The Ferryman's Toll - The Nationalist Film Board - Creation of Canada - Part 8

00:00:00.000 Thank you.

00:00:30.000 Thank you.

00:01:00.000 Thank you.

00:01:30.000 Welcome back, everybody, to part eight of Creation of Canada.

00:01:34.720 We've got, I don't know, we're starting to wrap up this series.

00:01:39.340 There's one episode left after this.

00:01:41.080 So it's, you know, the final two episodes here aren't necessarily as exciting as some of the earlier ones.

00:01:47.040 It's more about tying up the loose ends of Confederation and, you know, the entrance of some of the later adopters of Confederation, you know, being admitted into the Union, the Dominion.

00:02:01.200 So, yeah, this will be a shorter episode for sure, although there is some definitely some interesting stuff in this one.

00:02:08.420 Um, first of all, it goes through a little bit of the Red River, Red River, Red River Rebellion, which is obviously Louis Riel and the Métis.

00:02:19.100 Um, and how that actually leads to the inclusion of Manitoba as the fifth province in Confederation.

00:02:26.080 Uh, we'll get into, uh, more Fenian, uh, action, more, uh, a little bit more insight into how Johnny MacDonald went about, uh, you know, his political maneuvering and statecraft.

00:02:39.680 Um, this episode in particular really highlights that he was a very shrewd, calculated and, and skillful, you know, crafter of state.

00:02:47.680 Uh, he knew what he was doing and he did it very effectively.

00:02:50.900 Um, as well as, uh, we'll get into, uh, you know, issues in Nova Scotia, Prince Edward Island, British Columbia, uh, some other things as well.

00:03:00.140 Um, and a little bit of what's going on in Europe at this time.

00:03:03.900 Um, but, uh, yeah, with that, we won't, uh, belabor it too long.

00:03:09.000 We'll get right into it here in a second.

00:03:10.840 Uh, just before I do that though, uh, I'll just acknowledge these now Malibu Coke, uh, gifted 20 subscriptions.

00:03:16.700 I think, I think Malibu Coke has gifted more subscriptions at this point than there are viewers of this, you know, particular podcast.

00:03:24.740 So thank you, Malibu Coke.

00:03:26.580 You're a legend and a tickle grass as well.

00:03:29.240 Thank you so much.

00:03:29.980 You're also a regular contributor and I appreciate that, uh, 10 subscriptions.

00:03:34.680 I think at one point there was more, uh, subscriptions gifted than there were people in the audience from those two.

00:03:41.000 So, uh, you know, we're past that now, but yeah, if you don't have a, uh, a rumble subscription or rumble premium, uh, just grab one of those.

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00:04:07.840 All right.

00:04:08.600 Um, yeah, without further ado, let's get right into it.

00:04:12.500 This is part eight.

00:04:14.220 It's called the border confirmed, uh, the treaty of Washington.

00:04:20.140 So, uh, if you're not familiar, the tree of Washington, 1871 was basically the negotiations between the British empire and the United States on some lingering issues that, you know, began before and during and after the civil war.

00:04:35.520 Um, so there's some issues, there's still, you know, border disputes in some, you know, specific regions of North America at this time between Britain and America.

00:04:44.740 Um, America had a list of grievances and, you know, what wanted compensation for certain things that happened during the civil war that they, you know, placed at the feet of the British.

00:04:56.200 Uh, and there was also, you know, just some, um, uh, issues with like fisheries and stuff like that.

00:05:03.560 So this, basically that treaty kind of firmed up, uh, Anglo American relations, you know, until, until today there was really, you know, that, that was kind of the end of hostilities, uh, so to speak for, for the British empire in America.

00:05:17.720 And, uh, yeah, obviously you get the beginnings of the relationship that they have today and did throughout the 20th century.

00:05:24.700 So, uh, fairly, fairly important, not obviously well known or, you know, uh, widely discussed when it comes to general European history, but in, in terms of relations between the British and America, it, it is fairly significant as well as for Canada, because, uh, we were kind of a negotiating tool and a bargaining chip in this process.

00:05:44.180 And you'll, you'll, you'll see that in this episode.

00:05:45.940 So, uh, I won't, uh, make you wait any longer.

00:05:49.240 Let's get right into it.

00:05:50.180 Part eight of creation of Canada.

00:06:14.180 Yeah.

00:06:19.920 Yeah.

00:06:32.440 Yeah.

00:06:34.240 The.

00:06:34.740 In the opinion of one historian,

00:06:56.800 Canadian Confederation was fundamentally anti-American,

00:07:00.580 a grand design to protect British America 0.93

00:07:04.180 from American encroachments.

00:07:07.600 Certainly, during the legislative debates

00:07:10.000 on Confederation in 1865,

00:07:12.660 no fewer than 60 speakers referred to the American menace.

00:07:18.020 Others claimed pro-Confederation forces

00:07:20.420 were creating an anti-American bogey.

00:07:24.160 Yet, as the American Civil War ended,

00:07:26.860 many Canadians did feel that the victorious Union

00:07:29.880 might settle wartime scores with Great Britain,

00:07:32.520 with Canada, the first target.

00:07:36.000 So there was real relief in Canada

00:07:38.620 when the Union armies were finally demobilized.

00:07:42.700 But the Fenians, an anti-British Irish society,

00:07:46.480 did attack Canada.

00:07:48.020 Moreover, the war had revived the spirit of manifest destiny,

00:07:52.260 the notion that nature intended America to rule the continent.

00:07:57.660 Some feared that American expansionists

00:08:00.700 might use the Fenians to start an Anglo-American war 0.76

00:08:04.360 and then seize Canada.

00:08:06.940 Also, Canada's American markets had been greatly reduced

00:08:10.700 when Congress canceled the Reciprocity Treaty.

00:08:14.760 Some panic-stricken businessmen

00:08:16.880 talked of joining the United States.

00:08:20.520 This spurred on Canadians 0.97

00:08:21.800 who saw an alternative in Confederation.

00:08:25.200 But how would the new Dominion look to Uncle Sam?

00:08:33.740 A new, triangular relationship.

00:08:37.300 That was the way the young Canadian 0.80

00:08:39.160 hopefully wanted it to look to Uncle Sam.

00:08:42.220 No longer would Sam see in his neighbor

00:08:44.480 merely the figure of John Bull,

00:08:46.760 but rather a distinct and separate personage.

00:08:50.140 Less dashing was the actual figure cut by the new Canada.

00:08:59.680 For it was still far from being a transcontinental nation.

00:09:04.240 And that, according to Prime Minister MacDonald,

00:09:07.260 was the only thing that would look permanent to the Americans.

00:09:09.920 And it was generally agreed

00:09:15.260 that unless Ottawa promised a transcontinental railroad,

00:09:18.880 which was far beyond its means,

00:09:20.800 it would not be easy to add the widely scattered parts

00:09:24.020 of British North America to the modest young Dominion.

00:09:31.380 Modest she might be,

00:09:32.680 But she was ambitious, this young lady,

00:09:36.000 who embodied the vision of a nation from sea to sea.

00:09:40.180 For she was determined to bring the vast spread

00:09:42.740 of British North America together

00:09:44.500 into one nation,

00:09:46.480 like the United States.

00:09:52.080 Yet the fact remained

00:09:53.540 that the present Confederation

00:09:55.400 fell far short of the grand design.

00:09:57.740 The governor-general's proud new banner

00:10:01.380 bore the shields of only four provinces.

00:10:05.000 And one of these

00:10:05.960 already had tried to get out.

00:10:11.980 The maritime colony of Nova Scotia

00:10:14.360 would never have been in Confederation

00:10:16.560 in the first place

00:10:17.480 had the politicians asked

00:10:19.220 the proud and independent Nova Scotians.

00:10:21.400 Great sailors, fishermen,

00:10:27.340 builders, and masters of ships,

00:10:29.420 they had led the way

00:10:30.700 during the golden age of wood and sail.

00:10:34.320 But now,

00:10:35.260 they lagged behind

00:10:36.440 in the new age of steam and iron.

00:10:39.680 The loss of reciprocity

00:10:41.160 with the United States

00:10:42.300 and growing protectionism

00:10:44.440 threatened stagnation

00:10:46.240 and decline.

00:10:47.480 Joseph Howe,

00:10:51.380 long a popular leader

00:10:52.540 in Nova Scotia,

00:10:53.840 was determined to keep

00:10:54.880 the province

00:10:55.400 out of Confederation.

00:10:57.840 Howe had ignored Ottawa

00:10:59.240 and carried his views

00:11:00.880 directly to London.

00:11:02.920 There, he worked hard

00:11:04.320 to convince Britain's leaders

00:11:05.720 that Nova Scotia

00:11:07.180 needed greater independence

00:11:08.540 within the empire

00:11:09.700 rather than subordination

00:11:11.680 in the Canadian Confederation.

00:11:13.940 But the British government

00:11:15.300 refused a request

00:11:16.420 from the Nova Scotia Legislature

00:11:18.040 for permission

00:11:18.900 to keep out of Canada.

00:11:22.820 London's stand

00:11:23.880 disappointed many

00:11:25.260 in Nova Scotia,

00:11:26.500 which was now facing depression.

00:11:29.040 The maltreated province, 0.52

00:11:30.440 some began to argue,

00:11:32.040 should now consider

00:11:32.800 taking up with Uncle Sam.

00:11:35.080 Sam might be Sam Slick,

00:11:37.940 but he was smart

00:11:39.280 and well-off

00:11:40.460 and roused envy.

00:11:44.140 Uneasily,

00:11:44.860 Howe saw Washington

00:11:46.840 or Ottawa

00:11:47.740 becoming the choice

00:11:48.760 rather than London

00:11:50.260 or Ottawa.

00:11:51.700 His rival,

00:11:52.680 Charles Tupper,

00:11:53.700 who had maneuvered

00:11:54.760 the province

00:11:55.160 into Confederation,

00:11:56.700 proclaimed the benefits

00:11:57.580 of Confederation

00:11:58.500 to Nova Scotia.

00:12:03.480 The benefits

00:12:04.560 seem more real

00:12:05.560 when John A. McDonald

00:12:07.180 suggested privately

00:12:08.360 to Howe

00:12:08.980 that better financial terms

00:12:10.740 for Nova Scotia

00:12:11.560 could be arranged.

00:12:12.500 Soon,

00:12:14.440 Howe was attacking

00:12:15.380 annexationism

00:12:16.380 and counseling compromise.

00:12:18.780 Peaceful separation

00:12:19.760 from Confederation

00:12:20.680 was clearly impossible

00:12:21.900 and Confederation

00:12:23.800 on better terms

00:12:25.240 was the only alternative.

00:12:27.480 The acceptance

00:12:28.740 by Howe

00:12:29.720 of a position

00:12:30.480 in the Dominion Cabinet

00:12:31.580 meant that Confederation

00:12:33.300 had officially prevailed,

00:12:35.380 leaving the annexationists

00:12:36.720 disgruntled in the wing.

00:12:38.160 But how real

00:12:45.160 was the annexationist

00:12:46.740 sentiment

00:12:47.060 in Nova Scotia?

00:12:49.160 James Taylor,

00:12:50.120 a propagandist

00:12:50.980 for American expansionists,

00:12:52.640 was encouraged

00:12:53.340 when Howe told him

00:12:54.400 states' rights

00:12:55.740 are a necessity

00:12:56.660 to in Canada.

00:12:58.460 Taylor wrote that

00:12:59.180 if Howe got

00:13:00.140 neither repeal

00:13:01.100 nor concessions,

00:13:02.840 annexationism

00:13:03.580 would grow.

00:13:05.160 After repeal

00:13:06.200 was denied

00:13:06.880 by London,

00:13:08.040 there was talk

00:13:08.780 of British betrayal

00:13:10.380 and of having

00:13:11.500 the United States

00:13:12.480 guarantee our liberties.

00:13:15.180 Such talk

00:13:15.820 now alarmed Howe

00:13:17.100 and MacDonald

00:13:18.040 moved in

00:13:18.800 with concessions.

00:13:20.520 Together,

00:13:21.140 they clipped

00:13:21.820 annexationist wings.

00:13:24.700 But what about

00:13:25.280 American reactions?

00:13:26.980 When American expansionist

00:13:28.660 Ben Butler

00:13:29.240 turned up in Halifax,

00:13:30.540 Howe suspected him

00:13:31.560 of using money

00:13:32.700 to encourage

00:13:33.480 annexationists.

00:13:34.400 But Washington,

00:13:36.460 intent on domestic affairs,

00:13:38.400 gave them

00:13:38.800 no encouragement.

00:13:40.280 So,

00:13:40.820 the new confederation

00:13:42.280 didn't fall apart.

00:13:44.680 But,

00:13:45.300 could it grow?

00:13:49.460 The new dominion

00:13:50.740 had its expansionists,

00:13:51.960 too,

00:13:52.700 who eyed

00:13:53.280 the great gap

00:13:53.980 between Ontario

00:13:54.820 and British Columbia,

00:13:56.500 especially Fort Gary

00:13:57.740 and the surrounding

00:13:58.900 Red River settlement.

00:13:59.860 The Hudson's Bay Company

00:14:05.180 still ruled

00:14:06.020 the little colony,

00:14:07.460 despite Canadian efforts

00:14:08.660 to challenge

00:14:09.340 the legal basis

00:14:10.200 of its charter.

00:14:17.240 From 1859,

00:14:19.480 steamboats

00:14:20.020 on the Red River

00:14:20.760 had drawn the links

00:14:21.800 with Minnesota

00:14:22.560 even tighter.

00:14:24.640 And Minnesota

00:14:25.540 had its own expansionists,

00:14:27.780 men with big ideas,

00:14:29.240 whose plans

00:14:30.300 didn't stop

00:14:31.020 at the border.

00:14:32.960 Among their interests

00:14:33.820 was the growing traffic

00:14:35.060 on the cart routes

00:14:36.080 from Red River.

00:14:38.740 Might not railroads

00:14:39.900 tie the commercial,

00:14:41.640 perhaps even

00:14:42.180 the political future

00:14:43.140 of the British West

00:14:44.020 to St. Paul

00:14:44.800 for good?

00:14:49.880 Further south,

00:14:51.400 in May 1869,

00:14:53.580 the Union

00:14:54.100 and Central Pacific lines

00:14:55.660 met in Utah,

00:14:56.780 the first transcontinental railroad

00:14:59.680 was now open.

00:15:01.960 Wood railroads

00:15:03.100 soon carried

00:15:04.200 the stars and stripes

00:15:05.420 further north.

00:15:06.680 The key to everything

00:15:14.000 was the orientation

00:15:15.540 of Red River.

00:15:17.280 The way it turned

00:15:18.220 could open

00:15:19.140 or shut the door

00:15:20.280 forever

00:15:20.740 to westward expansion.

00:15:23.120 For a trickle

00:15:23.920 of immigration

00:15:24.500 had brought

00:15:25.520 not only Canadians

00:15:26.520 but also Americans.

00:15:30.140 Both groups

00:15:30.960 were impatient

00:15:31.560 to get things moving,

00:15:33.240 but the little colony

00:15:34.320 found herself facing

00:15:35.360 a choice

00:15:35.880 about who

00:15:36.860 could do it better.

00:15:40.100 A majority 0.60

00:15:41.160 preferred Canada,

00:15:42.760 but an American party

00:15:44.380 argued that

00:15:45.220 Uncle Sam

00:15:46.040 could offer more

00:15:47.140 sooner.

00:15:48.760 It was said

00:15:49.300 that some backers

00:15:50.200 of another American railroad

00:15:51.660 preferred to build

00:15:52.900 north to Fort Gary

00:15:54.060 and then west,

00:15:56.100 especially if the border

00:15:57.300 could be done away with.

00:15:58.280 And the St. Paul

00:16:01.460 and Pacific

00:16:02.020 was already moving

00:16:03.440 toward the Red River

00:16:04.260 south of the border

00:16:05.080 and talking of pushing

00:16:06.820 north to Fort Gary.

00:16:10.600 Rooming with Uncle Sam

00:16:12.060 then meant

00:16:13.040 good facilities

00:16:14.120 at least.

00:16:15.380 On the other hand,

00:16:16.600 the new Confederation Inn

00:16:18.140 of Miss Canada

00:16:19.020 had reserved a room

00:16:20.500 for the western waif.

00:16:22.540 Canadian interest

00:16:23.420 was encouraging,

00:16:24.940 but access to Canada

00:16:26.560 remained desperately difficult.

00:16:29.280 Work on short wagon routes

00:16:31.240 east from Fort Gary

00:16:33.480 and west from Fort William

00:16:34.900 had only just started

00:16:36.500 in the year

00:16:37.040 after Confederation.

00:16:41.040 But in between

00:16:42.380 lay the remorseless

00:16:43.820 Laurentian shield,

00:16:45.240 which would still

00:16:45.880 have to be crossed

00:16:46.620 by the traditional

00:16:47.380 water route.

00:16:48.940 Could even an improved

00:16:50.420 road and water route

00:16:51.960 compete with the easy road

00:16:53.740 to St. Paul?

00:16:55.800 The most you could say

00:16:56.960 for the Canadian route

00:16:58.060 was that the scenery

00:16:59.460 was better.

00:17:07.240 Despite many grievances,

00:17:09.140 the Indians of the prairies,

00:17:11.120 the fur men

00:17:11.720 and the Métis hunters 0.59

00:17:12.920 knew that their way of life

00:17:15.200 was respected

00:17:15.860 by the Hudson's Bay Company.

00:17:17.140 But the West's future progress,

00:17:20.800 impatient settlers felt,

00:17:22.620 called for a change.

00:17:27.020 The majority were for Canada.

00:17:30.160 Had not the spirit

00:17:31.460 of Confederation

00:17:32.420 been infused

00:17:33.360 with the idea

00:17:34.360 of stopping Sam

00:17:35.740 in his tracks

00:17:36.560 with a great Canadian railroad

00:17:38.620 to the Pacific?

00:17:39.360 Slowly but surely,

00:17:43.320 it was being shown

00:17:44.400 that crossing

00:17:45.140 British North America

00:17:46.220 was feasible,

00:17:47.600 although difficult.

00:17:50.420 Red River

00:17:51.280 was now a prize

00:17:52.600 for which Canada

00:17:53.280 was willing to pay.

00:17:55.360 After a financial arrangement

00:17:56.720 with Ottawa,

00:17:57.800 the Hudson's Bay Company

00:17:58.900 surrendered its political rights

00:18:00.640 at last.

00:18:01.800 But as Britain prepared

00:18:03.060 to turn control

00:18:04.000 of Red River

00:18:04.640 over to Miss Canada, 0.77

00:18:06.760 she suddenly found

00:18:07.760 that her prize

00:18:08.560 wasn't as tame

00:18:09.560 as she had thought.

00:18:12.660 In the isolated colony,

00:18:14.660 the largest

00:18:15.180 and most influential group

00:18:16.580 was the Métis,

00:18:18.180 descendants of European

00:18:19.200 and Indian marriages.

00:18:21.200 They felt themselves

00:18:22.260 a unique people,

00:18:23.940 a nation,

00:18:24.960 and they prized

00:18:26.020 their independent way of life.

00:18:30.680 The Métis had the friendship

00:18:32.420 of the Indians,

00:18:33.820 and both groups

00:18:34.900 were uneasy

00:18:35.660 about the coming

00:18:36.460 of Canadian rule.

00:18:37.760 The suspicions

00:18:41.760 of the Métis

00:18:42.460 were roused

00:18:43.120 by public land surveyors

00:18:44.820 from Canada,

00:18:45.980 whose rectangular lines

00:18:47.500 seemed to be ignoring

00:18:48.960 the irregular contours

00:18:50.580 of their little holdings.

00:18:53.020 This could only mean

00:18:53.800 one thing,

00:18:54.880 many whispered.

00:18:57.400 The Canadians

00:18:58.480 were preparing

00:18:59.200 for a land rush

00:19:00.300 which would wipe away

00:19:01.520 all their claims

00:19:02.640 and titles.

00:19:03.180 Métis' anger grew, 0.99

00:19:09.400 particularly because

00:19:10.360 they had been transferred

00:19:11.400 to Canada

00:19:12.020 without being asked.

00:19:14.360 They had a capable

00:19:15.160 and determined leader,

00:19:16.920 Louis Riel,

00:19:17.980 who now decided

00:19:19.120 that Canada's manners

00:19:20.240 needed improving.

00:19:21.160 The first pupil

00:19:25.980 was William McDougal.

00:19:33.160 McDougal,

00:19:34.280 a Toronto expansionist,

00:19:36.040 had been appointed

00:19:36.680 Lieutenant Governor

00:19:37.520 of Red River.

00:19:39.160 Arriving in haste,

00:19:41.160 he found himself

00:19:41.860 stopped at the border

00:19:42.740 by Riel's men.

00:19:43.720 Riel,

00:19:46.580 a wild man

00:19:47.520 to the Ontario press,

00:19:49.580 very coolly

00:19:50.120 took over Fort Gary

00:19:51.260 and set up

00:19:52.480 a provisional government.

00:19:57.240 Riel had decided

00:19:58.520 not to accept

00:19:59.540 the transfer to Ottawa

00:20:00.680 unless Métis' rights 1.00

00:20:02.400 were guaranteed.

00:20:04.280 And until they were,

00:20:05.980 his followers

00:20:06.520 were prepared

00:20:07.120 to keep Canada out.

00:20:13.720 South of the border

00:20:15.500 in Minnesota,

00:20:17.320 ambitious railroad builders

00:20:18.700 and commercial men

00:20:19.820 saw in the scheme

00:20:21.520 for a Northern Pacific Railway

00:20:23.180 the means of funneling

00:20:24.920 the trade

00:20:25.380 of the whole Northwest

00:20:26.400 through their hands.

00:20:28.760 It was an imperial dream

00:20:30.640 and it had powerful

00:20:32.680 backers in the East.

00:20:34.940 These backers

00:20:36.060 did not want

00:20:36.980 a second railroad

00:20:37.880 crossing their empire,

00:20:39.660 which was likely

00:20:40.360 if Canada acquired

00:20:41.600 the British West.

00:20:42.400 North-South lines

00:20:44.720 feeding into

00:20:45.580 the main American roots

00:20:46.880 could better serve

00:20:48.420 fertile regions

00:20:49.280 like the Red River Valley.

00:20:51.320 They would also serve

00:20:52.400 American settlers

00:20:53.180 and land speculators

00:20:54.600 in Fargo and St. Paul.

00:20:59.960 In Washington,

00:21:01.620 things had changed.

00:21:08.000 The first election

00:21:09.200 since the Civil War

00:21:10.260 had been held

00:21:10.880 in late 1868.

00:21:13.400 Veterans had dominated 1.00

00:21:14.500 the scene

00:21:14.980 and most of the boys

00:21:16.660 in blue

00:21:17.100 had voted to put

00:21:18.200 their former

00:21:18.740 commander-in-chief,

00:21:20.300 Ulysses Grant,

00:21:21.480 into the White House.

00:21:25.220 With the sword

00:21:26.800 of the Union

00:21:27.480 now in charge

00:21:28.500 and Hamilton Fish,

00:21:30.580 a known expansionist

00:21:31.740 as Secretary of State,

00:21:34.060 Manifest Destiny

00:21:35.000 seemed in luck.

00:21:36.380 Among those who hoped

00:21:41.180 so were

00:21:42.040 Senator Ramsey

00:21:43.180 of Minnesota,

00:21:44.360 who felt that

00:21:44.980 Red River

00:21:45.740 was a natural

00:21:46.540 extension of his state,

00:21:48.300 and the financier,

00:21:49.600 Jay Cook,

00:21:50.640 who felt that

00:21:51.260 an all-American West

00:21:52.640 might make things

00:21:53.720 easier for his railroad,

00:21:55.220 the Northern Pacific.

00:21:57.540 Shortly after

00:21:58.100 Confederation,

00:21:59.140 Ramsey tabled a bill

00:22:00.340 which would have

00:22:01.000 given Canada

00:22:01.660 back reciprocity

00:22:02.920 if she abandoned

00:22:04.320 the British West.

00:22:05.920 The bill failed

00:22:07.180 and actually

00:22:08.420 spurred Canadian efforts

00:22:09.720 to buy out

00:22:10.380 the Hudson's Bay Company.

00:22:12.340 When she did,

00:22:13.460 the Minnesota legislature

00:22:14.880 sent a resolution

00:22:16.220 of protest

00:22:16.980 to Washington,

00:22:18.260 hinting that

00:22:18.880 the surrender

00:22:19.840 of the British West

00:22:20.920 to the United States

00:22:22.340 would nicely cover

00:22:23.840 Uncle Sam's

00:22:24.920 Civil War damage claims

00:22:26.280 against John Bull.

00:22:27.280 But Congress

00:22:28.780 showed little interest

00:22:29.960 and it looked

00:22:31.060 as if Canada

00:22:31.720 would quietly

00:22:32.460 take over

00:22:33.260 Red River.

00:22:34.780 The Metis uprising

00:22:36.640 renewed

00:22:37.200 annexationist hopes.

00:22:39.300 In Minnesota,

00:22:40.260 the papers

00:22:40.700 clamored for

00:22:41.460 Manitoba.

00:22:43.080 In Red River,

00:22:44.200 the pro-Americans

00:22:44.960 tried to win

00:22:45.800 Riel to their cause. 0.96

00:22:47.820 The American council

00:22:48.780 in Fort Gary

00:22:49.580 secretly advised

00:22:50.980 the Metis.

00:22:52.520 That other

00:22:53.160 busy agent,

00:22:54.340 James Taylor,

00:22:55.580 kept Secretary

00:22:56.300 of State Fish

00:22:57.100 informed on

00:22:57.940 Red River,

00:22:58.980 playing up

00:22:59.580 anti-Canadian feeling.

00:23:01.420 And Athenian,

00:23:02.560 William O'Donoghue,

00:23:03.700 joined Riel's cabinet.

00:23:05.820 In the East,

00:23:06.460 too,

00:23:07.240 annexationists

00:23:08.060 were busy.

00:23:11.600 In Washington,

00:23:13.500 annexationist spokesmen

00:23:14.760 worked hard

00:23:15.580 to convince Congress

00:23:16.580 that the manifest

00:23:17.740 destiny of Red River

00:23:19.020 was to become

00:23:20.220 American.

00:23:21.860 Senator Ramsey

00:23:22.660 tabled a motion

00:23:23.440 calling on the

00:23:24.120 President to submit

00:23:25.340 all available

00:23:26.360 information

00:23:27.000 on the

00:23:27.480 Métis Revolt.

00:23:29.120 The information

00:23:30.260 came,

00:23:31.780 but Ramsey's

00:23:32.360 fellow senators

00:23:33.020 either ignored it

00:23:34.060 or hinted it was

00:23:35.280 none of their business.

00:23:36.880 And they frowned

00:23:38.020 on suggestions

00:23:38.780 that American

00:23:39.580 intervention would be

00:23:40.860 helping the people

00:23:42.200 of the British West

00:23:43.260 decide their own

00:23:44.620 future.

00:23:49.460 Pressure from

00:23:50.280 expansionist circles

00:23:51.440 did lead

00:23:52.480 Secretary of State

00:23:53.460 Fish

00:23:53.840 to sound out Britain 0.55

00:23:54.980 about ceding Canada

00:23:56.520 to settle up

00:23:57.520 Anglo-American accounts.

00:24:00.220 If hostile cartoonists

00:24:02.060 were to be believed,

00:24:03.760 the reply was blunt.

00:24:07.260 Rebuffed,

00:24:08.140 the Secretary of State

00:24:09.520 had to report

00:24:10.640 that neither Canada

00:24:11.660 nor the West

00:24:12.820 were up for barter.

00:24:13.980 in the provisional

00:24:21.060 government

00:24:21.560 in Red River,

00:24:22.380 meanwhile,

00:24:23.440 an interesting figure

00:24:24.500 sat at Riel's side.

00:24:26.900 William O'Donohue,

00:24:28.500 an ardent Fenian,

00:24:30.240 strove to win Riel

00:24:31.240 over to the American

00:24:32.260 cause.

00:24:33.640 Particularly,

00:24:34.720 he tried to have

00:24:35.560 Riel keep news

00:24:36.660 of Canadian

00:24:37.280 concessions

00:24:38.100 away from the people.

00:24:39.400 But the astute Riel

00:24:42.760 was more interested

00:24:44.000 in the concessions

00:24:45.260 which the fear

00:24:46.020 of annexation

00:24:46.740 might bring

00:24:47.360 from Ottawa.

00:24:48.760 His main concern

00:24:49.740 was the fate

00:24:50.620 of his people

00:24:51.180 and their little homeland.

00:24:53.860 Above all,

00:24:55.120 he wanted

00:24:55.580 La Nation Métis

00:24:56.960 to have land,

00:24:58.820 room to grow.

00:25:01.720 And he wanted

00:25:02.720 reasonable guarantees

00:25:03.880 that would keep

00:25:05.100 his people

00:25:05.580 and their way of life

00:25:06.640 from being

00:25:07.640 completely defenseless

00:25:08.820 in the face

00:25:09.660 of the advancing tide

00:25:10.880 of English-speaking

00:25:12.040 capitalism.

00:25:18.980 Suddenly,

00:25:20.520 Riel turned against

00:25:21.560 his pro-American

00:25:22.380 councillors.

00:25:24.020 Canada's emissaries

00:25:25.040 were allowed

00:25:25.620 to speak

00:25:26.140 and a list of demands

00:25:28.100 approved by Riel

00:25:29.100 was sent to Ottawa.

00:25:31.200 Ottawa's attitude

00:25:32.120 would determine

00:25:33.560 his next move.

00:25:38.820 Ottawa's would-be

00:25:42.080 imperialists 0.75

00:25:43.160 had to choose

00:25:44.200 between coercion 0.94

00:25:45.400 or concessions.

00:25:47.400 Public opinion

00:25:48.040 in Ontario,

00:25:49.420 enraged by Riel's 0.81

00:25:50.640 execution

00:25:51.140 of an Ontario man,

00:25:52.700 wanted military action.

00:25:54.720 MacDonald

00:25:55.100 couldn't ignore

00:25:56.120 such demands,

00:25:57.540 but feared driving

00:25:58.560 Riel into American arms.

00:26:00.900 So first,

00:26:02.020 he accepted

00:26:02.660 Riel's demands.

00:26:03.780 In June 1870,

00:26:07.760 Red River

00:26:08.380 as Manitoba

00:26:09.820 entered Canada.

00:26:11.700 The rest of the

00:26:12.460 Northwest

00:26:12.920 became a territory

00:26:14.460 controlled by Ottawa.

00:26:17.260 Now,

00:26:18.340 the military expedition

00:26:19.660 got underway.

00:26:23.040 Shortly,

00:26:24.180 a curious

00:26:24.660 complication

00:26:25.340 arose.

00:26:26.860 Supply ships

00:26:27.560 had to pass

00:26:28.320 through the American

00:26:29.060 canal at

00:26:29.780 Sault Ste.

00:26:30.160 Marie.

00:26:32.080 Would Uncle Sam

00:26:33.120 assist an expedition

00:26:34.380 designed to occupy

00:26:35.640 an area

00:26:36.200 some Americans

00:26:37.300 coveted?

00:26:39.160 After some debate,

00:26:40.940 American permission

00:26:41.760 came.

00:26:43.240 It was a clear sign

00:26:44.520 that in Washington,

00:26:46.140 annexationism

00:26:46.980 had been officially

00:26:47.900 rejected.

00:26:53.920 Soon,

00:26:54.960 the expeditionary force

00:26:56.300 was moving along

00:26:57.400 the old canoe route,

00:26:59.060 once used by the

00:27:00.020 fur men from 0.98

00:27:00.620 Fort William

00:27:01.220 to the west.

00:27:13.160 The presence

00:27:14.240 of British troops

00:27:15.260 along with Canadian

00:27:16.260 gratified McDonald,

00:27:18.760 who felt it would

00:27:19.560 show American

00:27:20.460 expansionists

00:27:21.340 that Canada

00:27:22.360 had British support

00:27:23.540 for her annexation

00:27:24.900 of the Northwest.

00:27:27.000 He was also

00:27:27.860 highly pleased

00:27:28.640 to show everybody

00:27:29.620 that a large body

00:27:31.320 of men

00:27:31.820 could reach the west

00:27:33.160 from Canada,

00:27:34.360 despite severe hazards.

00:27:35.620 and reach it they did,

00:27:57.100 finally arriving

00:27:58.120 in late August

00:27:59.020 at Fort Gary.

00:27:59.760 But despite Canadian 0.99

00:28:02.440 assurances,

00:28:04.060 Riel suspected

00:28:04.900 the military leaders

00:28:05.840 of repressive intentions

00:28:07.040 and escaped,

00:28:08.940 just in time,

00:28:10.160 to Minnesota.

00:28:15.040 After Riel had

00:28:16.580 open negotiations

00:28:17.600 with Ottawa,

00:28:18.860 annexationist fortunes

00:28:20.180 sank.

00:28:21.360 Riel's increasing

00:28:22.380 hostility

00:28:23.060 and Washington's

00:28:24.180 indifference

00:28:24.740 isolated them.

00:28:25.900 The meddlesome consul

00:28:27.920 and the Fenian

00:28:28.680 O'Donoghue

00:28:29.320 slipped away.

00:28:31.040 As the expeditionary

00:28:32.640 force from Canada

00:28:33.540 approached,

00:28:34.760 Minnesota growled

00:28:35.680 about the oppression

00:28:36.900 of Red River.

00:28:38.540 In Washington,

00:28:39.620 cries of alarm

00:28:40.420 from Ramsey

00:28:41.240 and others

00:28:41.780 drew only

00:28:42.740 bored smiles.

00:28:44.440 The annexationists'

00:28:45.440 one big chance

00:28:46.260 had been to

00:28:46.940 win over Riel.

00:28:49.080 But Riel knew

00:28:50.280 that an American

00:28:51.380 Northwest

00:28:51.840 would be

00:28:52.560 inescapably

00:28:53.360 unilingual,

00:28:54.640 English.

00:28:55.940 Canadian Confederation,

00:28:57.180 on the other hand,

00:28:58.080 was supposedly

00:28:58.880 a political arrangement

00:29:00.400 between English

00:29:01.400 and French,

00:29:02.540 a union whose

00:29:03.340 linguistic and

00:29:04.140 other guarantees

00:29:04.940 should accompany

00:29:06.500 Canadian expansion.

00:29:08.300 If Red River

00:29:09.040 was to be part

00:29:09.800 of Canada,

00:29:10.840 then they must

00:29:11.640 apply also

00:29:12.280 to the Métis.

00:29:14.240 But there was

00:29:15.060 more yet

00:29:15.800 to bid on.

00:29:16.720 formidable mountains

00:29:21.660 as well as distance

00:29:23.160 lay between

00:29:23.860 British Columbia

00:29:24.620 and the New Dominion,

00:29:26.280 whose capital

00:29:27.040 was 3,000 miles away.

00:29:30.140 Access was almost

00:29:31.240 entirely by sea.

00:29:33.580 Only quick action

00:29:34.640 had kept the flag

00:29:35.720 of faraway Britain

00:29:36.700 flying at all

00:29:37.680 when a flood

00:29:38.860 of American gold hunters

00:29:40.140 had swamped

00:29:41.180 the colony

00:29:41.580 in the 50s

00:29:42.380 and made it part

00:29:43.660 of the American frontier.

00:29:44.940 But by the mid-60s,

00:29:49.820 the boom had sagged.

00:29:51.600 Prosperity,

00:29:52.600 and two-thirds

00:29:53.440 of the immigrants 0.99

00:29:54.240 fled,

00:29:55.600 and stagnation

00:29:56.440 set in.

00:29:59.780 In Victoria,

00:30:01.300 the capital,

00:30:02.500 there were

00:30:03.000 political grievances,

00:30:04.200 too.

00:30:05.580 Only after

00:30:06.200 considerable agitation,

00:30:08.260 had a reluctant

00:30:08.840 London allowed 0.72

00:30:09.960 the little colony

00:30:10.740 a partly elected

00:30:12.020 legislative council.

00:30:14.040 But Vancouver,

00:30:14.680 Island and the mainland

00:30:15.760 were then joined together

00:30:17.440 and the harassed government

00:30:19.220 found itself burdened

00:30:20.860 with the costly upkeep

00:30:22.060 of mining roads

00:30:23.180 through the narrow gorges

00:30:24.500 of violent rivers.

00:30:30.140 But the traffic,

00:30:31.760 which only recently

00:30:32.840 had supported them,

00:30:34.140 had vanished.

00:30:34.720 It was perhaps

00:30:40.100 not surprising

00:30:41.100 that an annexationist

00:30:43.140 movement

00:30:43.480 should appear

00:30:44.080 in Victoria,

00:30:45.460 where bankruptcy

00:30:46.220 and pessimism

00:30:47.220 went hand in hand.

00:30:49.080 In late 1866,

00:30:51.500 most still felt

00:30:52.660 that reciprocity

00:30:53.900 with the United States

00:30:55.000 was all they needed.

00:30:56.300 but others

00:30:58.840 were now regarding

00:30:59.780 the border itself

00:31:00.860 with a critical eye.

00:31:03.680 The mountains

00:31:04.300 created a coastal world

00:31:06.000 whose natural lines

00:31:07.540 of communication

00:31:08.320 ran south

00:31:09.180 to Seattle

00:31:10.220 and San Francisco.

00:31:11.200 already the isolated colony

00:31:18.080 was making more

00:31:19.300 and more use

00:31:20.060 of American communications.

00:31:22.780 Soon,

00:31:23.560 American railroads

00:31:24.620 might provide a link

00:31:25.660 to the east.

00:31:27.140 It was clear

00:31:27.860 that a substantial group

00:31:29.620 believed it made sense

00:31:31.140 to join the union.

00:31:32.120 Men like Richard Blanchard,

00:31:36.160 however,

00:31:36.900 were pro-British,

00:31:38.280 as was the journalist

00:31:39.460 Amor de Cosmos

00:31:40.680 and the representative

00:31:42.000 of Canadian interests

00:31:43.240 R. W. Carroll.

00:31:46.060 Forget the deceptive

00:31:47.420 dictates of geography,

00:31:48.760 they said.

00:31:50.240 The practical

00:31:50.900 and British solution

00:31:52.920 was to join

00:31:54.300 the new Canadian

00:31:55.140 Confederation.

00:31:57.500 But annexationists

00:31:59.140 saw only the 700 miles

00:32:01.140 of high mountains

00:32:02.100 the 1,000 miles

00:32:04.560 of lonely prairies

00:32:05.700 and the 1,200 miles

00:32:08.600 of Laurentian Shield,

00:32:10.280 which lay between them

00:32:11.580 and Ottawa.

00:32:13.360 And events tended

00:32:14.800 to favor annexationism,

00:32:16.640 for the American purchase

00:32:17.940 of Alaska

00:32:18.620 seemed to put the colony

00:32:20.460 in a trap.

00:32:23.960 And when the London Times

00:32:25.580 itself said,

00:32:27.380 no obstacle

00:32:28.240 should be put

00:32:28.940 in the way

00:32:29.480 of peaceful annexation

00:32:31.020 to the United States,

00:32:32.720 even the most loyal

00:32:34.480 dispaired.

00:32:39.200 With London

00:32:40.420 apparently so complacent

00:32:42.100 about possible annexation

00:32:43.560 to the United States,

00:32:44.780 it was natural

00:32:45.480 that the anti-American

00:32:46.740 party in British Columbia

00:32:48.060 should watch

00:32:48.940 with satisfaction

00:32:49.940 as Canadian Confederation

00:32:51.940 was pushed through,

00:32:53.660 the Hudson's Bay Company

00:32:54.640 was bought out,

00:32:55.520 when the new dominion

00:32:56.960 did start

00:32:57.980 reaching westward.

00:32:59.560 Confederation

00:33:00.120 had been billed

00:33:01.020 as a substitute

00:33:01.780 for reciprocity,

00:33:03.620 as the cure

00:33:04.340 for depression

00:33:05.060 and annexationism,

00:33:06.720 the very problems

00:33:07.720 that plagued

00:33:08.500 British Columbia.

00:33:09.980 But pro-Americans 0.99

00:33:11.320 pointed out

00:33:11.980 that only some

00:33:12.640 pretty improbable

00:33:13.860 railroad building

00:33:14.760 could create

00:33:15.400 a real commercial

00:33:16.840 connection with the East.

00:33:18.540 Nor had Confederation,

00:33:19.880 they noted,

00:33:20.580 ended either depression

00:33:21.700 or annexationism.

00:33:23.720 Nova Scotia,

00:33:24.400 in fact,

00:33:25.080 had felt worse off

00:33:26.120 in Confederation

00:33:26.860 and had wanted out.

00:33:28.560 Jo Howard kept her in.

00:33:30.380 But among her coal miners 1.00

00:33:31.620 and fishermen,

00:33:32.720 as among New Brunswick's lumbermen,

00:33:34.640 annexationist sentiment

00:33:35.660 was more widespread

00:33:36.800 than ever.

00:33:38.200 And there were

00:33:38.620 other annexationists.

00:33:44.580 In the commercial centers

00:33:46.060 of the Dominion,

00:33:47.600 many businessmen

00:33:48.780 brooded on the fact

00:33:49.920 that after a year

00:33:51.340 without reciprocity,

00:33:53.040 their trade

00:33:53.600 with the United States

00:33:54.720 had been cut in half.

00:33:56.960 Still vivid

00:33:57.560 in their memories

00:33:58.320 was the delight

00:33:59.640 with which protectionists

00:34:01.020 in Congress

00:34:01.620 had finally managed

00:34:03.220 to kill reciprocity

00:34:04.440 during the Civil War.

00:34:07.480 Many Canadians

00:34:08.560 now realized

00:34:09.600 that the protectionists,

00:34:11.460 having once slammed

00:34:12.440 the door,

00:34:13.660 were strong enough

00:34:14.540 to keep it shut.

00:34:19.760 Sam's door

00:34:20.760 was locked

00:34:21.420 and no amount

00:34:22.660 of knocking

00:34:23.180 seemed to open it.

00:34:26.100 Some bold spirits

00:34:27.720 who felt the door

00:34:28.620 must be opened

00:34:29.440 at any price

00:34:30.280 turned to more

00:34:31.600 devious methods.

00:34:34.220 They hinted

00:34:34.880 that the desired

00:34:35.940 fruits of prosperity

00:34:37.140 grew best

00:34:38.100 on the tree

00:34:38.980 of independence.

00:34:39.860 but for loyalists,

00:34:42.480 independence

00:34:43.020 was merely a trap

00:34:44.380 set by annexationists.

00:34:47.040 What these gentlemen

00:34:47.800 really wanted

00:34:48.560 was to lure

00:34:49.540 the Canadian beaver

00:34:50.580 into the American cage. 0.51

00:34:52.380 were not going to let him

00:34:57.520 get caught.

00:35:01.340 Defenders of the Dominion

00:35:02.680 took to pointing

00:35:03.520 a critical finger

00:35:04.520 at all shades

00:35:05.960 of independence.

00:35:07.780 Even Joe Howe,

00:35:09.120 now a federal ally,

00:35:11.120 found himself

00:35:11.800 suspected unfairly

00:35:13.240 of telling Riel

00:35:14.600 how to win it.

00:35:15.320 The truth was,

00:35:20.700 the nervous Canadian cat,

00:35:22.860 uncertain about

00:35:23.640 the eagle's intentions,

00:35:25.320 was of several minds.

00:35:31.660 Just how the cat

00:35:32.780 would jump

00:35:33.360 could very well

00:35:34.940 depend on American mood.

00:35:36.540 When Ulysses Grant

00:35:40.660 took over

00:35:41.200 as president

00:35:41.820 in 1869,

00:35:43.740 some Canadians

00:35:45.000 wondered

00:35:45.380 if the style

00:35:46.300 of the former general

00:35:47.340 would take over too.

00:35:50.600 The new eagle-in-chief

00:35:52.460 was a known expansionist,

00:35:54.760 and some Canadians

00:35:55.780 feared he might

00:35:56.780 be capable

00:35:57.320 of hatching

00:35:58.140 new imperial schemes

00:35:59.720 in the name

00:36:00.700 of shelving old ones.

00:36:02.240 An American nationalist

00:36:07.160 mood was strongly

00:36:08.320 in evidence.

00:36:10.580 Uncle Sam's

00:36:11.400 civil war claims

00:36:12.340 against Britain

00:36:13.040 were still unsettled,

00:36:14.660 and gave expansionists

00:36:16.120 like Charles Sumner

00:36:17.260 something to yell about.

00:36:19.200 His arrogant suggestion

00:36:20.980 that Britain pay up

00:36:22.840 by surrendering Canada

00:36:24.360 proved most offensive

00:36:26.340 to imperial dignity.

00:36:32.240 The Fenians

00:36:34.540 were not through yet.

00:36:36.480 Once again,

00:36:37.420 Canadian attitudes

00:36:38.240 were strongly affected

00:36:39.480 by their violent deeds.

00:36:42.020 In 1868,

00:36:43.780 a Fenian

00:36:44.300 murdered Darcy McGee, 1.00

00:36:46.340 a father of Confederation.

00:36:51.480 An outraged Canada

00:36:53.320 tended to look askance

00:36:54.800 at Uncle Sam.

00:36:56.720 Just how close

00:36:57.980 did one want to get

00:36:59.140 to a neighbor

00:36:59.700 who allowed assassins

00:37:00.920 to flourish unchecked.

00:37:03.440 Better cling to Britannia

00:37:04.820 as long as Fenians 0.98

00:37:06.460 were running loose.

00:37:11.600 In mid-1870,

00:37:13.660 there were renewed

00:37:14.480 Fenian attacks 0.95

00:37:15.340 on the eastern townships

00:37:16.580 of Quebec.

00:37:21.600 British and Canadian troops

00:37:23.280 quickly repulsed

00:37:24.500 the Fenian skirmishers.

00:37:30.920 The victors paraded,

00:37:36.660 displaying their

00:37:37.460 Fenian trophies,

00:37:38.620 and were hailed

00:37:39.720 with considerable pride.

00:37:44.160 The Fenians

00:37:44.760 had been soundly trounced.

00:37:47.100 Ejected from Canada,

00:37:48.800 they now found themselves

00:37:50.180 persona non grata

00:37:51.400 with President Grant.

00:37:55.660 Uncle Sam

00:37:57.000 had had enough.

00:37:57.920 Severe restrictions

00:38:02.600 and internal dissension

00:38:03.980 soon left the Fenians

00:38:05.580 in disarray.

00:38:17.320 The Fenian problem 0.99

00:38:18.660 was at last in hand.

00:38:20.160 A wave of anger

00:38:25.200 had swept Canada

00:38:26.120 at news

00:38:27.160 of the fresh

00:38:27.760 Fenian attacks. 0.54

00:38:29.640 Moreover,

00:38:30.440 the Fenians

00:38:30.920 had been poisoning

00:38:31.720 American minds

00:38:32.720 against Canada's

00:38:33.640 true friend.

00:38:36.940 The St. Lawrence

00:38:37.920 still needed guarding.

00:38:39.820 And when the departure

00:38:40.680 of the last British 1.00

00:38:41.840 redcoats

00:38:42.380 was delayed

00:38:42.980 for a year,

00:38:44.660 Canada,

00:38:45.200 for the moment,

00:38:46.300 felt more secure.

00:38:47.320 The government

00:38:53.560 of the New Dominion,

00:38:54.600 meanwhile,

00:38:55.540 had discovered

00:38:56.060 what it thought

00:38:56.680 was a trump card.

00:38:59.580 Americans fishing

00:39:00.500 off the maritime

00:39:01.200 coasts of Canada

00:39:02.200 now faced

00:39:03.460 the old

00:39:04.000 three-mile limit

00:39:04.900 thanks to the killing

00:39:06.320 of the Reciprocity Treaty.

00:39:08.320 But the fleets

00:39:09.260 from New England

00:39:09.920 considered the

00:39:11.020 inshore fisheries

00:39:12.000 indispensable

00:39:12.680 and kept coming.

00:39:14.100 Their illegal presence

00:39:20.760 angered Canada's

00:39:21.840 depressed maritime

00:39:22.720 fishermen.

00:39:24.780 They had been

00:39:25.360 deprived of reciprocity

00:39:26.660 by Uncle Sam,

00:39:28.040 so he should at least

00:39:29.240 pay a fee

00:39:29.880 for his fishing privileges.

00:39:32.300 But licenses

00:39:33.340 were ignored

00:39:34.140 and soon,

00:39:35.780 Canadian patrols

00:39:36.820 were halting

00:39:37.520 time-honored practices

00:39:38.680 as illegal.

00:39:39.800 Canadian cruisers

00:39:44.560 chased and arrested

00:39:46.000 violators

00:39:46.640 of the three-mile limit.

00:39:50.920 Sam,

00:39:51.660 the poacher,

00:39:52.540 found that young

00:39:53.300 Canada could be tough.

00:39:56.560 Canadian belligerence

00:39:57.900 stemmed from

00:39:58.700 McDonald's conviction

00:39:59.680 that he could use

00:40:00.940 the fisheries issue

00:40:01.800 to win back

00:40:02.880 reciprocity.

00:40:03.660 And, of course,

00:40:06.620 Canada's self-esteem

00:40:07.760 would be helped

00:40:08.380 by standing up

00:40:09.660 to Uncle Sam.

00:40:11.720 But the look

00:40:12.680 in Sam's eyes

00:40:13.700 alarmed Britain,

00:40:15.280 for McDonald's policy

00:40:16.940 presumed the support

00:40:18.040 of her great navy.

00:40:21.420 Fine as their ships were,

00:40:23.920 Britain's admirals

00:40:24.840 didn't see how

00:40:25.600 they could defend

00:40:26.360 the 49th parallel.

00:40:31.160 William Gladstone

00:40:32.280 was now

00:40:32.860 Prime Minister

00:40:33.480 of Britain.

00:40:34.840 A liberal,

00:40:35.980 he had been elected

00:40:36.680 on a platform

00:40:37.440 of reform at home

00:40:39.080 and cutting

00:40:40.160 imperial commitments

00:40:41.160 abroad.

00:40:42.400 So the last thing

00:40:43.580 Gladstone wanted

00:40:44.360 was trouble

00:40:45.240 in North America.

00:40:47.400 Besides,

00:40:48.460 his eyes

00:40:49.040 were on Europe.

00:40:50.500 For in 1870,

00:40:52.200 the balance of power

00:40:53.220 in Europe

00:40:53.680 was suddenly upset

00:40:54.860 when France

00:40:56.200 declared war

00:40:56.980 on Prussia.

00:41:02.860 French Elan

00:41:05.040 collided with

00:41:06.260 well-organized

00:41:07.160 and determined

00:41:07.780 German power.

00:41:11.180 Mars Latour,

00:41:12.680 Gravelot,

00:41:14.360 Zedan,

00:41:15.300 an astonished world

00:41:16.540 saw the armies

00:41:17.720 of Napoleon III

00:41:18.860 overwhelmed

00:41:19.980 by the German onslaught.

00:41:21.180 British opinion

00:41:27.400 had at first

00:41:28.320 supported Prussia,

00:41:29.940 but soon

00:41:30.720 the swiftness

00:41:31.460 of the French route

00:41:32.280 aroused sympathy

00:41:33.660 for the fallen nation.

00:41:34.660 There was also

00:41:40.300 uneasiness in London

00:41:41.480 about the victors

00:41:42.500 who were parading

00:41:43.880 their triumph

00:41:44.500 in Paris.

00:41:48.420 Soon,

00:41:49.380 at Versailles,

00:41:50.560 they celebrated

00:41:51.280 the founding

00:41:51.840 of a new

00:41:52.640 great power,

00:41:54.040 the German Empire.

00:41:55.740 And no one

00:41:56.740 in Britain

00:41:57.120 was sure

00:41:57.840 of the intentions

00:41:58.920 of its brilliant

00:41:59.960 and formidable

00:42:00.700 chancellor,

00:42:01.920 Prince Otto

00:42:02.440 von Bismarck.

00:42:04.660 Russian moves

00:42:10.220 were also

00:42:10.740 causing Britain 0.92

00:42:11.420 concern,

00:42:12.480 for the bear

00:42:13.460 was trying

00:42:14.060 to break loose

00:42:14.920 from some

00:42:15.860 uncomfortable shackles.

00:42:19.720 The Black Sea

00:42:20.940 had been neutralized

00:42:22.040 as a result

00:42:22.700 of the Crimean War,

00:42:24.180 and Russia

00:42:25.100 had been forced

00:42:25.760 to demilitarize

00:42:27.000 one of her chief regents.

00:42:32.740 But Alexander II

00:42:34.280 still popularly known

00:42:36.280 as the Tsar Liberator,

00:42:38.600 had his eyes

00:42:39.320 on Europe, too,

00:42:40.940 and had pointed out

00:42:41.700 to his military leaders

00:42:42.740 that the preoccupation

00:42:44.360 of the other powers,

00:42:45.680 the Franco-Prussian War,

00:42:47.560 gave Russia a chance 0.93

00:42:48.760 to shake off

00:42:49.580 the shackles.

00:42:51.020 The Russians 0.95

00:42:51.980 decided to denounce

00:42:53.360 their obligations,

00:42:54.780 and soon showed

00:42:55.760 every intention

00:42:56.540 of remilitarizing

00:42:57.980 an area of vital

00:42:59.420 concern to Britain.

00:43:00.320 Russia's move 0.75

00:43:10.120 aroused angry

00:43:11.100 British protests

00:43:11.960 and even talk

00:43:13.480 of war.

00:43:15.660 But Gladstone

00:43:16.900 could not face war

00:43:18.920 with North American

00:43:20.240 problems unsettled.

00:43:21.200 In his annual message

00:43:27.720 of 1870,

00:43:29.760 President Grant

00:43:30.580 referred to Canada

00:43:31.480 disparagingly

00:43:32.440 as this semi-independent

00:43:34.580 and irresponsible agent

00:43:36.160 misusing its delegated powers

00:43:38.520 and threatening reprisals.

00:43:41.340 Canada's status

00:43:42.240 in Washington

00:43:42.920 was obviously

00:43:43.940 pretty low.

00:43:45.660 If it did come

00:43:46.400 to a clash,

00:43:47.520 Canada was no longer

00:43:48.400 defensible,

00:43:48.920 and London knew it.

00:43:50.500 But Gladstone hoped

00:43:51.520 that by compromising

00:43:52.780 on American Civil War

00:43:53.860 damage claims,

00:43:55.380 he might negotiate

00:43:56.520 a general

00:43:57.460 Anglo-American settlement

00:43:58.700 in which American

00:43:59.920 acceptance of the

00:44:00.780 new Canadian

00:44:01.380 Confederation

00:44:02.120 would be implicit.

00:44:03.880 Britain could then 0.86

00:44:04.840 withdraw from

00:44:06.080 North America

00:44:06.700 in good conscience.

00:44:08.780 In Washington,

00:44:09.980 many congressmen

00:44:10.780 were still convinced

00:44:11.680 that by denying

00:44:12.900 Canada reciprocity,

00:44:14.720 they would help

00:44:15.200 her annexationists 0.87

00:44:16.180 talk her peacefully 0.99

00:44:17.300 into the Union.

00:44:18.920 But Secretary of State

00:44:20.180 Fish now knew

00:44:21.420 that the majority

00:44:22.200 in Canada

00:44:22.860 opposed joining

00:44:24.120 the United States.

00:44:25.800 And Fish,

00:44:26.520 a man of conscience,

00:44:28.100 respected majorities.

00:44:34.600 So in late 1870,

00:44:37.600 discreet British approaches

00:44:38.980 revealed that behind

00:44:40.780 the closed American door,

00:44:43.060 Brother Jonathan, too,

00:44:44.380 was wondering

00:44:44.900 if the hostile posture

00:44:46.260 of recent years

00:44:47.300 was still advantageous.

00:44:51.540 Columbia knew

00:44:52.640 she had John Bull

00:44:54.100 just where she wanted him.

00:44:57.420 Britain needed something,

00:44:59.540 and Columbia

00:45:00.160 was entirely willing.

00:45:02.420 It was agreed

00:45:03.180 to set up

00:45:03.680 a joint commission.

00:45:05.300 Fish himself

00:45:06.080 led the American team,

00:45:07.720 and the British delegation

00:45:08.680 recognized Canada's

00:45:10.460 increased stature

00:45:11.240 by including

00:45:12.360 Prime Minister

00:45:13.040 John A.

00:45:13.760 MacDonald.

00:45:16.280 But MacDonald felt

00:45:17.760 more worried

00:45:18.600 than honored

00:45:19.280 when he considered

00:45:20.700 his likely role.

00:45:23.520 His chief fear

00:45:24.980 was that Uncle Sam's

00:45:26.300 account against Britain

00:45:27.340 would be settled

00:45:28.400 at any cost,

00:45:30.220 Canada's if necessary. 0.80

00:45:33.020 The Alabama claims

00:45:34.660 by now

00:45:35.300 were a staggering sum.

00:45:36.840 This bizarre figure,

00:45:40.160 which even included

00:45:41.280 claims against Britain

00:45:42.460 for prolonging the war,

00:45:44.700 had been inflated

00:45:45.560 by public opinion

00:45:46.520 to tremendous size. 0.99

00:45:47.980 A lone pig

00:46:04.720 on San Juan Island

00:46:06.180 near Vancouver

00:46:07.000 had been the only

00:46:08.580 casualty to date

00:46:09.620 in a quarrel

00:46:10.800 over conflicting claims

00:46:12.060 to the island.

00:46:16.160 But endless dispute

00:46:17.740 had left the matter

00:46:18.620 unsettled

00:46:19.620 and the strategic island

00:46:20.980 occupied by troops

00:46:22.160 of both countries.

00:46:26.500 The Secretary of State

00:46:28.220 was determined

00:46:29.140 to win agreement

00:46:29.980 that the fish

00:46:31.120 off the Canadian coast

00:46:32.360 had dual citizenship.

00:46:37.860 American rights

00:46:38.980 of navigation

00:46:39.680 on Canadian rivers

00:46:40.900 and canals

00:46:41.700 had ended

00:46:42.360 along with reciprocity.

00:46:44.460 Since the United States

00:46:45.700 needed them,

00:46:46.840 they were a bargain.

00:46:47.740 point

00:46:48.320 What did

00:46:51.900 MacDonald want?

00:46:54.620 Reciprocity

00:46:55.380 still seemed

00:46:56.540 the key to prosperity

00:46:57.680 to most Canadians.

00:46:59.840 Although MacDonald

00:47:00.540 was dubious,

00:47:02.020 public opinion

00:47:02.580 was convinced

00:47:03.380 he could use

00:47:04.200 Canada's canals

00:47:05.280 and fisheries

00:47:06.120 to make

00:47:07.040 President Grant's

00:47:08.160 protectionist administration

00:47:09.500 unlock

00:47:10.680 the American door.

00:47:11.840 only then

00:47:15.520 would Canada

00:47:16.400 be safe

00:47:16.980 from threatening

00:47:17.640 annexationism.

00:47:22.140 In the minds

00:47:23.160 of most Canadians,

00:47:24.860 the havoc

00:47:25.420 caused by the

00:47:26.260 Fenian raiders 1.00

00:47:27.080 seemed quite as real

00:47:28.780 as that caused

00:47:29.460 by the Alabama.

00:47:31.180 But MacDonald,

00:47:32.420 who was expected

00:47:33.140 to push claims,

00:47:34.640 could not even

00:47:35.300 get the matter

00:47:35.820 on the agenda.

00:47:36.460 MacDonald's private

00:47:41.420 doubts

00:47:41.880 over his

00:47:42.520 probable position

00:47:43.400 at the conference

00:47:44.100 proved only

00:47:45.240 too correct.

00:47:45.900 Trapped between

00:47:51.400 two great powers,

00:47:53.180 he found himself

00:47:53.860 to be both

00:47:54.400 the odd man out

00:47:55.540 and the nuisance

00:47:56.760 of the conference.

00:48:01.800 His dedication

00:48:03.000 to Canadian interests

00:48:04.440 tended to interfere

00:48:05.980 with the obvious

00:48:06.880 trend to

00:48:07.480 British-American

00:48:08.140 compromise.

00:48:09.820 The Americans

00:48:10.420 had made

00:48:11.120 a considerable

00:48:11.680 concession

00:48:12.220 in allowing

00:48:13.180 the Alabama

00:48:13.820 claims to be

00:48:14.620 submitted to arbitration.

00:48:15.900 which would surely

00:48:17.220 scale down

00:48:17.980 John Bull's bill.

00:48:21.440 MacDonald deplored

00:48:22.900 Britain's response,

00:48:24.620 which was to allow

00:48:25.400 the Canadian fisheries

00:48:26.580 to go for cash

00:48:27.460 compensation.

00:48:30.140 The Maritimers 1.00

00:48:31.660 treasured their fisheries,

00:48:33.000 he complained,

00:48:33.820 and would be upset

00:48:34.940 if they were swapped

00:48:36.080 not for real compensation

00:48:38.020 like reciprocity,

00:48:39.560 but merely for

00:48:40.640 an olive branch

00:48:41.640 and some cash.

00:48:45.900 But MacDonald's objections

00:48:48.920 seemed downright

00:48:49.900 obstruction

00:48:50.400 to the British.

00:48:52.340 Privately,

00:48:53.200 they told him

00:48:53.820 that reciprocity

00:48:54.780 was simply

00:48:55.420 unobtainable

00:48:56.160 and badgered him

00:48:57.740 to accept compensation

00:48:59.180 and sign the treaty.

00:49:00.540 The British and

00:49:15.800 Americans got their 0.99

00:49:16.920 treaty,

00:49:17.660 but MacDonald

00:49:18.840 signed

00:49:19.820 only after he had

00:49:21.300 received compensation

00:49:22.240 for his

00:49:22.940 Fenian claims

00:49:23.860 from the British.

00:49:25.140 Even then,

00:49:28.820 MacDonald only

00:49:29.640 signed the treaty

00:49:30.440 under protest

00:49:31.360 and as an

00:49:32.440 imperial commissioner

00:49:33.400 rather than as

00:49:34.480 Canadian representative.

00:49:36.440 By doing this,

00:49:37.480 he cleverly implied

00:49:38.420 that while he

00:49:39.140 approved the treaty

00:49:40.020 in terms of

00:49:40.660 imperial interests,

00:49:42.160 he disapproved of it

00:49:43.180 from a Canadian

00:49:43.920 point of view.

00:49:45.320 MacDonald knew

00:49:46.040 that Canadian opinion

00:49:47.040 would blame him

00:49:47.800 for not getting

00:49:48.500 reciprocity,

00:49:49.760 and he was getting

00:49:50.400 a story ready.

00:49:52.440 Why did he sign

00:49:53.500 at all?

00:49:54.020 Well,

00:49:56.140 Britain was set 0.95

00:49:56.880 on Anglo-American

00:49:57.720 reconciliation.

00:49:58.980 Washington conceded

00:50:00.000 that this was possible,

00:50:01.420 but Britain would 0.67

00:50:02.340 now have to pay

00:50:03.040 the price for

00:50:03.660 imperial sins

00:50:04.460 during the Civil War.

00:50:06.320 To keep Canada's 0.98

00:50:07.420 share of the price

00:50:08.440 to a minimum,

00:50:09.820 MacDonald fought

00:50:10.580 long and hard,

00:50:12.420 but that done,

00:50:13.660 he signed.

00:50:14.900 He knew that while

00:50:15.780 Britain would pay 0.94

00:50:16.600 something for

00:50:17.120 Canadian approval

00:50:17.840 of the treaty,

00:50:18.920 she would not let

00:50:19.680 Canadian disapproval

00:50:20.840 wreck it.

00:50:22.320 Well then,

00:50:23.240 who got

00:50:23.860 what out of

00:50:25.200 the Treaty of

00:50:26.040 Washington?

00:50:29.820 Uncle Sam

00:50:30.800 had to watch

00:50:31.660 while issues

00:50:32.640 over which he

00:50:33.420 saw very little

00:50:34.180 argument went

00:50:35.360 through a tiresome

00:50:36.240 procedure called

00:50:37.280 arbitration

00:50:38.040 in a remote place

00:50:39.540 called Geneva.

00:50:43.800 Britain's acceptance

00:50:44.800 of arbitration

00:50:45.680 was considered

00:50:46.780 a confession of guilt,

00:50:48.700 but once done,

00:50:50.260 it did at least

00:50:51.000 explode the more

00:50:52.040 bizarre claims.

00:51:02.140 Now that the

00:51:03.280 principle of the

00:51:03.900 thing had been

00:51:04.380 established,

00:51:05.500 the bill turned

00:51:06.300 out to be acceptable

00:51:07.260 after all.

00:51:12.680 A dangerous issue

00:51:14.260 that had long

00:51:15.320 separated the two

00:51:16.260 nations was removed

00:51:17.760 at last.

00:51:22.380 As for the issue

00:51:23.480 of San Juan

00:51:24.180 Island,

00:51:25.440 the emperor

00:51:26.000 of Germany,

00:51:27.040 who found himself

00:51:27.920 appointed arbitrator,

00:51:29.580 after due

00:51:30.220 consideration,

00:51:31.660 looked with favor

00:51:32.380 on the American

00:51:33.200 version of the

00:51:33.940 boundary.

00:51:34.260 after winning San Juan

00:51:42.760 and a solid settlement

00:51:44.580 for the Alabama

00:51:45.420 claims,

00:51:46.420 public opinion

00:51:47.260 in the United

00:51:47.900 States had pretty

00:51:49.460 good reason to be

00:51:50.240 pleased.

00:51:56.140 John A.

00:51:57.040 McDonald had less

00:51:58.460 to smile about.

00:52:00.440 In fact,

00:52:01.540 a black eye

00:52:02.380 and empty hands

00:52:03.500 seemed to be all

00:52:04.680 he had brought home

00:52:05.520 from Washington.

00:52:07.060 Angry voices

00:52:08.040 were raised

00:52:08.800 against this

00:52:09.520 politician

00:52:10.160 who gave

00:52:11.160 but did not

00:52:12.120 receive.

00:52:14.500 Clever Columbia

00:52:15.640 had received

00:52:17.180 freedom of the

00:52:18.280 fisheries,

00:52:19.100 but had withheld

00:52:20.000 reciprocity,

00:52:21.320 its proper equivalent,

00:52:22.760 and Canadians

00:52:23.680 were outraged.

00:52:24.780 however,

00:52:29.360 it was not

00:52:30.160 until April

00:52:31.100 1872

00:52:32.280 that McDonald

00:52:33.540 had to defend

00:52:34.500 his Washington

00:52:35.520 performance

00:52:36.200 before Parliament.

00:52:40.220 The speech

00:52:41.220 from the throne

00:52:42.000 earnestly called

00:52:43.360 for ratification

00:52:44.240 of the Treaty

00:52:44.980 of Washington.

00:52:49.440 There was a mood

00:52:50.700 of hostile

00:52:51.380 expectancy

00:52:52.020 in the House

00:52:52.640 as the debate

00:52:53.200 began.

00:52:54.780 But McDonald

00:52:55.380 sat silent,

00:52:57.020 leaving his own

00:52:57.700 defense to his

00:52:58.380 friends.

00:52:59.840 Up his sleeve

00:53:00.560 was the fact

00:53:01.560 that he had

00:53:02.020 turned British

00:53:02.660 compensation

00:53:03.340 into a

00:53:04.440 two and a half

00:53:05.140 million pound

00:53:05.800 loan to build

00:53:07.080 the Pacific Railway.

00:53:11.200 Finally,

00:53:11.980 amid angry

00:53:12.620 queries about

00:53:13.500 the Fenian

00:53:14.120 claims,

00:53:15.440 news of the

00:53:16.020 loan was

00:53:16.480 announced,

00:53:17.620 and McDonald

00:53:18.160 stood revealed 0.93

00:53:19.140 as not a fool, 1.00

00:53:21.520 but a fox. 1.00

00:53:24.780 the treaty

00:53:36.460 was overwhelmingly

00:53:37.440 approved.

00:53:44.520 John Bull

00:53:45.320 had his own

00:53:46.120 reasons, too,

00:53:47.040 for a quiet

00:53:47.640 smile, at least.

00:53:48.720 It was

00:53:50.100 something

00:53:50.480 to be free

00:53:51.560 at last

00:53:52.100 from Uncle

00:53:52.700 Sam's 0.76

00:53:53.240 nasty-minded

00:53:53.980 conviction 0.65

00:53:54.480 that he was

00:53:55.620 a pirate

00:53:56.080 at heart.

00:53:57.680 Of course,

00:53:58.520 it was all

00:53:59.060 in Sam's

00:53:59.600 mind,

00:54:00.120 and that

00:54:02.300 was all

00:54:02.580 in the past

00:54:03.040 now,

00:54:03.960 and a more

00:54:04.760 harmonious

00:54:05.380 era had

00:54:05.900 begun.

00:54:08.280 Above all,

00:54:10.020 Britain was 0.97

00:54:10.540 now able to

00:54:11.180 concentrate her

00:54:11.840 attention on

00:54:12.540 Europe,

00:54:13.800 where there was

00:54:14.340 indeed plenty

00:54:15.100 to worry

00:54:15.680 about.

00:54:19.600 Radical Paris

00:54:20.760 had exploded

00:54:21.660 into the

00:54:22.200 violence of

00:54:22.920 the Commune.

00:54:26.580 After desperate

00:54:27.680 resistance,

00:54:28.800 the Commune

00:54:29.160 were overcome,

00:54:31.320 and bloody 0.72

00:54:31.880 reprisals followed.

00:54:32.780 The tragedy

00:54:39.860 of France

00:54:40.560 was watched

00:54:41.160 from across

00:54:41.700 the Channel

00:54:42.220 with apprehension.

00:54:44.500 Also,

00:54:45.760 Britain could 0.89

00:54:46.300 now devote

00:54:46.840 closer attention

00:54:47.620 to the distant

00:54:48.400 Indian frontier,

00:54:50.100 where there was

00:54:50.700 growing concern

00:54:51.480 about Russian

00:54:52.220 advances in

00:54:53.520 neighboring

00:54:53.840 Afghanistan.

00:54:58.960 The British

00:54:59.860 trooper

00:55:00.260 had plenty

00:55:01.380 to keep him

00:55:01.900 busy.

00:55:02.780 Britain could 0.89

00:55:09.840 now complete

00:55:10.600 at last

00:55:11.180 her long-desired

00:55:12.220 withdrawal

00:55:12.720 from North

00:55:13.240 America.

00:55:14.680 In September,

00:55:15.900 the last units

00:55:16.780 of the British

00:55:17.340 garrison

00:55:17.860 marched through

00:55:18.920 Quebec's 0.75

00:55:19.560 Saint-Louis

00:55:20.200 Gate,

00:55:20.980 down to

00:55:21.660 the Grand

00:55:22.060 Allee.

00:55:28.360 At the

00:55:29.160 wharves,

00:55:30.160 the transports

00:55:31.160 were waiting

00:55:31.560 to begin

00:55:32.020 the long

00:55:32.520 voyage

00:55:32.960 home.

00:55:37.400 The provocative

00:55:38.580 military power

00:55:39.580 on America's

00:55:40.320 northern frontier

00:55:41.220 was being

00:55:42.400 dismantled

00:55:43.040 at last.

00:55:47.300 It was 112 years

00:55:49.700 since Wolf's

00:55:50.480 men had scaled

00:55:51.460 the supposedly

00:55:52.200 inaccessible heights

00:55:53.480 known as the

00:55:54.760 Gibraltar of America.

00:55:55.820 Britain's watch on 0.97

00:56:02.260 the St. Lawrence

00:56:03.040 was over.

00:56:08.020 Britain's military

00:56:09.020 withdrawal from

00:56:09.880 the St. Lawrence

00:56:10.580 and the interior

00:56:11.460 recognized that the

00:56:12.940 Union armies of the

00:56:13.960 Civil War had

00:56:14.680 demonstrated American

00:56:15.680 military supremacy

00:56:16.680 beyond challenge.

00:56:17.700 On the water,

00:56:19.540 American power still 0.61

00:56:20.640 could not challenge

00:56:21.500 British.

00:56:22.580 But naval power

00:56:23.520 could no longer

00:56:24.180 conquer America.

00:56:25.480 On the continent

00:56:26.080 itself,

00:56:27.220 there were no

00:56:27.800 foreign bases now

00:56:28.960 for the Americans

00:56:29.560 to worry about.

00:56:30.780 On land,

00:56:31.580 they were supreme.

00:56:32.960 So the land

00:56:34.080 no longer had to be

00:56:35.220 American in the

00:56:35.960 literal sense,

00:56:36.800 as manifest destiny

00:56:38.380 envisioned.

00:56:38.940 If Canada were no

00:56:40.800 longer a source

00:56:41.480 of potential danger,

00:56:42.900 then her annexation

00:56:43.880 was of less urgency,

00:56:45.460 at least for those

00:56:46.180 concerned with

00:56:46.820 legitimate national

00:56:47.660 security rather than

00:56:49.140 expansionist dreams.

00:56:51.100 With Britain gone,

00:56:52.700 Canada was tolerable.

00:56:55.020 Thus, the partition

00:56:56.080 of the continent

00:56:56.760 north of the Rio

00:56:57.580 Grande, begun in

00:56:59.040 1783, was completed,

00:57:01.440 not with one

00:57:02.280 American empire,

00:57:03.780 but with two

00:57:04.620 independent nations,

00:57:06.620 independent and

00:57:07.960 transcontinental.

00:57:08.940 Only on the

00:57:13.480 Pacific coast of

00:57:14.440 the United States,

00:57:16.080 especially in

00:57:16.900 San Francisco,

00:57:18.380 was there enough

00:57:19.000 interest in the

00:57:19.860 acquisition of

00:57:20.540 British Columbia

00:57:21.160 to raise its

00:57:22.240 voice in Congress.

00:57:26.040 California's

00:57:26.760 representatives in

00:57:27.600 Washington were,

00:57:29.120 in fact,

00:57:29.480 admonished by the

00:57:30.300 state legislature to

00:57:31.680 use all fair and

00:57:33.380 honorable means to

00:57:34.820 acquire the

00:57:35.500 British colony.

00:57:37.440 It was Senator

00:57:38.220 Ramsey of

00:57:38.900 Minnesota, however,

00:57:40.340 who predictably

00:57:41.260 showed the

00:57:42.340 loudest interest.

00:57:44.400 Few others did.

00:57:48.360 Busy President

00:57:49.400 Grant didn't even

00:57:51.040 take the time from

00:57:51.880 his other

00:57:52.260 correspondents to

00:57:53.520 reply to a petition

00:57:54.660 from pro-Americans

00:57:55.760 in British Columbia.

00:57:56.880 In British Columbia

00:58:00.460 itself, the two sides,

00:58:03.220 those who were anxious

00:58:03.980 for an American

00:58:04.720 connection and those

00:58:06.220 who preferred Canada,

00:58:07.960 argued largely in

00:58:09.100 economic terms.

00:58:10.060 pro-Americans claimed that

00:58:17.640 the completion of the

00:58:18.480 Northern Pacific would 0.91

00:58:19.880 make Victoria a great 0.99

00:58:21.180 port if it were

00:58:22.600 American.

00:58:23.720 Pro-Canadians pointed

00:58:24.840 out that Seattle would

00:58:26.440 be the terminus.

00:58:28.360 Yet, the anti-Americans

00:58:30.020 said, Victoria was

00:58:31.940 even more strategically

00:58:33.000 located than its

00:58:33.980 neighbor in relation to

00:58:35.380 the great prize of the

00:58:36.440 future.

00:58:41.380 This was the trade with

00:58:43.020 the Orient, now being 0.97

00:58:44.760 developed by the

00:58:45.540 Western powers.

00:58:47.260 In the scramble for

00:58:48.180 trade, Britain, rather

00:58:50.060 than the United States,

00:58:51.280 was in the lead.

00:58:51.980 The pro-Canadians argued

00:58:58.260 that if somehow a

00:58:59.940 railroad could be built

00:59:00.900 from Canada, British

00:59:02.300 Columbia's ports would

00:59:03.500 become key links in a

00:59:05.060 faster British route to

00:59:06.280 the Orient.

00:59:08.160 Victoria itself would be

00:59:09.920 the point of

00:59:10.420 transshipment, and

00:59:12.020 stagnation would end in a

00:59:13.660 stream of trade.

00:59:17.520 The pro-Canadians were

00:59:19.060 tremendously helped by

00:59:20.440 Canada's acquisition of

00:59:21.740 the West.

00:59:23.700 Britain also helped by

00:59:25.260 appointing Anthony

00:59:26.160 Musgrave as governor,

00:59:27.760 for he, like most

00:59:29.140 members of the

00:59:29.740 Legislative Assembly

00:59:30.600 now, was an aggressive

00:59:32.120 advocate of

00:59:33.040 confederation.

00:59:34.900 Soon, the Assembly

00:59:35.780 dispatched delegates to

00:59:36.960 Ottawa to negotiate

00:59:38.440 with the Canadian

00:59:39.180 government.

00:59:41.520 They found MacDonald

00:59:43.080 only too willing to

00:59:44.760 tell them what they

00:59:45.420 wanted to hear.

00:59:47.040 He promised that

00:59:48.140 Canada would complete 0.82

00:59:49.140 a railroad to the

00:59:50.120 Pacific within 10

00:59:51.600 years.

00:59:52.980 So, on July 20th, 1871,

00:59:56.020 British Columbia entered

00:59:57.660 confederation as the

00:59:59.400 sixth province.

01:00:02.320 But before MacDonald's

01:00:04.200 transcontinental dream could

01:00:05.680 be truly called completed,

01:00:07.500 one small step remained.

01:00:09.880 Prince Edward Island was small in size, but

01:00:15.340 immense in character and self-esteem.

01:00:18.300 The Islanders liked their way of life so well, they might have stayed independent forever.

01:00:23.340 But they tried to build a railroad, and as the debts grew, so did interest in confederation.

01:00:29.980 When the details of the arrangement with the Dominion were revealed, the Islanders had good reason to cheer, their railroads, their debts, and their absentee landlords had all been taken care of.

01:00:44.940 On July 1st, 1873, the Little Island became part of confederation, and MacDonald had reached his goal. The second transcontinental nation had been realized.

01:01:02.740 We began by noting fear, fear of the United States as a leading cause of confederation, and so it was.

01:01:13.800 But Canadians should also remember what Americans might have done and did not do.

01:01:20.460 The American Civil War was the most terrible event in North American history.

01:01:25.380 It was not entirely surprising that despair over apparent national disintegration should cause a Secretary of State to consider briefly annexing Canada as a diversion.

01:01:35.480 Nor was it surprising that in the victorious Union, manifest destiny should appear again.

01:01:41.080 Nor that there was some hostility to Canadian confederation.

01:01:46.040 Much of the hostility came simply from traditional American dislike of a despotic monarchy on their border.

01:01:53.060 But some were openly expansionist.

01:01:55.960 Yet the schemes of Banks and Ramsey, the pronouncements of state legislatures, the petitions of annexationists, both Canadian and American, got nowhere.

01:02:05.800 The annexation of Canada did not become an American national goal.

01:02:12.140 When reports to Secretary of State Fish suggested that most Canadians wanted to join the Union, he was indeed interested.

01:02:19.820 But when discreet inquiries convinced him this was not so, he went no further.

01:02:25.360 The combination of expansionist nationalism and superior power has frequently led nations into temptation.

01:02:34.560 Although many Americans would have liked them to, American governments in these dangerous years did not succumb.

01:02:42.560 Anglo-American reconciliation tended to overshadow the acceptance of Canada's nationhood so aptly symbolized by McDonald's lively and exasperating presence at the Treaty of Washington.

01:03:01.120 But Anglo-American understanding itself was an indispensable condition of Canada's full independence.

01:03:08.340 Now the undefended frontier, so long defended, was ready to become the subject of pious homilies.

01:03:20.900 And the two nations could get on with marking it properly.

01:03:28.580 The border, the historical record of an enduring will, was confirmed at last.

01:03:38.340 The E surprise, Was ожид japan, was found at last. 0.99

01:03:39.860 What a wonder, was the Senhor's lamented from the peak of the ? 0.94

01:03:46.460 Thislama could be seen and that has remained difficult to seven.

01:03:52.220 The river below the water Terrorаков, was the southern's empire of the national level of river.

01:04:01.220 Home soon as a poor volt on it was only the one that was for many days and will have the kind of pious homilies.

01:04:06.740 Oh

01:04:36.740 We'll be right back.

01:05:06.740 We'll be right back.

01:05:36.740 We'll be right back.

01:06:06.740 We'll be right back.

01:06:36.740 We'll be right back.

01:07:06.740 Oh, I say that, and then one comes in right as I was checking.

01:07:14.620 Brian7316 says, hi, Alex.

01:07:16.040 I just want to express my thanks and respect for all you've done and are doing for Canada.

01:07:19.800 You're a true patriot.

01:07:20.600 Merry Christmas, brother.

01:07:21.780 Brian, thank you so much, man.

01:07:23.360 You've been a huge supporter all year, and it means a lot.

01:07:25.880 So, you know, Merry Christmas to you and yours as well.

01:07:28.880 And thank you, man.

01:07:30.120 Really, I do appreciate it.

01:07:33.180 Cheers.

01:07:34.400 But yeah, without further ado, let's get into these clips.

01:07:38.320 The first one is right off the beginning, and the reason why I wanted to just, you know, reiterate this one.

01:07:43.200 It's a short clip, but it's true.

01:07:45.140 Like, this is something that a lot of modern Canadians have no understanding of, even though a lot of them have an instinctual understanding of this.

01:07:55.280 But I'll just play the clip.

01:07:58.040 In the opinion of one historian, Canadian Confederation was fundamentally anti-American, a grand design to protect British America from American encroachments.

01:08:11.100 Yeah, like, that's obviously correct.

01:08:13.860 But everything we've, you know, reviewed in this series just kind of reiterates that point.

01:08:19.680 And it's not necessarily about, you know, distaste or hatred towards Americans, although there certainly is some of that, as we saw in the series.

01:08:29.940 You know, there's some negative views towards the United States and, you know, their model, their experiment.

01:08:38.740 But really, it was more about protecting, you know, the British method of doing things.

01:08:43.220 And the British statecraft.

01:08:45.040 So, and the connections that Canadians had to it.

01:08:48.120 So, it's not incorrect to say that, you know, Canadian Confederation is a fundamentally anti-American endeavor.

01:08:54.700 It kind of was.

01:08:56.680 As much as it was, you know, pro-Canadian, it was anti-American.

01:09:00.680 And the reason I say that, you know, it's important to recognize this, and, you know, I don't think a lot of Canadians do realize this,

01:09:07.020 is that this is why there's always this visceral reaction to a lot of annexation talk.

01:09:16.380 And even now, like, you know, the people who are proposing annexation in modern times,

01:09:21.900 they fundamentally don't understand this.

01:09:24.560 They do not understand Canadians. 1.00

01:09:26.160 The reason why they're flabbergasted that Canadians would not want to join the United States is because they do not understand what Canadians are. 0.93

01:09:36.380 And until they do this kind of research and realize that these things go beyond, like, you can't just override this with a few memes and shitposts.

01:09:49.380 You can't override that kind of setting by making some, you know, modern arguments towards, you know, freedom of speech or a Second Amendment or something.

01:10:01.560 It's not going to work because it's much deeper.

01:10:04.820 The roots of that distrust and that dislike of the American, even if they don't understand why they don't like it, it's inbuilt.

01:10:14.780 So you're never going to convince Canadians en masse to support annexation.

01:10:19.860 And we saw this repeatedly throughout this series, and it'll come up again in these clips.

01:10:25.120 But every annexation movement that ever was attempted, and we saw it, like, there was, in this episode, Nova Scotia, British Columbia, Manitoba,

01:10:35.380 all of these colonies or all of these regions of Canada had annexationist movements for different reasons.

01:10:41.840 And they never solidified, they never metastasized, because there was a fundamental desire by the people living in those areas to remain part of the British system.

01:10:55.800 The push for annexationism was always rooted in short-term economic gain by, you know, a few.

01:11:05.380 So, you know, that's not a good way, that's not a powerful argument, right?

01:11:13.540 And this is something that even a lot of conservatives today don't understand, is that the most powerful political arguments are not economic.

01:11:20.960 Even if economics is the most important thing or a driving force behind a lot of what, you know, is happening in any given, you know, political conflict, it doesn't matter.

01:11:33.140 The more, there's a reason why conflicts that start for economic reasons are always given moral or ideological reasons over top of the economic ones, because it's not a powerful argument.

01:11:46.920 So, you know, anything rooted in a kind of economic sense is typically short-term and typically does not resonate well with the masses,

01:11:59.180 especially the masses who are not, you know, affected as much as the, you know, in this case, reciprocity is something that affected more businessmen than, you know, the average Canadian in a lot of ways.

01:12:10.280 So, but we'll go, we'll go over to Nova Scotia here first.

01:12:17.000 Now, this is, Joseph Howe is a very interesting character.

01:12:20.300 I'll play the clip and then I'll talk more about Joseph Howe.

01:12:22.920 He didn't come up, I don't believe he came up earlier in the series when I think he probably should have, which is in the 1840s or 1830s.

01:12:30.280 But, yeah, he's an incredibly important figure in Nova Scotian history.

01:12:38.060 And, yeah, obviously he was opposed to Confederation, but more opposed to annexation by the United States, which is interesting.

01:12:47.720 Adam says things as he did briefly.

01:12:49.500 Okay, yeah, they might have mentioned him in, like, episode four, whenever they're talking about the 1837-1838 rebellions,

01:12:58.120 because he was one of the leading voices speaking out against what was, you know, colloquially referred to as the family compact.

01:13:06.200 So, yeah, I'll just play the clip.

01:13:08.480 Uneasily, Howe saw Washington or Ottawa becoming the choice, rather than London or Ottawa.

01:13:15.280 His rival, Charles Tupper, who had maneuvered the province into Confederation,

01:13:20.960 proclaimed the benefits of Confederation to Nova Scotians.

01:13:27.860 The benefits seem more real when John A. MacDonald suggested privately to Howe

01:13:33.220 that better financial terms for Nova Scotia could be arranged.

01:13:37.660 Soon, Howe was attacking annexationism and counseling compromise.

01:13:42.100 Peaceful separation from Confederation was clearly impossible, 0.88

01:13:46.960 and Confederation on better terms was the only alternative.

01:13:52.360 The acceptance by Howe of a position in the Dominion Cabinet

01:13:55.860 meant that Confederation had officially prevailed,

01:13:59.560 leaving the annexationists disgruntled in the wing.

01:14:02.400 So, Joseph Howe is a very interesting character

01:14:11.860 in Canadian and Nova Scotian history.

01:14:16.440 He was actually born to loyalists who fled Massachusetts

01:14:20.960 during the American Revolution.

01:14:23.320 He was born in 1804 or 1805,

01:14:28.580 to loyalist parents in Halifax who had fled.

01:14:31.240 So, he is a figure that had an inbuilt,

01:14:36.940 hereditary dislike of the American way of doing things.

01:14:41.480 Now, his objection to Confederation was on the terms,

01:14:45.540 and that the terms were not favorable to Nova Scotia,

01:14:49.020 and that Nova Scotia would be better off 0.97

01:14:50.720 remaining part of the British Empire or becoming independent.

01:14:54.980 Now, in this time period, Britain did not want this.

01:15:00.980 So, Britain was not interested in, you know,

01:15:03.740 multiple independent colonies.

01:15:05.580 It was actively trying to oppose this.

01:15:07.840 So, when colonies in British North America,

01:15:10.620 you know, were breaking off from it,

01:15:12.680 or they were trying to, you know, cut the strings,

01:15:15.540 the direct strings from the empire of these colonies,

01:15:18.600 they did not want them going off on their own.

01:15:20.560 And the reason why is because it would have made them susceptible to annexation.

01:15:24.220 We'll see that later in this episode.

01:15:26.020 That's, you know, a fear that was very widespread.

01:15:29.800 That, you know, independence of any one individual colony,

01:15:33.180 not, you know, joining Confederation,

01:15:35.760 was simply going to lead to it being annexed by the United States.

01:15:39.060 And as much as Britain didn't want to have direct control,

01:15:41.720 it also didn't want these colonies slipping into the American sphere.

01:15:45.300 So, it wanted the colonies, when, you know, 0.67

01:15:48.960 they were given autonomy to join Confederation

01:15:51.600 as part of one large, you know, economic and political unit,

01:15:54.940 as opposed to being independent, you know,

01:15:57.900 little states that would be easily, you know,

01:16:02.480 dragged into the American gravity.

01:16:06.140 You know, the reason Joseph Howe is interesting prior to this

01:16:09.840 is that he was, as I mentioned before that clip,

01:16:12.800 one of the major vocal opponents to what was referred to as the Family Compact,

01:16:18.380 which is essentially the British, you know,

01:16:22.020 provincial oligarchy that governed the colonies in the 1800s.

01:16:30.900 There was dissatisfaction with the way it was being carried out.

01:16:34.380 And so, Howe, who was a journalist,

01:16:37.620 wrote extensively in opposition to much of the appointed leaders of Nova Scotia,

01:16:45.380 as well as, you know, Upper Canada and Lower Canada at this time.

01:16:50.500 And this culminated with him printing a letter

01:16:53.500 that was written anonymously to him,

01:16:56.640 claiming that 30,000 pounds had been embezzled,

01:17:01.580 essentially, by politicians and police in Nova Scotia

01:17:05.160 over a period of, I think it was 10 years,

01:17:08.380 but maybe it was more.

01:17:10.340 He printed this letter,

01:17:11.720 and they charged him with seditious libel.

01:17:14.780 So, basically, sedition

01:17:17.760 in the form of words, right?

01:17:20.500 So, a very serious charge,

01:17:22.140 of which the truth was not a defense.

01:17:25.540 So, if it was true what was claimed in that letter,

01:17:30.160 it wouldn't have been a defense.

01:17:31.900 The reason why this is so interesting,

01:17:34.580 you know, it's, you know,

01:17:35.540 I don't know if it's so interesting,

01:17:36.820 but it is like a kind of niche little moment

01:17:39.460 in Canadian history or Nova Scotian history,

01:17:41.400 is that he defended himself,

01:17:43.280 and he did it so well

01:17:44.740 that when the judge ordered the jury

01:17:47.020 that you must find him guilty,

01:17:48.660 they acquitted him within 10 minutes.

01:17:50.360 So, he gave over five hours

01:17:52.700 like a stunning oratory defense of his actions,

01:17:56.780 basically preaching for the freedom of the press

01:17:58.960 and claiming that, you know,

01:18:01.740 liberty was at stake, et cetera.

01:18:04.620 So, yeah, they were not,

01:18:11.120 the family compact was not happy with this.

01:18:14.420 I believe it was the judge who ordered

01:18:17.400 that they find him,

01:18:18.720 that the jury find him guilty.

01:18:20.720 His son then challenged Joseph Howe to a duel.

01:18:25.760 And Howe accepted,

01:18:27.680 and when his opponent fired and missed his shot,

01:18:32.180 this is, again, an interesting little story,

01:18:34.480 Howe didn't even return fire.

01:18:36.160 He just pointed,

01:18:37.220 I think the term is deloping,

01:18:39.320 or he deloped,

01:18:40.940 which is he just fired his shot off in the air.

01:18:43.060 So, he didn't even try to fire back,

01:18:44.720 which is kind of,

01:18:46.680 I was thinking about,

01:18:47.560 that's kind of a Chad move, right?

01:18:49.320 Some guy takes a shot at you

01:18:50.820 and you're just like, whatever.

01:18:51.940 Like, I don't care.

01:18:55.180 So, he's an interesting figure.

01:18:56.680 Anyways, he was put through the ringer

01:18:58.680 in his time period as well.

01:19:00.120 He was subjected to intimidation.

01:19:03.080 I believe his, you know,

01:19:04.480 his printing shop was smashed up

01:19:06.880 and vandalized numerous times

01:19:09.280 by thugs of the political leaders

01:19:13.420 in the province or in Halifax.

01:19:15.760 So, yeah, he's an interesting character.

01:19:18.160 Now, the thing that I find interesting

01:19:20.340 about this,

01:19:22.400 there's a theme here

01:19:23.420 that we're going to build on

01:19:24.740 throughout this episode.

01:19:26.900 And we actually kind of got into it

01:19:28.440 a little bit last week

01:19:29.440 with George Etienne Cartier.

01:19:30.820 So, George Etienne Cartier

01:19:32.240 was a member of the,

01:19:34.160 you know, Lower Canada Rebellion in 1837.

01:19:36.720 Joseph Howe was,

01:19:40.920 and obviously Etienne Cartier

01:19:42.640 ends up becoming

01:19:43.660 one of the fathers of Confederation.

01:19:46.940 Joseph Howe, again,

01:19:48.480 was an influential figure

01:19:50.020 within those rebellions

01:19:51.420 and ends up being the one who,

01:19:54.580 you know, once it's established

01:19:56.780 that they're not,

01:19:57.800 Nova Scotia will not receive independence

01:19:59.620 and they will not receive

01:20:01.360 the support of the empire.

01:20:03.180 He ends up being somebody

01:20:04.620 who lobbies for Confederation,

01:20:06.420 but just on better terms.

01:20:08.020 So, you have two of these

01:20:09.280 kind of rebellious figures

01:20:10.640 that end up advocating

01:20:12.680 on behalf of Confederation

01:20:14.060 and, you know,

01:20:15.000 remaining British.

01:20:17.800 So, yeah.

01:20:20.900 And this theme will come up again

01:20:22.880 or in, you know,

01:20:24.400 slightly different ways,

01:20:25.440 but it is kind of an interesting theme

01:20:27.380 that we'll see.

01:20:28.340 So, we'll move on to Red River.

01:20:30.820 After a financial arrangement

01:20:32.260 with Ottawa,

01:20:33.340 the Hudson's Bay Company

01:20:34.460 surrendered its political rights

01:20:36.200 at last.

01:20:37.520 But as Britain prepared

01:20:38.620 to turn control of Red River

01:20:40.220 over to Miss Canada, 0.77

01:20:42.300 she suddenly found

01:20:43.320 that her prize wasn't as tame

01:20:45.120 as she had thought.

01:20:48.300 In the isolated colony,

01:20:50.200 the largest and most influential group

01:20:52.140 was the Métis,

01:20:53.740 descendants of European

01:20:54.760 and Indian marriages.

01:20:55.860 They felt themselves

01:20:57.820 a unique people,

01:20:59.500 a nation,

01:21:00.600 and they prized

01:21:01.580 their independent way of life.

01:21:06.280 The Métis had the friendship

01:21:07.980 of the Indians

01:21:08.680 and both groups

01:21:10.460 were uneasy

01:21:11.220 about the coming

01:21:12.020 of Canadian rule.

01:21:16.220 The suspicions of the Métis 0.89

01:21:18.000 were roused

01:21:18.680 by public land surveyors

01:21:20.380 from Canada

01:21:20.900 whose rectangular lines

01:21:23.060 seemed to be ignoring

01:21:24.520 the irregular contours

01:21:26.140 of their little holdings.

01:21:28.160 This could only mean

01:21:29.360 one thing,

01:21:30.440 many whispered.

01:21:34.360 Yeah, so obviously

01:21:35.520 this is the beginnings

01:21:36.360 of settlement

01:21:37.160 in the Prairie region

01:21:38.760 and attempts

01:21:40.060 to settle,

01:21:41.160 anyways.

01:21:42.900 And, you know,

01:21:43.920 if you've been paying attention

01:21:44.800 through the past

01:21:46.300 two or three episodes,

01:21:47.300 this has come up repeatedly

01:21:48.280 that, you know,

01:21:49.160 the Hudson's Bay Company

01:21:50.020 operated very well

01:21:52.680 with the Métis

01:21:54.040 and with the Indian populations

01:21:56.260 that, you know,

01:21:57.180 resided in the territory

01:21:58.240 it controlled.

01:21:59.340 The reason is because

01:22:00.120 they wanted to trade with them.

01:22:02.040 So what was good

01:22:03.220 for the Indians

01:22:03.820 was good for the Hudson's Bay Company.

01:22:06.020 But they weren't interested

01:22:07.080 in settlement.

01:22:07.760 They were interested in furs

01:22:08.800 and trade generally.

01:22:11.360 So when, you know,

01:22:13.040 Canada's purchased,

01:22:15.040 well, that comes later,

01:22:16.540 but when Canada

01:22:18.120 becomes set on settlement

01:22:19.760 of the Prairies

01:22:20.600 and, you know,

01:22:21.440 establishing connection,

01:22:22.580 you know,

01:22:23.140 transcontinentally,

01:22:24.540 this is no longer

01:22:25.880 something that is going

01:22:27.420 to sit well

01:22:27.920 with the Métis

01:22:28.480 or the Indians 0.96

01:22:29.320 in the region.

01:22:29.920 This is where you get

01:22:30.380 these conflicts.

01:22:30.980 So obviously

01:22:31.920 this is the making

01:22:32.560 of the Red River Rebellion.

01:22:35.800 I don't know

01:22:36.460 if I'll get,

01:22:37.040 I might say a little bit

01:22:38.400 about Louis Riel.

01:22:39.180 I'll play the clip,

01:22:39.760 but those who have heard

01:22:42.020 me speak of him before

01:22:42.860 know I'm not a fan.

01:22:45.360 I think he was kind 0.99

01:22:46.200 of a lunatic, 0.99

01:22:46.920 but maybe not so much 0.95

01:22:48.960 at this current time.

01:22:50.460 A lot of what he did

01:22:52.040 kind of made sense

01:22:53.500 within this time period

01:22:54.980 and then he kind of

01:22:55.600 loses it more later,

01:22:56.920 like 10 years later.

01:22:57.820 or so.

01:22:58.800 Métis' anger grew, 0.99

01:23:00.720 particularly because

01:23:01.660 they had been transferred

01:23:02.700 to Canada

01:23:03.320 without being asked.

01:23:05.680 They had a capable

01:23:06.480 and determined leader,

01:23:08.220 Louis Riel,

01:23:09.300 who now decided

01:23:10.440 that Canada's manners

01:23:11.560 needed improving.

01:23:15.960 The first pupil

01:23:17.280 was William McDougal.

01:23:24.580 McDougal,

01:23:25.600 a Toronto expansionist,

01:23:26.940 had been appointed

01:23:28.000 Lieutenant Governor

01:23:28.840 of Red River.

01:23:30.560 Arriving in haste,

01:23:32.420 he found himself

01:23:33.160 stopped at the border

01:23:34.040 by Riel's men.

01:23:37.120 Riel,

01:23:37.900 a wild man

01:23:38.840 to the Ontario press,

01:23:40.900 very coolly

01:23:41.440 took over Fort Garry

01:23:42.620 and set up

01:23:43.780 a provisional government.

01:23:48.580 Riel had decided

01:23:49.840 not to accept

01:23:50.840 the transfer to Ottawa

01:23:51.960 unless Métis' rights 1.00

01:23:53.700 were guaranteed.

01:23:55.480 And until they were,

01:23:56.940 his followers

01:23:57.840 were prepared

01:23:58.420 to keep Canada out.

01:24:03.000 Yeah.

01:24:03.960 So this,

01:24:04.640 like it's,

01:24:06.120 even as somebody,

01:24:09.080 obviously,

01:24:09.640 like,

01:24:10.440 first of all,

01:24:11.260 Louis Riel

01:24:11.700 was basically European.

01:24:13.040 I mean,

01:24:13.420 yeah,

01:24:13.780 I know he was Métis, 0.97

01:24:14.840 but like,

01:24:15.420 even the,

01:24:15.940 the Métis very wildly,

01:24:17.840 like,

01:24:19.800 obviously,

01:24:20.220 even today,

01:24:20.680 a lot of people,

01:24:21.240 if you've ever met Métis,

01:24:22.500 there's,

01:24:23.460 I don't know,

01:24:24.060 like,

01:24:24.800 they're like,

01:24:25.540 they're like,

01:24:27.480 basically,

01:24:27.960 the Europeans

01:24:28.740 who are like

01:24:29.220 one-sixteenth

01:24:30.140 most of the time.

01:24:32.060 Occasionally,

01:24:32.460 they're,

01:24:32.900 you know,

01:24:33.320 like three-quarters

01:24:35.320 white or,

01:24:36.820 you know,

01:24:36.980 maybe half,

01:24:37.800 but most of the time

01:24:39.080 they're just,

01:24:39.820 they're Europeans

01:24:40.580 who there was one

01:24:41.920 intermarriage

01:24:43.600 and then,

01:24:44.200 you know,

01:24:44.480 it remained,

01:24:45.420 you know,

01:24:46.060 kind of European

01:24:46.660 the entire way.

01:24:47.240 And then there was some,

01:24:48.320 you know,

01:24:48.560 obviously they had good relations

01:24:49.860 with the,

01:24:50.460 the actual Indian tribes,

01:24:52.580 so they're,

01:24:53.340 they mixed up.

01:24:53.880 But anyways,

01:24:54.400 it's easy to see

01:24:58.580 how they would romanticize

01:25:00.280 Louis Riel,

01:25:01.620 especially like in the

01:25:03.400 60s and 70s,

01:25:04.660 like the 1960s and 70s,

01:25:06.080 when you have like

01:25:06.760 the civil rights movement

01:25:07.660 starting.

01:25:08.180 So you get that kind of like,

01:25:10.100 that kind of romanticism

01:25:13.140 about these,

01:25:13.980 you know,

01:25:16.520 indigenous rebel figures

01:25:18.320 type stuff.

01:25:21.200 Yeah,

01:25:21.680 at this,

01:25:22.040 at this time,

01:25:22.740 a lot of what he was asking

01:25:23.740 for was sensible.

01:25:24.400 And again,

01:25:25.120 one of the things

01:25:25.640 that's interesting,

01:25:26.800 if you caught it

01:25:27.820 in this episode,

01:25:28.600 I don't have it in the clip,

01:25:29.880 but Louis Riel

01:25:32.680 actually didn't want

01:25:33.940 necessarily independence

01:25:36.020 or at least he,

01:25:38.580 I think he probably understood,

01:25:39.720 especially in this time period,

01:25:40.860 that independence

01:25:41.900 was not going to happen.

01:25:43.820 There's,

01:25:44.340 there's no way

01:25:45.040 that he was going

01:25:45.880 to stand up

01:25:46.720 to the,

01:25:47.960 you know,

01:25:48.540 Ottawa

01:25:48.880 and the British

01:25:50.620 and come out on top.

01:25:52.260 It just wasn't going to happen.

01:25:54.160 And it wasn't going to happen

01:25:55.320 without the help

01:25:56.080 of the United States.

01:25:57.060 And so,

01:25:57.840 you know,

01:25:58.280 throughout this episode,

01:25:59.000 we saw the United States

01:26:00.140 is kind of like,

01:26:00.980 there was some actors

01:26:02.280 that were trying to push

01:26:03.180 and back

01:26:03.720 this Métis rebellion.

01:26:05.320 but I think Louis Riel

01:26:07.300 was intelligent enough

01:26:08.660 to understand

01:26:09.280 that that backing

01:26:11.240 was not motivated

01:26:12.260 by,

01:26:12.840 you know,

01:26:13.120 American,

01:26:14.180 you know,

01:26:16.900 belief in his cause.

01:26:18.680 They saw them

01:26:19.620 as a useful proxy

01:26:21.360 to fight,

01:26:22.240 you know,

01:26:22.500 Canadian interests

01:26:23.380 in the West.

01:26:24.700 And so,

01:26:25.280 Louis Riel

01:26:25.640 was very skeptical

01:26:26.480 of,

01:26:27.320 you know,

01:26:28.620 American support

01:26:29.640 and American involvement

01:26:31.060 in what was going on

01:26:32.380 because even he,

01:26:34.440 you know,

01:26:35.080 realized that his people

01:26:36.460 stood a better chance

01:26:37.640 of flourishing

01:26:38.780 in,

01:26:39.560 you know,

01:26:40.260 Canada

01:26:40.720 that protected,

01:26:42.580 you know,

01:26:42.860 Catholic and French rights

01:26:44.720 than they did

01:26:45.860 in an America

01:26:47.020 that was extremely

01:26:48.140 anti-Catholic

01:26:48.960 and never would have

01:26:50.840 ensured that French

01:26:51.960 language rights

01:26:52.680 were protected.

01:26:53.340 And those things

01:26:53.980 did matter

01:26:54.600 to the Métis,

01:26:55.660 obviously,

01:26:56.040 who were majority

01:26:56.680 French speaking.

01:26:57.640 So,

01:26:58.220 that's,

01:27:00.440 that's kind of,

01:27:01.740 you know,

01:27:03.580 part of the logic

01:27:04.420 that goes into this,

01:27:05.260 which is why

01:27:05.780 he was willing

01:27:06.300 to make concessions.

01:27:08.180 But he just wanted

01:27:09.140 to ensure that,

01:27:09.980 you know,

01:27:10.100 the Métis way of life 0.87

01:27:11.180 would be protected

01:27:11.900 and that,

01:27:12.960 you know,

01:27:13.660 they would have guarantees

01:27:14.780 on their lands

01:27:15.940 and,

01:27:16.540 you know,

01:27:16.900 some form of

01:27:18.400 independent governance

01:27:20.800 over their own,

01:27:21.720 you know,

01:27:22.240 affairs.

01:27:24.500 But,

01:27:24.980 Shamrock Shakespeare

01:27:27.440 was Riel.

01:27:28.580 I mean,

01:27:29.040 Riel was a hero

01:27:29.860 to his own people.

01:27:32.200 He's often portrayed

01:27:33.180 like that.

01:27:33.980 I think that

01:27:34.720 he's much more

01:27:36.160 admirable

01:27:37.200 as a figure

01:27:37.880 in this time period

01:27:38.820 than he is later in life.

01:27:41.200 You know,

01:27:41.440 his motivations

01:27:42.280 are sane

01:27:43.240 and,

01:27:43.720 you know,

01:27:44.440 noble,

01:27:46.080 I guess,

01:27:46.600 in this time period.

01:27:47.540 Whereas,

01:27:48.220 later in life,

01:27:48.900 he's just,

01:27:49.480 he's,

01:27:50.720 he thinks he could,

01:27:51.720 he has a direct line

01:27:52.640 to God.

01:27:53.020 He spent time

01:27:53.940 before the Northwest Rebellion

01:27:55.660 in 1885.

01:27:56.860 He spent time

01:27:57.760 in an insane asylum

01:27:59.220 in Montreal.

01:28:00.260 He was,

01:28:00.600 he was losing it.

01:28:01.780 So,

01:28:02.880 I mean,

01:28:03.520 you know,

01:28:03.900 there's,

01:28:05.720 make of it what you will. 0.99

01:28:06.720 I think he was a lunatic 0.98

01:28:08.200 later in life, 0.99

01:28:09.480 but,

01:28:10.460 you know,

01:28:11.960 he is kind of hailed

01:28:13.180 as being this

01:28:14.000 First Nations hero

01:28:16.380 or whatever.

01:28:16.920 EBP97 says

01:28:21.560 he was seven-eighths

01:28:22.420 Canadian

01:28:22.780 and one-eighth

01:28:23.560 Chippewa.

01:28:24.280 Yeah,

01:28:24.960 that's what I mean.

01:28:25.620 It's like,

01:28:25.980 like,

01:28:26.320 if you've seen photos

01:28:27.120 of him,

01:28:27.400 he doesn't look

01:28:28.020 like a chug.

01:28:30.420 Just before I go on,

01:28:31.440 Boiling Frog

01:28:31.940 gifted five subscriptions.

01:28:33.120 Thanks so much,

01:28:33.720 man.

01:28:34.260 You guys,

01:28:34.880 you guys have been

01:28:35.220 super supportive tonight.

01:28:39.320 But yeah,

01:28:39.860 you can see,

01:28:40.580 like,

01:28:40.900 you know,

01:28:41.440 his story is,

01:28:42.160 is interesting for sure.

01:28:43.460 And this is why

01:28:44.100 it gets so much attention

01:28:45.040 in Canadian politics.

01:28:46.600 Now,

01:28:46.980 I don't know what

01:28:47.900 people expected

01:28:48.820 the Canadian,

01:28:50.140 you know,

01:28:50.540 government to do.

01:28:51.440 They were never going

01:28:52.220 to allow this to happen.

01:28:55.760 Like,

01:28:56.260 they were never going

01:28:56.800 to allow some

01:28:57.580 upstart Métis

01:28:58.940 to,

01:29:00.320 you know,

01:29:00.840 basically hamper

01:29:02.060 their entire

01:29:02.740 westward expansion

01:29:03.700 at Manitoba.

01:29:04.660 That was not going

01:29:05.360 to happen.

01:29:06.040 So,

01:29:07.080 yeah,

01:29:08.580 it is what it is.

01:29:09.520 All right.

01:29:10.100 But here's,

01:29:11.000 you know,

01:29:11.140 and that's,

01:29:11.560 this is how Manitoba

01:29:12.420 ends up being

01:29:13.160 brought into the

01:29:14.420 confederation.

01:29:18.860 Ottawa's would-be

01:29:19.860 imperialists 0.75

01:29:20.920 had to choose

01:29:21.960 between coercion 0.94

01:29:23.180 or concession.

01:29:25.060 Public opinion

01:29:25.800 in Ontario,

01:29:27.220 enraged by Riel's 0.81

01:29:28.400 execution of an

01:29:29.280 Ontario man,

01:29:30.460 wanted military action.

01:29:32.500 MacDonald couldn't

01:29:33.380 ignore such demands,

01:29:35.340 but feared driving

01:29:36.340 Riel into American arms.

01:29:38.660 So first,

01:29:39.780 he accepted

01:29:40.440 Riel's demands.

01:29:41.560 In June 1870,

01:29:45.540 Red River

01:29:46.160 as Manitoba

01:29:47.600 entered Canada.

01:29:49.220 The rest of the

01:29:50.240 Northwest

01:29:50.680 became a territory

01:29:52.200 controlled by Ottawa.

01:29:56.000 Uh,

01:29:56.560 Coles Towing says,

01:29:57.940 was he really losing it

01:29:58.960 though?

01:29:59.220 I wonder sometimes,

01:30:00.120 maybe they just needed

01:30:01.000 to get rid of him.

01:30:02.200 Uh,

01:30:02.600 I,

01:30:02.880 I understand your

01:30:03.800 hesitation to,

01:30:05.200 you know,

01:30:05.460 think that,

01:30:06.100 uh,

01:30:07.120 maybe this was just

01:30:07.920 them,

01:30:08.300 like propaganda,

01:30:09.200 them portraying him 0.99

01:30:09.940 as being a lunatic. 0.93

01:30:10.900 The reason why I think 0.97

01:30:11.980 that's just factually

01:30:13.060 incorrect is because

01:30:13.860 you can go read some

01:30:14.920 of what Louis Riel wrote,

01:30:16.360 um,

01:30:17.920 you know,

01:30:18.200 after this time period

01:30:19.400 and he thinks he's a

01:30:21.720 prophet.

01:30:22.160 He thinks that he,

01:30:23.480 like God has sent him,

01:30:25.560 you know,

01:30:25.800 to carry out this

01:30:26.660 holy mission.

01:30:28.140 Um,

01:30:28.760 like he's a zealot.

01:30:29.960 Um,

01:30:30.760 and,

01:30:31.580 and I would,

01:30:33.500 like,

01:30:33.900 I don't know,

01:30:34.600 like this is my

01:30:35.200 speculation,

01:30:35.600 but if you read

01:30:37.080 some of the stuff

01:30:37.860 that he wrote,

01:30:38.860 it,

01:30:39.220 it comes across

01:30:40.120 as schizophrenic,

01:30:41.000 um,

01:30:42.420 or some kind of,

01:30:43.720 you know, 0.72

01:30:43.960 mental disorder. 0.98

01:30:45.560 That's how I read it. 0.74

01:30:46.660 So,

01:30:46.800 like,

01:30:46.920 I'm not saying this

01:30:47.880 based on what other

01:30:49.200 authors wrote about him.

01:30:50.500 I've read,

01:30:51.160 you know,

01:30:51.560 some of Louis Riel's

01:30:52.680 writings and I don't

01:30:54.500 know,

01:30:54.700 man,

01:30:54.960 like he seems like a 1.00

01:30:56.040 lunatic, 0.98

01:30:56.340 but,

01:30:57.780 you know,

01:30:57.980 to be fair,

01:30:58.920 people say the same 0.98

01:30:59.680 shit about us now, 0.98

01:31:00.520 but, 0.98

01:31:01.040 um,

01:31:02.900 so,

01:31:03.280 you know,

01:31:03.740 you know, 0.99

01:31:03.940 one man's lunatic 0.99

01:31:04.800 is another man's, 0.99

01:31:05.740 uh,

01:31:06.480 prophet of God.

01:31:07.840 So,

01:31:08.360 you know,

01:31:08.660 I guess you can make

01:31:09.320 up your own mind.

01:31:09.820 I'm just saying

01:31:10.220 when I read this stuff,

01:31:11.580 I was like,

01:31:11.920 this guy just sounds

01:31:12.800 like he was off

01:31:13.300 his rocker.

01:31:15.980 Um,

01:31:16.840 he says,

01:31:18.260 okay,

01:31:18.480 fair enough.

01:31:19.060 I just tend to

01:31:19.700 second guess everything.

01:31:20.540 Yeah,

01:31:20.680 no,

01:31:20.900 it's,

01:31:21.100 it's not a like,

01:31:22.000 yeah,

01:31:22.200 it's good to,

01:31:22.940 you know,

01:31:23.280 think critically and be

01:31:24.420 like,

01:31:24.660 well,

01:31:24.800 was he really insane?

01:31:26.040 I think yes.

01:31:27.300 Um,

01:31:28.540 but again,

01:31:28.900 it's,

01:31:29.120 you know,

01:31:29.620 it's up for debate.

01:31:30.760 Um,

01:31:31.120 okay.

01:31:37.140 Uh,

01:31:37.540 but yeah,

01:31:38.000 regarding that clip,

01:31:39.160 yeah,

01:31:39.460 Manitoba is brought in

01:31:40.560 as the fifth province

01:31:41.300 of Confederation,

01:31:42.180 1871.

01:31:43.320 Uh,

01:31:43.840 Red River is,

01:31:44.940 becomes Manitoba.

01:31:46.080 Obviously it's not,

01:31:46.900 it's current,

01:31:47.820 uh,

01:31:49.180 uh,

01:31:49.600 territory,

01:31:50.020 but yeah,

01:31:51.120 this is obviously a big step

01:31:52.940 in,

01:31:53.360 you know,

01:31:53.880 setting the tone

01:31:54.720 for,

01:31:56.040 you know,

01:31:56.280 it hinders American expansion,

01:31:58.320 right?

01:31:58.920 So,

01:31:59.980 all right.

01:32:00.520 Uh,

01:32:01.140 but we'll come back around

01:32:02.580 to,

01:32:03.080 uh,

01:32:03.380 you know,

01:32:03.620 more provinces being added in later

01:32:05.460 and we'll move towards,

01:32:06.980 uh,

01:32:07.660 annexation.

01:32:08.540 So this is a really good

01:32:10.000 two minute clip

01:32:10.740 that kind of explains

01:32:12.400 the problems

01:32:13.320 with the annexationist movements

01:32:14.940 that come up again

01:32:15.780 and again and again.

01:32:17.200 Um,

01:32:17.900 great summary.

01:32:20.380 In the commercial centers

01:32:21.840 of the Dominion,

01:32:23.360 many businessmen

01:32:24.560 brooded on the fact

01:32:25.700 that after a year

01:32:27.120 without reciprocity,

01:32:28.820 their trade

01:32:29.360 with the United States

01:32:30.500 had been cut in half.

01:32:32.740 Still vivid

01:32:33.320 in their memories

01:32:34.080 was the delight

01:32:35.400 with which protectionists

01:32:36.780 in Congress

01:32:37.400 had finally managed

01:32:38.980 to kill reciprocity

01:32:40.220 during the Civil War.

01:32:43.260 Many Canadians

01:32:44.320 now realized

01:32:45.400 that the protectionists,

01:32:47.280 having once slammed

01:32:48.200 the door,

01:32:49.420 were strong enough

01:32:50.300 to keep it shut.

01:32:51.140 Sam's door was locked

01:32:57.200 and no amount of knocking

01:32:58.960 seemed to open it.

01:33:01.860 Some bold spirits

01:33:03.480 who felt the door

01:33:04.380 must be opened

01:33:05.200 at any price

01:33:06.040 turned to more

01:33:07.360 devious methods.

01:33:09.600 They hinted

01:33:10.640 that the desired

01:33:11.700 fruits of prosperity

01:33:12.940 grew best

01:33:13.840 on the tree

01:33:14.740 of independence.

01:33:15.620 independence.

01:33:16.500 But for Loyalists,

01:33:18.260 independence

01:33:18.780 was merely a trap

01:33:20.160 set by annexationists.

01:33:22.780 What these gentlemen

01:33:23.540 really wanted

01:33:24.360 was to lure

01:33:25.300 the Canadian beaver

01:33:26.340 into the American cage. 0.51

01:33:30.360 But Canada's leaders

01:33:31.980 weren't going

01:33:32.860 to let him get caught.

01:33:36.940 Defenders of the Dominion

01:33:38.440 took to pointing

01:33:39.280 a critical finger

01:33:40.280 at all shades

01:33:41.720 of independence.

01:33:42.540 Even Joe Howe,

01:33:44.900 now a federal ally,

01:33:46.860 found himself

01:33:47.560 suspected unfairly

01:33:49.000 of telling Riel

01:33:50.380 how to win it.

01:33:54.580 The truth was,

01:33:56.420 the nervous Canadian cat,

01:33:58.620 uncertain about

01:33:59.400 the eagle's intentions,

01:34:01.120 was of several minds.

01:34:07.280 Just how the cat

01:34:08.540 would jump

01:34:09.100 could very well depend

01:34:11.040 on American move.

01:34:12.540 Yeah, so you see that

01:34:16.540 I brought that up earlier,

01:34:17.740 this idea that

01:34:19.240 independence

01:34:21.680 of any one

01:34:23.020 of the colonies

01:34:23.600 was seen as

01:34:24.780 something that would

01:34:25.480 ultimately lead

01:34:26.180 to annexation.

01:34:27.040 You can see why

01:34:27.760 that would be

01:34:29.020 perceived that way.

01:34:30.740 But again,

01:34:31.400 it was just a good

01:34:31.900 summary of

01:34:32.600 that time.

01:34:34.280 And obviously,

01:34:34.880 the funny joke

01:34:35.480 is just, 1.00

01:34:36.060 the goddamn Yankees 1.00

01:34:38.320 always trying 1.00

01:34:38.820 to snatch

01:34:39.280 our beavers.

01:34:39.920 you know.

01:34:42.160 All right.

01:34:43.600 His next clip

01:34:44.540 is in regards

01:34:46.940 to the Fenians

01:34:47.580 and Darcy McGee, 1.00

01:34:48.560 which is,

01:34:49.020 you know,

01:34:49.180 again,

01:34:49.460 this theme

01:34:50.660 again comes up

01:34:51.600 of,

01:34:52.000 you know,

01:34:52.700 old rebels

01:34:53.500 becoming,

01:34:54.140 you know,

01:34:55.340 fierce loyalists.

01:34:56.480 So I do think

01:34:57.340 that this is interesting,

01:34:58.200 but I'll let it rip.

01:35:01.940 The Fenians

01:35:02.880 were not through yet.

01:35:04.860 Once again,

01:35:05.800 Canadian attitudes

01:35:06.600 were strongly affected

01:35:07.840 by their violent deeds.

01:35:10.380 In 1868,

01:35:12.140 a Fenian

01:35:12.700 murdered Darcy McGee, 1.00

01:35:14.660 a father of Confederation.

01:35:19.940 An outraged Canada

01:35:21.680 tended to look

01:35:22.620 askance at Uncle Sam.

01:35:24.860 Just how close

01:35:26.340 did one want

01:35:27.100 to get

01:35:27.500 to a neighbor

01:35:28.080 who allowed assassins

01:35:29.280 to flourish unchecked?

01:35:31.600 Better cling

01:35:32.460 to Britannia

01:35:33.180 as long as

01:35:34.480 Fenians 1.00

01:35:34.820 were running loose.

01:35:39.920 In mid-1870,

01:35:42.040 there were renewed

01:35:42.840 Fenian attacks 0.95

01:35:43.680 on the eastern

01:35:44.340 townships of Quebec.

01:35:49.900 British and Canadian

01:35:51.200 troops

01:35:51.640 quickly repulsed

01:35:52.860 the Fenian skirmishers.

01:35:54.020 The victors

01:36:03.820 paraded,

01:36:05.020 displaying their

01:36:05.820 Fenian trophies,

01:36:07.320 and were hailed

01:36:08.080 with considerable pride.

01:36:12.420 The Fenians

01:36:13.100 had been soundly

01:36:14.100 trounced.

01:36:15.480 Ejected from Canada,

01:36:17.160 they now found

01:36:17.900 themselves

01:36:18.540 persona non grata

01:36:19.760 with President Grant.

01:36:24.020 aside from

01:36:29.600 obviously that clip

01:36:30.420 is relevant

01:36:31.300 and becomes relevant

01:36:32.180 during the Treaty

01:36:32.840 of Washington,

01:36:33.480 but

01:36:33.820 Darcy McGee

01:36:36.480 doesn't really get

01:36:37.140 that much attention

01:36:37.940 in this series.

01:36:40.220 We've been over

01:36:41.100 this before.

01:36:41.680 There's just not

01:36:42.160 really time to dig

01:36:43.080 into the lives

01:36:44.800 of a lot of these

01:36:45.400 people in detail,

01:36:46.280 but he's a very

01:36:49.180 interesting figure

01:36:50.200 for a few reasons.

01:36:51.440 One,

01:36:52.400 he's essentially

01:36:53.200 the Irish

01:36:53.940 father of confederation

01:36:56.280 for Canada,

01:36:57.000 right?

01:36:57.220 So if you look

01:36:58.980 at the various

01:36:59.600 figures,

01:36:59.960 you have John A.

01:37:00.500 Macdonald,

01:37:01.020 you know,

01:37:01.200 the kind of

01:37:01.640 English-Scottish,

01:37:03.360 you have

01:37:03.960 George Etienne Cartier,

01:37:05.280 and you have

01:37:05.980 Darcy McGee.

01:37:08.800 Now,

01:37:09.320 the reason

01:37:09.660 Darcy McGee

01:37:10.680 is such an

01:37:11.320 interesting figure

01:37:12.000 is because

01:37:12.480 he was also

01:37:13.080 a rebel.

01:37:14.800 He was part

01:37:15.980 of a movement

01:37:16.680 in Ireland

01:37:18.120 in the 1840s

01:37:19.440 that was pushing

01:37:20.040 for republicanism

01:37:21.320 and Irish

01:37:22.440 independence

01:37:22.920 from the British

01:37:23.620 Empire.

01:37:24.000 now he ends

01:37:26.520 up,

01:37:26.800 you know,

01:37:27.420 fleeing,

01:37:28.280 as many Irish 0.82

01:37:29.540 did,

01:37:29.840 to America

01:37:30.380 during the

01:37:32.540 famine and

01:37:33.040 whatnot,

01:37:33.960 or maybe he

01:37:35.320 was slightly

01:37:35.740 after,

01:37:36.300 but regardless,

01:37:37.640 and he ends

01:37:38.400 up in,

01:37:39.080 I think,

01:37:39.640 Boston,

01:37:41.460 somewhere in

01:37:42.160 the east coast

01:37:42.700 of America.

01:37:43.980 And the reason

01:37:44.420 why it's so

01:37:44.860 interesting is

01:37:45.520 because he

01:37:46.500 sees the

01:37:47.860 republicanism that

01:37:49.320 he thought that

01:37:50.060 he was fighting

01:37:50.740 for in

01:37:52.160 Ireland.

01:37:54.000 and he

01:37:54.560 starts to

01:37:55.200 realize that

01:37:55.860 he does not

01:37:56.560 want,

01:37:57.080 he finds

01:37:58.000 republicanism

01:37:58.900 abhorrent.

01:38:00.080 He thinks it's

01:38:00.620 a terrible

01:38:01.380 system,

01:38:02.220 and he

01:38:03.280 leans towards

01:38:04.040 monarchism

01:38:04.860 and the

01:38:06.080 papacy.

01:38:07.440 So he

01:38:08.060 disliked

01:38:08.900 greatly the

01:38:09.920 hostility of

01:38:11.020 the American

01:38:11.440 system towards

01:38:12.140 the Catholic

01:38:12.600 Church.

01:38:13.360 He thought

01:38:13.760 that republicanism

01:38:14.800 was degenerate.

01:38:16.240 He thought

01:38:16.600 that,

01:38:17.020 you know,

01:38:18.600 this kind of

01:38:19.500 hedonistic freedom

01:38:20.380 was not ideal,

01:38:21.920 and so it

01:38:22.360 leads to him

01:38:22.880 moving to

01:38:23.420 Montreal in

01:38:24.920 the 1850s,

01:38:26.060 I believe.

01:38:28.320 So it's

01:38:30.940 just like an

01:38:31.440 interesting figure.

01:38:32.220 Again, you have

01:38:32.720 this other

01:38:33.500 character that,

01:38:34.380 you know,

01:38:34.660 rebelled against

01:38:35.540 the British

01:38:36.000 Empire,

01:38:37.120 ends up

01:38:37.740 deciding that

01:38:38.300 he wants to

01:38:38.880 move into

01:38:39.440 the British

01:38:39.880 Empire and

01:38:40.620 becomes one

01:38:41.140 of the

01:38:41.340 staunchest,

01:38:42.000 you know,

01:38:42.540 supporters of

01:38:43.440 the British

01:38:44.040 system,

01:38:44.940 and ultimately,

01:38:47.080 you know,

01:38:47.800 leads to the

01:38:48.520 founding of

01:38:49.060 Confederation.

01:38:49.640 And then,

01:38:50.560 you know,

01:38:50.760 for his

01:38:51.320 troubles,

01:38:51.900 like he's,

01:38:52.500 you know,

01:38:53.280 one of the

01:38:53.700 assassinations

01:38:54.600 are not very

01:38:55.140 common in

01:38:55.760 Canadian history.

01:38:56.740 So,

01:38:57.500 you know,

01:38:58.540 1868,

01:38:59.220 he's killed

01:38:59.960 by a Fenian

01:39:00.800 by the name

01:39:01.280 of Patrick

01:39:01.840 Whelan

01:39:02.300 at like

01:39:04.100 one in the

01:39:04.720 morning.

01:39:05.340 So another

01:39:06.220 interesting tidbit,

01:39:07.420 he was in

01:39:08.460 Parliament,

01:39:09.160 they had a

01:39:09.840 late session

01:39:10.480 that ran

01:39:11.060 till after

01:39:11.820 midnight.

01:39:12.980 Crazy,

01:39:13.560 right? 0.86

01:39:14.100 Politicians

01:39:14.580 sitting there

01:39:15.180 hammering it

01:39:15.800 out all

01:39:16.620 hours of the

01:39:17.280 night,

01:39:17.540 you know,

01:39:18.260 just to

01:39:18.860 get you,

01:39:19.700 could you

01:39:19.920 imagine them

01:39:20.440 doing that

01:39:20.840 tonight or

01:39:21.800 today?

01:39:23.380 Politicians

01:39:23.820 just staying

01:39:24.400 there all

01:39:24.900 day,

01:39:25.340 like until,

01:39:26.500 you know,

01:39:26.820 whatever's being

01:39:27.380 discussed is

01:39:28.000 resolved.

01:39:29.060 Anyways,

01:39:29.640 he goes,

01:39:30.000 he returns

01:39:30.420 from Parliament

01:39:31.000 to a boarding

01:39:31.920 house that he's

01:39:32.480 staying at,

01:39:32.840 he's shot in 0.74

01:39:33.220 the head.

01:39:34.820 It ends up

01:39:35.640 being one of

01:39:37.160 the largest

01:39:37.560 state funerals

01:39:38.400 in Canadian

01:39:38.920 history.

01:39:39.500 I think there

01:39:39.800 was 80,000

01:39:41.360 people or

01:39:41.900 something attended

01:39:42.540 his funeral in

01:39:43.640 Montreal and

01:39:44.400 there was 50

01:39:45.020 some thousand

01:39:45.580 in Ottawa or

01:39:46.100 something like

01:39:46.500 that.

01:39:46.760 So he was

01:39:47.780 given,

01:39:48.220 you know,

01:39:48.600 one of the

01:39:48.940 first Canadian

01:39:49.500 state funerals.

01:39:50.360 If not,

01:39:50.720 it might have

01:39:51.220 been the

01:39:51.580 first Canadian

01:39:52.500 state funeral

01:39:53.200 and it was

01:39:54.880 incredibly well

01:39:55.720 received.

01:39:56.740 And he's

01:39:57.840 considered to

01:39:58.780 be the first

01:39:59.820 Canadian

01:40:00.240 nationalist.

01:40:01.200 He's been

01:40:01.540 given that

01:40:02.100 title for

01:40:02.900 how passionately

01:40:03.940 he supported

01:40:04.880 the idea of

01:40:05.520 confederation

01:40:06.140 and what they

01:40:07.640 were trying to

01:40:08.060 build.

01:40:08.460 So he's a

01:40:09.740 very interesting

01:40:10.280 figure and

01:40:11.040 again,

01:40:11.360 it just comes

01:40:12.260 back to that

01:40:12.760 kind of theme

01:40:13.280 of like,

01:40:13.680 you know,

01:40:14.120 George Etienne

01:40:14.680 Cartier,

01:40:15.140 Joseph Howe,

01:40:16.440 Darcy

01:40:16.800 McGee,

01:40:17.920 even to an

01:40:19.200 extent,

01:40:19.640 you could say

01:40:20.040 Louis Riel,

01:40:20.880 who was

01:40:21.180 opposed to

01:40:22.560 confederation,

01:40:24.820 but would have

01:40:25.280 accepted it on

01:40:26.820 different terms

01:40:27.940 and viewed it

01:40:30.400 as ideal to

01:40:31.200 being annexed

01:40:31.820 by the United

01:40:32.260 States.

01:40:32.680 so you see

01:40:33.760 this kind

01:40:34.140 of theme

01:40:35.360 come up

01:40:35.960 again,

01:40:36.520 right?

01:40:41.340 So anyways,

01:40:42.040 I just thought

01:40:42.760 I would add

01:40:43.380 some color

01:40:43.920 on Darcy

01:40:44.560 McGee for

01:40:45.040 those who

01:40:45.420 didn't know.

01:40:47.360 Yeah,

01:40:47.680 he's just

01:40:48.380 an interesting

01:40:48.880 figure.

01:40:52.380 But now

01:40:53.240 we'll move

01:40:53.620 on to,

01:40:54.120 so all

01:40:55.100 of this is

01:40:55.580 in the

01:40:55.820 context of

01:40:56.520 what's going

01:40:56.980 on in

01:40:57.880 Europe as

01:40:58.800 well.

01:40:59.020 And we

01:40:59.120 didn't really

01:40:59.660 discuss it in

01:41:00.320 the last

01:41:00.680 episode.

01:41:01.080 I think

01:41:01.520 they probably

01:41:02.200 should have

01:41:02.640 mentioned some

01:41:03.500 of this

01:41:03.780 stuff in

01:41:04.240 the previous

01:41:04.660 episode.

01:41:07.060 I did

01:41:07.880 mention,

01:41:08.720 you know,

01:41:09.000 after the

01:41:09.640 War of

01:41:10.220 1812

01:41:10.700 episode that

01:41:11.440 Europe

01:41:11.840 between,

01:41:12.460 you know,

01:41:13.220 18,

01:41:13.820 what is it,

01:41:14.180 1820,

01:41:15.040 let's say,

01:41:16.020 and 1860

01:41:18.000 or just

01:41:18.520 before 1855

01:41:19.640 was relatively

01:41:20.720 peaceful.

01:41:21.360 There was

01:41:21.580 not,

01:41:22.180 you know,

01:41:22.440 any major

01:41:23.220 wars that

01:41:23.800 broke out,

01:41:24.340 which if

01:41:25.740 you review

01:41:26.220 the previous

01:41:26.800 like 400

01:41:27.500 years of

01:41:28.300 European

01:41:28.700 history from

01:41:29.620 that time

01:41:30.000 period,

01:41:30.200 it was almost

01:41:30.760 a constant

01:41:31.320 state of

01:41:31.820 war,

01:41:32.300 right?

01:41:32.640 You have

01:41:33.020 periods that

01:41:34.380 are like the

01:41:34.740 80s years

01:41:35.280 war,

01:41:35.740 the 30

01:41:36.120 years war,

01:41:36.640 the 100

01:41:36.960 years war,

01:41:37.620 like there's

01:41:37.900 almost a

01:41:38.260 perpetual state

01:41:39.020 of war in

01:41:39.640 some capacity

01:41:40.600 in Europe

01:41:40.980 from,

01:41:42.260 you know,

01:41:43.480 the end of

01:41:43.860 the Middle

01:41:44.140 Ages up

01:41:44.820 until,

01:41:45.520 you know,

01:41:46.300 the end of

01:41:46.880 the Napoleonic

01:41:47.580 wars.

01:41:49.660 At this

01:41:50.260 time period,

01:41:50.800 though,

01:41:50.940 you're starting

01:41:51.380 to see the

01:41:52.160 tensions build

01:41:53.240 up that would

01:41:53.720 eventually lead

01:41:54.420 to World

01:41:54.980 War I.

01:41:56.760 And it

01:41:57.300 begins,

01:41:58.140 you know,

01:41:58.440 we'll play the

01:41:59.060 clip here,

01:41:59.600 but a lot of

01:42:00.420 this stems

01:42:01.000 from the

01:42:01.420 Franco-Prussian

01:42:02.140 War,

01:42:02.520 which is

01:42:02.780 1870,

01:42:03.540 1871.

01:42:05.560 Obviously,

01:42:06.180 it leads to

01:42:06.700 the creation

01:42:07.220 of the

01:42:07.800 modern German

01:42:08.380 state,

01:42:09.480 which is the

01:42:10.400 German Empire

01:42:11.060 in this time

01:42:11.580 period.

01:42:13.480 France is losing

01:42:14.520 some of its

01:42:15.080 prestige as a

01:42:16.400 European land

01:42:17.160 power.

01:42:18.480 Russia as well.

01:42:20.080 We'll get into

01:42:20.880 Russia, but I'll 0.98

01:42:21.980 just play the

01:42:22.380 clip for Germany

01:42:22.980 first, and then

01:42:23.460 I'll add

01:42:23.980 commentary,

01:42:25.120 everything that's

01:42:25.460 necessary.

01:42:25.820 William Gladstone

01:42:28.700 was now

01:42:29.320 Prime Minister

01:42:29.940 of Britain.

01:42:31.260 A liberal,

01:42:32.440 he had been

01:42:32.840 elected on a

01:42:33.440 platform of

01:42:34.320 reform at home

01:42:35.540 and cutting

01:42:36.620 imperial commitments

01:42:37.620 abroad.

01:42:38.820 So the last

01:42:39.780 thing Gladstone

01:42:40.460 wanted was

01:42:41.340 trouble in

01:42:41.980 North America.

01:42:43.860 Besides,

01:42:44.860 his eyes were

01:42:45.680 on Europe.

01:42:46.900 For in 1870,

01:42:48.720 the balance of

01:42:49.400 power in Europe

01:42:50.140 was suddenly

01:42:50.840 upset when

01:42:52.200 France declared

01:42:53.120 war on

01:42:53.660 Prussia.

01:43:00.220 French

01:43:00.940 élan collided

01:43:02.440 with well-organized

01:43:03.620 and determined

01:43:04.220 German power.

01:43:07.620 Mars Latour,

01:43:09.120 Gravelot,

01:43:10.780 Sedan,

01:43:11.740 an astonished

01:43:12.540 world, saw

01:43:13.580 the armies of

01:43:14.380 Napoleon III

01:43:15.300 overwhelmed by

01:43:16.700 the German

01:43:17.080 onslaught.

01:43:17.620 British opinion

01:43:23.860 had at first

01:43:24.760 supported Prussia,

01:43:26.080 but soon the

01:43:27.400 swiftness of

01:43:28.040 the French

01:43:28.380 rout aroused

01:43:29.680 sympathy for

01:43:30.360 the fallen

01:43:30.720 nation.

01:43:35.620 There was

01:43:36.420 also uneasiness

01:43:37.400 in London

01:43:37.920 about the

01:43:38.460 victors,

01:43:39.540 who were

01:43:39.960 parading their

01:43:40.560 triumph in

01:43:41.180 Paris.

01:43:44.900 Soon,

01:43:45.840 at Versailles,

01:43:46.520 they celebrated

01:43:47.720 the founding

01:43:48.280 of a new

01:43:49.080 great power,

01:43:50.480 the German

01:43:50.880 Empire.

01:43:52.180 And no one

01:43:53.180 in Britain

01:43:53.540 was sure

01:43:54.260 of the

01:43:54.880 intentions

01:43:55.360 of its

01:43:55.960 brilliant and

01:43:56.700 formidable

01:43:57.140 chancellor,

01:43:58.360 Prince Otto

01:43:58.880 von Bismarck.

01:44:02.640 Yeah, so

01:44:03.540 I don't want to

01:44:04.360 get into

01:44:04.780 like a huge

01:44:05.580 segment about

01:44:07.060 what this

01:44:08.860 all means,

01:44:09.380 but

01:44:09.520 essentially the

01:44:12.060 reason why

01:44:12.540 this is very

01:44:13.260 important is

01:44:14.020 because,

01:44:14.760 as we talked

01:44:15.600 about in

01:44:15.880 previous

01:44:16.140 episodes,

01:44:17.240 a lot of

01:44:17.980 European

01:44:18.520 diplomacy and

01:44:20.760 politicking

01:44:21.540 regarding

01:44:22.780 international

01:44:23.420 affairs is

01:44:24.580 about not

01:44:25.240 allowing any 0.94

01:44:26.120 one empire,

01:44:28.040 state,

01:44:28.800 kingdom,

01:44:31.460 et cetera,

01:44:31.760 to dominate

01:44:33.340 Europe totally.

01:44:34.840 So there's

01:44:35.120 always this

01:44:35.740 attempt to

01:44:36.320 have this

01:44:37.180 balancing effect.

01:44:38.260 So when

01:44:38.680 France is

01:44:39.620 strong,

01:44:40.640 other countries

01:44:41.920 will combine

01:44:43.480 to make

01:44:44.520 sure that

01:44:44.900 France doesn't 0.98

01:44:45.540 completely take

01:44:46.280 over.

01:44:47.020 When England

01:44:47.520 is ascendant,

01:44:48.980 they kind of

01:44:49.580 try to take

01:44:50.160 chunks out of

01:44:50.820 it to make

01:44:51.340 sure that it

01:44:51.800 doesn't run

01:44:52.300 away with

01:44:53.860 everything.

01:44:56.020 The reason

01:44:56.880 why this was

01:44:57.540 concerning to

01:44:59.200 a lot of

01:44:59.900 the European

01:45:00.840 powers at the

01:45:01.520 time was

01:45:02.460 twofold.

01:45:03.620 One,

01:45:04.720 1871,

01:45:06.920 I forget

01:45:08.260 which Treaty

01:45:08.800 of Versailles is,

01:45:10.360 but the

01:45:11.280 German state

01:45:11.980 comes into

01:45:12.520 existence and

01:45:14.180 it is

01:45:15.300 overnight one

01:45:16.360 of the most

01:45:16.800 powerful land

01:45:17.660 powers in

01:45:18.420 the world.

01:45:19.420 So obviously

01:45:19.780 it's an

01:45:20.120 amalgamation

01:45:20.800 of a bunch

01:45:22.240 of Dutch

01:45:22.660 speaking,

01:45:23.240 German

01:45:25.000 speaking

01:45:25.700 principalities,

01:45:28.160 duchies, 0.99

01:45:30.060 city states,

01:45:31.560 et cetera,

01:45:32.220 under the

01:45:33.480 rule of

01:45:34.060 essentially

01:45:34.520 Prussia.

01:45:37.040 And this

01:45:38.120 turns it

01:45:38.960 from all

01:45:39.740 these kind

01:45:40.220 of loosely

01:45:41.640 allied,

01:45:42.520 similar,

01:45:43.240 but not

01:45:43.800 necessarily

01:45:44.780 united

01:45:46.100 politically

01:45:46.560 and

01:45:46.780 economically

01:45:47.300 states

01:45:48.560 into a

01:45:49.580 superpower.

01:45:51.320 And this

01:45:51.840 was concerning

01:45:53.040 because they

01:45:54.120 had kind

01:45:54.980 of a chip

01:45:55.380 on their

01:45:55.760 shoulder

01:45:56.080 too.

01:45:57.620 They weren't

01:45:58.700 necessarily

01:45:59.220 given the

01:46:01.100 kind of

01:46:01.520 prestige

01:46:02.000 that was

01:46:03.400 afforded to

01:46:04.020 other powers

01:46:04.740 of their

01:46:05.160 size.

01:46:06.180 So overnight,

01:46:06.760 this massive

01:46:09.080 new political

01:46:10.300 entity is

01:46:11.800 now in

01:46:12.100 existence and

01:46:13.920 it's trying to

01:46:14.480 rival Britain. 0.50

01:46:15.580 It's trying to

01:46:16.220 rival France and 0.81

01:46:17.240 this doesn't sit

01:46:17.980 well.

01:46:18.260 And that's why

01:46:18.500 you see in

01:46:18.840 that clip,

01:46:19.720 Britain at the

01:46:20.480 outbreak of the

01:46:21.200 Franco-Prussian

01:46:21.820 war is

01:46:22.320 sympathetic and

01:46:23.160 leaning towards

01:46:24.240 the Prussian

01:46:24.720 side.

01:46:25.200 And by the

01:46:25.460 end of it,

01:46:26.300 it's realizing

01:46:27.980 that because

01:46:29.020 the perception

01:46:30.140 would have been

01:46:30.800 that France

01:46:31.560 was the

01:46:32.540 favorite in

01:46:33.320 this fight.

01:46:34.660 France was 0.89

01:46:35.140 considered to

01:46:35.640 be the

01:46:35.880 preeminent land

01:46:36.580 power in

01:46:37.100 Europe for

01:46:37.740 almost a

01:46:38.920 thousand years.

01:46:40.920 And it was

01:46:41.240 easily, like if

01:46:42.200 you go study

01:46:42.900 the Franco-Prussian

01:46:43.700 war, it should 1.00

01:46:44.420 not have been

01:46:45.460 disposed of as

01:46:47.500 easily as it

01:46:48.300 was by this

01:46:49.120 upstart German

01:46:50.240 state.

01:46:51.380 So that was

01:46:52.280 kind of shocking

01:46:52.920 and disconcerting

01:46:54.700 that France could

01:46:56.780 be dealt with so

01:46:57.480 easily by this

01:46:58.760 new rookie.

01:47:00.560 this leads to

01:47:05.780 all kinds of

01:47:06.440 things unsettling

01:47:07.760 and basically

01:47:08.380 the diplomacy

01:47:09.700 and the kind

01:47:10.540 of backroom

01:47:11.520 channeling that

01:47:14.680 would ultimately

01:47:15.860 create the

01:47:16.420 entangling

01:47:16.980 alliances that

01:47:17.760 led to World

01:47:18.320 War I.

01:47:20.700 And a lot

01:47:21.140 of it is

01:47:21.900 due to

01:47:23.220 this distrust

01:47:24.480 of this new

01:47:25.060 German upstart.

01:47:26.100 And then

01:47:26.360 Germany also

01:47:27.600 has its own

01:47:28.460 insecurities at

01:47:29.320 this time

01:47:29.680 period where

01:47:30.540 yes, it's

01:47:31.600 overnight, it's

01:47:32.320 become the

01:47:33.760 largest or one

01:47:34.840 of the largest

01:47:35.360 land powers on

01:47:36.280 the planet, but

01:47:37.560 it is also

01:47:38.940 surrounded on

01:47:39.780 all sides by

01:47:41.000 enemies, not

01:47:42.780 necessarily enemies,

01:47:43.780 but people who

01:47:44.200 are certainly not

01:47:44.880 overly friendly

01:47:45.960 towards them.

01:47:47.480 Russia, France,

01:47:49.420 you know, the

01:47:50.400 Austro-Hungarian

01:47:51.100 Empire, who they

01:47:51.780 had better

01:47:52.120 relations with

01:47:52.740 obviously, but

01:47:53.240 still.

01:47:54.860 So anyways,

01:47:56.460 this is all to

01:47:57.040 say like this

01:47:57.520 is what this is

01:47:58.200 one of the

01:47:58.520 reasons why

01:47:59.280 Britain was 0.97

01:47:59.840 trying to

01:48:00.320 withdraw, not

01:48:02.680 desperately, but

01:48:03.700 with some

01:48:05.460 haste from the

01:48:06.580 North American

01:48:07.200 sphere.

01:48:07.760 They didn't

01:48:08.140 want war with 0.95

01:48:08.780 America.

01:48:09.420 They didn't

01:48:09.860 want, you

01:48:11.060 know, these

01:48:11.460 every few

01:48:13.340 years, these

01:48:14.280 kind of

01:48:16.060 conflicts and

01:48:16.960 the acrimony

01:48:18.600 that kept

01:48:19.040 coming out of

01:48:19.580 North America.

01:48:20.160 So they were

01:48:20.560 trying to find

01:48:21.140 a solution that

01:48:22.000 would allow

01:48:22.480 British North

01:48:23.120 America to

01:48:23.760 continue to

01:48:24.340 exist indefinitely

01:48:26.500 without, you

01:48:27.580 know, constantly

01:48:28.260 having to deal

01:48:28.940 with problems

01:48:29.640 with the

01:48:30.680 Americans.

01:48:31.380 So this was

01:48:32.180 Canada was 0.81

01:48:32.820 kind of their

01:48:33.200 solution, like,

01:48:34.000 you know, an

01:48:34.380 independent

01:48:34.920 confederation of

01:48:36.420 British colonies

01:48:37.160 in North

01:48:37.520 America with 0.74

01:48:39.160 loose ties to

01:48:40.040 the empire was

01:48:40.880 desirable and so

01:48:42.240 that they could

01:48:42.760 extricate

01:48:43.880 themselves from

01:48:44.500 the North

01:48:44.820 American situation

01:48:46.040 and focus on

01:48:47.000 what was going

01:48:47.500 on in Europe

01:48:48.060 because it

01:48:48.660 wasn't just

01:48:49.140 Germany either.

01:48:50.100 There's also

01:48:50.520 issues with

01:48:51.120 Russia.

01:48:51.520 I wish they

01:48:53.200 had brought

01:48:53.520 this up in

01:48:54.640 the past, the

01:48:56.440 previous episode,

01:48:57.940 but, you

01:48:58.580 know, what is

01:48:59.140 it, 1855 to

01:49:00.620 18, is it

01:49:01.460 57 or 50, I

01:49:02.400 forget, the

01:49:03.880 Crimean War is

01:49:05.020 going on and

01:49:06.220 you know, the

01:49:07.740 reason I think

01:49:08.600 they should have

01:49:08.960 talked about

01:49:09.480 this and if it

01:49:10.240 wasn't the last

01:49:10.900 episode, it was

01:49:11.520 the one before

01:49:12.080 that, like, it

01:49:12.680 should have been

01:49:13.040 brought up earlier

01:49:13.780 is because this

01:49:15.220 predates the

01:49:16.080 America, it

01:49:16.700 predates the

01:49:17.160 American Civil

01:49:17.820 War and it is 0.80

01:49:19.360 essentially, if the

01:49:21.440 American Civil

01:49:22.200 War shows you

01:49:23.260 what industrial

01:49:24.260 warfare could

01:49:25.320 look like in

01:49:26.640 its infancy, so

01:49:27.860 did the Crimean

01:49:28.660 War and it

01:49:29.820 should have been

01:49:30.480 when the European

01:49:31.500 powers learned how

01:49:32.520 destructive the

01:49:33.680 kinds of conflicts

01:49:34.640 that they were,

01:49:35.440 you know, heading

01:49:36.280 towards were going

01:49:37.140 to be, but, you

01:49:38.760 know, you've got

01:49:39.560 stuff, all the

01:49:40.660 modern technology

01:49:42.700 from the Industrial

01:49:44.480 Revolution playing

01:49:45.620 out in that war,

01:49:46.220 you've got

01:49:46.540 telegraphs, you've

01:49:47.520 got exploding

01:49:48.180 shells, you've

01:49:49.540 got, you know,

01:49:50.440 repeating rifles,

01:49:51.440 the early, you

01:49:52.800 know, kind of

01:49:53.200 Gatling-type

01:49:53.940 systems, and

01:49:57.400 this was used

01:49:58.320 to great effect

01:49:59.000 against, you 0.52

01:50:00.740 know, the

01:50:00.960 Russians who

01:50:02.300 took a huge

01:50:04.060 prestige hit in

01:50:05.000 that war, but

01:50:05.620 anyways, I'll

01:50:06.260 play this clip

01:50:07.740 on Russia.

01:50:09.080 Russian moves

01:50:10.040 were also

01:50:10.580 causing Britain 0.92

01:50:11.240 concern, for

01:50:12.840 the bear was

01:50:13.540 trying to break

01:50:14.380 loose from

01:50:15.480 some uncomfortable

01:50:16.200 shackles.

01:50:16.800 the Black Sea

01:50:20.760 had been

01:50:21.180 neutralized as

01:50:22.140 a result of

01:50:22.660 the Crimean

01:50:23.180 War, and

01:50:24.660 Russia had 0.94

01:50:25.160 been forced to

01:50:25.840 demilitarize one

01:50:27.020 of her chief

01:50:27.480 regions.

01:50:32.660 But Alexander

01:50:33.680 II, still

01:50:35.180 popularly known

01:50:36.120 as the Tsar

01:50:37.200 Liberator, had

01:50:38.680 his eyes on

01:50:39.340 Europe, too, and

01:50:40.960 had pointed out

01:50:41.520 to his military

01:50:42.180 leaders that the

01:50:43.440 preoccupation of the

01:50:44.500 other powers with

01:50:45.500 the Franco-Prussian

01:50:46.280 War, gave Russia a 0.98

01:50:48.260 chance to shake

01:50:49.140 off the shackles.

01:50:51.160 The Russians decided 0.96

01:50:52.560 to denounce their

01:50:53.400 obligations, and

01:50:55.020 soon showed every

01:50:55.920 intention of

01:50:56.800 re-militarizing an

01:50:58.360 area of vital

01:50:59.260 concern to

01:50:59.900 Britain.

01:51:08.900 Russia's move 0.75

01:51:09.960 aroused angry

01:51:10.940 British protests,

01:51:12.440 and even talk of

01:51:13.460 war.

01:51:14.500 But Gladstone

01:51:16.720 could not face

01:51:18.280 war with North

01:51:19.720 American problems 0.97

01:51:20.560 unsettled.

01:51:24.400 Yeah, so there

01:51:25.300 you go, that's

01:51:26.120 essentially what I'm

01:51:26.840 getting at.

01:51:27.220 Britain had 0.97

01:51:27.880 bigger concerns

01:51:28.880 than, you know,

01:51:30.480 constantly needing

01:51:31.360 to mediate with

01:51:32.260 America over 0.86

01:51:33.340 issues with

01:51:34.980 their, you know,

01:51:35.940 issues with the

01:51:36.620 border or

01:51:37.180 whatever, so they

01:51:38.240 were trying to

01:51:38.640 find a long-term

01:51:39.380 solution that would

01:51:40.260 allow themselves to

01:51:40.980 just kind of

01:51:41.380 like, you know,

01:51:44.600 Homer Simpson

01:51:45.260 into the bush.

01:51:49.920 Yeah, obviously

01:51:50.700 this is, like, as

01:51:51.920 I said, this is the

01:51:52.960 time period where

01:51:53.720 over the 40 years,

01:51:55.640 you know, from

01:51:55.980 1870 to, you

01:51:57.340 know, the 1914,

01:51:58.840 45 years, there's a

01:52:03.380 slow build towards

01:52:04.720 World War I that,

01:52:06.000 you know, people

01:52:07.220 didn't know when it

01:52:07.940 was going to

01:52:08.280 happen.

01:52:08.800 It could have

01:52:09.260 happened, honestly,

01:52:10.780 much earlier.

01:52:11.680 It could have

01:52:11.940 happened, you know,

01:52:13.060 years before.

01:52:13.940 It was just waiting

01:52:15.080 for something to

01:52:15.900 blow it up

01:52:16.980 because, you

01:52:20.880 know, a general

01:52:21.680 European war

01:52:22.600 hadn't occurred

01:52:23.480 since the

01:52:24.900 18, well, the

01:52:27.600 Napoleonic Wars.

01:52:29.880 All right.

01:52:31.900 But, so,

01:52:32.860 obviously, this

01:52:33.440 leads, these

01:52:34.820 circumstances are

01:52:36.100 what leads to

01:52:37.000 this desire to

01:52:38.060 hammer out all

01:52:39.160 of, you know, the

01:52:40.200 grievances that

01:52:40.980 America and

01:52:41.640 Britain had with 0.96

01:52:42.240 each other through

01:52:43.140 some kind of

01:52:43.760 negotiations and

01:52:44.760 diplomacy, and

01:52:45.600 that's where you

01:52:45.920 get the Treaty of

01:52:46.540 Washington, which

01:52:48.520 is relevant to us

01:52:49.720 as we saw in

01:52:50.240 that episode,

01:52:50.660 because we were

01:52:51.400 kind of a

01:52:51.780 bargaining ship

01:52:52.560 in something that

01:52:53.160 was being used

01:52:53.980 by the British

01:52:55.260 Empire to get

01:52:56.440 the results they

01:52:57.600 wanted, which was

01:52:58.300 peaceful relations

01:52:59.220 with the United

01:53:01.200 States, and what

01:53:04.460 was best for

01:53:05.020 Canada wasn't, it

01:53:05.920 was more about

01:53:06.420 what was best for

01:53:07.020 the Empire than

01:53:07.600 what was best for

01:53:08.180 Canadians, so, 0.60

01:53:09.440 yeah, it's just

01:53:10.840 relevant in that

01:53:11.520 sense.

01:53:12.020 The British and

01:53:12.760 Americans got 0.98

01:53:13.640 their treaty, but

01:53:15.300 MacDonald signed

01:53:16.080 only after he

01:53:18.060 had received

01:53:18.680 compensation for

01:53:19.700 his Fenian

01:53:20.240 claims from

01:53:21.580 the British.

01:53:24.780 Even then,

01:53:25.780 MacDonald only

01:53:26.580 signed the

01:53:27.180 treaty under

01:53:27.680 protest, and

01:53:28.900 as an imperial

01:53:29.800 commissioner rather

01:53:30.960 than as Canadian

01:53:31.920 representative.

01:53:33.500 By doing this, he

01:53:34.520 cleverly implied that

01:53:35.600 while he approved

01:53:36.560 the treaty in terms

01:53:37.440 of imperial interests,

01:53:39.080 he disapproved of

01:53:39.980 it from a Canadian

01:53:40.860 point of view.

01:53:42.240 MacDonald knew that

01:53:43.260 Canadian opinion

01:53:43.980 would blame him

01:53:44.740 for not getting

01:53:45.440 reciprocity, and

01:53:46.900 he was getting a

01:53:47.520 story ready.

01:53:49.420 Why did he sign

01:53:50.460 at all?

01:53:52.360 Well, Britain was 0.72

01:53:53.640 set on Anglo-American

01:53:54.680 reconciliation.

01:53:55.940 Washington conceded

01:53:56.940 that this was

01:53:57.500 possible, but Britain

01:53:59.040 would now have to

01:53:59.860 pay the price for

01:54:00.620 imperial sins during

01:54:01.720 the Civil War.

01:54:03.220 To keep Canada's 0.98

01:54:04.380 share of the price

01:54:05.380 to a minimum,

01:54:06.760 MacDonald fought

01:54:07.520 long and hard,

01:54:09.100 but that done,

01:54:10.520 he signed.

01:54:11.040 He knew that

01:54:12.440 while Britain

01:54:13.140 would pay

01:54:13.540 something for

01:54:14.060 Canadian approval

01:54:14.780 of the treaty,

01:54:15.840 she would not

01:54:16.400 let Canadian

01:54:17.000 disapproval wreck

01:54:18.120 it.

01:54:19.240 Well then,

01:54:20.160 who got what

01:54:21.560 out of the

01:54:22.400 Treaty of

01:54:22.980 Washington?

01:54:26.880 Yeah, so this

01:54:28.120 is, you know,

01:54:28.720 as I mentioned,

01:54:30.260 I think, in the

01:54:31.500 intro before we

01:54:32.200 watched the episode,

01:54:33.080 like, MacDonald

01:54:34.040 was a shrewd

01:54:35.460 diplomat,

01:54:37.480 political

01:54:38.100 maneuverer.

01:54:39.040 he was able

01:54:40.760 to, you know,

01:54:41.660 realize when he

01:54:42.960 was going to win,

01:54:43.640 when he was going

01:54:44.020 to lose, and

01:54:45.080 obviously that's

01:54:45.700 why he's the

01:54:46.220 architect of

01:54:46.820 Confederation.

01:54:47.600 He brought

01:54:47.840 together a lot

01:54:48.400 of disparate

01:54:49.100 elements into

01:54:49.920 one union.

01:54:52.940 And, you know,

01:54:54.300 that's something

01:54:54.880 that takes some

01:54:55.580 skill, and

01:54:57.860 obviously his

01:54:59.340 statecraft was

01:55:00.260 also excellent,

01:55:00.820 but he knew

01:55:01.420 that Canada's 0.71

01:55:03.140 interests weren't

01:55:03.680 going to be

01:55:04.060 prioritized over

01:55:05.060 the empires,

01:55:05.820 and so he got

01:55:06.820 what he could out

01:55:08.480 of that arrangement,

01:55:09.120 but I do find

01:55:10.140 that this next

01:55:10.820 clip very funny.

01:55:13.140 You know, how,

01:55:13.700 how, you know,

01:55:15.180 this is the

01:55:15.540 politician in him,

01:55:16.560 obviously, but he

01:55:17.460 knew how to play

01:55:18.420 the game.

01:55:20.260 He knew, he was

01:55:21.220 sent there, his

01:55:22.000 mandate was to

01:55:22.760 get reciprocity

01:55:23.740 by negotiating it

01:55:26.380 for the fisheries,

01:55:27.760 or rights to the

01:55:28.520 fisheries, right,

01:55:29.180 for Americans.

01:55:30.080 He didn't get that,

01:55:31.040 they wouldn't even

01:55:31.540 table it, so he

01:55:33.160 gets what he wants

01:55:33.980 in a different way,

01:55:35.420 he gets a different

01:55:35.960 victory by getting

01:55:37.520 the British to

01:55:38.160 assure, you

01:55:41.480 know, that they

01:55:41.900 would compensate

01:55:42.880 Canada for the

01:55:43.900 Fenian raid

01:55:44.920 damages, whatever,

01:55:46.240 you know, that

01:55:46.680 would have been,

01:55:47.360 I suppose, in the

01:55:49.280 form of a loan

01:55:50.400 for Transcontinental

01:55:51.780 Railroad, so,

01:55:53.060 which is the thing

01:55:54.140 that was most

01:55:55.100 desirable among

01:55:57.180 all Canadians,

01:55:58.440 right?

01:55:58.800 So, you know,

01:56:00.740 one of those

01:56:01.320 mic drop moments

01:56:02.420 kind of in the

01:56:03.440 early House of

01:56:04.360 Commons, but I'll 0.99

01:56:04.940 play the clip.

01:56:05.340 John A.

01:56:06.880 MacDonald had

01:56:08.040 less to smile

01:56:08.820 about.

01:56:10.300 In fact, a black 0.71

01:56:11.860 eye and empty

01:56:12.820 hands seemed to

01:56:14.040 be all he had

01:56:14.900 brought home from

01:56:15.560 Washington.

01:56:17.100 Angry voices were

01:56:18.260 raised against this

01:56:19.380 politician who gave

01:56:21.140 but did not

01:56:21.980 receive.

01:56:24.480 Clever Columbia had

01:56:26.560 received freedom of

01:56:27.980 the fisheries, but

01:56:29.160 had withheld

01:56:29.880 reciprocity, its

01:56:31.320 proper equivalent,

01:56:32.600 and Canadians were

01:56:33.920 outraged.

01:56:38.300 However, it was

01:56:39.740 not until April

01:56:40.980 1872 that

01:56:42.960 MacDonald had to

01:56:43.940 defend his

01:56:44.800 Washington

01:56:45.380 performance before

01:56:46.780 Parliament.

01:56:50.180 The speech from the

01:56:51.460 throne earnestly

01:56:52.760 called for

01:56:53.420 ratification of the

01:56:54.620 Treaty of

01:56:55.020 Washington.

01:56:59.400 There was a mood

01:57:00.560 of hostile

01:57:01.220 expectancy in the

01:57:02.260 House as the

01:57:02.800 debate began, but

01:57:04.820 MacDonald sat

01:57:05.620 silent, leaving his

01:57:07.340 own defense to his

01:57:08.240 friends.

01:57:09.680 Up his sleeve was the

01:57:11.200 fact that he had

01:57:11.860 turned British

01:57:12.500 compensation into a

01:57:14.280 two-and-a-half-million

01:57:15.280 pound loan to build

01:57:16.940 the Pacific Railway.

01:57:21.120 Finally, amid angry

01:57:22.480 queries about the

01:57:23.640 Fenian claims, news of

01:57:25.740 the loan was announced,

01:57:27.340 and MacDonald stood

01:57:28.460 revealed as not a 1.00

01:57:30.260 fool, but a 1.00

01:57:31.800 fox. 1.00

01:57:45.580 The treaty was

01:57:46.640 overwhelmingly approved.

01:57:48.000 Yeah, so I just think

01:57:54.180 that's an interesting

01:57:54.740 clip, even though, you

01:57:56.100 know, if you didn't

01:57:56.700 catch up the timing of

01:57:57.800 it.

01:57:58.040 So MacDonald sits there

01:57:59.360 silently as they, you

01:58:01.200 know, angrily argue

01:58:02.620 about, you know, what

01:58:04.780 they didn't get in this

01:58:06.780 treaty, and he waits.

01:58:08.820 He waits for one of the

01:58:11.100 opposition or, you know,

01:58:12.240 one of the irate members

01:58:13.980 of Parliament to bring up

01:58:15.160 the Fenian damages so 0.98

01:58:16.560 then he can be like, oh,

01:58:17.480 yeah, I got that.

01:58:18.440 I got a two-and-a-half

01:58:19.380 million pound loan to

01:58:20.520 build the railway.

01:58:23.280 So, again, just clever

01:58:24.780 politicking, good, good

01:58:26.700 statesman in general, knew

01:58:29.360 how to play the game,

01:58:30.260 right?

01:58:32.420 So, anyways, an

01:58:33.740 interesting figure, well,

01:58:35.760 an essential and, you

01:58:37.540 know, undeniably important

01:58:42.580 figure in Canadian

01:58:44.040 history.

01:58:46.560 All right, we'll wrap

01:58:48.760 up here with just going

01:58:50.060 over quickly, you know,

01:58:51.220 B.C. and Prince Edward

01:58:52.280 Island being brought into

01:58:53.420 the fold of confederation

01:58:54.680 because this is how we get

01:58:55.440 provinces six and seven,

01:58:56.920 obviously, in this time

01:58:58.560 period.

01:58:59.440 In British Columbia

01:59:00.340 itself, the two sides,

01:59:03.100 those who were anxious for

01:59:04.120 an American connection and

01:59:05.820 those who preferred Canada,

01:59:07.820 argued largely in economic

01:59:09.400 terms.

01:59:09.960 Pro-Americans claimed that the

01:59:17.640 completion of the northern

01:59:18.580 Pacific would make Victoria 0.99

01:59:20.440 a great port, if it were

01:59:22.460 American.

01:59:23.580 Pro-Canadians pointed out

01:59:24.980 that Seattle would be the

01:59:26.580 terminus.

01:59:28.200 Yet, the anti-Americans

01:59:29.880 said, Victoria was even more

01:59:32.320 strategically located than its

01:59:33.860 neighbor in relation to the

01:59:35.400 great prize of the future.

01:59:41.340 This was the trade with the

01:59:43.060 Orient, now being developed by

01:59:45.260 the Western powers.

01:59:47.060 In the scramble for trade,

01:59:49.000 Britain, rather than the United 0.81

01:59:50.580 States, was in the lead.

01:59:56.320 The pro-Canadians argued that

01:59:58.440 if somehow a railroad could be

02:00:00.580 built from Canada, British

02:00:02.160 Columbia's ports would become

02:00:03.700 key links in a faster British

02:00:05.660 route to the Orient.

02:00:08.020 Victoria itself would be the 0.94

02:00:09.940 point of transshipment, and

02:00:11.880 stagnation would end in a stream

02:00:13.880 of trade.

02:00:17.320 The pro-Canadians were

02:00:18.920 tremendously helped by Canada's 0.98

02:00:20.780 acquisition of the West.

02:00:23.500 Britain also helped by

02:00:25.100 appointing Anthony Musgrave as

02:00:26.740 governor, for he, like most

02:00:28.980 members of the Legislative

02:00:30.080 Assembly now, was an aggressive

02:00:31.980 advocate of Confederation.

02:00:34.640 Soon, the Assembly dispatched

02:00:36.140 delegates to Ottawa to negotiate

02:00:38.440 with the Canadian government.

02:00:41.840 They found MacDonald only too

02:00:43.940 willing to tell them what they

02:00:45.220 wanted to hear.

02:00:46.900 He promised that Canada would

02:00:48.580 complete a railroad to the

02:00:49.900 Pacific within ten years.

02:00:52.840 So, on July 20th, 1871,

02:00:56.340 British Columbia entered

02:00:57.500 Confederation as the sixth 0.99

02:00:59.580 province.

02:01:02.800 So, obviously, again, just a good

02:01:06.640 example of Johnny knowing what was

02:01:09.060 needed to, you know, push them in

02:01:11.060 the right direction, which is, you

02:01:12.480 know, the Transcontinental Railway.

02:01:13.940 And, you know, making that promise

02:01:16.720 was, I don't know if he knew he was

02:01:20.220 lying or if he, you know, thought that

02:01:22.880 he was, you know, telling the truth but

02:01:25.280 maybe exaggerating the time frame that

02:01:27.120 it would be completed in.

02:01:28.060 But he wasn't that far off.

02:01:29.180 So, British Columbia joins the Union in

02:01:32.380 1871.

02:01:33.980 The Transcontinental Railroad, or at

02:01:35.860 least the section of it that runs from

02:01:37.800 the Ottawa Valley to, I forget where, in

02:01:41.400 BC, is completed in 1885.

02:01:45.360 And construction on that began in 1775.

02:01:48.020 So, you know, funny enough, it did take

02:01:50.300 10 years to build it, but it wasn't 10

02:01:52.460 years from the time, you know, BC agreed to

02:01:54.520 join Confederation.

02:01:55.640 But regardless, you think, you know, 14

02:01:58.600 years.

02:01:59.500 Imagine today, if they tell you that a

02:02:01.760 project is going to take 10 years to

02:02:03.320 complete, you know, get ready for a 25,

02:02:05.440 30-year, you know, endless nightmare of

02:02:07.880 construction, because that's basically what

02:02:09.340 goes on now.

02:02:10.440 But I did think that was a funny thing

02:02:12.780 that even then, you know, oh, I'll get it

02:02:14.720 done in 10 years.

02:02:16.000 Yeah.

02:02:18.980 But, hey, they did complete it.

02:02:22.520 Yeah, BC enters.

02:02:23.840 And then, obviously, the last one in, I

02:02:27.860 think it's 1872, is Prince Edward Island.

02:02:31.400 Prince Edward Island is a funny one, because

02:02:33.580 basically, the reason that it joins

02:02:35.520 Confederation is because it was broke.

02:02:37.360 Um, it didn't, they had, you know, I'll

02:02:43.080 just play the clip.

02:02:44.880 One small step remained.

02:02:49.020 Prince Edward Island was small in size,

02:02:51.860 but immense in character and self-esteem.

02:02:55.680 The Islanders liked their way of life so 1.00

02:02:57.720 well, they might have stayed independent

02:02:59.880 forever.

02:03:01.020 But they tried to build a railroad, and as

02:03:03.940 the debts grew, so did interest in

02:03:06.380 Confederation.

02:03:09.300 When the details of the arrangement with

02:03:11.320 the Dominion were revealed, the

02:03:13.540 Islanders had good reason to cheer.

02:03:16.240 Their railroads, their debts, and their

02:03:19.060 absentee landlords had all been taken

02:03:21.500 care of.

02:03:25.780 On July 1st, 1873, the little island

02:03:30.580 became part of Confederation, and

02:03:33.420 McDonald had reached his goal.

02:03:36.280 The second transcontinental nation had 0.99

02:03:39.100 been realized.

02:03:42.360 Yeah.

02:03:43.280 So, obviously, a PEI basically is

02:03:46.160 broke, um, because of a railroad

02:03:49.320 boondoggle and needs to get bailed out

02:03:52.140 by someone, and it's not going to be the

02:03:53.600 British Empire, so they joined

02:03:55.700 Confederation.

02:03:56.320 Obviously, it was probably going to

02:03:58.400 happen one way or another at some

02:03:59.840 point, whether it was then or later, but

02:04:02.040 it's just interesting that, I mean, it

02:04:06.840 was positively received for the reasons

02:04:09.040 mentioned, but, yeah.

02:04:10.780 So, anyways, that was it for that

02:04:13.940 episode.

02:04:14.940 Like I said, there's some interesting

02:04:16.740 tidbits in there, and we're kind of just

02:04:18.260 wrapping up Confederation and tying loose 0.65

02:04:20.980 ends at this point.

02:04:21.760 But, um, yeah.

02:04:24.120 Um,

02:04:25.440 Lone Star Texas says, this is definitely

02:04:26.880 interesting history, even from the

02:04:28.240 American perspective.

02:04:29.140 Thanks for doing this, Alex.

02:04:30.040 I mean, it's basically American history,

02:04:31.660 too.

02:04:31.800 Like, half of the, I didn't even really

02:04:33.420 get into that much of it, but, like,

02:04:34.660 almost half of that episode, or maybe,

02:04:36.560 I don't know, uh, two-thirds, or not

02:04:38.320 two-thirds, uh, a third of it, is just

02:04:40.300 American history, right?

02:04:41.880 Um, no, it's from, it's American history

02:04:43.840 from the perspective of, kind of, Canada

02:04:45.760 and the British Empire, but, you know,

02:04:47.700 it's still relevant.

02:04:48.660 So, yeah, um, look, our histories are

02:04:52.620 intricately intertwined, right?

02:04:56.760 You can't separate them.

02:04:58.440 Um, obviously, American history has much

02:05:00.980 more weight on Canada than Canadian 0.98

02:05:03.120 history does on America, but they, they 0.98

02:05:05.580 are related.

02:05:06.600 Um, and, uh, yeah, I think, I think it's

02:05:12.280 just, uh, I think it's something that

02:05:17.120 enhances, uh, the modern Canadian-American

02:05:19.860 relationship, rather than, um, you know,

02:05:22.920 sours it.

02:05:27.300 But, uh, yeah, um, so I'm probably gonna

02:05:30.660 wrap it up there, unless I didn't see

02:05:32.600 any, like, questions or, you know, unique

02:05:35.020 comments come in, but, uh,

02:05:37.080 uh, but, yeah, if you guys have anything

02:05:43.740 you want to bring up quickly, let her

02:05:45.960 read, otherwise, I'll just end it here.

02:05:48.660 You know, short episode, obviously, but

02:05:50.520 again, you know, you, you guys just

02:05:53.040 watched it.

02:05:53.540 There really wasn't that, um, much to

02:05:55.700 dig through other than, you know, some of

02:05:57.740 what I brought up, um, without going off

02:06:00.120 on huge standards, so, um, but, uh,

02:06:08.340 otherwise, yeah, if, if there isn't

02:06:11.280 anything that you guys want to go over,

02:06:13.420 um, we'll finish the series on Saturday

02:06:16.620 night, uh, at least that's my plan, you

02:06:19.360 know, barring unforeseen circumstances,

02:06:21.160 the plan is to wrap this up Saturday

02:06:23.360 night, probably eight o'clock, um, and

02:06:27.420 then I'll, you know, start determining

02:06:29.600 where we're going to go next with the

02:06:31.560 Nationalist Film Board, uh, other

02:06:34.480 housekeeping, uh, I've got, uh, on

02:06:39.420 Tuesday, the 30th, yeah, next Tuesday,

02:06:43.280 the 30th, I will be doing a stream with

02:06:45.980 Thomas Russo from Patriot Front, uh,

02:06:48.100 it's been almost, I think it's been a

02:06:49.380 year, it will be exactly a year to the

02:06:51.880 day since I've talked to him or been on

02:06:53.980 a live stream with him, so that should

02:06:55.800 be interesting, Patriot Front's

02:06:57.060 obviously had a quite a breakthrough

02:06:58.540 year, uh, and made a lot of gains, so

02:07:01.020 it'll be, uh, fun to hear Thomas's

02:07:04.120 perspective on, you know, what the org

02:07:05.920 achieved and where he thinks they're

02:07:08.040 going in 2026, um, and yeah, you know,

02:07:12.640 it'll be interesting too for me because,

02:07:14.640 uh, with everything that we've had go on

02:07:16.840 with the club over the past year, I feel

02:07:20.080 like, uh, you know, we, I have more of a,

02:07:23.200 um, personal perspective to offer on these

02:07:29.480 things now that I've, we've been through

02:07:31.480 it and we can demonstrate that, uh, we

02:07:33.520 have, uh, done the work and are going

02:07:36.640 through the process ourselves and, uh, you

02:07:39.160 know, I'm immensely proud of what the guys

02:07:41.040 were able to achieve over the past year, um,

02:07:44.340 you know, not, not many, uh, nationalist

02:07:47.900 organizations globally can put the kind of

02:07:50.360 numbers that we are, uh, into the streets, so,

02:07:53.800 um, even amongst the Anglosphere, right, um, it

02:08:00.100 won't be long before we have our first, you

02:08:02.200 know, 100 man plus, uh, event, um, and so,

02:08:06.960 yeah, that's, uh, that's on the guys, the guys

02:08:08.780 are committed and they're willing to do

02:08:11.940 the work, so cheers. Um, with all that

02:08:15.800 said, uh, I'll just wish you guys all a

02:08:18.200 Merry Christmas and a Happy New Year, good

02:08:20.000 Yule, you know, enjoy the winter solstice,

02:08:23.340 whatever, whatever, however it is you

02:08:24.560 choose to, uh, you know, celebrate this

02:08:26.800 time of year, um, uh, Tyler Fearless

02:08:33.000 wants to know my stats at the gym. I'll

02:08:34.860 go over, if you want to do that, do it on

02:08:36.700 a daily toll while I'll get into gym

02:08:38.480 stuff. All right, uh, let's leave it

02:08:40.940 there. Thanks, everybody. Thank you so

02:08:42.660 much for the support throughout this

02:08:44.060 series. Um, it's not as popular in terms

02:08:46.940 of, uh, numbers, uh, as the daily toll,

02:08:49.720 the daily toll gets like two or three

02:08:51.300 times the number of viewers, so, um, you

02:08:54.220 know, but the support makes it, you know,

02:08:55.880 worth doing it. I like doing it too, so, um,

02:08:59.140 we'll keep it going. And, uh, with that,

02:09:03.140 cheers, everybody. Merry Christmas.

02:09:06.700 Merry Christmas.

The Ferryman's Toll - December 24, 2025

The Nationalist Film Board - Creation of Canada - Part 8

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Transcript