In this episode, former CIA Special Agent and author Glenn Thrush talks about his time in the Beirut Special Operations Division, and his new book, Beirut Rules, about the Iranian-backed terrorist group Hezbollah, and the man who was responsible for most of the attacks on the United States.
00:01:26.420Most people from our generation can recall Carlos the Jackal.
00:01:30.660But after Carlos the Jackal, there was no bigger terrorist than Imad Mughniya, who had more U.S. and Israeli blood on his hands than any other terrorist before Osama bin Laden came around.
00:01:47.360We know Osama bin Laden, but we don't know this guy.
00:01:50.200Well, it took us a long time to map out who Mughniya was, Glenn.
00:01:54.460And I can tell you, when I was a young agent working the hostage cases and the terrorist attacks, that we had a grainy photograph of this guy that we really did not know who he was.
00:02:05.640And we started an intelligence collection effort to try to figure out exactly who Imad Mughniya was.
00:02:10.800And we actually got some intelligence as to his identity.
00:02:14.380And then we started to kind of walk back the cat to try to figure out exactly where he was inside the Hezbollah organization.
00:02:21.240Remember, when all these attacks were taking place in Beirut during this time period, we had this group called the Islamic Jihad Organization.
00:02:30.560And I can remember studying their communiques, and we sent it off for psycholinguistic analysis.
00:02:36.360We had the FBI and the CIA look at it to try to figure out who was this person crafting these communiques.
00:02:42.920And it all led back to this character by the name of Mughniya, who was responsible for all these terrorist attacks.
00:02:56.160I know when all hell broke loose in Beirut, we didn't have anybody who was really prepared in the CIA to deal with this kind of organization, right?
00:03:14.980Remember, the CIA was stood up to combat the KGB, to go behind the Iron Curtain.
00:03:21.700So can I ask you if this is too much of a movie understanding?
00:03:26.480But it seems to me that while they were ruthless and everything else, there was rules where in the Middle East there doesn't seem to be any rules.
00:04:08.540They went after the United States Embassy in 1983 in the first bombing, which took out the eyes and ears of intelligence for the United States government when the CIA had a meeting there and it was car bombed by Hezbollah.
00:04:23.100And that was really the first volley of attack that decimated U.S. intelligence in that time period.
00:04:30.380So Reagan was so focused on the Soviet Union.
00:04:35.200When this started to happen, did he understand it?
00:04:43.900Because this will lead to the main character in your book who's a real American hero.
00:04:48.460And it seems odd the way that was treated when he was kidnapped and taken.
00:04:55.000So I'm trying to get an understanding.
00:04:57.980Did they see the Middle East then and these new kinds of terrorists as something big and important in the future?
00:05:09.120Or was this just some gnats that we have to deal with here?
00:05:13.760We're dealing with the real problem of the Soviet Union.
00:05:16.380I think they dealt with Beirut and the Middle East in this time period during the Reagan administration as almost a tactical problem, meaning it wasn't a strategic kind of issue like the Soviet Union was during that time period with Star Wars and the fall of the wall, meaning our arch enemy was the Soviet Union.
00:05:36.280And along came this asymmetrical kind of group that was able to bring the United States to his needs in many ways and take the fight to us.
00:05:46.540And we were not prepared for that during that time period.
00:05:49.560And our intelligence, Glenn, during that window was very poor.
00:06:11.800When we had the bombing of the Marine barracks, I've read several times that if Reagan would have responded with overwhelming force, the future might have been greatly different.
00:07:38.180At age 13, he's listening to the Japanese bomb Pearl Harbor on his radio at home outside of Boston, Massachusetts.
00:07:47.560His sister tells me that he always wanted to be a soldier.
00:07:50.840He played with little toy soldiers when he was a kid.
00:07:53.560And shortly after his graduation from high school in 1947, he goes off to the Korean War, where he's awarded the Silver Star for rushing a Chinese machine gun nest at age 18 with the 1st Cavalry Division.
00:08:28.100And he attends school at Boston University, and he takes multiple languages.
00:08:33.500And after university, at Boston University, he joins the CIA, which at that time is just starting up in the mid-1950s.
00:08:43.060And he goes off and starts doing a little bit of work for the CIA, and then Vietnam is heating up, and he goes off to Vietnam as one of Kennedy's first Green Berets.
00:08:56.580And he's in special forces assigned to the Phoenix program in Vietnam.
00:09:02.820The Phoenix program was winning the hearts and minds.
00:09:05.180A lot of misinformation has been written about it, and it's pretty much, from a historical perspective, viewed by many as an assassination targeting program.
00:09:16.140I was just going to say, it's an assassination club.
00:09:21.440But it was also an effort to try to win the hearts and minds and to try to join the enemy forces together and try to combat, again, the Soviet empire in that realm of the world.
00:09:33.860And I've got these fabulous little pictures, the old-fashioned Instagram pictures of Bill Buckley in the story where he's sending messages home, and he's riding down the Mekong Delta with a .50 caliber submachine gun, and he's talking about what's happening in the field.
00:09:51.600And what was fascinating to me, Glenn, and I know you've done a lot of stories too, every picture of Bill in the field in Vietnam, he's with an Australian special forces guy, usually a radio man.
00:10:03.040And that started me thinking, well, I had no idea that the Australians were so active with the Green Berets and with the CIA in Vietnam.
00:10:11.060So that in itself is worth another whole story.
00:10:14.560But after Vietnam, Bill goes back to the CIA and literally bounces all around the world at all the hot spots.
00:10:51.220Well-read man, a student of languages, a student of history, a student of war.
00:10:56.960And he becomes a paramilitary expert where he travels around the world teaching foreign intelligence and security services how to conduct hostage rescues, how to put together intelligence-related activities.
00:11:13.440So in 1983, after the embassy is leveled, literally in a car bomb, at a meeting where all the CIA personnel are gathering, Bill raises his hand and volunteers to go to Beirut when nobody else wanted to go.
00:11:32.400But that doesn't surprise me because that's the kind of man he was.
00:11:35.920Was he the logical choice or was he the choice, let me put it this way, it seems as though he was sent in on kind of a really dangerous, crazy mission and you're like, who do you want to do this?
00:13:44.960Now, Buckley doesn't know who Mugnya is, but he knows that we have this group called Islamic Jihad that is suspected of being Iranian-backed that might have this murky link to Hezbollah.
00:13:55.720But they really don't know the actors and the principal tactical operators inside the organization.
00:14:12.360Bill has to rebuild the intelligence network that was lost after the 83 bombing when all the CIA personnel are wiped out.
00:14:21.200So he has to reinstitute basic intelligence collection, basic surveillance operation.
00:14:27.300He has to try to map the enemies that are against us.
00:14:30.200He tries to put the pieces of the puzzle together about what happened in the 83 blast.
00:14:35.780So part of his mission was figure out what happened, try to forecast what's coming next, and lo and behold, we're hit again at the Marine barracks bombing while on Bill's watch.
00:14:46.840So it's just nothing but terrorism and chaos and mayhem, and Bill's at the center of gravity trying to figure this all out.
00:14:53.940And then I'm afraid he's abducted one morning on his ride to work.
00:15:07.320First of all, what do you do when you have no assets?
00:17:51.600Bill, there was this guy that was always behind another door, and we know his name was Bill.
00:17:56.980So we knew that Bill was still a hostage, but nobody had really seen him until one night when he died in captivity, which I'll never forget.
00:18:06.900Father Martin Jinko, who was a Catholic priest that had been kidnapped by the same organization,
00:18:11.660was the first hostage to come out to actually tell us that Bill had died and that he was delusional.
00:18:18.120And the other hostages were saying, please get this man some medical care.
00:21:27.260Well, he had ordered a Jaguar that was coming in that had not made it there.
00:21:32.600But he was overwhelmed on the ride to work in the morning, dragged out of the car and put into another vehicle
00:21:42.960where he was taken off to the slums of the southern suburbs of Beirut where he would vanish into an area that we had absolutely no eyes or ears in.
00:21:51.280And, unfortunately, that's how Bill died.
00:21:56.040Bill ends up dying in captivity after being tortured, brutally interviewed by Hezbollah.
00:22:05.480We suspect Imad Mughniya himself, who at that time was in charge of special operations for Hezbollah.
00:22:12.240We think the Iranians interviewed him, and it would not be surprising to learn that the KGB did as well.
00:23:00.820So he is a walking catalog of all intelligence-related activity in Beirut to include all the double agents we might have working, like if we have flipped a source within the Lebanese security services.
00:23:15.040Have we flipped a Soviet KGB agent during that time period?
00:23:18.480So after Bill is abducted, Glenn, everything is shut down, literally.
00:23:24.260So if you think about it from an intelligence perspective, you had the 83 bombing, right?
00:23:29.040The eyes and ears of America are blown up, literally, shut down.
00:23:33.700You have the 84 bombing of the Marine barracks.
00:23:37.220You have Bill Buckley kidnapped, who knows all the intelligence operations that he had started up since he sent into Beirut.
00:23:45.420So in essence, our entire operation is shut down.
00:23:54.600The next bombing is again the United States Embassy in Beirut, where the U.S. Embassy is hit hard again by Imad Magni and Hezbollah.
00:24:03.780We also have a bombing of the U.S. Embassy in Kuwait during this time period by Hezbollah.
00:24:09.140And we also have the hijacking of TWA flight 847 by Hezbollah and the death of the young U.S. Navy diver Robert Stedham, where Hezbollah puts a bullet in the back of his head and dumps him on the tarmac in Beirut.
00:24:23.220How come my memory doesn't connect all of this to Iran?
00:24:40.940But my memory does not tie all of this directly to Iran.
00:24:45.880There's not been a lot written, Glenn, on the Hezbollah-Iranian nexus, meaning you have Iran that's using this proxy Hezbollah as a tool of foreign policy to be able to carry out this asymmetrical warfare against the United States.
00:25:02.180Now, bear in mind, too, Bill Buckley, when he's a hostage, he's held with many French hostages, German, even Russian, a Korean, an Irish hostage.
00:25:13.840At one point in time, we had over 20 hostages being held by Hezbollah.
00:25:18.260They brought Western Europe and the United States to his knees with their hostage kind of policy, all choreographed by Iran and Hezbollah.
00:25:27.400So when we first set out to find him, how long has he gone before we find out for sure he's dead?
00:25:41.480He's gone for about a year before we figure out that he's dead.
00:25:46.720I think he was alive for a good six to seven months before he died.
00:25:50.740Why do you say Moscow interviewed him?
00:25:53.840We had enough intelligence in putting together the story from some of our – you'll see many redactions in our story that the CIA cut out.
00:26:05.780And we wanted that in there for transparency's sake so folks would know what was removed from the government.
00:26:10.800We had enough intelligence to indicate piecing together the redactions and so forth that this was a very valuable asset to Iran that you could barter and you could trade.
00:26:24.160And that's what the intelligence communities are.
00:26:26.500It's like an Arab bazaar of trading intelligence and trading information around.
00:26:30.600And lo and behold, what we found in the FBI redacted files was that the FBI for a long period of time suspected that Bill may have even been flown to Tehran and may have even been held inside the Iranian embassy in Beirut for a period of time.
00:26:47.380Where does Osama bin Laden come into the story?
00:26:49.600Well, bin Laden, remember, he's learning and he's learning the tools of groups that come before him.
00:26:57.360And he's looking at the effectiveness of a group like Hezbollah who manages to blow up the U.S. embassy twice in Beirut, the U.S. embassy in Kuwait, the Israeli embassy in BA Argentina, the Israeli daycare center in BA Argentina, the hijacking of TWA 847.
00:27:24.100So, Mugnia and Hezbollah in Iran gave bin Laden a blueprint that you could look for.
00:27:33.460And then all of a sudden you could see how can you attack the United States by using this asymmetrical kind of warfare, which is exactly what we're still dealing with today.
00:27:42.660And did Obama ever get together and they meet – not Obama, Osama bin Laden.
00:28:31.040You have this compartmented operation off to the side with Admiral Poindexter and Colonel Oliver North that's doing the trading of tow missiles to Iran to get these hostages released.
00:28:42.480And I'm not the sharpest knife in the drawer at times, Glenn.
00:28:45.420And I remember going over on the North Atlantic after about my third trip across.
00:28:50.320And I'm thinking to myself on a cold Air Force flight, how come we're deploying before a hostage is released?
00:28:58.300How come I don't know about what's going on?
00:29:00.520And we finally get to Wiesbaden and the small group of us start talking amongst ourselves.
00:29:05.500And we're saying, there's got to be something else going on here because we're always deployed before the hostage comes out.
00:29:11.100And then when the first hostage comes out, which is Father Jinko, we were expecting Bill Buckley.
00:29:59.700And I can't imagine in body recovery mode and what that's like for a friend, somebody you admire in a place where it's completely foreign and looking for the body is dangerous for you, right?
00:30:23.140It became a mission of the United States government to try to find him at that point in time to bring him home for a proper burial.
00:30:29.480Now remember, as callous as this sounds, Glenn, Hezbollah knew that his body was still worth something to the United States government, that that was a leverage point.
00:30:41.540And so we became very aggressive in that time period with reward offers.
00:30:48.500We actually even created little matchbooks with pictures and we we had wanted posters.
00:30:53.280And we said, look, we'll pay up to two million dollars if somebody can tell us where the bodies are, where the people are that took him.
00:31:01.980So we could try to gear up some counterterrorism teams to try to go in.
00:31:07.100And did you get any any takers on that?
00:31:10.240Well, we eventually recovered the body utilizing the intelligence community that had some sources that identified where the bodies were located.
00:31:17.920And we were able to send a very brave State Department Diplomatic Security Service team out from the U.S. Embassy that went out to help us recover the bodies and and and bring Bill Buckley home.
00:32:04.260And so when you're looking at the Iranian intelligence service, this is an organization that is very capable, very well funded with a lot of sources that we don't have access to.
00:32:16.480Same as the Iraqis during that time period.
00:32:19.140Ahmad still he marches into Iraq, does he not?
00:32:51.840He has meetings in Syria and he actually was mapped to Damascus, Syria in 2008, where a counterterrorism effort at that point was put into place, predominantly with the United States and Israel to take him out.
00:34:14.000I'm trying to remember which bombing it was that the first one that kind of shook my understanding, the first one that kind of shook the terrorist world, if you will, was the embassy bombing in Beirut and then the barracks.
00:34:27.580And they were like, whoa, we can make these guys move.
00:35:08.180And I remember I was in 1999, I was on the air.
00:35:12.500And I just, I like to take people at their word.
00:35:15.660You know, it's amazing when you take people at their word, especially when they're telling you, you know, they're telling you something nice.
00:37:02.160We had the landmark plot in New York City during that time period when you were there, where the group had looked at blowing up the Brooklyn Bridge, trying to assassinate President Mubarak at the Waldorf Astoria Hotel.
00:37:56.760And remember during that time period, you had a very dysfunctional counterterrorism system in place where you had the FBI and the CIA and the State Department.
00:38:23.000It's not like private business or any other entity.
00:38:25.720And it takes tragedy, I'm sad to say, to force change.
00:38:29.420Meaning it took Bill Buckley's abduction in Beirut in order for the CIA to protect other station chiefs so that the same thing doesn't happen to them again.
00:38:40.620And that's what happens in government bureaucracies.
00:38:44.220Nobody wants to hear about what's on the horizon.
00:38:47.940We'll just react to the problem once it happens.
00:38:50.540Now, we've gotten a lot better since 9-11.
00:38:53.520You know, my hat's off to the FBI, you know, since 9-11.
00:38:57.220They've done a great job here domestically.
00:38:58.840I don't think people have any idea how, and this is just my guess, I don't have any idea either, but I don't think that we have any idea how much we have been saved from for good, you know, detective work and intelligence work.
00:39:15.100I mean, I think the country has been, these guys, Thomas Jefferson talked about, you know, Islamicists, that they're not going away.
00:39:27.780We may have pushed them back now, but they're coming back, and they're going to come back over and over and over again because they believe all of this stuff.
00:39:36.920And we just keep seemingly pushing them back now.
00:39:51.100I'm sad to say that our kids will be dealing with this problem.
00:39:54.800I've been in this business since 1981, and you can just see the carnage and the destruction, and you can look around the world.
00:40:02.160And that's not to mention the hundreds of other attacks that we could talk about that have happened elsewhere, from the hijackings to the assassinations to the killings of Americans.
00:40:11.100This is something that's going to go on forever.
00:40:15.280This is not a problem that you can eradicate.
00:40:19.720There's only so many of these terrorists you can hunt down and kill, and let's face it, our special operations teams are doing a great job at that.
00:40:26.620But in essence, how do you defeat an ideology?
00:40:55.520I had left the service by then, and I vividly recall the plane sitting in the trade towers, and I hearkened back to the 93 First World Trade Center bombing, and I said, this isn't surprising in the least.
00:41:08.820And to me, the shocking part is the folks that say, I never saw this coming.
00:41:13.840You could see it coming, you could see it coming, you had enough intelligence to indicate that it was right around the corner.
00:41:21.520I'm a self-educated, pretty much boob most of the time, especially back in 1999.
00:41:31.900I didn't know what I was talking about.
00:41:33.160I could, with very little internet access, could figure out Osama bin Laden and see this was coming.
00:41:44.280Not to be shocked, shocked that maybe they flew him into a building, but not shocked that they were trying to blow those buildings up or kill mass Americans.
00:41:54.680That's what they say they want to do, and they still want to do that.
00:58:48.840But, again, when you're dealing with Iran, our options are very limited because they have the ability, Glenn, to unleash an asymmetrical, very well-funded and organized group that have historically done nothing but level our embassies, kill our hostages, target Israelis, kill Jews, kill American diplomats all around the globe.
00:59:18.140But does it help us or hurt us to be absolutely crystal clear on what we stand for?
01:00:03.440I don't know where they stand anymore.
01:00:04.960From an intelligence perspective, the Five Eyes nations are still doing their job.
01:00:12.420And regardless of the political rhetoric coming out of Washington or London or Canberra on any given day, you still have the agents and the analysts working together.
01:00:39.360When Asia Bibi, a Catholic who won't renounce her faith, spent nine years in prison in Pakistan, the Supreme Court of Pakistan has the courage to stand up and say, this was an abomination.
01:00:56.840This was absolutely wrong to put her in prison.
01:01:00.000And then she says to England, I need to get out.
01:01:09.420I need asylum in your nation, me and my family, or they're going to kill us.
01:01:27.660Well, I think that the Metropolitan Police and Special Branch and MI5 and MI6 have got a very difficult job because on any given day in the U.K., they could have jihadis running people over on bridges, that they are overwhelmed with domestic terrorism problems in the United Kingdom.
01:01:49.300And I think that it's a problem that has just grown out of control.
01:01:53.500They've allowed so many jihadis into their country.
01:01:58.160You have the borderless flow of other jihadis in and out of the United Kingdom, that the reach, the cross-nation, the third-country kind of operations that can be launched, that it's a daunting task.
01:02:13.120And I think that on any given day in the U.K., we could see exactly what we have been seeing now at a very slow tempo of attacks.
01:02:59.380The people are being told not to be Belgian, not to be Swedish, not to be German, not to be Italian, not to be English.
01:03:08.640And then the governments are also mandating that you take this gigantic influx of people that the average person says, wait, this is not good.