.920 Although Washington

00:49:48.940 had lost the battles

00:49:50.100 around New York,

00:49:51.720 a brilliant series

00:49:52.560 of retreats

00:49:53.300 kept his army intact

00:49:54.460 as it moved west

00:49:55.900 toward Pennsylvania.

00:49:58.300 Then,

00:49:58.700 on Christmas night,

00:49:59.600 1776,

00:50:01.440 Washington recrossed

00:50:02.640 the Delaware River

00:50:03.400 eastward to attack

00:50:04.840 in one of history's

00:50:06.460 greatest gambols.

00:50:10.780 The British garrison

00:50:12.080 at Trenton

00:50:12.600 was completely surprised,

00:50:14.000 and the revolutionaries

00:50:15.620 scored an overwhelming

00:50:16.780 victory,

00:50:17.760 with the dying commander

00:50:19.060 surrendering to Washington.

00:50:28.320 A few days later,

00:50:30.160 there were more victories

00:50:31.140 for Washington,

00:50:32.340 as he struck

00:50:32.940 at Trenton again

00:50:33.800 and defeated the British

00:50:35.160 at Princeton.

00:50:37.100 American morale

00:50:38.020 and enlistment,

00:50:39.120 which had been low,

00:50:40.560 revived as Washington

00:50:41.720 settled into winter quarters.

00:50:43.860 Meanwhile,

00:50:44.480 the two main British forces

00:50:46.280 withdrew to New York

00:50:47.900 and Quebec.

00:50:49.520 But surely,

00:50:50.160 they'd not stay there

00:50:51.140 for long.

00:50:52.420 By spring,

00:50:53.080 it seemed that Britain 0.96

00:50:54.200 was once again

00:50:55.300 going to try

00:50:56.600 to split the colonies

00:50:58.040 along the Lake Champlain-Hudson line.

00:51:00.860 Burgoyne,

00:51:01.420 who had replaced Carlton

00:51:02.520 as commander-in-chief,

00:51:04.040 had planned

00:51:05.040 to swing southward

00:51:06.600 and meet Howe

00:51:07.340 at Albany.

00:51:08.380 But there was confusion

00:51:09.280 with Howe getting priority

00:51:11.200 for another plan

00:51:12.200 that would first

00:51:13.260 take his forces

00:51:14.080 south rather than north

00:51:15.380 to capture Philadelphia.

00:51:20.940 General Burgoyne

00:51:22.180 embarked on his campaign

00:51:23.340 with high hopes.

00:51:25.080 Indian warriors

00:51:25.840 were included

00:51:26.480 in his force,

00:51:27.680 and at Lake Champlain,

00:51:29.220 he cautioned them

00:51:30.040 to conduct civilized warfare.

00:51:32.300 But the Indians 0.99

00:51:33.280 did come to commit atrocities,

00:51:35.520 confirming the worst fears

00:51:36.800 of the Americans

00:51:37.560 about the savage menace

00:51:39.300 from Canada.

00:51:46.560 It was the familiar

00:51:47.720 invasion route

00:51:48.520 that Burgoyne traveled.

00:51:50.240 His plan was to move south

00:51:51.900 while another British force

00:51:53.140 came east

00:51:53.760 to join him at Albany.

00:51:54.800 Here,

00:51:56.400 a junction

00:51:56.800 would be affected

00:51:57.460 with Howe's forces

00:51:58.460 coming north

00:51:59.360 from New York.

00:52:00.740 But the trouble was

00:52:01.900 that Howe

00:52:02.900 was not coming north,

00:52:04.640 and Burgoyne alone

00:52:06.120 was in growing danger.

00:52:08.760 First,

00:52:09.760 at Bennington,

00:52:10.940 where part of his army

00:52:11.880 met the enemy.

00:52:16.360 At Bennington,

00:52:17.960 American militiamen

00:52:18.960 under General Stark

00:52:19.900 annihilated a large detachment

00:52:21.540 of Burgoyne's army.

00:52:22.540 As for the main force,

00:52:25.540 it soon faced

00:52:26.420 a growing revolutionary army

00:52:28.020 of embattled farmers,

00:52:29.940 frontiersmen,

00:52:30.880 and militiamen.

00:52:38.440 Defeated in two further battles,

00:52:41.060 large numbers of British

00:52:42.220 were taken prisoner.

00:52:44.220 By now,

00:52:45.280 the royal forces

00:52:46.160 were greatly outnumbered

00:52:47.560 and surrounded.

00:52:48.080 And on October 17th,

00:52:51.080 General Burgoyne surrendered

00:52:52.360 to the American commander,

00:52:53.900 General Gates,

00:52:54.980 at Saratoga.

00:52:56.440 It was to be 0.98

00:52:57.600 a turning point

00:52:58.620 in the war.

00:53:04.560 Meanwhile,

00:53:05.380 to the south,

00:53:06.680 Washington was keeping

00:53:07.680 Howe's British forces

00:53:08.740 fully occupied,

00:53:10.160 making it impossible

00:53:11.140 for him to come

00:53:11.940 to the assistance

00:53:12.560 of Burgoyne.

00:53:13.360 But the victories here

00:53:15.480 were British,

00:53:16.760 with Howe taking Philadelphia

00:53:18.080 and repelling

00:53:19.180 a spirited American

00:53:20.200 counterattack

00:53:20.960 on Germantown.

00:53:23.480 With heavy casualties,

00:53:25.660 a discouraged Washington

00:53:26.840 had to withdraw

00:53:27.660 for the time being.

00:53:29.760 The year's fighting

00:53:30.640 had ended in stalemate.

00:53:32.520 At Valley Forge

00:53:36.040 in Pennsylvania,

00:53:37.420 Washington reviewed

00:53:38.340 his ragged, weary troops.

00:53:41.000 This was the spot

00:53:42.140 where they would spend

00:53:43.440 the winter,

00:53:44.540 a bleak area

00:53:45.300 where the troops

00:53:45.920 were ill-housed,

00:53:47.440 ill-fed,

00:53:48.420 and ill-clothed.

00:53:50.360 Their miseries revealed

00:53:51.800 how inadequate

00:53:52.420 were the army's

00:53:53.280 financial resources.

00:53:55.280 For not more than

00:53:56.260 a third of the American

00:53:57.420 population actively

00:53:58.940 supported the revolution.

00:54:02.520 In the bitter cold

00:54:05.160 of winter,

00:54:06.400 many of the soldiers

00:54:07.320 could not leave

00:54:08.140 their miserable quarters

00:54:09.280 for lack of proper clothing.

00:54:12.240 For Washington,

00:54:13.800 it was a time of trial.

00:54:16.540 He had been fighting

00:54:17.220 for three years

00:54:18.260 and had kept his army together,

00:54:20.020 a remarkable feat.

00:54:21.800 But victory

00:54:22.820 seemed as remote as ever.

00:54:25.780 Well, he might despair.

00:54:32.520 But in Paris,

00:54:34.260 the American cause

00:54:35.220 was winning new

00:54:36.060 and important support.

00:54:38.400 Benjamin Franklin,

00:54:39.680 the American envoy to France,

00:54:41.620 had completely won over

00:54:42.740 the court

00:54:43.180 with his propaganda.

00:54:45.240 Even King Louis XVI

00:54:46.580 was persuaded,

00:54:48.320 especially after

00:54:49.020 the American victory

00:54:49.960 at Saratoga,

00:54:51.080 that Britain

00:54:51.920 might be defeated.

00:54:54.560 Seeing a chance

00:54:55.480 to strike against

00:54:56.360 her traditional enemy,

00:54:58.360 France signed an alliance

00:54:59.540 with the revolutionaries.

00:55:00.660 Now, at last,

00:55:03.420 Washington might break

00:55:04.540 the stalemate.

00:55:07.780 Now,

00:55:08.860 Washington would have

00:55:09.660 at his side

00:55:10.220 men like Rochambeau,

00:55:11.880 one of the ablest soldiers

00:55:13.080 in all France.

00:55:14.740 And soon,

00:55:15.480 Spain threw her weight 0.55

00:55:16.400 into the struggle

00:55:16.980 against Britain,

00:55:18.080 as did the Netherlands.

00:55:19.940 Now,

00:55:20.680 counting revolutionary America,

00:55:22.640 there were four adversaries

00:55:24.120 against Britain

00:55:24.880 to tip the scales of power.

00:55:26.640 At the Battle of Monmouth

00:55:37.300 in the spring of 1778,

00:55:39.680 the Americans scored heavily

00:55:41.060 against the British,

00:55:42.340 who were withdrawing

00:55:43.300 through New Jersey

00:55:44.000 to New York.

00:55:45.880 Britain's proud flag

00:55:47.280 was being badly torn

00:55:49.140 by the Americans,

00:55:50.520 by the exterminating angel 0.89

00:55:52.080 of French vengeance.

00:55:53.260 France's entry into the war

00:56:01.040 drew attention back

00:56:01.920 to Canada once again.

00:56:03.740 For only 20 years earlier,

00:56:05.560 Canada had been French. 0.58

00:56:07.680 Now,

00:56:08.080 Washington's French allies

00:56:09.200 wanted to mount

00:56:10.340 an expedition

00:56:10.940 to conquer Canada,

00:56:12.340 but Washington

00:56:13.180 held them back.

00:56:14.960 In his eyes,

00:56:16.420 even British rule

00:56:17.420 in Canada

00:56:17.880 was preferable to French 0.94

00:56:19.180 with all its uncertainties.

00:56:20.620 Later,

00:56:22.480 the positions were reversed,

00:56:24.340 and it was the French

00:56:25.380 who held Washington back.

00:56:27.240 They would prefer

00:56:28.120 the continent divided

00:56:29.200 rather than America

00:56:30.780 all-powerful.

00:56:34.940 As it happened,

00:56:36.820 British rule in Canada

00:56:38.020 was lucky,

00:56:39.680 for Canada could

00:56:40.580 scarcely have survived

00:56:41.660 if an American army

00:56:43.200 and a French navy

00:56:44.240 had attacked together.

00:56:46.040 For one thing,

00:56:47.080 the appeal that France

00:56:47.960 had for Quebec

00:56:48.780 through language

00:56:50.400 and religion

00:56:51.040 remained strong.

00:56:53.100 French Canadians

00:56:53.700 might well have rallied

00:56:54.780 to the side

00:56:55.340 of the attackers,

00:56:56.580 but that attack

00:56:57.580 was not to be,

00:56:58.940 thanks to differences

00:56:59.800 between the French 0.85

00:57:00.620 and the Americans.

00:57:01.740 So,

00:57:02.160 instead of coming north,

00:57:03.660 the war shifted south,

00:57:05.120 where the Americans

00:57:05.720 more than held their own.

00:57:07.700 But even though

00:57:08.340 Washington's army

00:57:09.200 was effective,

00:57:10.640 British sea power

00:57:11.600 was his nemesis.

00:57:12.500 The navy kept

00:57:13.800 Britain's troops

00:57:14.620 highly mobile,

00:57:16.140 withdrawing and then

00:57:17.220 attacking again

00:57:18.240 at will,

00:57:19.220 and Washington feared

00:57:20.160 that sheer exhaustion

00:57:21.280 might yet defeat

00:57:22.520 the Americans.

00:57:27.660 At Britain's great base

00:57:29.280 at Halifax,

00:57:30.140 in Nova Scotia,

00:57:31.300 her power was very real.

00:57:33.820 Here were to be seen

00:57:34.820 her great ships of the line

00:57:36.420 with their sinister tears

00:57:38.100 of cannon.

00:57:39.820 From here,

00:57:40.340 they dominated

00:57:40.920 the North Atlantic

00:57:41.680 and blockaded

00:57:42.760 the American coast.

00:57:44.800 Their presence

00:57:45.560 also helped assure

00:57:46.600 the loyalty

00:57:47.180 of the Nova Scotians,

00:57:48.920 some half of whom

00:57:49.920 came from New England

00:57:51.000 and might have sympathized

00:57:52.560 with the American Revolution.

00:57:54.940 Also,

00:57:55.960 the naval base

00:57:56.880 meant profit

00:57:57.660 for Halifax merchants,

00:57:59.420 and that, too,

00:58:00.620 helped keep them loyal.

00:58:07.040 From Halifax,

00:58:08.380 British ships

00:58:08.920 were able to swoop down

00:58:10.320 and raid

00:58:10.920 New England towns.

00:58:12.900 There was nothing

00:58:13.720 the Americans had 0.86

00:58:14.700 in their little navy

00:58:15.580 that could stand up

00:58:16.860 to these terrible

00:58:17.740 ships of the line.

00:58:23.520 But the answer

00:58:24.560 to British sea power

00:58:25.740 lay at the French 0.99

00:58:27.180 naval base

00:58:27.780 at Toulon,

00:58:29.100 where a reorganized fleet

00:58:30.680 planned revenge

00:58:31.880 against the British.

00:58:33.920 These were the ships

00:58:34.900 that blocked the exit

00:58:35.860 from Chesapeake Bay

00:58:36.840 off Virginia

00:58:37.480 in September 1781.

00:58:40.880 Nearby,

00:58:41.560 at Yorktown,

00:58:42.500 the British army

00:58:43.380 was besieged,

00:58:44.640 and the British fleet

00:58:45.520 would have to push

00:58:46.420 through the French

00:58:47.140 if the 8,000 soldiers

00:58:49.000 were to escape

00:58:49.780 from the trap.

00:58:54.000 The British ships 0.59

00:58:55.260 proved unable

00:58:56.140 to break the French line.

00:58:58.420 The battle lasted

00:58:59.420 five days,

00:59:00.760 during which the badly

00:59:01.940 managed British fleet

00:59:03.060 was completely

00:59:04.340 outmaneuvered

00:59:05.240 and outfought

00:59:05.920 by the French

00:59:07.040 Admiral de Grasse.

00:59:09.040 The British sailed off, 0.88

00:59:11.280 leaving no choice

00:59:12.160 for the commander

00:59:12.840 of the British army,

00:59:13.860 Cornwallis,

00:59:14.740 but to surrender.

00:59:19.620 A sweet day

00:59:20.820 for France,

00:59:21.800 but sweeter still

00:59:23.300 for Washington

00:59:24.040 as Cornwallis

00:59:25.460 and the last

00:59:26.400 great British army

00:59:27.400 outside New York

00:59:28.420 filed past

00:59:29.740 and stacked

00:59:30.760 their arms.

00:59:32.580 Washington

00:59:32.960 had won his war.

00:59:39.800 King George III

00:59:41.300 was being thrown

00:59:42.360 by the angry horse

00:59:43.580 America.

00:59:45.120 The colonies

00:59:45.760 were casting off

00:59:46.800 their imperial master

00:59:47.840 with the help

00:59:48.940 of the hated flag

00:59:49.860 of France.

00:59:52.300 Another cartoon

00:59:53.400 of the day

00:59:53.960 showed a British admiral

00:59:55.440 tied to a tree.

00:59:57.260 He stood

00:59:57.680 for the hapless

00:59:58.400 Royal Navy,

00:59:59.160 which was having

01:00:00.180 its wings clipped

01:00:01.060 not only off America

01:00:02.420 but in other oceans.

01:00:04.620 The once proud fleet

01:00:05.840 was in disgrace,

01:00:07.260 its claws shorn 0.87

01:00:08.380 by Holland,

01:00:09.460 France,

01:00:10.300 Spain,

01:00:11.120 and the United States.

01:00:15.200 As for British merchants,

01:00:17.360 they were wailing

01:00:18.200 in despair

01:00:18.860 at the fate

01:00:19.700 of the cow of commerce.

01:00:21.440 While America

01:00:22.200 sawed off her horns, 0.69

01:00:24.240 Holland was milking her

01:00:25.500 and France and Spain

01:00:27.180 eagerly awaited

01:00:28.240 their turn.

01:00:29.860 Every cur

01:00:30.740 could now insult

01:00:31.900 the British lion

01:00:32.820 so low had he sunk.

01:00:38.500 The American colonies

01:00:40.040 might once

01:00:40.820 have settled for less,

01:00:42.840 but now it had to be

01:00:44.100 complete independence

01:00:45.380 from Britain.

01:00:46.940 By now,

01:00:47.560 even stubborn

01:00:48.220 King George III

01:00:49.260 had realized

01:00:50.060 that the time

01:00:50.660 had come

01:00:51.040 to negotiate

01:00:51.720 a peace treaty.

01:00:53.300 But what would this

01:00:54.400 mean for Canada?

01:00:56.260 She had survived

01:00:57.220 attacks and near attacks

01:00:58.560 from the Americans,

01:00:59.740 but would she be able

01:01:00.820 to survive

01:01:01.440 the peace negotiations?

01:01:03.280 Would the shrewd

01:01:04.540 Benjamin Franklin

01:01:05.500 try to gain

01:01:06.640 at the conference table

01:01:07.620 what his compatriots

01:01:09.020 had failed to achieve

01:01:09.860 on the battlefield?

01:01:11.300 For Canada,

01:01:12.160 everything would depend

01:01:13.380 on the final boundaries

01:01:14.680 that would now be drawn.

01:01:15.820 But the peacemaking

01:01:17.700 would not be

01:01:18.260 a simple matter.

01:01:19.480 In the complex claims

01:01:20.980 and counterclaims

01:01:22.040 of the nations,

01:01:23.140 Canada's interests

01:01:24.060 could all too easily

01:01:25.420 become obscured.

01:01:26.420 The former belligerents,

01:01:33.180 Britain among them,

01:01:34.440 came to the peace

01:01:35.120 negotiations parading

01:01:36.380 their wounds,

01:01:37.300 the amputations of war,

01:01:39.100 and asking for damages.

01:01:41.700 France demanded

01:01:42.500 compensation in the West Indies

01:01:44.160 and sought influence

01:01:45.560 over the new United States.

01:01:48.120 The Dutch,

01:01:48.960 for their sacrifices

01:01:49.900 in the sea war

01:01:50.720 against Britain,

01:01:51.940 sought advantages

01:01:52.620 in trade and commerce.

01:01:56.420 As for the Spaniards, 1.00

01:01:57.980 they hoped to gain Gibraltar

01:01:59.380 and sought to keep

01:02:00.640 America out of the West, 0.88

01:02:02.440 away from Louisiana.

01:02:05.460 Only the United States 0.59

01:02:06.960 emerged with

01:02:07.760 an uncomplicated goal,

01:02:09.860 freedom under its new flag.

01:02:14.980 Shrewd Ben Franklin

01:02:16.100 represented the United States

01:02:17.920 in the peace talks,

01:02:19.220 as did John Jay

01:02:20.300 and another hard bargainer,

01:02:22.620 the tenacious

01:02:23.160 John Adams of Massachusetts.

01:02:26.420 In redrawing the map,

01:02:29.780 would the peace treaty

01:02:30.600 recognize the extensive

01:02:31.920 Canada of the Quebec Act?

01:02:34.180 This was anathema

01:02:35.260 to the Americans,

01:02:36.480 who asked for a United States

01:02:38.180 that would include

01:02:39.020 all of Canada.

01:02:40.960 But the British,

01:02:42.240 difficult as their position was,

01:02:44.200 rejected this arrogant request.

01:02:46.820 The Americans, however,

01:02:48.320 already had a toehold

01:02:49.580 in the West.

01:02:50.120 At Vincennes in Indiana,

01:02:57.780 George Rogers Clark

01:02:58.960 had attacked

01:02:59.600 a British frontier fort

01:03:01.020 with a small group

01:03:02.380 of Americans.

01:03:03.740 The surprised British commander

01:03:05.480 had surrendered

01:03:06.560 this strategic outpost.

01:03:10.740 But the West,

01:03:12.540 despite Clark's victory,

01:03:14.340 was still mainly held

01:03:15.640 by the British.

01:03:16.260 the Americans' 0.84

01:03:19.580 next suggestion

01:03:20.500 was for a Canada 0.71

01:03:21.400 confined to the narrow

01:03:22.640 boundaries of 1763,

01:03:25.440 which cut it off

01:03:26.540 from the interior.

01:03:28.600 With these dimensions,

01:03:30.260 Canada would have lost

01:03:31.160 almost all

01:03:32.080 of the modern province

01:03:33.060 of Ontario.

01:03:35.040 Yet the British 0.99

01:03:35.960 were inclined

01:03:36.540 to accept these limits,

01:03:38.340 for they had ended the war

01:03:39.660 facing an overwhelmingly

01:03:41.080 powerful coalition,

01:03:42.880 in which America

01:03:43.800 was flanked

01:03:45.020 by Imperial France

01:03:46.200 and Imperial Spain.

01:03:51.100 But just then,

01:03:52.380 at the critical moment,

01:03:53.820 a victory at sea

01:03:54.860 over the French 0.72

01:03:55.700 served to stiffen 0.83

01:03:57.060 London's resolve.

01:03:58.820 It was the Battle

01:03:59.540 of the Saints

01:04:00.260 in the West Indies.

01:04:05.080 And late in 1782

01:04:06.980 at Gibraltar,

01:04:08.260 there came another boost

01:04:09.320 for Britain's

01:04:09.900 battered prestige.

01:04:11.860 France and Spain

01:04:12.740 had joined

01:04:13.460 to mount a mighty

01:04:14.600 naval onslaught

01:04:15.500 against the British

01:04:16.180 held rock.

01:04:17.460 But the defenders

01:04:18.220 brilliantly repelled

01:04:19.280 the attack,

01:04:20.340 inflicting fearful

01:04:21.140 losses on the enemy.

01:04:29.220 The rather tattered lion

01:04:31.120 could bite after all.

01:04:34.000 Britain could now 0.83

01:04:34.840 face her enemies

01:04:35.560 with more confidence

01:04:36.460 and could now disturb

01:04:38.380 the Americans

01:04:39.000 with bold counterclaims

01:04:40.520 in North America,

01:04:41.860 including all of the

01:04:42.960 Ohio-Mississippi Triangle.

01:04:45.640 And on top of this,

01:04:47.200 the Americans faced

01:04:48.080 trouble with their allies,

01:04:49.880 for Washington

01:04:50.860 had not won the war alone.

01:04:53.300 The French had been 1.00

01:04:54.300 of immeasurable help.

01:04:56.020 But now,

01:04:57.140 facing peace,

01:04:58.620 the partners viewed each other

01:04:59.880 with increasing suspicion.

01:05:01.140 America,

01:05:06.020 dangerous.

01:05:07.600 France,

01:05:08.780 cold, 1.00

01:05:09.900 selfish, 0.98

01:05:10.920 calculating.

01:05:12.400 This was how they came

01:05:13.480 to see each other.

01:05:17.980 France,

01:05:18.920 now motivated

01:05:19.700 by a need

01:05:20.280 to help Spain,

01:05:21.760 suggested a new plan,

01:05:23.680 a huge Indian buffer state

01:05:25.560 which would keep

01:05:26.580 the United States

01:05:27.400 away from

01:05:27.980 the Spanish Mississippi.

01:05:30.340 In the menagerie

01:05:31.320 of powers,

01:05:32.300 there was a regrouping

01:05:33.620 of former allies.

01:05:39.440 The buffer state idea

01:05:41.020 would smother

01:05:41.580 America's western ambitions.

01:05:44.640 To get rid of it,

01:05:46.440 the Americans

01:05:47.000 tried to persuade Britain

01:05:48.300 to give them

01:05:48.800 the Ohio Valley.

01:05:50.540 In return,

01:05:51.700 they offered

01:05:52.220 a northern boundary

01:05:53.080 at the 45th parallel,

01:05:55.020 one which would have lost

01:05:56.180 southern Ontario

01:05:57.000 for modern Canada.

01:05:59.280 If this was unacceptable

01:06:00.600 to the British,

01:06:01.780 they offered a line

01:06:02.600 following the St. Lawrence River

01:06:03.940 and the Great Lakes,

01:06:05.240 the line we know today.

01:06:07.300 This,

01:06:07.840 the British finally accepted,

01:06:09.560 and a peace treaty

01:06:10.520 was signed.

01:06:16.100 Britain

01:06:16.540 had controlled

01:06:17.320 a huge area

01:06:18.100 in the interior.

01:06:19.780 Why had she been willing

01:06:20.840 to abandon it

01:06:21.680 in this 1783 treaty?

01:06:23.560 Why was the defeated

01:06:26.060 Britannia so eager

01:06:27.180 to embrace

01:06:27.940 her wild,

01:06:28.820 rebellious offspring?

01:06:30.720 Basically,

01:06:31.760 it was because

01:06:32.620 Britain was less interested

01:06:33.860 in keeping the Ohio Valley

01:06:35.320 than in detaching

01:06:36.680 the United States

01:06:37.700 from the grasp

01:06:38.400 of France and Spain.

01:06:40.400 These two would continue

01:06:41.820 to be the enemies

01:06:42.620 of Britain,

01:06:43.340 but perhaps

01:06:44.300 the new American Republic

01:06:45.640 could become a friend.

01:06:47.880 So Britain was generous.

01:06:49.280 It was November 25th,

01:06:57.580 1783,

01:06:59.000 and Britain's troops

01:07:00.380 were about to sail home

01:07:01.840 from New York,

01:07:02.960 where they had been quartered

01:07:04.100 during the long

01:07:04.740 peace negotiations.

01:07:06.960 It was eight

01:07:07.800 and a half years

01:07:08.720 since the shot heard

01:07:09.860 round the world

01:07:10.620 had been fired

01:07:11.300 in Massachusetts.

01:07:12.940 As the guns boomed

01:07:14.440 and the crowds cheered,

01:07:16.200 a new flag

01:07:17.060 replaced the old one.

01:07:19.280 This was the end

01:07:20.320 of more than a century

01:07:21.460 and a half

01:07:22.100 of British rule

01:07:23.000 in this part

01:07:24.140 of the new world.

01:07:31.780 The map now showed

01:07:33.240 a United States

01:07:34.200 that had the territory

01:07:35.160 it wanted,

01:07:36.280 west to the Mississippi.

01:07:38.500 The world should now

01:07:39.680 picture America

01:07:40.480 and Britain

01:07:41.120 in sweet reconciliation.

01:07:43.720 At least,

01:07:44.220 that was what Britain hoped.

01:07:46.080 But it was not that easy.

01:07:47.480 The peace treaty

01:07:49.420 brought relief,

01:07:51.100 but the salty cartoonists

01:07:52.440 of the time

01:07:53.100 showed the nations

01:07:54.280 of the world

01:07:54.960 in a malicious chorus

01:07:56.580 that mocked

01:07:57.280 the British loss.

01:07:59.600 Perfidious Albion 0.99

01:08:00.620 was getting

01:08:01.200 its just desserts,

01:08:03.040 and its enemies gloated

01:08:04.500 in the savage

01:08:05.860 and uninhibited style

01:08:07.280 of the 18th century.

01:08:08.460 poor John Bull.

01:08:18.140 Crocodile tears

01:08:19.180 were being shed

01:08:20.020 for him.

01:08:21.540 But for some,

01:08:23.160 there was a real sense

01:08:24.500 of loss

01:08:25.060 in the amputations

01:08:26.140 inflicted on the

01:08:27.000 English-speaking world.

01:08:28.120 It would take a long time

01:08:34.760 for the wounds

01:08:35.420 to heal.

01:08:36.920 And when a famous artist

01:08:37.960 set out to paint

01:08:38.860 the Peace Conference

01:08:39.560 delegates,

01:08:40.580 the Americans

01:08:41.160 were only too happy

01:08:42.160 to be included.

01:08:43.500 But the British delegates

01:08:44.620 didn't show up

01:08:45.840 for the sitting.

01:08:47.580 And thus,

01:08:48.240 the painting remained

01:08:49.200 ominously unfinished.

01:08:51.560 America now had 0.92

01:08:57.960 her independence,

01:08:59.420 and now, at last,

01:09:01.020 she could start

01:09:01.640 to fulfill a destiny

01:09:02.700 already dimly felt

01:09:04.240 by the revolutionaries

01:09:05.400 to expand

01:09:06.620 over all the continent.

01:09:09.280 But would it be

01:09:10.080 the whole continent?

01:09:12.180 So far,

01:09:12.900 Canada had survived,

01:09:14.320 but would the United States

01:09:15.760 turn hungry eyes

01:09:17.020 northward again?

01:09:18.460 Would Canada remain

01:09:19.620 in pawn

01:09:20.220 in the game

01:09:20.780 of Anglo-American

01:09:21.560 relations always

01:09:23.040 a potential sacrifice

01:09:24.360 to British interests?

01:09:26.280 The Ohio Valley

01:09:27.180 had already been

01:09:27.940 thrown away by Britain, 1.00

01:09:29.280 Canadians felt.

01:09:30.860 With dismay,

01:09:31.760 the merchants of Montreal

01:09:32.820 had seen the great

01:09:33.860 fur-trading empire 0.99

01:09:35.000 divided once again

01:09:36.460 because of new frontiers.

01:09:38.300 Was there any future

01:09:39.540 at all for this

01:09:40.500 narrow land

01:09:41.600 that had Ontario

01:09:42.580 as its western boundary?

01:09:44.700 Especially beside

01:09:46.080 this immensely

01:09:46.920 more powerful neighbor

01:09:48.140 that had been born

01:09:49.360 out of hatred

01:09:50.040 for Britain,

01:09:50.740 Canada's master?

01:09:51.940 These were the questions

01:09:54.840 for Canadians

01:09:55.660 in 1783.

01:09:57.440 imi 3.

01:10:16.980 Okay.

01:10:17.540 Thank you.

01:10:47.540 Thank you.

01:11:17.540 Thank you.

01:11:47.540 Thank you.

01:12:17.540 And yeah, you can see there that one in particular is pretty jam packed with information. And obviously, it covers, it's pretty rapid fire accounts of the American Revolution for obvious reasons.

01:12:59.180 Which is the point, I suppose, of what we're getting into here.

01:13:01.960 So I hope the points that I addressed early on weren't lost on a lot of you, the importance of Catholic Quebec and, you know, documents such as the Quebec Act, and how these have ended up becoming extremely important even in modern day.

01:13:48.340 In particular, the Catholic Church, it's much more likely that the Quebecois would have rebelled in this time period and joined the Americans.

01:13:59.580 So, you know, that's, that's diplomacy. That's, you know, Britain's, it showcases one of the better aspects of British diplomacy. Let's put it that way.

01:14:16.080 But I have a lot of clips to go through on this one. I think I have about twice as many as I did for the previous episode, just because there is a lot to unpack. There's a lot of little things that we can add some color to and some, you know, relevant information to flesh out a little bit.

01:14:34.600 So I'm going to try to do this within the next hour and 45 minutes, hopefully, and then get to the super chats and whatnot.

01:14:44.080 I did mark some comments there. So, you know, as we're going through here, I will try to follow the chat if you guys have anything you'd like to throw in on these clips or, you know, the relevant items being discussed, but let's get right into it.

01:14:59.820 So the first is right off the bat, we'll get straight to it with the, the importance of understanding Catholicism in the context of Quebec and Quebec overall as being part of the Canadian identity, which frankly, you know, I, I, I know it's tongue in cheek and I saw quite a bit of it in the chat, but this, you know, the anti-French sentiment, I mean, it's, it obviously it's going to live on in, in Anglo-Canada forever.

01:15:26.180 And, you know, it's been one of the defining conflicts in our history, but the truth is that it's of extreme significance to who we are and where we came from and why we're, um, you know, in this position that we are in. So let's, uh, start digging into it.

01:15:43.780 Left without leaders, the ordinary Canadians, the Habitans, carried on as best they could, drawing strength from their religious heritage.

01:15:53.900 This heritage would help them maintain their identity and resist submersion by a conqueror.

01:16:01.140 This was the homeland they had built, the only homeland they knew.

01:16:05.580 There was no question of returning to France as their leaders had.

01:16:09.420 Now their leadership would come from the church and it would be their beacon of hope.

01:16:13.980 As you can see, this is obviously the main institution that the, the Habitans or the French fell back on, you know, following the conquest of new France by the British.

01:16:29.940 Um, and winning over the influence of the clergy was significant as we saw, you know, later in the episode, it will come, we'll come back to it whenever it comes up at the relevant time period, but it's not to be underestimated.

01:16:41.980 And this is why, you know, a lot of people ask, I don't know if they ask themselves, but, you know, I've heard people, you know, bring it up before of, you know, why does Canada have subsidized Catholic schools?

01:16:54.020 Like, why do we have religious institutions that are subsidized by the state?

01:16:57.760 Well, that's your answer.

01:17:00.040 Um, you know, we've always had this, this particularly, um, you know, I don't know if you'd call it special, but, uh, a relationship with the Catholic church.

01:17:11.360 That protects it and ensures that it will continue to exist in this country.

01:17:15.140 And you can, you know, debate whether or not that's a good thing or not, but that's simply the reality of it.

01:17:19.860 It is part of Canadian identity.

01:17:21.320 It always was.

01:17:22.740 Um, and that's why we have the schools.

01:17:24.780 That's why we have the institutions that we have.

01:17:26.740 That's why we had the residential schools.

01:17:28.460 It's why we had, you know, the missionary work that we had.

01:17:31.000 So, um, you know, the, the Catholics were, um, ensured certain rights in this country and that, you know, is one of the foundations of, uh, both Quebec identity and Canadian identity.

01:17:43.820 So, um, we'll move right along here though, to, um, you know, how this played out in the, the post, uh, French and Indian war period here.

01:17:54.380 Um, and how, how the English governed again, this is, I think a masterful stroke, uh, of the English.

01:18:01.040 Um, it really showcases that they had capable administrators who understood that you couldn't give into the demands of petty merchants and, uh, profiteers.

01:18:12.560 And that you had to, um, govern shrewdly as opposed to, you know, with short-term aims in mind, such as profit.

01:18:22.980 Hard-headed merchants from Albany, Boston, and faraway London had followed Wolf to Canada to take over the fur trade.

01:18:30.020 Almost from the outset, they were in conflict with Governor Murray, seeking for themselves strong political powers at the expense of the French Canadians.

01:18:39.920 They were impatient of regulations that hampered their ambitions, which extended far out to the West, to the source of the precious furs.

01:18:47.900 In the West, the new Montreal merchants hoped to perpetuate the partnership that the French had created between Indian and white man.

01:19:02.500 But now, British traders would be at the helm, with French voyageurs manning the canoes.

01:19:07.740 To achieve their goals, the merchants demanded the creation of a legislative assembly, which they could dominate, since Catholics could not hold office. 0.99

01:19:23.160 But Governor Murray refused to give them this advantage over the French Canadians.

01:19:27.480 For he had come to admire greatly the French devotion to religion and the orderly life that stemmed from this.

01:19:33.640 He found the ruthless ambitions of the merchants distasteful, compared with the piety, industriousness, and simple pleasures of the Habitans.

01:19:51.820 Thus, under Murray, Quebec was governed not through an elected assembly, but with a small council, which the governor appointed.

01:19:59.560 Yeah, so there's a few things in that clip that are relevant.

01:20:07.460 The first, obviously, being that you can see a very quick shift.

01:20:11.780 If you recall from last episode, a couple times they mentioned that in the eyes of the British, the only good Indian was a dead Indian.

01:20:19.440 And in the eyes of the French, the only good Indian was a living one that they could trade with. 1.00

01:20:24.220 Interesting how quickly that changes, isn't it?

01:20:26.860 All of a sudden, the English merchants aren't so fond of dead Indians now that they control the fur trade.

01:20:32.760 And you see this conflict come back later, where the merchants who had migrated north from Albany and other parts of New York and New England to Montreal, to the central hub of the fur trade.

01:20:47.480 All of a sudden, they weren't so big on encroaching on Indian territory, and they wanted to preserve it.

01:20:54.240 So fascinating how quickly your motivations can change when there's something to be gained.

01:21:02.300 The other thing there as well that I think is interesting is this kind of aristocratic versus mercantile perspective.

01:21:14.080 So you see that the merchants, again, who migrated from New York and New England,

01:21:22.720 they wanted to govern through elected assemblies because Catholics wouldn't have been able to be elected to them.

01:21:31.660 So basically, it would have been a form of tyranny over the French.

01:21:39.840 And you can see how the aristocrats found this distasteful.

01:21:43.520 They viewed this as kind of shameful, something that, you know, in contrast to the humble, kind of respectful, dignified piety of the peasant class of the French,

01:22:01.020 these, what would you call them?

01:22:04.980 These hand-rubbing merchants who wanted to just rip and tear into everything and make as much profit as possible was somewhat offensive to the notion of aristocratic values.

01:22:16.980 And then the last thing as well from that clip that's interesting is you can see the difference between the two,

01:22:24.040 the old world system and the new world system or the liberal democratic system or the republicanism,

01:22:30.860 the parliamentarianism would probably be the best word for it of the English merchants versus the authoritarian governing style of,

01:22:41.760 you know, what was New France, but then became the council under the British.

01:22:48.940 So unlike the other colonies that had legislative assemblies, elected town councils, things like this,

01:22:55.300 that didn't translate to the colony of Quebec under the British because that was not a system that the French were accustomed to.

01:23:04.660 And so you can see like these, this comes back up again later in the episode,

01:23:08.380 whenever the Americans try to appeal to the Quebec law on the grounds of, you know, democracy and liberal values and things like that.

01:23:16.080 And they're just like, no, like it doesn't compute to them.

01:23:19.440 And it's not a system that they're familiar with and they don't necessarily see why they would have more liberty under that system than the one that they're currently under.

01:23:28.460 So, yeah, quite a lot to unpack in that one little clip.

01:23:33.400 But obviously there was other motives as well, which we'll get into right now that Governor Murray had regarding this.

01:23:39.580 And there's, you could also point out as well that this governor who was Scottish, they mentioned was Catholic.

01:23:45.920 And so you could, you could see why he might be sympathetic to them.

01:23:50.880 You know, if he's a devout Catholic, the idea of these, these Protestant merchants might be somewhat offensive to him, but we'll get into his other motive right now.

01:24:02.300 By making sure that the members of the council were sympathetic to the French, Governor Murray further annoyed the English merchants who wanted special privileges in the fur trade.

01:24:13.180 When they were denied these, they blamed French influence.

01:24:17.620 Thus, from the beginning, the new Canadian partnership was an uneasy one, with the English motivated by the promise of economic gain and the French by the desire for national survival.

01:24:28.560 The French were apprehensive of English exploitation and the English were impatient with a French conservatism that might obstruct progress.

01:24:36.960 Each group found difficulty in understanding the other's motivations, and here was the beginning of a problem that was to be Canada's biggest burden for two centuries, right up to the present day.

01:24:49.060 But at the time, if Governor Murray favored the French, it wasn't simply his admiration for their way of life.

01:24:56.680 He had another motive, to keep Quebec friendly in case the British ever had to face rebellion to the south.

01:25:03.300 Yeah, so again, he brings it up there, and it's funny that he uses the words exactly.

01:25:11.780 The English were frustrated with French conservatism that might inhibit progress, right?

01:25:19.160 So there's this immediate there, like within the Canadian identity, you know, that has its origins in the Quebecois, there is this rooted conservatism, this aversion to liberal democratic values.

01:25:31.700 And so that comes up right there.

01:25:34.620 The other thing there as well is, well, there was a very practical reason, obviously, why the British were interested in keeping the French content with the situation.

01:25:45.760 And it was because immediately following the French and Indian Wars, the situation with the Americans became very delicate.

01:25:58.260 And this was because of the next clip that we'll get into, which was the measures that the British had to take to address the losses that they had suffered in fighting the Seven Years' War or, you know, the French and Indian War.

01:26:10.740 So, obviously, this came in the form of the Stamp Act, T-taxes, et cetera, and we'll get into it right now.

01:26:20.200 In the English colonies, the presence of many British soldiers meant taxation for the colonists, who had to pay for part of their upkeep.

01:26:31.900 This taxation aroused the anger of men like Patrick Henry, who denounced it in the Virginia Assembly.

01:26:37.760 Here was a tradition very different from that of Quebec, assemblies, local government, and relatively free speech.

01:26:47.120 It was a tradition that went back 150 years.

01:26:50.540 From the earliest days in the colonies, parliamentary notions had encouraged the questioning of authority.

01:27:02.000 And there were even outbursts of defiance, like Bacon's Rebellion in 1675.

01:27:08.180 There was open expression of discontent, in sharp contrast to French Canada, where unrest could find little outlet.

01:27:14.880 Unlike Quebec, the English colonies were familiar with edicts, declarations, and manifestos that reflected political unrest.

01:27:23.540 Yeah, so, again, drives kind of the point home that I was just getting at, which is this tradition of English parliamentarianism, which has, I won't get into the whole story, it has its roots in the English Civil War, obviously, and the establishment of parliament,

01:27:40.840 which led to this idea that there would be some kind of elected body or representatural body, you know, that would discuss these matters and it wouldn't be, you know, an absolute monarchy anymore.

01:27:54.640 And these systems were able to flourish in the new world with very little oversight from the noble class.

01:28:05.420 So, you had these elected or legislative bodies, these councils, whatever, these, you know, representative bodies that were forming.

01:28:17.160 And this allowed for open discussion in what we would call, you know, modern democratic systems.

01:28:25.420 With the exception of the limitations on who could take part in it, obviously.

01:28:29.320 So, there was that aspect of it.

01:28:36.740 But the other thing that's important to consider here is that often whenever we look at the American Revolution or whenever it's being conveyed, it's being produced by Americans for Americans.

01:28:48.080 And so, you'll often get a pretty strong bias in their direction when it comes to things like the Stamp Act or the T-taxes or whatever it was.

01:28:58.180 And that's obvious why, you know, it's their founding mythos.

01:29:05.300 And so, they're going to be biased towards it and they're going to accentuate the points that are in their favor, like all people do when reviewing their own history.

01:29:13.120 They look at it favorably towards themselves.

01:29:15.340 But it's important to understand that the actions that the British were taking within British North America at the time were really not that tyrannical.

01:29:29.860 They were really not that invasive.

01:29:31.220 They were trying to recoup the losses that they had suffered, again, through a series of wars.

01:29:38.220 And by the way, it's not just the French and Indian wars.

01:29:41.080 These are wars that England had been fighting, you know, on and off with the French in North America for 150 years.

01:29:50.040 And so, now that they had achieved, you know, hegemony over North America, they were like, okay, we need to profit off of this now.

01:29:59.900 We need to recoup some of what we've invested.

01:30:02.640 And so, they tried to extract some wealth from the colonies to recuperate those losses, to pay for the soldiers that were being garrisoned in North America,

01:30:13.020 to build the forts that were keeping them secure from Indian raids, et cetera, all of these things, right?

01:30:19.620 It was a huge investment for the British.

01:30:21.620 And from their perspective, they weren't asking for a lot.

01:30:24.660 Now, from the American perspective, it wasn't even so much necessarily about the taxes as it was that they didn't have representation within British Parliament,

01:30:32.480 which is the whole, you know, no taxation without representation kind of angle to it.

01:30:38.520 From the British perspective, this was nonsense.

01:30:40.700 They were colonials, they were being governed by the British Parliament, and, you know, they didn't really need representation.

01:30:48.520 And, you know, that was to their detriment to not see the potential risk of ignoring these somewhat modest demands.

01:31:02.160 There was something else I was going to add to that as well.

01:31:04.420 Oh, the other aspect of it as well is that this is kind of an if you want to make, maybe I should play the next clip and then talk about it.

01:31:23.880 But the aspect of the mercantilism or these middle class merchant or this merchant class that had emerged in the new world,

01:31:35.640 which wanted all of the freedom and no restrictions while getting the security of operating within the British Empire without, you know, paying any of the price for doing so.

01:31:48.700 And so there's I like when I look at this, I can see why, you know, the British would be frustrated with this,

01:31:58.260 because oftentimes you had American merchants who were not operating within the realm of the law or within the realm of British law

01:32:06.880 and sometimes openly in defiance of it, trading with partners that they were at war with, smuggling goods, trading goods illegally,

01:32:16.440 all these kinds of problems.

01:32:19.880 I think they mentioned it in the last episode that that, you know, British merchants were trading with the French when they were at war with them during the Seven Years War,

01:32:28.020 which was obviously extremely frustrating, you know, from the perspective of Britain.

01:32:40.540 But we'll see that come up, I think, in the next clip.

01:32:43.980 It was against this restless background that Patrick Henry made his passionate attack on Britain for taxing the colonists without their consent.

01:32:52.080 Meanwhile, in the streets, British soldiers guarded bales of paper against an angry populace.

01:33:01.000 This was expensive paper that had to be used under the Stamp Act, a law passed in 1765 that involved taxation of various documents and publications.

01:33:12.740 For many colonists, this tax symbolized tyranny, and there were riots in which the hated paper was burned.

01:33:22.080 The real issue was economic nationalism.

01:33:30.220 Colonial commerce, symbolized by a growing Wall Street, had produced a strong middle class in cities up and down the Atlantic coast.

01:33:39.360 These men had grown wealthy through trade with Africa and the West Indies.

01:33:43.760 Their methods generally defied the strict trading regulations decreed by Britain,

01:33:47.860 and they were strongly opposed to any tightening of controls by the mother country,

01:33:52.440 of whom they were continually reminded by the presence of the Redcoats.

01:33:55.800 So that's exactly what I was just talking about.

01:34:03.380 You could see how this would be somewhat frustrating for the British governors looking at this problem of these merchants exacting large amounts of wealth

01:34:14.540 while refusing to help pay for the cost of the empire, benefiting from all of the security that they're getting from the empire,

01:34:22.060 and then straight up, in some cases, undermining the security efforts of the empire by trading with people that they weren't supposed to be trading with.

01:34:31.120 So I think that's kind of understandable, even for maybe Americans who are biased here, as to why the British were frustrated.

01:34:41.000 So that's more their side of the story.

01:34:46.760 Yeah, Scooby-Doo says, what's the lesson?

01:34:49.960 The lesson is, don't let merchants run amok.

01:34:53.700 You cannot be governed by merchants.

01:34:56.940 And the interesting thing about this is that while, you know, the American mythos starts with, largely, it's economic nationalism, right?

01:35:06.500 It's a rejection of, you know, their imperial connections in order to, you know, have property rights and independence and, you know, not be subjected to financial, like, you know, economic tyranny.

01:35:23.960 But the interesting thing about it is that as the war continues, and this might come up in some of these clips later on, you'll see it starts to become something much different.

01:35:34.000 And they start to view themselves as a people.

01:35:35.960 And you see this in later documents that are issued by, you know, the Continental Congress and eventually just Congress itself, where, you know, they assert, like, you know, that we are a people.

01:35:48.600 You know, it makes references to, obviously, there's the Naturalization Act, 1790.

01:35:54.180 Like, you start to see how they do define themselves, you know, ethnically as a people.

01:36:00.560 So, it does kind of change like that.

01:36:04.000 And I think there's an argument to be made here that, you know, a lot of times in modern politics, you'll hear a lot of libertarians, a lot of conservatives today will make this economic argument for what American nationalists are.

01:36:18.600 American nationalism is, completely overlooking the very real ethnic component of it that did exist.

01:36:25.840 And this idea that they were a distinct people, you know, separate to the French or the Spanish or the Redskins that flanked them on all sides.

01:36:37.500 So, yeah.

01:36:42.400 The next click gets into, and this is on this, to counter some of what I was saying before, you know, about Britain's frustrations.

01:36:50.200 You can see how they mismanaged the situation as well.

01:36:53.460 Before long, many voices joined in denouncing Britain's interference in colonial trade.

01:36:58.000 And there was violence, too, when a mob set fire to the British ship Gaspe, which had been enforcing customs regulations.

01:37:06.740 Then came the famous Boston Tea Party, when colonists, disguised as Indians, hurled chests of tea into the harbor. 0.63

01:37:14.960 The tea bore a tax that was particularly detested.

01:37:17.940 North America in flames proclaimed a cartoon of the time.

01:37:27.020 And in Britain, William Pitt, the former prime minister, warned Parliament of the dangers.

01:37:32.900 But Lord North, now government leader, obstinately pursued a course destined to further enrage the colonists.

01:37:39.720 Parliament itself was so embroiled in party politics that there was little time to solve colonial problems.

01:37:47.180 And so, in North America, the flames of discontent grew hotter.

01:37:52.000 Yeah, so, it's the last part of that clip.

01:37:58.840 Obviously, the first part of that clip is more relevant to what I was talking about previously.

01:38:02.660 But the last part of that clip is relevant to Britain's mismanagement of the situation by refusing to understand that, you know,

01:38:11.880 perhaps the Americans were entitled to some kind of representation in these discussions,

01:38:16.340 that they should have had members of Parliament or in the House of Lords to represent their specific interests.

01:38:24.500 That there should have been, they should have been part of the governance of the empire and not treated as a peasant class or as a second class.

01:38:34.560 You know, so you can see why their frustrations.

01:38:38.480 And, you know, I don't think that's, you know, something we should overlook that, you know,

01:38:45.460 party politics was plaguing the empire and British governance even then.

01:38:50.400 We can see how this, the parliamentary system is ineffective often, particularly whenever they have no interest in the problems of a specific subset of their people.

01:39:01.700 But now we come to something that's extremely important in this context, which is part of the, what is known as the intolerable acts.

01:39:18.880 So, a lot of people, they didn't actually bring up this term, I don't think, in this episode.

01:39:24.000 But it is very important in understanding what actually led to the outbreak of revolution.

01:39:31.840 There was a series of, it's like five or six different acts in 1774 that the Americans coined as the intolerable acts.

01:39:42.280 And the one that's most relevant to Canada is the Quebec Act.

01:39:47.100 So, one of our founding documents was part of these intolerable acts.

01:39:51.540 But the one that most people are probably familiar with is the Quartering Act.

01:39:56.600 So, and the reason why you might be familiar with that is because this is actually enshrined in the American Bill of Rights that, you know,

01:40:04.060 I forget, is it the Third Amendment or the Fourth Amendment that Americans cannot be forced to quarter men-at-arms?

01:40:12.900 That's exactly what this was.

01:40:14.260 Because it basically required the American colonists to house British, you know, troopers if there was no suitable quarters for them in the area.

01:40:22.320 And this was particularly awkward, let's say, with the temperature in the colonies at this time.

01:40:32.400 And, obviously, the Quebec Act, they got into it of why this was considered intolerable to the colonies.

01:40:40.760 But I'll play the clip here and we can get into it more.

01:40:44.100 The Quebec Act did recognize that the province was not going to be a colony just like the others.

01:40:49.520 But the new governor, Guy Carleton, had urged that Quebec's unique features be preserved,

01:40:58.100 for he presumed that the reputed obedience of the French-Canadian habitant could be a bulwark against possible rebellion in the colonies to the south.

01:41:08.420 Thus, the new law strengthened the powers of the landowners and clergy, but gave little to the common man.

01:41:14.380 This authoritarian approach reflected Carleton's aristocratic views.

01:41:22.220 There were territorial changes, too, under the Quebec Act,

01:41:25.940 with vast areas to the west making the little colony a giant again.

01:41:31.420 To help govern this expanse, the old council was enlarged,

01:41:35.960 with Frenchmen now sitting beside their English conquerors.

01:41:38.820 Now, virtually everything the French had had before the conquest had been returned to them.

01:41:45.160 But for the colonies to the south, it seemed that an old threat had been revived.

01:41:50.560 Yeah, so you can see why this is considered an intolerable act to the Americans.

01:41:59.740 You know, they viewed themselves as being part of the Anglo-Americans in particular.

01:42:03.480 If we recall from the last episode, the Americans were part of the army that had fought the French and Indian War,

01:42:10.500 and they viewed themselves as the rightful conquerors of Quebec.

01:42:14.340 And this idea that they would be subjected to shared rule with the French and that they would be limited in their ability to settle certain territories

01:42:22.580 or to, you know, engage in certain trade in areas was not appealing to them.

01:42:30.400 And then on top of this as well, there's the inherent, let's call it anti-popery of Protestants.

01:42:37.100 And so the assurances that, you know, the Catholic faith would be protected and given special standing within the colony of Quebec

01:42:46.160 was frustrating to a lot of the Anglo-Americans.

01:42:52.620 Lone Star Texas says the Third Amendment.

01:42:54.420 Thank you.

01:42:55.040 I knew it was the third.

01:42:55.820 I couldn't remember if it was the third or the fourth.

01:42:57.780 I knew it was one of the first ones.

01:42:59.120 Yeah, and that's like, you know, freedom of speech, right to bear arms. 0.99

01:43:05.240 Don't fucking put soldiers in my house. 0.95

01:43:07.580 Like, it's kind of interesting. 0.99

01:43:09.660 Like, that's the first three.

01:43:10.780 So obviously, you know, of those intolerable acts, that's the one that most people are familiar with is the Quartering Act.

01:43:16.540 There's also like another one is the I think is the Boston Port Act.

01:43:21.020 And that was basically we're shutting down the port of Boston until you pay us back for the tea you dumped in the harbor.

01:43:27.300 So these these acts were very inflammatory to the Americans.

01:43:39.520 I think I got everything on that last clip, so we'll move right along here to the formation of the Continental Congress.

01:43:50.920 In the colonial towns, the voices of protest grew louder and angrier.

01:43:55.740 And the listeners became more attentive.

01:44:00.300 Common grievances against Britain drew the various colonies together.

01:44:05.160 And in 1774, their representatives met in Philadelphia in the first Continental Congress.

01:44:12.700 Among their actions was an invitation to Canada to join them.

01:44:15.940 The colonists felt that the Canadians had everything to gain.

01:44:25.120 Weren't the English merchants dissatisfied?

01:44:27.740 Weren't the French politically oppressed?

01:44:30.560 But the French Canadians had reason to be suspicious.

01:44:34.180 For strong anti-Catholic sentiments were embodied in a resolution that the colonists had sent to London,

01:44:39.980 protesting the concessions that the Quebec Act had made to the Church in Canada.

01:44:44.400 Catholic bishops danced around the Quebec Act in a bitter contemporary cartoon,

01:44:54.020 while the British Prime Minister, Lord North, joined in the fun, and the devil looked on approvingly.

01:45:01.600 Anti-Catholic fury was mounting in Protestant New England,

01:45:04.780 and in the eyes of the colonists, the new situation in Quebec was the work of Satan,

01:45:11.500 leading to hell and damnation.

01:45:13.340 You can see why joining the Americans wasn't necessarily appealing to much of the French.

01:45:26.180 They also bring up as well the English merchants, who I already spoke about earlier.

01:45:31.460 While they may have been sympathetic to the cause or to the people,

01:45:37.100 because many of them were from the American colonies,

01:45:40.120 ultimately, they were guided more by their interest in the fur trade and their standing in Quebec,

01:45:46.680 and understanding that if ties with England were broken off, that it would not be good for them.

01:45:53.080 And if the Americans were to be given free reign in the territory that made up the fur empire,

01:45:58.880 that would be the end of their trade.

01:46:02.460 So they were hesitant to join as well.

01:46:05.080 And then also, the English that existed within the empire, many of them were loyal.

01:46:11.120 So just to reiterate, at the very beginning of this episode,

01:46:15.420 I mentioned that there was no unified factions here.

01:46:19.780 It's not like, and this has been brought up many times regarding the 3% rule or the 30% rule in America, right?

01:46:27.400 You know, 3% of Americans actively fought, and 30% of Americans actively supported the American Revolution.

01:46:35.320 And it's no different in Canada.

01:46:37.760 You know, maybe 3% of Canadians actually fought in this revolution,

01:46:42.380 and probably less than 30% of Canadians actively supported the British cause.

01:46:46.820 There was a tone of indifference to it, to a certain extent.

01:46:51.140 And we see that later in this episode when, you know, Guy Carlton calls up the militia and is expecting thousands and gets hundreds.

01:46:59.460 Why?

01:46:59.800 Because, well, there just really wasn't that much of a passionate response to this, you know,

01:47:06.300 these grand ideas of empire and things like that.

01:47:10.400 So, you know, and now we come to, you know, obviously now we're in 1774.

01:47:18.080 We spoke about the establishment of, well, the establishment.

01:47:22.380 We spoke about the various intolerable acts that came up,

01:47:25.360 which directly led to the formation of the Continental Congress,

01:47:29.220 unifying the colonies, you know, behind one body,

01:47:33.260 and then ultimately culminating in, you know, the outbreak of open hostilities.

01:47:38.280 Now, there was hostilities prior to this point, obviously.

01:47:43.240 We're talking about a period, like this buildup happened over, you know, 10 years, essentially,

01:47:48.980 closer to 15 maybe, where, you know, you had the Stamp Act, you had the Intolerable Acts,

01:47:55.440 you had various laws that were passed all throughout this,

01:47:58.360 from the post-French and Indian War to the outbreak of the American Revolution.

01:48:02.440 Like all time periods in history, these things don't happen overnight.

01:48:05.400 It takes time, you know, for it to break out into open hostility.

01:48:09.360 But this was the first time where, you know, it wasn't just mobs of people burning,

01:48:17.300 you know, stamp paper or dumping tea into harbors or engaging in, you know,

01:48:23.300 fisticuffs and, you know, kind of mob rioting or whatever with British redcoats. 1.00

01:48:29.460 This was the first time where you had open hostilities between armed factions that were fighting in a military formation.

01:48:37.000 So the shot heard around the world, obviously, is a reference to the battles that happened at Lexington and Concord,

01:48:43.780 which essentially was an attempt by the British to locate and secure various depots of arms and powder

01:48:57.540 that were allegedly being kept in areas across the New England countryside.

01:49:03.320 And so they marched out in formation to, you know, find these depots or these caches of weapons and ammunition.

01:49:12.240 And it resulted in the establishment of the, not the establishment,

01:49:22.080 in the American militia responding with open hostility.

01:49:26.000 So it was April 19th, 1775.

01:49:36.840 It took place at Lexington and at Concord in Massachusetts.

01:49:41.040 And it came to be known as the shot heard round the world.

01:49:45.500 Yeah, so obviously this is where the American revolution begins in earnest.

01:50:00.160 And at this point, the battles are still relatively small.

01:50:07.060 It's not until much later that we get into some substantial battles.

01:50:10.480 But, you know, you're talking about thousands versus hundreds, which is relatively large,

01:50:15.620 I suppose, in the context of early colonial North American history,

01:50:19.720 but nothing in comparison to, you know, the battles that would have been going on in Europe

01:50:23.540 or that happened later in the American Revolutionary War.

01:50:28.940 But now we come to, you know, the appeals to Canada to join the revolution

01:50:33.980 now that it had broken out into open hostility.

01:50:36.380 The Congress rushed a delegation to Canada to renew earlier appeals for support,

01:50:43.560 but they returned disappointed.

01:50:46.220 The English merchants were incensed at French political gains under the Quebec Act,

01:50:50.800 but they liked the new Quebec boundaries, which reunited the old fur trading empire.

01:50:56.260 Breaking ties with London was too risky financially.

01:51:00.180 The merchants saw loss rather than gain in supporting the rebellion.

01:51:03.540 As for the French, their leaders were pleased with an act that increased their privileges.

01:51:10.200 The habitant farmers disliked the act, but their discontent was leaderless,

01:51:14.420 and they were not likely to follow the lead of Protestants and old enemies.

01:51:19.020 The Canadians, it seemed, did not feel that Ben Franklin's old slogan about colonial unity applied to them.

01:51:25.440 The need for colonial unity did preoccupy revolutionaries like Sam Adams,

01:51:34.180 who might well have felt that the slogan should apply to all North America.

01:51:39.660 After all, the Revolutionary Council called itself the Continental Congress,

01:51:44.900 and its members still believed that the Canadians would rally to the cause once they understood it more clearly.

01:51:50.860 Meanwhile, the war drew closer to Canada when the Americans surprised and captured Fort Ticonderoga,

01:51:59.840 key to the North-South invasion route.

01:52:02.060 Yeah, so obviously these appeals didn't go over the way the Americans wanted them to,

01:52:12.160 and they never really took hold in Canada ever.

01:52:16.760 I suppose you could make the case that they're gaining traction in modernity,

01:52:20.520 but Canada rejected these ideals early in its history and continued to well into its teenage years,

01:52:29.660 let's put it that way, but now we come to the Quebec campaign or the Quebec frontier of the American Revolution,

01:52:38.540 which obviously takes place very early on.

01:52:40.700 It's important to remember, and they did mention this at one point during the episode,

01:52:44.260 but the American Revolution takes place over a period of eight and a half years,

01:52:48.420 1774 to 1781, and ultimately culminating in the treaties of 1783.

01:53:02.620 You know, the siege at Yorktown is 1781, so this is a war that takes place over quite a long time,

01:53:08.860 and the biggest threat to Canada obviously comes early on in the war,

01:53:16.560 so they did get into this as well, but we'll just briefly go through some of it here.

01:53:23.360 With these fears, the revolutionary leaders started looking to men like Richard Montgomery,

01:53:29.120 who knew the Quebec invasion route well, having fought both French and Indians in the area.

01:53:33.940 If Canada could not be persuaded to join the revolution, then why not take it by force?

01:53:40.560 With this goal and Ticonderoga as a starting point,

01:53:44.280 Montgomery set out with 4,000 men up Lake Champlain toward Canada.

01:53:52.840 4,000 men made a formidable force as they approached St. John's on the Richelieu River.

01:53:58.400 There were only 700 British soldiers defending the fort, and the Americans besieged and captured it.

01:54:07.860 So now you're starting to get into some pretty large numbers.

01:54:11.140 Montgomery going north from Ticonderoga with 4,000 men is a substantial force in colonial warfare.

01:54:18.320 And that was not the only prong, obviously.

01:54:25.100 So Benedict Arnold obviously approached from Maine through, what is that, modern New Brunswick, towards Quebec.

01:54:36.180 But yeah.

01:54:37.060 Meanwhile, another attack on Canada was being mounted.

01:54:40.520 From the coast of Maine, Benedict Arnold was leading 1,100 men toward the fortress of Quebec.

01:54:46.060 It was an incredible march through the wilderness.

01:54:55.140 Finally entering Canada, Arnold's ragged and starving army got help from local farmers and managed to push on to Quebec.

01:55:03.360 So, obviously, these are important.

01:55:15.700 It's always important to remember the scale of warfare in the context of Canada relative to other parts of the colonies is minimal because the population was spread out, minimal.

01:55:28.860 And the strategic value of it was limited.

01:55:33.480 Now, in this case, the strategic value of Montreal and Quebec is extremely important because we saw later that it was used to launch counter-strikes into the American territory from Canada.

01:55:44.000 So, it became of importance.

01:55:45.620 But obviously, they weren't able to capture it.

01:55:47.500 But we'll keep rolling just through with the Quebec campaign just because it's important for our context.

01:55:52.560 Meanwhile, up the St. Lawrence at Montreal, the military situation was desperate.

01:55:59.080 The governor, Sir Guy Carlton, had expected 18,000 volunteers when he called up the militia.

01:56:06.000 But only a few hundred turned out.

01:56:09.400 Disillusioned, he abandoned the city to Montgomery's Americans and fled down the river. 0.96

01:56:14.580 After taking Montreal, the way was now clear for Montgomery and part of his army to proceed to Quebec and confront the city together with Benedict Arnold.

01:56:26.380 Between them, they had about a thousand men, but no artillery to bombard the fortress.

01:56:32.240 On December 31st, in a blinding snowstorm, the Americans launched a surprise attack. 0.87

01:56:38.020 But Montgomery was killed in the attack, for the British had been ready.

01:56:54.400 And by the time the battle was over, more than half the Americans were dead or captured.

01:56:59.260 Yeah, so again, interesting enough, this is where the whole series starts, if you recall.

01:57:08.160 That's the prologue to the entire series, is the siege at Quebec on New Year's Eve, 1774.

01:57:15.740 Sorry, 1775.

01:57:21.440 And it's interesting because these events are of critical importance.

01:57:26.460 Like, very few events in a vacuum can you point to and be like, if it wasn't for that, everything would have been different.

01:57:35.440 But that actually is one of those instances.

01:57:37.940 If the Americans had been able to secure Quebec, take the fortress, in addition to Montreal, and then hold them and garrison them, 0.65

01:57:46.580 they would have captured all the guns, they would have captured all the ammunition,

01:57:49.520 and the British would have had a very difficult time driving them out of there after that point.

01:57:55.600 And it's because they were able to hold out until spring, when reinforcements arrived from England,

01:58:02.140 that the modern Canadian state continues to exist.

01:58:05.760 Because if it wasn't for that holdout, the British would have had no bargaining chip.

01:58:14.080 They would have had no presence in Canada, you know, when the war was over.

01:58:20.100 And so while, of course, it doesn't result in British victory over the Americans,

01:58:25.000 from the perspective of the Canadians, it secures their independence, you know, that one specific battle.

01:58:30.360 So these are, while they may seem like minor events, you know, one siege of a thousand men, you know,

01:58:37.420 in a snowstorm on New Year's Eve, 1775, the implications for us personally are massive.

01:58:46.340 And what would have been different if, you know, that had gone differently?

01:58:51.440 But, yeah, we'll come to the end of, what is essentially the end of the American campaign in Quebec in this clip.

01:59:05.440 The arrival of General Burgoyne in Quebec in the spring of 1776 meant the plan could be put into effect.

01:59:13.640 Burgoyne had brought 10,000 troops from England, which would be put at Carleton's disposition.

01:59:18.340 The American forces at the gates of Quebec fled post-haste after resieging the city all winter.

01:59:26.800 Half frozen and plagued with scurvy, they headed south,

01:59:31.300 embittered by the knowledge that their Canadian venture, considered so vital by George Washington,

01:59:36.840 had finally ended in failure.

01:59:38.520 Yeah, and so, just like that, right?

01:59:46.620 So, we'll keep it rolling here, though, just because I'm starting to eat up time.

01:59:51.840 And, um, the, uh, just, just again, this, this clip just reiterates the importance of the clergy in this, in this matter as well.

02:00:02.240 Because if it wasn't for the loyalty of the habitant, this also would have gone poorly for the British in Quebec.

02:00:10.440 And that was secured through the Catholic Church.

02:00:12.480 With Quebec besieged, the Catholic clergy of the province started playing an increasingly effective role

02:00:20.840 in the struggle for the loyalty of the habitant farmers.

02:00:24.560 This was now being sought by American propagandists,

02:00:28.300 who came bearing promises of liberty and equality for all.

02:00:32.920 And it was also being sought by the British.

02:00:34.920 For the habitant, the American kind of freedom might well seem better than the British, 0.93

02:00:45.200 which gave the big landowners freedom to collect rent,

02:00:48.540 and the habitant's freedom to work hard for little return.

02:00:52.700 But from the pulpit, the clergy warned of the anti-Catholic serpent

02:00:56.780 that lurked behind the Protestant Americans.

02:00:59.820 Much better to side with the British lion,

02:01:02.280 with its proven tolerance toward the church in Quebec.

02:01:05.720 Thus, the clergy stood firm in supporting Britain.

02:01:13.920 Yeah.

02:01:19.700 So yeah, there's obviously a significant importance.

02:01:23.060 And again, I just want to reiterate,

02:01:24.860 this is why, as much as people often complain about it,

02:01:27.880 this is why the French and the Catholics have special standing in Canada.

02:01:32.120 It's at the essence of the root of our history,

02:01:36.380 whether you like it or not.

02:01:40.400 And if they hadn't secured it,

02:01:42.320 then there probably would be no Canada,

02:01:44.500 and there would be no British North America.

02:01:46.480 So, you know,

02:01:49.240 you can debate of whether or not this was the correct action for the British to take.

02:01:53.040 But it's the reason why there's two nations in North America as opposed to one.

02:01:59.320 Moving right along, though.

02:02:03.600 So we come to the end of the Quebec campaign in the spring of 1776,

02:02:09.120 when General Burgoyne arrives with his 10,000 troops.

02:02:13.300 But as we know, 1776 is a pretty big year for the Americans,

02:02:17.480 because we get on July 4th, the Declaration of Independence.

02:02:21.060 Now, again, this was brought up.

02:02:24.220 It might be in this clip a little bit.

02:02:25.720 But it was brought up during the episode that until this time period,

02:02:35.400 until the Declaration of Independence,

02:02:37.500 it was really unsure which way things would fall when it came to what concessions would be made

02:02:49.140 or what terms would have been considered acceptable to Americans.

02:02:53.200 So, you know, back to the beginning of, you know, where I started with this whole episode,

02:03:00.220 this idea that, you know, the Americans were some unified force was is an inaccurate description of history.

02:03:07.940 Obviously, they were there.

02:03:09.560 Well, they may have agreed that the terms that they were enduring under British rule were intolerable.

02:03:15.560 They also did not necessarily agree that independence was the best course of action or wanted

02:03:20.120 or even view themselves as disloyal to King George.

02:03:23.200 They had issues with Parliament, many of these people, but not necessarily with the king.

02:03:29.040 And this is where you get this formation of what became the loyalists,

02:03:34.780 people who maybe disagreed with the circumstances that they were living under,

02:03:40.140 but did not want to actually actively separate from the British Empire.

02:03:43.780 On July 4th, 1776, the Declaration of Independence was accepted.

02:03:55.060 And that evening, the news was communicated to the public.

02:03:58.820 It was fateful news, and it was greeted with mixed feelings,

02:04:02.760 for a large segment of the populace was still loyal to King George III.

02:04:06.200 But for the rebellious majority, it was a day to celebrate.

02:04:16.280 Yeah.

02:04:18.100 And so the die was cast, so to speak, right?

02:04:22.440 They had set the terms of independence as the terms of their victory conditions.

02:04:29.640 And now, this is just a side note here, because they're much less discussed in this time period,

02:04:42.400 but I think this note is important just to understand as we move forward,

02:04:48.480 this will come back up again, obviously, with the episode on the War of 1812.

02:04:54.020 But what was going on with the Red Man at this point and the fears of the Americans with them?

02:05:05.820 General Burgoyne embarked on his campaign with high hopes.

02:05:10.040 Indian warriors were included in his force.

02:05:12.860 And at Lake Champlain, he cautioned them to conduct civilized warfare.

02:05:16.500 But the Indians did come to commit atrocities, 0.98

02:05:20.460 confirming the worst fears of the Americans about the savage menace from Canada.

02:05:30.920 Yeah, so the reason I bring up that clip is because this has a deep impact on American psyche

02:05:36.060 that goes on, as we know, to the War of 1812

02:05:39.340 and, you know, the psychological warfare that Brock was able to execute

02:05:43.800 using, you know, indigenous allies or Redskins allies.

02:05:49.000 But it's also important to understand the American context

02:05:52.360 and why, you know, their later approach to them is different.

02:05:57.620 The Americans did experience legitimate atrocities, you know, from the Reds. 0.90

02:06:03.960 And this, you know, stuck with them.

02:06:07.080 And this became an attitude that they carried with them as they expanded westward.

02:06:13.840 Again, for better or worse, or, you know, whether you like it or not,

02:06:17.460 the Canadian perspective on this was always much different.

02:06:19.880 And that's because of the fur trade.

02:06:22.060 And so while the Americans had a kill them all kind of attitude towards them,

02:06:26.680 we had a more negotiate and conquest through diplomacy as opposed to,

02:06:31.200 you know, outright warfare.

02:06:32.800 Although that did take place as well.

02:06:36.640 So it's just, you know, to bring up that there was two different approaches to this.

02:06:42.380 And, you know, that's why you, I mean, if you want to, you know,

02:06:46.240 retroactively look at, you know, these decisions,

02:06:48.280 you can make the case that with what we're dealing with right now,

02:06:51.160 when it comes to the Reds in Canada and the land grabs

02:06:55.340 and the assertion that they are the rightful, you know,

02:07:00.700 administrators of this land and territory,

02:07:03.080 perhaps the Americans who are not dealing with this issue because they kind of killed them all, 0.99

02:07:09.060 had a better approach to it.

02:07:11.060 And this idea that you can diplomatically conquer a people is,

02:07:14.880 you know, delusional.

02:07:16.180 Well, but, you know, hindsight 2020, whatnot.

02:07:27.200 Where was I here?

02:07:28.160 Yeah. And now, so the next, I don't know, six clips that I have here,

02:07:35.200 I think it's important.

02:07:38.100 This particular episode and this series in general

02:07:41.300 does a pretty good job of contextualizing what's going on in North America

02:07:46.280 with other events going on around the world or in Europe.

02:07:50.340 But I'd like to draw particular attention to it

02:07:54.500 because of the fact that, you know, as I mentioned earlier at the beginning,

02:07:58.360 a lot of what's produced surrounding the American Revolution

02:08:03.980 is produced by Americans for Americans.

02:08:07.720 And it often diminishes or, you know,

02:08:11.040 undermines the contributions that were made to this effort

02:08:14.700 by other powers in Europe.

02:08:16.420 And that this was a global conflict.

02:08:19.520 So this series in particular does address that.

02:08:22.640 It doesn't go into the detail

02:08:23.920 because it simply doesn't have the time to do it.

02:08:26.520 And I'll try to add a little bit of color as we go through this.

02:08:29.160 But, you know, understanding that the Americans

02:08:31.060 had multiple allies helping them in this fight.

02:08:33.640 And this fight was going on in the West Indies,

02:08:36.520 in Africa, in India, in Southeast Asia, in Europe.

02:08:41.860 You know, there was all these little battles playing out

02:08:44.560 that were maybe not essential to the American war effort,

02:08:48.420 but had an attrition effect on the British

02:08:52.360 and ultimately is what drove them to the negotiating table.

02:08:55.580 Because if it wasn't for these conflicts

02:08:57.220 that they were engaging with,

02:08:58.800 with Spain and France and Holland all around the globe,

02:09:01.820 they would have had a lot more energy and resources

02:09:04.600 to devote to restoring order in the colonies.

02:09:07.440 So adding a little bit of additional info,

02:09:12.940 I think, is going to be beneficial to our understanding of this.

02:09:19.140 But in Paris, the American cause

02:09:21.800 was winning new and important support.

02:09:24.980 Benjamin Franklin, the American envoy to France,

02:09:28.240 had completely won over the court with his propaganda.

02:09:30.620 Even King Louis XVI was persuaded,

02:09:34.840 especially after the American victory at Saratoga,

02:09:37.540 that Britain might be defeated.

02:09:40.920 Seeing a chance to strike against her traditional enemy, 0.88

02:09:44.940 France signed an alliance with the revolutionaries.

02:09:48.260 Now, at last, Washington might break the stalemate.

02:09:54.360 Now, Washington would have at his side men like Rochambeau,

02:09:57.980 one of the ablest soldiers in all France.

02:10:01.340 And soon Spain threw her weight into the struggle against Britain,

02:10:04.660 as did the Netherlands.

02:10:06.520 Now, counting revolutionary America,

02:10:09.220 there were four adversaries against Britain

02:10:11.460 to tip the scales of power.

02:10:18.560 Yeah, so, obviously this doesn't necessarily,

02:10:22.340 with the exception of the French and a little bit of the Spanish,

02:10:25.020 this doesn't really come into the conversation

02:10:29.400 of the battles that were taking place

02:10:31.200 within, you know, continental United States.

02:10:34.540 So, obviously the French contributed with their navy

02:10:37.600 and trade and things like that,

02:10:40.380 financial assistance as well,

02:10:42.340 as well as some direct military support.

02:10:44.600 There were, I think, a few French regiments

02:10:47.180 that were brought in.

02:10:48.920 They were certainly at Yorktown.

02:10:50.520 And, yeah, obviously their presence

02:10:54.400 off of the coast of the east coast of America

02:10:57.860 became essential in, one, breaking blockades,

02:11:01.340 and, two, stopping the British from moving freely

02:11:04.960 up and down the seaboard.

02:11:07.500 But also the Spanish, you know,

02:11:09.300 Florida at this time was still Spanish-controlled,

02:11:11.340 Louisiana.

02:11:12.220 So, they had pressure from the south as well,

02:11:14.180 and there was some encounters with the Spanish in the south.

02:11:17.520 So, yeah, this is relevant.

02:11:21.080 And then it goes much further than that,

02:11:24.000 but I'll add more as we go along here.

02:11:29.960 France's entry into the war

02:11:31.380 drew attention back to Canada once again.

02:11:33.940 For only 20 years earlier,

02:11:35.920 Canada had been French. 0.58

02:11:38.020 Now Washington's French allies 0.51

02:11:39.520 wanted to mount an expedition to conquer Canada,

02:11:42.220 but Washington held them back.

02:11:45.340 In his eyes,

02:11:46.760 even British rule in Canada

02:11:48.220 was preferable to French 0.94

02:11:49.520 with all its uncertainties.

02:11:51.980 Later,

02:11:52.620 the positions were reversed,

02:11:54.700 and it was the French who held Washington back.

02:11:57.760 They would prefer the continent divided

02:11:59.560 rather than America all-powerful.

02:12:02.280 Yeah, so this is what I was talking about.

02:12:07.360 Again,

02:12:07.780 it was one of the points I made

02:12:08.900 about shifting allegiances

02:12:10.920 when it comes to European warfare,

02:12:13.660 particularly during this time period

02:12:15.300 of what's considered limited or restricted warfare.

02:12:19.900 A lot of it was about power balancing.

02:12:22.580 And so,

02:12:23.700 you have this notion that

02:12:25.220 the Americans were not interested

02:12:30.880 in having the French Empire north of them,

02:12:34.720 and nor were the French interested

02:12:37.700 in allowing the Americans 0.92

02:12:38.860 to just dominate the entire continent

02:12:41.120 and create a new problem,

02:12:43.300 which, you know,

02:12:44.880 obviously that is essentially what happened, right?

02:12:46.980 As America grows and flourishes,

02:12:49.120 it ends up becoming

02:12:50.020 the hegemonic world superpower.

02:12:51.860 So,

02:12:52.380 you can see why

02:12:53.660 there's these kind of attempts

02:12:55.160 to, you know,

02:12:56.820 undermine

02:12:57.400 your own allies.

02:13:00.580 And this continues

02:13:02.060 in the American Revolutionary War as well.

02:13:07.720 From Halifax,

02:13:09.060 British ships were able to swoop down

02:13:11.000 and raid New England towns.

02:13:13.360 There was nothing the Americans had 1.00

02:13:15.380 in their little navy

02:13:16.260 that could stand up

02:13:17.540 to these terrible ships of the line.

02:13:19.380 But the answer to British sea power

02:13:26.440 lay at the French naval base

02:13:28.480 at Toulon,

02:13:29.760 where a reorganized fleet

02:13:31.360 planned revenge against the British.

02:13:34.620 These were the ships

02:13:35.600 that blocked the exit

02:13:36.540 from Chesapeake Bay off Virginia

02:13:38.160 in September 1781.

02:13:41.600 Nearby,

02:13:42.260 at Yorktown,

02:13:43.200 the British army was besieged,

02:13:45.280 and the British fleet

02:13:46.200 would have to push through the French 1.00

02:13:47.820 if the 8,000 soldiers

02:13:49.680 were to escape from the trap.

02:13:54.680 The British ships 0.59

02:13:55.920 proved unable

02:13:56.800 to break the French line.

02:13:59.120 The battle lasted five days,

02:14:01.460 during which the badly managed

02:14:03.020 British fleet

02:14:03.720 was completely outmaneuvered

02:14:05.920 and outfought

02:14:06.580 by the French Admiral de Grasse.

02:14:09.720 The British sailed off, 0.88

02:14:11.960 leaving no choice

02:14:12.840 for the commander

02:14:13.500 of the British army,

02:14:14.480 Cornwallis,

02:14:15.120 but to surrender.

02:14:19.980 Yeah, so...

02:14:21.980 Obviously,

02:14:23.420 this is incredibly significant.

02:14:25.180 Now, this is 1781

02:14:26.560 that that's taking place,

02:14:27.780 so this continues on

02:14:29.600 for another two years

02:14:30.560 before peace

02:14:32.020 is formally declared

02:14:33.140 among all the factions involved.

02:14:35.180 But,

02:14:35.700 yeah,

02:14:37.640 like,

02:14:37.840 this is not insignificant.

02:14:40.340 If not for

02:14:41.940 the French involvement,

02:14:43.440 the French fleet,

02:14:43.940 and by the way,

02:14:44.860 five-day naval battle

02:14:46.560 is crazy.

02:14:47.620 Like,

02:14:47.800 that's a hell of a battle.

02:14:49.700 Five days they were fighting

02:14:50.980 is,

02:14:52.480 is pretty

02:14:54.560 wild.

02:14:56.360 But,

02:14:57.300 you know,

02:14:57.600 if not for the French, 0.98

02:14:58.740 the British would have just 0.99

02:14:59.600 withdrawn by sea

02:15:00.580 and they would have gone back

02:15:01.560 to New York

02:15:02.200 or to another,

02:15:03.280 you know,

02:15:03.560 to,

02:15:03.880 what is it,

02:15:05.820 Charlotte?

02:15:09.180 Yeah,

02:15:09.700 I think Charlotte.

02:15:10.680 Like,

02:15:10.900 they could have just withdrawn

02:15:11.820 to any major port

02:15:13.840 along the seaboard

02:15:14.600 and continued their campaign.

02:15:17.140 And the fact that

02:15:17.940 they were trapped there

02:15:18.680 required them to surrender

02:15:19.640 and that was basically

02:15:20.840 the end of British,

02:15:22.820 the end of the British campaign

02:15:26.920 in the continental United States.

02:15:28.740 So,

02:15:29.780 now,

02:15:30.700 they continued fighting

02:15:31.680 all,

02:15:33.460 basically all around the world,

02:15:35.040 but that was the end of the war,

02:15:36.800 essentially,

02:15:37.320 in North America.

02:15:39.040 So,

02:15:40.180 and it wouldn't have happened

02:15:41.400 without the French involvement.

02:15:42.300 King George III

02:15:49.640 was being thrown

02:15:50.720 by the angry horse,

02:15:52.140 America.

02:15:53.480 The colonies were casting off

02:15:55.180 their imperial master

02:15:56.200 with the help of the hated flag of France.

02:16:00.980 Another cartoon of the day

02:16:02.320 showed a British admiral

02:16:03.800 tied to a tree.

02:16:05.620 He stood for the hapless Royal Navy,

02:16:08.000 which was having its wings clipped,

02:16:09.740 not only off America,

02:16:10.800 but in other oceans.

02:16:12.820 The once-proud fleet

02:16:14.220 was in disgrace,

02:16:15.600 its claws shorn by Holland,

02:16:17.820 France,

02:16:18.640 Spain,

02:16:19.380 and the United States.

02:16:23.380 Yeah,

02:16:24.120 and so,

02:16:24.560 I mentioned in the previous episode,

02:16:27.900 just like a little tidbit here

02:16:29.580 that I think is interesting.

02:16:30.620 So,

02:16:31.500 in the second half

02:16:33.600 of the 17th century,

02:16:35.360 so the 1600s,

02:16:36.880 the British and the Dutch

02:16:40.680 fought a series of war

02:16:41.960 referred to as

02:16:43.220 the First Anglo-Dutch War,

02:16:45.480 the Second Anglo-Dutch War,

02:16:46.900 and the Third Anglo-Dutch War.

02:16:48.860 From the perspective

02:16:50.080 of the British and Dutch

02:16:52.060 in this time period

02:16:52.820 regarding this conflict,

02:16:54.360 it's called

02:16:54.760 the Fourth Anglo-Dutch War,

02:16:56.540 and it involved conflict

02:16:58.420 in both South Africa,

02:17:00.920 in the Cape Colony,

02:17:02.520 and in Dutch India

02:17:05.280 and British India.

02:17:06.520 So,

02:17:07.440 you know,

02:17:07.700 this conflict

02:17:08.480 was global in scale,

02:17:10.080 and,

02:17:10.160 you know,

02:17:11.040 stuff like that

02:17:11.680 has ramifications worldwide.

02:17:14.620 And so,

02:17:15.800 you have to understand

02:17:16.480 that even if this

02:17:17.220 doesn't directly,

02:17:18.640 you know,

02:17:20.600 militarily

02:17:21.280 help the Americans,

02:17:23.780 what it does

02:17:24.560 is put pressure

02:17:25.400 on Britain,

02:17:26.400 you know,

02:17:26.780 as they're suffering

02:17:27.740 losses to profit

02:17:29.220 and trade

02:17:29.820 in other aspects

02:17:30.960 or in other theaters

02:17:31.880 of the globe,

02:17:33.520 you know,

02:17:34.340 it's not worth it.

02:17:35.280 And so,

02:17:35.680 there's a desire

02:17:36.380 for them to seek peace

02:17:37.480 with America

02:17:38.080 so they can sure up

02:17:39.120 other more profitable

02:17:40.440 or more,

02:17:41.360 you know,

02:17:42.560 secure areas

02:17:45.020 of their empire.

02:17:46.340 So,

02:17:47.320 important.

02:17:51.280 And yeah,

02:17:51.900 there's another one,

02:17:52.860 I think,

02:17:53.300 that gets into that as well.

02:17:55.200 As for British merchants,

02:17:57.180 they were wailing

02:17:58.020 in despair

02:17:58.680 at the fate

02:17:59.520 of the cow of commerce.

02:18:00.960 While America

02:18:02.020 sawed off her horns, 0.69

02:18:04.060 Holland was milking her

02:18:05.320 and France and Spain

02:18:07.000 eagerly awaited

02:18:08.060 their turn.

02:18:09.760 Every cur

02:18:10.560 could now insult

02:18:11.700 the British lion

02:18:12.620 so low had he sunk.

02:18:16.260 And that's exactly

02:18:17.340 the point

02:18:17.780 that I was just making,

02:18:19.220 which is,

02:18:20.160 it was being,

02:18:21.020 Britain was being 0.91

02:18:21.820 ripped apart

02:18:22.300 from all sides

02:18:23.080 and just didn't have

02:18:24.080 the ability

02:18:24.600 to fight on all

02:18:25.460 these fronts

02:18:26.020 indefinitely

02:18:27.120 and so it was forced

02:18:28.600 to seek peace.

02:18:30.960 The former belligerents,

02:18:37.420 Britain among them,

02:18:38.600 came to the peace

02:18:39.340 negotiations

02:18:40.020 parading their wounds,

02:18:41.520 the amputations of war

02:18:42.860 and asking for damages.

02:18:45.920 France demanded

02:18:46.700 compensation

02:18:47.380 in the West Indies

02:18:48.400 and sought influence

02:18:49.780 over the new

02:18:50.380 United States.

02:18:52.120 The Dutch,

02:18:53.180 for their sacrifices

02:18:54.120 in the sea war

02:18:54.960 against Britain,

02:18:56.180 sought advantages

02:18:56.860 in trade

02:18:57.480 and commerce.

02:19:00.400 As for the Spaniards, 1.00

02:19:01.980 they hoped

02:19:02.720 to gain Gibraltar

02:19:03.600 and sought

02:19:04.500 to keep America

02:19:05.380 out of the West,

02:19:06.660 away from Louisiana.

02:19:09.680 Only the United States 0.59

02:19:11.200 emerged

02:19:11.720 with an uncomplicated goal,

02:19:14.100 freedom under

02:19:14.920 its new flag.

02:19:15.960 And so,

02:19:22.120 as I mentioned,

02:19:25.220 the

02:19:25.580 negotiations

02:19:27.160 started between

02:19:28.380 the British

02:19:29.580 and Americans

02:19:30.440 following

02:19:31.240 their defeat

02:19:32.340 at Yorktown.

02:19:33.500 They were still

02:19:34.060 stationed,

02:19:35.180 I believe,

02:19:35.580 in New York.

02:19:37.120 I think the Americans

02:19:38.260 held control

02:19:38.940 of New York

02:19:39.420 until,

02:19:40.280 or sorry,

02:19:40.620 the British

02:19:40.980 held control

02:19:41.540 of New York

02:19:42.020 until 1783

02:19:43.500 when they

02:19:44.240 vacated

02:19:46.040 the city.

02:19:48.140 But,

02:19:48.680 yeah,

02:19:50.560 this was

02:19:50.960 a period

02:19:52.320 of negotiations.

02:19:53.160 While America

02:19:53.840 is beginning

02:19:54.500 to negotiate

02:19:55.080 with the British

02:19:55.680 and trying

02:19:56.540 to come to terms,

02:19:57.740 there's still

02:19:58.320 battles taking

02:19:59.200 place everywhere

02:20:00.120 in the Caribbean,

02:20:01.460 in Africa,

02:20:02.500 in,

02:20:02.680 you know,

02:20:03.740 Gibraltar,

02:20:04.600 like all over

02:20:05.440 Europe and

02:20:06.440 the Dutch East Indies.

02:20:08.660 So,

02:20:09.340 yeah,

02:20:09.800 it wasn't like,

02:20:12.220 you know,

02:20:12.440 it was over

02:20:13.240 for America

02:20:13.900 but it was not

02:20:14.740 over for the British 0.98

02:20:15.540 and so this

02:20:16.200 continued

02:20:16.600 and we'll see

02:20:17.380 more of that

02:20:17.940 as we go through

02:20:19.420 what was going

02:20:19.960 on with the negotiations.

02:20:21.520 In redrawing the map,

02:20:23.460 would the peace treaty

02:20:24.220 recognize the extensive

02:20:25.540 Canada of the Quebec Act?

02:20:27.780 This was anathema

02:20:28.860 to the Americans

02:20:29.600 who asked for a United States

02:20:31.800 that would include

02:20:32.640 all of Canada.

02:20:34.560 But the British,

02:20:35.860 difficult as their position

02:20:36.940 was,

02:20:37.840 rejected this arrogant request.

02:20:40.440 The Americans,

02:20:41.360 however,

02:20:41.940 already had a toehold

02:20:43.180 in the West.

02:20:46.140 Yeah,

02:20:46.620 so obviously

02:20:47.100 the reason why

02:20:48.300 this would have been

02:20:49.000 perceived as an arrogant

02:20:50.080 request from the British

02:20:51.200 is that they're the ones

02:20:52.240 who controlled

02:20:52.940 all of the forts

02:20:53.880 in that Ohio-Mississippi

02:20:55.380 triangle

02:20:55.920 that they talk about,

02:20:57.680 you know,

02:20:57.880 which makes up

02:20:58.480 a good portion

02:20:59.260 of modern Midwest

02:21:00.600 United States

02:21:01.320 and,

02:21:02.560 you know,

02:21:03.300 the Northern territories

02:21:04.420 that they have there.

02:21:05.280 So,

02:21:05.940 this idea

02:21:06.900 that they would just

02:21:07.540 give that up

02:21:08.740 as they're the ones

02:21:09.500 who occupy the forts

02:21:10.560 and they're the ones

02:21:11.160 who control that territory

02:21:12.100 was somewhat arrogant.

02:21:13.520 But,

02:21:14.240 you could see

02:21:14.960 why the Americans 0.99

02:21:15.580 would make that request

02:21:16.500 whenever Britain

02:21:17.380 is facing,

02:21:18.460 you know,

02:21:19.520 conflict on all fronts.

02:21:21.920 nevertheless,

02:21:28.680 the Americans' 0.84

02:21:29.220 next suggestion

02:21:30.140 was for a Canada 0.71

02:21:31.060 confined to the narrow

02:21:32.300 boundaries

02:21:32.820 of 1763,

02:21:34.880 which cut it off

02:21:36.180 from the interior.

02:21:38.200 With these dimensions,

02:21:39.920 Canada would have lost

02:21:40.820 almost all

02:21:41.720 of the modern province

02:21:42.700 of Ontario.

02:21:44.700 Yet the British 0.99

02:21:45.620 were inclined

02:21:46.160 to accept these limits,

02:21:47.980 for they had ended

02:21:48.780 the war

02:21:49.300 facing an overwhelmingly

02:21:50.720 powerful coalition

02:21:52.000 in which America

02:21:53.420 was flanked

02:21:54.680 by Imperial France

02:21:55.840 and Imperial Spain.

02:22:00.760 But just then,

02:22:02.020 at the critical moment,

02:22:03.480 a victory at sea

02:22:04.500 over the French 0.72

02:22:05.360 served to stiffen 0.83

02:22:06.720 London's resolve.

02:22:08.460 It was the Battle

02:22:09.180 of the Saints

02:22:09.920 in the West Indies.

02:22:14.740 And late in 1782

02:22:16.620 at Gibraltar,

02:22:17.880 there came another boost

02:22:18.960 for Britain's

02:22:19.540 battered prestige.

02:22:21.500 France and Spain

02:22:22.380 had joined

02:22:23.120 to mount a mighty

02:22:24.260 naval onslaught

02:22:25.140 against the British-held rock.

02:22:27.100 But the defenders

02:22:27.860 brilliantly repelled

02:22:28.920 the attack,

02:22:29.980 inflicting fearful losses

02:22:31.200 on the enemy.

02:22:36.980 Yeah, so that's obviously

02:22:38.140 what I was referring to

02:22:39.240 regarding,

02:22:41.020 while the war

02:22:42.220 was no longer

02:22:42.740 being fought

02:22:43.180 in North America,

02:22:43.880 it was certainly

02:22:44.420 being fought

02:22:45.080 across the world.

02:22:49.340 And, you know,

02:22:51.000 we don't often

02:22:52.340 speak about this,

02:22:53.240 but the West Indies,

02:22:55.480 the Caribbean,

02:22:56.040 is some of the most

02:22:56.640 valuable colonies

02:22:57.660 that existed

02:22:58.260 at this time period.

02:22:59.100 I think that it was

02:22:59.800 brought up

02:23:00.460 in the previous episode

02:23:01.640 when the Americans,

02:23:03.540 sorry, the British,

02:23:04.820 or a faction

02:23:05.800 of the British,

02:23:07.280 were more interested

02:23:08.140 in taking Guadalupe

02:23:09.340 from the French

02:23:10.960 than Canada

02:23:11.960 because I think

02:23:13.560 it was like 40-some times

02:23:15.060 the profit

02:23:16.360 or 40-some times

02:23:17.200 the revenue

02:23:17.700 of the fur trade.

02:23:19.560 So why take Canada

02:23:21.060 when you could request

02:23:22.280 this little island

02:23:23.720 that produced

02:23:24.440 a huge amount of sugar?

02:23:26.360 Stuff like that.

02:23:27.580 And then also,

02:23:28.500 obviously,

02:23:28.900 Gibraltar,

02:23:29.480 which is the gateway

02:23:30.920 to the Mediterranean,

02:23:32.020 an extremely valuable

02:23:33.360 military asset

02:23:34.400 that the British

02:23:35.700 have held for,

02:23:36.760 I don't know how many

02:23:37.400 hundreds of years,

02:23:38.000 but, yeah,

02:23:40.300 the Spanish

02:23:40.720 wanted that forever

02:23:41.840 and, you know,

02:23:43.460 the defense of Gibraltar

02:23:44.660 ended up changing

02:23:45.380 the conditions

02:23:46.600 of the negotiations

02:23:47.680 in 1783.

02:23:53.220 The rather tattered lion

02:23:55.180 could bite after all.

02:23:57.820 Britain could now 0.83

02:23:58.880 face her enemies

02:23:59.600 with more confidence

02:24:00.500 and could now

02:24:02.000 disturb the Americans 1.00

02:24:03.020 with bold counterclaims

02:24:04.560 in North America,

02:24:05.900 including all of

02:24:06.880 the Ohio-Mississippi

02:24:07.860 Triangle.

02:24:09.660 And on top of this,

02:24:11.240 the Americans

02:24:11.720 faced trouble

02:24:12.420 with their allies,

02:24:13.940 for Washington

02:24:14.900 had not won

02:24:15.740 the war alone.

02:24:17.340 The French

02:24:18.000 had been of

02:24:18.480 immeasurable help.

02:24:20.080 But now,

02:24:21.200 facing peace,

02:24:22.480 the partners

02:24:23.200 viewed each other

02:24:23.920 with increasing suspicion.

02:24:28.600 America,

02:24:29.960 dangerous.

02:24:31.560 France,

02:24:32.820 cold, 1.00

02:24:33.920 selfish, 0.98

02:24:34.960 calculating.

02:24:35.440 This was how

02:24:37.160 they came to see

02:24:37.840 each other.

02:24:42.120 France,

02:24:42.960 now motivated

02:24:43.740 by a need

02:24:44.320 to help Spain,

02:24:45.820 suggested a new plan,

02:24:47.720 a huge Indian 0.60

02:24:48.880 buffer state

02:24:49.600 which would keep

02:24:50.620 the United States

02:24:51.440 away from the

02:24:52.180 Spanish Mississippi.

02:24:54.360 In the menagerie

02:24:55.360 of powers,

02:24:56.340 there was a regrouping

02:24:57.660 of former allies.

02:24:58.760 The buffer state

02:25:04.660 idea would smother

02:25:05.620 America's Western

02:25:06.640 ambitions.

02:25:08.740 To get rid of it,

02:25:10.480 the Americans

02:25:11.020 tried to persuade

02:25:12.000 Britain to give them 0.94

02:25:12.840 the Ohio Valley.

02:25:14.560 In return,

02:25:15.700 they offered a

02:25:16.420 northern boundary

02:25:17.100 at the 45th parallel,

02:25:19.020 one which would have

02:25:19.860 lost southern Ontario

02:25:21.040 for modern Canada.

02:25:21.980 If this was

02:25:24.140 unacceptable to the

02:25:25.000 British,

02:25:25.800 they offered a line

02:25:26.620 following the St.

02:25:27.440 Lawrence River

02:25:27.960 and the Great Lakes,

02:25:29.260 the line we know

02:25:30.000 today.

02:25:31.340 This,

02:25:31.860 the British

02:25:32.180 finally accepted,

02:25:33.600 and a peace treaty

02:25:34.540 was signed.

02:25:40.660 Yeah,

02:25:41.220 so you can see

02:25:41.840 why

02:25:42.200 that last part

02:25:46.200 of that clip

02:25:46.640 is incredibly

02:25:47.180 significant.

02:25:47.760 That becomes

02:25:48.360 the modern boundary

02:25:49.220 of Canada

02:25:49.940 and the United States,

02:25:50.740 at least in the

02:25:51.740 eastern portion

02:25:53.580 of the continent.

02:25:57.300 Also,

02:25:57.980 just to revisit

02:25:59.000 one of the

02:25:59.680 central points

02:26:00.340 that I talked

02:26:00.820 about at the

02:26:01.220 beginning for this

02:26:01.820 episode,

02:26:02.280 which is how

02:26:02.880 quickly allegiances

02:26:03.920 shift in this

02:26:04.840 time period.

02:26:06.060 So you can see

02:26:06.800 that while

02:26:08.840 the French,

02:26:10.000 Spanish,

02:26:10.940 and Americans

02:26:11.900 were all working

02:26:13.040 together against

02:26:13.820 Britain,

02:26:14.580 the moment that

02:26:15.340 it becomes clear

02:26:16.060 that peace is

02:26:17.880 going to be

02:26:18.380 reached and

02:26:19.060 that,

02:26:19.360 the terms

02:26:21.820 of negotiation

02:26:22.500 are becoming

02:26:23.780 fixed,

02:26:24.740 they will

02:26:25.760 immediately

02:26:26.220 shift back.

02:26:27.660 And so

02:26:27.880 understanding

02:26:28.980 that it

02:26:30.720 was in

02:26:31.120 France's

02:26:31.640 interest to

02:26:32.240 bolster

02:26:32.600 Spain

02:26:33.260 against the

02:26:35.560 American,

02:26:36.080 because of the

02:26:37.000 conflict with

02:26:37.520 Britain,

02:26:38.280 sorry,

02:26:39.420 it's very

02:26:39.860 convoluted to

02:26:40.920 try and even

02:26:41.540 wrap your head

02:26:42.280 around this.

02:26:43.300 France is at

02:26:44.200 war with

02:26:44.600 Britain,

02:26:45.360 but they

02:26:46.600 need to

02:26:46.940 bolster the

02:26:47.460 Spanish against 0.95

02:26:48.480 the British.

02:26:49.940 And in

02:26:50.140 order to

02:26:50.480 do so,

02:26:51.420 they need

02:26:51.780 favorable

02:26:52.380 conditions that

02:26:53.380 allow the

02:26:53.840 Spanish to

02:26:54.440 occupy Louisiana

02:26:55.840 and Florida.

02:26:56.940 And so they

02:26:57.300 suggest something

02:26:57.980 that's at a

02:26:58.460 disadvantage to

02:26:59.220 America and

02:27:00.240 to the advantage

02:27:00.840 of the British

02:27:01.520 because this

02:27:02.700 theater of war is

02:27:03.580 over and so now

02:27:04.380 it's shifting back.

02:27:05.320 So you see what I'm

02:27:06.240 saying?

02:27:06.480 It's like there's

02:27:06.900 all these

02:27:07.380 motivations that

02:27:08.500 are very

02:27:09.080 convoluted and

02:27:10.400 complex and it

02:27:11.080 can shift your

02:27:11.980 allegiances like 0.99

02:27:12.660 that,

02:27:13.600 which is what

02:27:15.080 they get into

02:27:15.560 at the end

02:27:15.940 there.

02:27:16.120 So you have

02:27:16.860 Spain and

02:27:17.620 France becoming 0.62

02:27:19.160 amenable to

02:27:19.840 terms that are

02:27:20.440 favorable for the

02:27:21.280 British over the 0.72

02:27:22.020 Americans at this

02:27:22.980 time period because

02:27:23.740 of other factors

02:27:25.420 at play.

02:27:30.900 Britain had 0.97

02:27:31.920 controlled a huge

02:27:32.760 area in the

02:27:33.460 interior.

02:27:34.720 Why had she

02:27:35.420 been willing to

02:27:36.060 abandon it in

02:27:36.880 this 1783

02:27:38.160 treaty?

02:27:39.880 Why was the

02:27:40.720 defeated Britannia

02:27:41.640 so eager to

02:27:42.480 embrace her wild

02:27:43.660 rebellious offspring?

02:27:44.520 basically it was

02:27:47.220 because Britain was

02:27:48.240 less interested in

02:27:49.120 keeping the Ohio

02:27:49.920 Valley than in

02:27:51.260 detaching the

02:27:51.960 United States from

02:27:52.920 the grasp of

02:27:53.640 France and Spain.

02:27:55.400 These two would

02:27:56.460 continue to be the

02:27:57.340 enemies of Britain,

02:27:58.360 but perhaps the

02:27:59.560 new American

02:28:00.180 Republic could

02:28:01.300 become a friend.

02:28:02.700 So Britain was 0.79

02:28:03.840 generous.

02:28:04.320 Yeah, so the

02:28:11.880 reason I find that

02:28:12.800 clip particularly

02:28:13.980 interesting and

02:28:14.880 important is

02:28:15.920 because for

02:28:18.520 what we've just

02:28:19.320 been talking about

02:28:20.080 is you have to

02:28:21.360 understand the

02:28:21.820 mindset of,

02:28:23.100 you know, the

02:28:24.600 colonial powers or

02:28:25.700 these empires in

02:28:27.220 this time period in

02:28:28.140 the context of

02:28:28.880 limited or

02:28:29.400 restricted warfare.

02:28:30.220 warfare and

02:28:31.460 when you

02:28:32.640 understand the

02:28:33.160 way that, like

02:28:33.860 this was not a

02:28:36.000 time period where

02:28:36.880 war was fought,

02:28:38.620 you know, these

02:28:39.860 were not wars of

02:28:40.700 annihilation, if

02:28:42.740 that makes sense.

02:28:43.840 It's not like the

02:28:44.560 war, that comes, 0.90

02:28:45.700 that begins in the

02:28:46.860 next era, the

02:28:47.700 next series of

02:28:48.500 battles that's

02:28:49.260 coming with the

02:28:50.420 Napoleonic Wars.

02:28:52.220 But in this time

02:28:53.700 period, the idea of

02:28:55.380 completely destroying

02:28:56.520 a nation or

02:28:57.380 bleeding them dry

02:28:58.400 or, you know,

02:28:59.140 like making them

02:29:00.280 collapse entirely

02:29:01.560 was not only

02:29:03.260 not sought after,

02:29:06.740 it was not

02:29:07.080 desirable.

02:29:08.260 You know, the

02:29:08.980 idea of completely

02:29:09.940 collapsing the

02:29:10.820 French state, you

02:29:12.800 know, wasn't

02:29:13.160 appealing to, say,

02:29:14.220 the British Empire

02:29:14.900 because all that

02:29:15.560 would do is create

02:29:16.280 a vacuum where

02:29:17.040 other empires would

02:29:18.200 take over and,

02:29:19.380 you know, become

02:29:19.700 more powerful.

02:29:20.580 And so there's this

02:29:21.180 idea of trying to

02:29:22.660 balance power and

02:29:24.100 shifting territories

02:29:25.400 back and forth.

02:29:27.020 And so the thing

02:29:27.700 that I think

02:29:28.400 this episode, I

02:29:29.780 think, lacks is

02:29:31.100 understanding that

02:29:31.800 the British, you

02:29:33.880 know, despite the

02:29:35.280 fact that they've

02:29:35.860 lost, lost their

02:29:38.360 American colonies,

02:29:39.620 this was nothing

02:29:40.740 new.

02:29:41.280 A colony could be

02:29:42.180 lost or a

02:29:43.320 territory could be

02:29:44.160 lost and then it

02:29:44.960 could be regained,

02:29:46.040 you know, a decade

02:29:47.600 later or 30 years

02:29:49.140 later or 50 years

02:29:50.120 later.

02:29:50.600 So this idea that

02:29:51.840 America was lost to

02:29:53.240 them permanently would

02:29:54.500 not have been, you

02:29:55.620 know, in the

02:29:56.000 equation.

02:29:56.400 And so providing

02:29:57.880 them favorable

02:29:58.620 terms, ending on

02:30:00.520 with good standing

02:30:02.480 makes sense because

02:30:04.420 there's a chance that

02:30:05.360 these colonies could

02:30:07.140 have been reunited

02:30:07.960 with Britain at a 0.51

02:30:09.920 later period.

02:30:11.020 Now, there's also a

02:30:12.840 chance that they

02:30:13.380 could go to war

02:30:14.320 again, which is

02:30:14.800 exactly what happened.

02:30:15.900 But, you know, if

02:30:17.800 you understand this

02:30:18.360 from the perspective

02:30:19.580 of limited and

02:30:21.520 restricted warfare, it

02:30:22.920 kind of makes sense

02:30:23.740 why they would do

02:30:24.320 what they do and

02:30:25.720 then also detaching

02:30:27.000 the giving them

02:30:27.800 favorable conditions

02:30:28.740 to detach them

02:30:29.640 from, you know,

02:30:30.760 their allegiances

02:30:31.700 with France and

02:30:32.520 Spain has obvious

02:30:34.120 benefits as well.

02:30:35.060 So the better and

02:30:36.040 independent American

02:30:37.220 state, you know,

02:30:38.560 free from the

02:30:39.120 clutches of the

02:30:40.260 French and the

02:30:40.760 Spanish, then, you

02:30:43.860 know, one that is

02:30:44.960 connected to them.

02:30:46.240 And that's what we

02:30:50.380 come to here, which

02:30:51.240 is, this is the

02:30:52.180 final clip that I

02:30:53.000 have for this

02:30:53.960 episode.

02:30:56.860 The map now

02:30:57.900 showed a United

02:30:58.760 States that had the

02:30:59.780 territory it wanted,

02:31:01.200 west to the

02:31:02.180 Mississippi.

02:31:03.540 The world should

02:31:04.480 now picture America

02:31:05.500 and Britain in sweet

02:31:06.900 reconciliation.

02:31:08.720 At least that was

02:31:09.520 what Britain hoped.

02:31:11.020 But it was not that

02:31:12.200 easy.

02:31:12.520 So obviously

02:31:17.840 the British were

02:31:19.180 angling towards

02:31:20.260 reuniting at some

02:31:22.000 point or at least

02:31:23.300 having a friendly

02:31:24.500 trade.

02:31:24.760 And we know that

02:31:25.240 that actually did

02:31:26.000 come to pass on a

02:31:26.960 long enough timeline,

02:31:27.700 but it would not be

02:31:28.620 immediate because it

02:31:31.380 was only a few

02:31:32.380 short years later,

02:31:34.300 you know, a couple

02:31:34.680 decades later that

02:31:36.100 they were back at

02:31:36.700 war.

02:31:37.120 So I suppose three

02:31:38.780 decades, but yeah.

02:31:40.640 So that's the end

02:31:42.960 of the second

02:31:44.080 episode.

02:31:44.500 And I hope that

02:31:45.600 was entertaining

02:31:47.280 and, you know,

02:31:48.940 informative.

02:31:51.340 I didn't see too

02:31:52.440 many comments.

02:31:53.320 You guys are like 1.00

02:31:55.640 a class clown. 1.00

02:31:56.960 You guys are just 0.99

02:31:57.680 seemingly trying to

02:31:59.560 get the funniest

02:32:00.380 chirps in which I've

02:32:01.480 been entertained by

02:32:02.540 a little bit as

02:32:03.440 we've done this

02:32:05.300 stream.

02:32:06.280 But yeah, I'll

02:32:08.760 start with the

02:32:09.640 Super Chats and

02:32:10.860 we'll go through

02:32:11.700 it.

02:32:14.460 Sorry, I just

02:32:15.200 got to scroll all

02:32:15.900 the way to the

02:32:16.440 top.

02:32:18.820 Because Rumble is 0.89

02:32:19.880 ridiculous like 0.99

02:32:20.740 that. 1.00

02:32:28.780 Okay. 0.98

02:32:29.300 Zainal said gay. 0.97

02:32:42.680 All right. 0.87

02:32:43.280 Thank you for your

02:32:44.320 informative and

02:32:47.060 insightful comment.

02:32:49.680 Brian7316 said

02:32:50.980 great presentation of

02:32:52.120 Canada's history,

02:32:52.840 Alex.

02:32:53.160 It's amazing the

02:32:54.060 use of memes even

02:32:55.360 back then.

02:32:56.240 Yeah, the cartoons

02:32:57.480 are pretty funny.

02:32:58.160 I don't know.

02:33:00.720 This is actually one

02:33:01.620 thing I don't know

02:33:02.280 about this series and

02:33:03.340 I did try to find

02:33:04.560 information about it,

02:33:05.540 but I just I don't

02:33:06.560 know if it's lost or

02:33:07.600 where I would have to

02:33:08.420 go to get this

02:33:08.980 information.

02:33:09.800 But I wanted to

02:33:10.540 know what the

02:33:12.740 sources of some of

02:33:14.220 these drawings are

02:33:14.960 because it seems like

02:33:16.580 some of them are

02:33:17.340 sourced from the time

02:33:18.460 period and then others

02:33:19.580 are just sketches.

02:33:20.400 So I was interested to

02:33:22.380 know like is like

02:33:23.720 what percentage or

02:33:25.200 how many of these

02:33:26.060 or are they all

02:33:27.380 sketches from the

02:33:28.620 time period?

02:33:29.300 If so, that's

02:33:29.860 fascinating.

02:33:31.040 If not, you know,

02:33:34.760 there's still it's

02:33:35.700 still really a really

02:33:36.960 interesting way of

02:33:37.700 presenting it through

02:33:38.500 these still sketches

02:33:40.080 and cartoons or what

02:33:42.240 are they called?

02:33:44.340 I don't know the

02:33:45.220 slates.

02:33:45.740 There's a term for it.

02:33:47.400 Zanel says you're

02:33:49.520 you reading super

02:33:50.360 chats at the end.

02:33:51.160 I mean great show. 0.95

02:33:52.340 Oh, it's gay for me to 1.00

02:33:53.800 read the super chats at 0.62

02:33:54.660 the end because I don't

02:33:55.800 want to interrupt the

02:33:56.560 whole stream to, you

02:33:58.120 know, read the word

02:33:59.100 gay or, you know, by 0.60

02:34:04.320 the way, I did miss one 0.94

02:34:05.440 there at the beginning

02:34:05.920 Ticklegrass gave five 0.91

02:34:08.360 subscriptions.

02:34:09.440 Thank you so much for

02:34:10.180 that.

02:34:10.820 And Robelor just gifted

02:34:12.780 five subscriptions as

02:34:13.780 well.

02:34:14.000 So thank you guys.

02:34:14.680 I really appreciate

02:34:15.360 those.

02:34:15.900 Those are super

02:34:16.340 helpful. 0.97

02:34:17.400 Homosexual Gregor 0.97

02:34:18.860 said, who cares about 0.98

02:34:20.000 this?

02:34:20.320 We need to pray for the

02:34:21.120 ostriches.

02:34:22.100 Rip, sad face, save 0.99

02:34:23.820 us, Pierre.

02:34:25.060 Yeah, I'm not going to

02:34:25.840 get into you.

02:34:26.440 We're not doing current

02:34:27.260 events right now.

02:34:28.780 But needless to say, 0.81

02:34:29.940 it's retarded. 0.97

02:34:33.920 Northern Aurora says 0.97

02:34:36.120 it's interesting that the

02:34:36.940 Royal Fleet was unable

02:34:37.940 to penetrate the French 0.84

02:34:38.980 line.

02:34:39.440 British men of war

02:34:40.220 weren't so effective in

02:34:41.280 close quarter naval

02:34:42.420 combat, it seems.

02:34:44.480 I'm not sure.

02:34:45.400 Like the French, the 1.00

02:34:47.220 French Navy is not a 0.99

02:34:48.300 fucking joke in this 0.99

02:34:49.220 time period. 1.00

02:34:49.820 It's like a world

02:34:51.340 class Navy that has a

02:34:52.720 global empire.

02:34:54.160 So Britain is often

02:34:55.540 given this kind of

02:34:56.400 credit of being this,

02:34:58.060 you know, unbeatable

02:34:59.540 naval power, which

02:35:00.600 often it is.

02:35:01.680 But if there was

02:35:03.020 anyone that could go

02:35:03.820 toe to toe with it in

02:35:04.760 this time period, it's

02:35:05.560 the French and to a

02:35:07.720 lesser extent the

02:35:08.400 Spanish.

02:35:08.960 But even the

02:35:09.800 Americans were able to

02:35:11.100 muster some like this.

02:35:12.900 We'll see that more

02:35:14.180 in the next week's

02:35:15.160 episode with the

02:35:15.720 War of 1812.

02:35:16.440 But the Americans

02:35:16.960 had substantial

02:35:18.120 success in naval

02:35:19.760 battles, particularly

02:35:20.840 the ones on the

02:35:21.980 Great Lakes in the

02:35:24.060 War of 1812.

02:35:24.920 So, yeah, they did,

02:35:26.460 you know, Britain was

02:35:28.020 not undefeatable at

02:35:29.620 sea.

02:35:31.300 Or at least they

02:35:34.140 weren't all that

02:35:34.800 maybe.

02:35:35.260 maybe

02:35:40.560 cumulatively, they

02:35:41.920 would have been

02:35:42.320 undefeatable at sea,

02:35:43.260 but not in any, every

02:35:44.620 engagement, right?

02:35:49.840 I thought I missed

02:35:57.120 something there.

02:36:05.260 Yeah, Raid Siren says

02:36:23.120 the British got that 0.99

02:36:23.880 reputation for beating

02:36:25.040 the Spanish and the

02:36:26.020 French in decisive

02:36:26.920 battles, but they never

02:36:28.300 completely dominated the

02:36:29.400 seas.

02:36:29.660 Yeah, there's, yeah,

02:36:30.820 there's obviously some

02:36:32.240 of Britain's greatest

02:36:33.320 military victories are

02:36:34.960 the ones at sea, but

02:36:36.140 it's not like they

02:36:38.160 were ever the only

02:36:40.480 power on the seas.

02:36:41.960 Even, we talked

02:36:43.060 about it a little bit

02:36:43.960 in, like, even the

02:36:44.840 Dutch, in this time

02:36:46.400 period to a certain

02:36:46.980 extent, but certainly

02:36:48.400 in the 17th or the

02:36:50.080 17th century, we're

02:36:51.340 able to go toe-to-toe

02:36:52.360 with Britain in some

02:36:53.200 cases.

02:36:54.700 Now, it comes with,

02:36:56.060 you know, it's the

02:36:56.800 Elizabethan era that

02:36:58.000 Britain emerges as the 0.99

02:36:59.560 predominant naval

02:37:00.520 power, you know, with

02:37:02.100 the defeat of the

02:37:02.760 Spanish Armada.

02:37:03.440 But, yeah, it was,

02:37:07.640 it wasn't until quite a

02:37:09.580 bit later that they

02:37:10.380 become really dominant

02:37:14.040 at sea.

02:37:19.440 I did mark, sorry, I

02:37:20.960 think I missed one on

02:37:21.820 entropy.

02:37:23.200 Keep your heads on a

02:37:23.780 swivel, says, some

02:37:24.340 interesting books I found

02:37:25.320 at Valley Village,

02:37:26.120 Canadian history.

02:37:26.820 I'd like to mail them

02:37:27.480 to you.

02:37:28.040 Maybe some good material

02:37:29.060 for future episodes.

02:37:30.320 Books are from the

02:37:31.720 70s, but relevant.

02:37:34.400 Yeah, maybe.

02:37:37.740 Honestly, I have, people

02:37:39.720 send me books all the

02:37:41.700 I can't, like, I can't

02:37:43.400 keep up with it.

02:37:45.700 So, like, I rely a lot

02:37:47.400 on audio books that I

02:37:48.660 can listen to while I'm

02:37:49.520 traveling or whatever,

02:37:50.420 but being able to, like,

02:37:52.300 sit down and read, like,

02:37:53.700 you know, eight hours a

02:37:55.440 week or something just

02:37:56.320 isn't practical at this

02:37:58.580 point.

02:37:58.840 unless I want to cut out

02:38:00.280 the gym or something.

02:38:07.560 Ned Toon says, hey,

02:38:08.680 Fairman, episode three

02:38:09.640 next Friday.

02:38:10.420 It'll be next Friday or

02:38:11.460 Saturday.

02:38:12.220 I had to do this one

02:38:13.500 tonight instead of

02:38:14.740 tomorrow night because I

02:38:15.980 have to travel tomorrow.

02:38:17.160 So, yeah, that's why

02:38:19.440 we're doing it tonight.

02:38:20.380 It'll probably be next

02:38:21.620 Saturday, but we'll see.

02:38:22.540 Okay.

02:38:22.620 Okay.

02:38:22.820 Okay.

02:38:23.060 Okay.

02:38:28.840 So, I did, I did mark a

02:38:48.820 couple comments there as we

02:38:58.580 were watching it to bring

02:39:01.060 up.

02:39:02.960 So, Rectitude Media.

02:39:05.040 I thought this one was

02:39:05.740 funny because it actually

02:39:06.780 does come up relative to

02:39:08.340 what's going on in this

02:39:09.140 time period, but Rectitude

02:39:10.340 Media says, funny how no

02:39:11.540 episodes mention anything

02:39:12.620 about India.

02:39:13.660 Well, actually, in this

02:39:14.580 episode, it is kind of

02:39:15.620 relevant because the Dutch

02:39:16.720 and the English were

02:39:18.160 fighting in India at this

02:39:19.360 time period and the

02:39:20.840 coastline around it.

02:39:21.780 So, it actually is kind

02:39:22.980 of relevant.

02:39:24.120 But, no, Indians 1.00

02:39:25.380 themselves are not

02:39:26.580 relevant in any of this 0.99

02:39:27.840 fucking history. 0.99

02:39:28.580 Um, Celsus 1.00

02:39:32.220 said, I had no idea

02:39:33.880 they were disguised as

02:39:34.940 Indians.

02:39:35.380 Yeah, that's in reference

02:39:36.280 to the Boston Tea Party.

02:39:38.300 Yeah.

02:39:38.900 Um, it's funny.

02:39:39.820 This has been used a lot

02:39:40.880 by nationalist

02:39:41.860 activists, um,

02:39:44.600 in modernity, which

02:39:46.380 is them saying, like,

02:39:47.860 when people say, like,

02:39:48.780 you shouldn't wear a

02:39:49.400 mask, like, why are you

02:39:50.400 wearing a disguise?

02:39:51.400 Why are you using an

02:39:52.120 alias?

02:39:52.840 It's like, all the

02:39:53.880 founding fathers used

02:39:55.340 aliases to write their

02:39:56.600 papers and their

02:39:57.480 manifestos and stuff

02:39:58.460 like that.

02:39:59.300 Uh, a lot of Americans

02:40:00.540 used aliases when they

02:40:01.920 were operating with the

02:40:02.960 Sons of Liberty or stuff

02:40:04.000 like that.

02:40:04.380 And then on top of that,

02:40:05.640 the Boston Tea Party,

02:40:06.760 they all throw on

02:40:07.440 disguises, right, to

02:40:09.020 mask who's doing it.

02:40:10.680 So, it's just funny to me

02:40:12.160 that, like, there's this

02:40:14.480 aversion to anonymity.

02:40:15.880 In the American tradition

02:40:17.240 especially, that's

02:40:18.140 something that's

02:40:18.620 celebrated, um, it's

02:40:20.820 essential.

02:40:22.100 So, I think that's

02:40:23.060 interesting.

02:40:24.400 Um, uh, Celsus again

02:40:27.100 said, is that really

02:40:27.860 Fortisac's grandfather?

02:40:29.100 Was that a joke?

02:40:29.660 No, that's his real

02:40:30.300 granddad.

02:40:31.340 That, the commentator,

02:40:32.840 that's Fortisac's

02:40:33.640 grandpa.

02:40:37.940 Uh, or sorry, great

02:40:39.200 grandpa.

02:40:41.300 Uh, Lee Stewie says,

02:40:42.700 never did I think I would

02:40:43.680 choose eating pie and

02:40:44.760 watching, obviously, I'm

02:40:45.820 joking about that, by

02:40:46.760 the way.

02:40:48.460 Obviously, that's not

02:40:49.340 Fortisac's great grandpa.

02:40:52.380 Or is it?

02:40:55.460 Lee Stewie says, never did

02:40:56.680 I think I would choose

02:40:57.420 eating pie and watching,

02:40:58.840 uh, Canadian history on a

02:41:00.340 Friday night.

02:41:01.220 Yeah, this is what it's

02:41:01.920 all about.

02:41:02.900 That's, that sounds like a

02:41:04.080 good Friday night.

02:41:04.920 I don't know, like, I'm

02:41:06.200 kind of jealous that I

02:41:07.200 don't get to sit there and

02:41:08.320 eat pie and just listen,

02:41:09.640 and I have to look at this 1.00

02:41:11.100 stupid light. 1.00

02:41:13.680 Uh, and, uh, our, uh, 1.00

02:41:17.900 resident American in the

02:41:19.120 house here says, we sent

02:41:20.100 Cornwallis home, get the 1.00

02:41:21.400 fuck out. 1.00

02:41:22.380 Uh, yeah, look, yeah, 1.00

02:41:24.280 Americans should celebrate

02:41:25.400 their history.

02:41:25.980 Like, this is, it's, um,

02:41:28.920 like, I'm not a butthurt

02:41:29.760 about it.

02:41:30.280 Like, I think, uh, Americans

02:41:31.800 have a rich history and,

02:41:33.000 like, I appreciate it, um,

02:41:35.520 a lot, uh, to be honest,

02:41:37.020 but it's, it's, it's our

02:41:38.260 history too, like, in

02:41:39.480 opposition to it.

02:41:40.380 So, you know, love you

02:41:41.740 guys, uh, want the best

02:41:43.840 for you.

02:41:44.540 Um, but also don't

02:41:46.060 necessarily want to be

02:41:46.780 part of you.

02:41:52.420 Lee says you could eat

02:41:53.640 pie while watch, you

02:41:54.820 could eat pie while

02:41:55.500 watching the show.

02:41:56.340 I actually, yeah, I

02:41:57.200 could have pie and for

02:41:58.640 the first hour, I don't

02:41:59.720 know what I'm talking

02:42:00.300 about.

02:42:00.640 I could easily just eat

02:42:01.700 pie.

02:42:02.760 Um, but yeah, so those

02:42:05.520 are just some funny

02:42:06.320 comments that I had

02:42:07.260 starred as we were

02:42:08.540 going through there.

02:42:09.060 So, look, I don't

02:42:10.740 know if there's anything

02:42:11.320 else you guys want to

02:42:12.420 get into, um, regarding

02:42:15.800 the content tonight.

02:42:17.020 Uh, rate silencers says

02:42:17.820 I missed the content

02:42:18.520 tonight and we'll have

02:42:19.360 to watch the replay.

02:42:20.180 Did they talk about the

02:42:20.980 Rideau Canal?

02:42:21.840 No, that comes much

02:42:22.660 later.

02:42:23.320 That's like, uh, that's

02:42:28.120 like the 1850s.

02:42:29.800 I don't know.

02:42:32.420 I'm pretty sure that's

02:42:33.160 the 1850s.

02:42:35.560 Colonel by.

02:42:39.060 Uh, sorry.

02:42:42.060 It's 1832.

02:42:44.120 Uh, now a lot of people

02:42:46.660 don't realize too, there

02:42:47.680 was a trade element of

02:42:49.080 building the Rideau Canal,

02:42:49.980 but there was more

02:42:50.860 specifically a military

02:42:52.180 aspect of the Rideau

02:42:53.060 Canal.

02:42:53.700 Part of the issue with,

02:42:56.120 um, part of the reason

02:42:59.140 why Ottawa is the capital

02:43:00.560 of Canada, you know, the

02:43:01.880 establishment of by town

02:43:03.020 and the building of the

02:43:04.500 Rideau Canal is that using

02:43:06.680 the St. Lawrence to

02:43:08.420 traverse military supplies

02:43:10.540 and personnel was not a

02:43:13.100 secure route, uh, obviously

02:43:14.660 because we share a border.

02:43:15.860 So if you were trying to

02:43:16.740 move up and down the St. 0.95

02:43:17.840 Lawrence, you know, the

02:43:18.900 Americans could monitor your

02:43:20.800 movements and stuff like

02:43:21.760 that from the shoreline,

02:43:23.020 from their border.

02:43:23.740 And so the plan was

02:43:26.320 proposed that you would

02:43:27.580 establish, instead of using

02:43:28.960 that route, you would use

02:43:30.060 the Ottawa River from

02:43:32.120 Montreal, uh, up, up into

02:43:34.140 the Ottawa Valley.

02:43:35.040 And then at, you know, this

02:43:36.780 narrow junction, you would

02:43:38.140 build a canal to tie into the

02:43:39.960 Rideau River system that

02:43:43.200 connects to the Great Lakes.

02:43:45.460 So, um, well, to further

02:43:48.040 down the St.

02:43:48.640 Lawrence and then the Great

02:43:49.360 Lakes.

02:43:49.620 So it was like a more

02:43:51.220 protected, uh, logistics

02:43:54.060 route.

02:43:54.840 So that's why they ended up

02:43:56.200 building that in, I guess,

02:43:57.940 the 1820s.

02:44:10.360 Yeah.

02:44:10.840 Spark it up says to connect to

02:44:12.020 the Ford at Kingston.

02:44:12.860 Yeah, exactly.

02:44:19.620 Uh, Corporal Plank is here

02:44:23.420 says the Bacon Rebellion.

02:44:24.840 I don't know that much

02:44:25.620 about it, uh, frankly.

02:44:27.580 Um, isn't that like the

02:44:31.360 1600s?

02:44:37.940 Yeah.

02:44:39.060 1675 to 1676.

02:44:41.180 Yeah.

02:44:41.620 Uh, that would have been not

02:44:45.200 relevant to Canadian history,

02:44:46.720 I suppose, or at least not

02:44:48.140 extremely relevant to Canadian

02:44:49.340 history.

02:44:50.680 Um.

02:45:14.200 Um, I, I'm not even going to

02:45:16.020 say this.

02:45:16.400 I see your question.

02:45:18.060 Don't, don't, this is a piece

02:45:23.260 of advice separate to this

02:45:24.320 stream.

02:45:25.400 Guys, do not tell me in a

02:45:27.600 public chat or in public

02:45:29.080 comments that you're applying

02:45:30.940 for, like, you're giving away

02:45:32.540 information that you shouldn't

02:45:33.800 be.

02:45:34.220 Don't do that in public.

02:45:38.140 Um, especially if you're using

02:45:40.340 your real name or if your handle

02:45:41.780 is tied to a real name that

02:45:44.120 people know.

02:45:45.640 Um, so no, I'm not going to

02:45:47.240 answer your question, uh, on

02:45:49.040 stream.

02:45:56.320 Well, it looks like there's,

02:45:57.620 there's like, you guys are just

02:45:58.720 kind of talking about, I don't

02:46:00.000 know, nothing in the chat.

02:46:01.240 So like, I don't know if, uh, we

02:46:02.680 want to wrap it up here for

02:46:03.880 tonight, but yeah, I hope you guys

02:46:05.940 enjoyed that.

02:46:06.600 Um, I guess I'll give it a

02:46:09.620 second and see if any more

02:46:10.800 questions come in, but, um, oh,

02:46:13.820 I missed, I'm sorry.

02:46:14.660 I missed one here.

02:46:15.400 Uh, Thor's runes is as an

02:46:16.900 American with a BA in history.

02:46:18.000 I really liked and appreciated

02:46:19.200 this episode.

02:46:20.100 That's awesome, man.

02:46:21.200 And, uh, Hey, fellow BA arts

02:46:24.440 and history.

02:46:26.260 Um, um, it was my minor, but,

02:46:28.640 um, yeah, like, like I said,

02:46:31.580 like, I, I think actually this

02:46:33.160 is probably an interesting

02:46:35.060 perspective for Americans

02:46:36.340 because obviously it's like the

02:46:37.860 opposite perspective, right?

02:46:39.060 Or at least, uh, uh, a third

02:46:41.440 perspective.

02:46:42.780 If it's not directly the

02:46:44.120 perspective of the British,

02:46:45.200 it's a perspective of somebody

02:46:46.420 who's almost not neutral, but,

02:46:48.960 um, alternate and sees things a

02:46:52.640 little differently.

02:46:53.140 So, um, I, like, obviously we

02:46:56.280 have some American viewers and

02:46:57.620 I, I did tell them that this was

02:46:59.060 probably going to be one of the

02:47:00.120 more interesting episodes for

02:47:01.980 them because once we move past,

02:47:04.180 um, you know, the war of 1812,

02:47:07.680 which is the next episode, it's

02:47:09.200 the next episode is 1783 to 1818,

02:47:12.780 I think, which encompasses

02:47:14.700 obviously the war of 1812 and the

02:47:16.680 Napoleonic Wars in the context of

02:47:18.260 North America, et cetera.

02:47:19.740 Um, it kind of shifts away from

02:47:22.560 American, uh, influence, right?

02:47:24.720 Like there's less conflict between,

02:47:26.720 um, Canada and America for the rest

02:47:30.620 of our history.

02:47:31.240 There's still issues obviously,

02:47:33.020 but they're more like related to

02:47:34.220 trade and policy and expansion.

02:47:36.340 And like, it doesn't really flare

02:47:37.820 out into like open hostilities the

02:47:40.420 way it does in the American

02:47:41.860 revolution and the war of 1812.

02:47:43.360 So, uh, it's, it's, uh, let, let,

02:47:47.320 let's just say there's less kind of

02:47:48.960 like interesting tidbits for

02:47:50.280 Americans once we move past episode

02:47:52.220 three, or at least for the, I don't

02:47:54.620 know.

02:47:54.800 I don't know if it would be less

02:47:55.720 interesting, honestly.

02:47:56.280 I just, I could see how, you know,

02:47:58.140 um, it's more tedious Canadian 1.00

02:48:00.280 history than it is, uh, you know,

02:48:02.560 American, uh, relevant to

02:48:05.120 Americans.

02:48:09.000 Um, uh, BJ Michigan says, yeah,

02:48:19.720 Arvel and, uh, Thomas are doing an

02:48:21.540 American version.

02:48:22.120 Yeah, I heard, I did hear about

02:48:23.800 that.

02:48:24.000 That sounds really interesting.

02:48:25.420 Um, Arvel, super smart guy.

02:48:28.440 Uh, I don't know.

02:48:29.140 I honestly, I don't know how

02:48:30.140 knowledgeable he is about history,

02:48:31.340 but I know he's a very intelligent

02:48:32.500 guy, so that's great.

02:48:34.580 And then I know Russo is pretty

02:48:36.520 damn knowledgeable about American 0.97

02:48:38.620 history, particularly early American 0.98

02:48:40.560 history.

02:48:41.100 And I think that's going to be a

02:48:42.160 very interesting perspective to see

02:48:43.800 from him.

02:48:44.440 Um, a very different kind of, uh,

02:48:48.500 aspect of him that we'll get a

02:48:50.460 little taste of.

02:48:51.700 So, yeah, uh, that sounds awesome.

02:48:55.280 I know, I also do know that Russo

02:48:57.820 has been working on his live stream

02:48:59.960 setup for some time.

02:49:00.920 So, um, looking forward to see what

02:49:03.560 he's, what he's got cooked up and

02:49:05.100 knowing what we know about Russo, I'm

02:49:07.460 sure it's going to have a nice style

02:49:09.260 to it.

02:49:09.740 I think, um, it'll be a pretty cool.

02:49:13.560 I was actually interested too with the

02:49:16.100 name Russo.

02:49:18.000 Um, I was, I was kind of curious,

02:49:21.020 like, I wonder if, if his family is

02:49:24.480 descendant of the Acadians who were

02:49:26.820 expelled, you know, in 1755, uh, you

02:49:31.740 know, from, well, from what is now Nova

02:49:34.120 Scotia and New Brunswick, but, um, was

02:49:36.700 then called Acadia.

02:49:38.580 You know what I mean?

02:49:39.320 Like he's from the South, which is a 1.00

02:49:42.300 good indication.

02:49:42.940 There's a large contingency of, of

02:49:45.280 people of French descent in, uh, in

02:49:48.620 Texas, which is where he was born.

02:49:50.220 So like, you know, the Louisianans 0.80

02:49:52.120 migrated West into Texas.

02:49:54.540 So I, like, I was curious and like, even

02:49:56.760 he's got a little bit of the, uh, the

02:49:59.920 French phenotype in him.

02:50:01.200 So I, I don't know if that's the case

02:50:02.820 or not, but I, I never asked him and I

02:50:05.160 don't know if he's ever commented on

02:50:06.660 that about what his lineage is directly

02:50:09.240 or if he knows.

02:50:10.560 Um, but yeah,

02:50:13.700 I mean, Russo is pretty explicitly French

02:50:19.600 name, so I'm not sure where that would

02:50:21.720 have came from.

02:50:22.400 Um, I know, isn't there, I think there's

02:50:24.780 an Irish spelling of Russo.

02:50:27.560 It's R, R-U-S-S-O, but his is the 1.00

02:50:32.460 French spelling.

02:50:33.060 So I, I'm not sure.

02:50:39.620 Yeah.

02:50:40.080 What is that Irish Russo?

02:50:42.960 R-U-S-S-O. 1.00

02:50:49.360 Oh no, it's a, it's Italian.

02:50:51.280 Why did I think it was?

02:51:01.760 Huh.

02:51:04.640 Why did I think it was Irish?

02:51:08.020 Anyways, that's an Italian spelling.

02:51:10.740 R-U-S-S-O. 1.00

02:51:16.880 Magna 1984 says,

02:51:18.800 Ferryman, did your history studies lead

02:51:20.580 you to nationalism.

02:51:22.160 Yeah.

02:51:22.300 There's a very famous quote from an

02:51:24.460 Austrian painter, something about, um, you

02:51:28.880 know, first I was a student of history and

02:51:30.980 then I became a nationalist, something like

02:51:32.780 that.

02:51:35.060 What is it exactly?

02:51:46.820 Somebody will know what that.

02:51:47.880 something like that.

02:52:00.740 I don't know.

02:52:01.080 I don't know what it is verbatim.

02:52:04.100 Yeah.

02:52:04.460 Yeah.

02:52:04.520 Yeah.

02:52:04.600 Um, yeah.

02:52:18.820 Um,

02:52:19.180 Waythorne says the re the reason you thought it was Irish is

02:52:33.960 because it means red hair.

02:52:35.280 It's from the Italian name Rossi.

02:52:37.960 Interesting.

02:52:38.400 I don't think that's why I think I, I think I knew somebody who

02:52:43.620 was Irish and distinctly Irish that had that last name.

02:52:46.460 So they're like half or something.

02:52:47.860 Maybe that's why I'm thinking it, but I, um, it's not coming

02:52:51.280 into my mind of why I have a good reason for it.

02:52:53.900 And it's not, it wasn't that, um, but yeah.

02:53:01.760 Anyways, not super important to the context of this stream, but

02:53:05.640 I just, uh, that came to me after I did the previous episode and

02:53:10.220 I heard the name Russo and I was like, yeah, why is he, why

02:53:12.640 does he have a French name?

02:53:13.640 I'm just, you know, out of curiosity.

02:53:15.920 Um, Northern or one says, how far do you intend to take the

02:53:20.220 series?

02:53:20.720 Oh, there's nine episodes to this series.

02:53:22.600 I'm going to do all of them.

02:53:23.900 Um, at least that's the plan.

02:53:25.640 And then once I've finished this series, I'm going to find

02:53:28.640 another series to do.

02:53:30.300 I might do Canada people's history, or I might do, there's

02:53:35.080 some biographic pieces that are, um, pretty good.

02:53:40.700 They're shorter.

02:53:41.860 Um, but yeah, so we'll see.

02:53:44.140 I'll, uh, I'll find something else after.

02:53:46.120 All right.

02:54:06.860 Rising Sun says, I think he talked about his French name on

02:54:09.320 Jake Shields podcast, right?

02:54:10.560 Okay.

02:54:10.720 I missed that then.

02:54:11.680 I've listened to that too.

02:54:12.800 How did I miss that?

02:54:13.600 Okay.

02:54:16.120 Um, whatever.

02:54:21.320 Well, I think I got all the super chats and, um, now we're just

02:54:27.560 kind of talking about nothing.

02:54:29.000 And I kind of like to keep these contained.

02:54:31.000 Um, obviously I did mention that after I'm done the clips, that's

02:54:34.800 kind of, if you want to keep listening, it's going to be, it'll

02:54:37.220 go off the rails a little bit.

02:54:38.480 Uh, just because of the nature of interacting with the chat.

02:54:41.480 But, um, yeah.

02:54:52.220 Uh, Waytherin says, Ferryman, can you say anything about what's

02:54:54.500 going on with Jeremy's?

02:54:55.180 I have no idea.

02:54:56.480 Uh, he hasn't mentioned anything about it to me.

02:54:58.160 I know he's taking a break.

02:54:59.220 So like, I don't know if he's clearing it.

02:55:00.820 I don't know if he's, yeah, but he's, uh, he's taking a little, uh,

02:55:05.520 micro break or whatever, um, from streaming.

02:55:09.600 So I don't know if he's taking them down or if he's, uh, just pausing

02:55:14.680 them or I don't know.

02:55:15.920 All right.

02:55:30.160 Okay.

02:55:30.560 Well, we'll leave it there for tonight.

02:55:32.300 We're coming up on three hours and I'd like to keep all these under

02:55:35.200 three hours anyways.

02:55:35.980 So thanks everybody for tuning in.

02:55:39.380 I hope you guys enjoyed that and we'll be back next week, uh, for

02:55:44.280 the war of 1812, um, uh, which is, this is probably my favorite

02:55:53.360 episode.

02:55:54.460 Um, it's a really interesting, um, it doesn't get the attention that

02:56:00.020 it deserves in the context of Canadian history and its importance

02:56:03.160 and, you know, significance of how it ends up forging, you know, the

02:56:08.260 kind of bonds between the French and English.

02:56:10.760 Obviously you get the first instances, uh, the first, the first

02:56:13.760 instance of French and English fighting together in defense of Canada

02:56:17.560 is that, uh, the battle of Chateau-Gay under Charles de Salivary.

02:56:21.040 So you get this kind of merging of, of the Canadian identity in this

02:56:25.360 time period.

02:56:26.480 And really you could say like, this is, this is what solidified

02:56:29.820 Canadian identity.

02:56:30.780 So it's a very important episode, uh, for us.

02:56:33.840 Uh, it's got a lot of excellent figures that have a lot of, you know,

02:56:37.400 rich detail and color to them.

02:56:38.940 Um, and, uh, yeah, even for the Americans, it's interesting because

02:56:42.940 this is kind of one of those, this, this is like our American

02:56:47.800 revolution kind of period.

02:56:49.460 Like this is our, if, if the American revolution is the defining

02:56:53.040 war in the mythos and the, the ethnogenesis of the American people,

02:56:56.220 the war of 1812 is that for Canadians.

02:56:58.980 So this, um, this, this war, which is actually very important to

02:57:06.280 Americans as well, often doesn't get the attention that it deserves, uh,

02:57:09.600 with the exception of, you know, it being where the American national

02:57:13.240 anthem comes from that gets brought up a lot, but really it doesn't get

02:57:16.500 the kind of focus that the, the revolutionary war does for obvious

02:57:19.860 reasons, but it's still, uh, incredibly significant.

02:57:23.300 So, yeah, uh, with that, we'll end this stream and we'll see you next

02:57:28.140 week for that one.

02:57:29.260 I'll play out on the intro and I hope you guys all have a great weekend.

02:57:33.320 Cheers, everybody.

02:57:53.300 Cheers, everybody.

02:58:10.160 We'll be right back.

02:58:40.160 We'll be right back.

The Ferryman's Toll - November 08, 2025

The Nationalist Film Board - Creation of Canada - Episode 2

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