In this episode, Jack and Dr. Rhonda Patrick talk about the benefits of writing notes before a comedy set, and how it can help you remember what you're talking about. They also talk about true crime stories, and what it's like to be an honor roll kid and then get caught in a police sting. Jack is a standup comedian in Los Angeles and is one of the funniest people I know. Dr. Patrick is a professor of psychology at the University of California, Los Angeles, and is a regular contributor to the Los Angeles Daily News and Los Angeles Magazine. You can catch up with both of them on Comedy Central's "Comedy Central" and HBO's "Late Night with Seth Meyers" where they talk about all things comedy and other things related to stand-up comedy. They're both hilarious and smart, and you should definitely check out both of their comedy sets. Jack and Rhonda talk about how to write notes before comedy sets, and why it's a good idea to have a notebook to keep track of all of your notes before you're on stage. Also, Jack gives us some tips on how to remember what to write down before a set. We hope you enjoy this episode and can't wait to do it again next week! Thank you so much for listening to this episode of Comedy Central Spotlight! - Jack and Rachael! Jack & Dr. Phyllis - Thank you for listening and supporting the podcast! (and we hope you have a great rest of the week! - Jack & Rachieve your best week ever again! xoxo, Jack & Rhonda and we'll see you next week. - Caitie, Caitie ( ) Thanks, Jack, Rachie, and Jack, and we love you, and keep you listening to the podcasting, and hope you're having a great week! <3 Caitie & Jon & Jon, and Jon, too much love you! - Jon and Jon (and Jon, Jon, etc etc., etc., and much more! . Jon & Jon & Jack, etc., - Jon & Dan, etc. (Thank you, Jon & Brian, etc, etc.) , etc., Jon & Jake, and all of the rest of your support and support you, too, and so much so much love, RACHIE
00:00:31.000If you looked at my notebook, and if you ever thought that I actually wrote in my notebook, you'd think I'm a crazy person, because I'm writing the same thing over and over again.
00:00:39.000All work no play makes Jack a tall boy.
00:00:42.000I just like before a set what I do is I just write out the key things that I wanted to work on and I'll write them out over and over again so like I'll have a hundred page notebook and it's like a hundred pages of like half of it's the same stuff over and over again.
00:00:57.000I'll write out things that are in more detail, and then, like you said, I'll write just a cue.
00:01:04.000It's different when you're giving a talk, at least in academia, like a PowerPoint talk, you have a slide, and the slide cues a couple of minutes of talk.
00:01:12.000It helps you remember what you're going to talk about.
00:01:32.000Because there's a couple of things that I'm talking about in my new set where I have to reassure people that I'm not making this up because it's so ridiculous.
00:01:42.000Like, one of them was this woman who posed as a high school student.
00:01:47.000She was a 25-year-old police officer, super attractive, and she posed as a high school student and convinced a young boy to sell her marijuana and then arrested him.
00:03:06.000But then they say it's true, so it's kind of like messing with you, because the whole time they're doing their bit, you're like, is that really true?
00:03:33.000Actually, this was very interesting because a study just came out not long ago showing that if you run before, you're going to learn something.
00:03:43.000Let's say you want to do something short-term recall, so you're going to go up on stage and say something.
00:04:36.000I know I tweeted about it not long ago, because it was like within this last month that it came out.
00:04:44.000So while I'm learning new material throughout the day, then I go for a run in the evening, and then the next day I'll be able to recall it better, theoretically.
00:04:54.000Now I'm subject to the placebo effect because I know about this.
00:06:12.000He did the Bigfoot 200, which is 205 miles, plus it has something insane like 55,000 feet of elevation change over the course of the entire race.
00:06:23.000Because you're constantly going up and down and up and down.
00:06:26.000And at some points in the race, it's so steep.
00:06:29.000It's an outdoor race over Mount St. Helens.
00:06:32.000And sometimes the terrain is so brutal that the top speed is two miles an hour.
00:06:36.000He's going to be like one of those amazing super agers.
00:06:41.000Like, that's just very mentally sharp when he's older.
00:06:45.000Either that or he's not going to be...
00:07:08.000They found that one of the keys to maintaining your brain mass is pushing past That comfortable zone physically so like you know exercise wise and also Mentally just you know, obviously like like learning new things and challenging yourself So,
00:07:27.000you know, so when you're working out you don't do this kind of like You know half-ass thing right push yourself you have to really push yourself and that seems to be key for Becoming a super ager.
00:07:39.000That's crazy that it works with your brain Why?
00:07:42.000I mean, exercise has profound effects on your brain.
00:07:46.000I mean, specifically, if you're looking at aerobic exercise, it's hard.
00:07:53.000Aerobic exercise, as you said, doing a 5K, running three miles, I mean, you do a lot of training, and yet that was still hard for you, you know, because doing that type of aerobic exercise is difficult.
00:08:05.000Studies have shown that even just like 20 to 30 minutes of aerobic exercise can, in healthy young men, increase serum BDNF, which is brain-derived neurotrophic factor.
00:08:16.000This is a growth factor that is involved in growing new brain cells and in allowing the existing brain cells to survive.
00:08:23.000So, you know, talking about combating brain atrophy, you're talking about combating the fact that your brain is atrophying starting at the age of 20. That's the way to do it.
00:09:49.000When I'm going on a three-mile run, I start thinking about things.
00:09:55.000An important decision to make or something that's causing me some sort of anxiety, I go for a run and I feel like I can address that issue better.
00:10:05.000And what's interesting is that there have been studies that have shown that going for a run, and specifically aerobic exercise, it activates the part of your brain involved in executive function, which helps you make decisions, you know, it's It's kind of like that overarching part of your brain that helps with all the planning,
00:11:02.000I think the mind is preparing for some things that don't exist.
00:11:06.000So even if you can work things out logically, there still remains this residual effect of all these human reward systems that are kind of in place from the time we really did have to have all those reactions in place to deal with dangerous invaders or horrible Natural conditions,
00:11:28.000you know, whatever they would be that we hardly ever experience anymore.
00:11:31.000So like when I work out, if I have anything that's bothering me or troubling me, I think I get like a distorted perception of the danger of it or the physical reality.
00:11:43.000Like it could be something real simple like I have An issue at work that I have to deal with like maybe I have to make a decision or maybe you know I'm stressed about something and I feel this no matter how much I work it out logically I still feel this physical like residual issue and that issue only seems to be resolved for me because I don't run with hitting the bag like for me It's a punching bag like it's which is really hard to do like when you when you do rounds like kickboxing rounds on a bag I have a
00:12:13.000timer, and I can set it for three to five minutes.
00:12:16.000Actually, it'll allow you to set it all the way down to one, and then it has, like, intervals.
00:13:15.000Whatever it is, you know, agent issue or manager issue or tax issue or whatever the fuck it is that seems so physically daunting before the exercise, but then afterwards when that aspect of the problem is alleviated, that stress, it's almost like our bodies are just like confused as to what these problems actually are.
00:15:22.000With no new information, with nothing new, you know, like, I feel better.
00:15:27.000And I think that's partly because I'm switching on all these, you know, stress response pathways that help me deal with the stress better, these anti-inflammatory pathways, just all this really good, you know, these good genetic switches that are being switched on.
00:16:14.000A good kettlebell workout does it too.
00:16:16.000But the big ones for me are jujitsu and kickboxing.
00:16:20.000Because jujitsu is really, really hard to do.
00:16:23.000And it's also you're solving problems.
00:16:26.000So I think jujitsu serves two purposes.
00:16:29.000It's incredibly grueling as far as the sparring process of just rolling and competing with each other, even in a friendly role, like with a guy that I really like and we're laughing and we slap hands every time someone gets tapped out or whatever.
00:16:48.000So hard and your mind is taxed because you're dealing with countering you're dealing with Setting up moves you're dealing with your thinking several steps ahead and then you're you're adjusting those thoughts Based on whatever this person that you're sparring with is doing too.
00:17:05.000So people get really really addicted to jujitsu for all the right reasons and one of the things that I found is Jujitsu people, for the most part, are way more mellow than most people would expect.
00:17:40.000They're just trying to do this thing to you, and you're trying to do that thing to them.
00:17:44.000And those things mimic actual combat, actual real life and death struggle in a friendly...
00:17:50.000And also, it has this camaraderie built into it, too.
00:17:54.000Because you kind of understand that you're going through this incredibly intense thing together, And you also understand that it takes a unique person to go through that and get past all these psychological hurdles, all these physiological hurdles.
00:18:10.000And then you also are aware that this person understands like really clearly the kinship that you all share in having this experience together.
00:18:22.000I mean, not to the same degree, like what you're describing on a whole other level, but I experience something similar when I'm out surfing.
00:18:34.000I'm getting the physical exercise, but I'm also tackling these fears of these big waves and Getting pulled under and drowning and getting tangled with my cord.
00:19:40.000Yeah, I mean, how can you get over that fear?
00:19:43.000My friend Shane Dorian is a big wave surfer, and he's been on the podcast before, and he's a big-time bowhunter, too, and we talk all the time about this.
00:21:43.000And I was surfing there this one time, and this was back when I was really dumb and didn't wear a leash because I was like, leashes, you know, I like to dance on my board and they get in my way, and so I didn't wear a leash.
00:21:53.000But I, you know, there was a big wave and I was riding it and I wiped out and I like got caught in the kelp.
00:24:02.000Yeah, and they're really cool to look at.
00:24:03.000But I've never actually known anyone that surfs in Southern California with all the surfers that I've known that has had an encounter in Southern California with a shark.
00:24:13.000I do know people that have encountered them in the Bay Area.
00:24:16.000Yeah, the Bay Area is a big breeding ground for great whites.
00:24:36.000I guess just in my head, I sort of convinced myself that they're not coming to San Diego.
00:24:41.000There's a video of a drone flying over Malibu where some guy takes a drone and he's flying over the Malibu surf and he's like, the drone is like maybe a few hundred yards away from some surfers and you see a big fucking great white just swimming along.
00:25:56.000Apparently Catalina, that whole area outside of Catalina, is a crazy shark fishing mecca.
00:26:03.000Where I have a friend of mine from Texas, and he traveled to Catalina Island, and he said, it is the most savage stretch of water in all of North America.
00:26:12.000He said it's just infested with mako sharks.
00:26:15.000And they go out there to catch mako sharks.
00:26:27.000But the thing about sharks now, it's because people are so silly, because of the awareness of shark fin soup, you know, because shark fin soup is, the practice of acquiring shark fins is really brutal and not sustainable at all.
00:26:44.000And a lot of Asian fisheries engage in these unsustainable practices where they'll Let's go.
00:27:18.000Tuna are in vastly diminished numbers than they were just a few decades ago.
00:27:23.000If you talk to anyone who's a commercial fisherman or even a sport fisherman like these guys that run these charter boats, they'll tell you like you used to catch way more tuna.
00:27:33.000I think that was something they addressed in that Jiro Dreams of Sushi movie as well, is that the commercial fishing is just brutalizing the tuna market.
00:27:41.000But yet everybody still eats tuna, and they don't think twice about it.
00:27:44.000Because this campaign against shark fin soup has made people really upset at people that catch sharks to eat.
00:30:15.000Besides sweat, you sweat out a lot of these heavy metals like mercury, arsenic.
00:30:22.000Some of the beta-mecaptans in garlic, they chelate, they bind and chelate mercury and help pull it and excrete it out of your body through urine.
00:30:32.000So whenever I make salmon or fish, which I actually do eat a lot of salmon, I probably eat it like two or three times a week, I always have fresh garlic with it.
00:30:49.000It's really high in the omega-3 fatty acids, EPA and DHA. And it's got a modest amount of vitamin D. Whenever I'm sick, I eat giant cloves of garlic.
00:30:58.000I'll just break it down to the point where it makes me feel horrible.
00:31:02.000I'll have like a big glass of kombucha and I'll take like a lump of garlic and I'll break off like four or five cloves and I'll just take off the skin and chew those bitches down and chug it with kombucha.
00:32:02.000Getting back to some of those pungent compounds that are in these plants, I mean, that kind of gets back to what we were talking about a minute ago with switching on those genetic switches that are...
00:32:16.000We're supposed to eat these kinds of foods, garlic, broccoli, cauliflower, kale, these things that have that pungent mustard, that pungent taste.
00:32:29.000You know, various different polyphenols and compounds.
00:32:32.000And one in particular I've become obsessed with lately is sulforaphane.
00:32:36.000And that's present in most of the cruciferous family, like kale, broccoli, cabbage, brussel sprouts, wasabi, bok choy, just, you know, that whole family of vegetables.
00:32:48.000Pretty much, I eat those vegetables a lot.
00:32:50.000But I've become very obsessed with this compound that is...
00:32:59.000Formed once you break the plant tissue once it's like chewed or crushed or blended or whatever chopped somehow, because it's stored as a precursor.
00:33:10.000And then once the tissue gets, you know, chopped or whatever, then it forms sulforaphane.
00:33:16.000And that's part of its, you know, It's plant response to try to ward off insects or whatever thing.
00:34:22.000That's what everyone said on my Instagram.
00:34:24.0003.5 pounds of broccoli sprouts, wink, wink.
00:34:28.000That's what they're calling it, these kids.
00:34:30.000Believe it or not, though, if you freeze them, so those bags are going in the freezer, when you freeze them, because when you freeze the plant, the tissue also gets broken, it actually doubles in some cases.
00:34:45.000You can up to double the amount of sulforaphane because it has a longer time to form this.
00:34:49.000So you can actually have a more concentrated...
00:34:57.000Well, I mean, just because it's so pungent and powerful that if you make a shake with it and you're doing...
00:35:02.000Like, at first I was doing fresh shakes, and then we started freezing them, and I was making shakes that were, you know, from previously frozen sprouts, and it's like I needed, like, half the dose, you know, to feel the same thing.
00:35:18.000Um, okay, so I guess I should probably, you know, it's kind of just like, like when you drink coffee, you know how you kind of just you feel a little happy and good, and you feel a little more alert.
00:36:23.000So, and this is like pretty, the results were so powerful that, you know, this was done at Johns Hopkins.
00:36:30.000The study is now being repeated, you know, because it's like, this is what is going on here.
00:36:36.000Like, how is this affecting the brain?
00:36:37.000And I think, you know, if you look at a lot of the animal studies, there's lots and lots of animal studies that have been done, which are, you know, people aren't quite as convinced because it's like, well, how much of this relates to humans, but it's been shown to Be as effective as the antidepressant Prozac in alleviating depression in mice.
00:36:55.000And they do all these battery of tests where they stress the mice out and make them depressed and social defeat.
00:37:17.000It's been shown to help with neurodegenerative diseases, all sorts of things.
00:37:21.000But the point is, I think that the reason it's actually affecting all these brain functions, and why even, you know, someone like me may notice a small effect from brain Eating them is because it has very profound effect on inflammation.
00:37:37.000And that is because, as I mentioned, it switches on one of those switches that was meant to be switched on, a pathway called NRF2 in our body that controls over 200 genes.
00:37:48.000And sulforaphane is the most potent, naturally occurring compound that we've discovered yet that activates this pathway.
00:37:56.000So it's no other plant compound, no other naturally occurring plant compound Can activate this pathway as potent as sulforaphane.
00:38:03.000And NRF2 is, I mean, it's been shown in multiple studies to be involved in delaying aging.
00:38:10.000And a lot of that happens through lowering tons of different, you know, inflammatory genes, activating anti-inflammatory genes, lowering oxidative stress, all these glutathione-related enzymes.
00:38:21.000It helps with detoxifying compounds that we're exposed to on a daily basis, like Carcinogens and things.
00:38:26.000So I think that we're having a low level of this like inflammation stuff that we're constantly being exposed to and it affects the brain.
00:38:33.000So if you get a dose of this, you may notice a small effect.
00:38:38.000Now with someone that has autism or schizophrenia, inflammation and oxidative stress have been shown in previous studies, multiple previous studies to To play a role in the etiology of those diseases.
00:38:49.000So I think that's how it may be affecting the brain.
00:38:53.000But it's not just affecting the brain.
00:38:55.000And probably one of the most well-known functions of sulforaphane is that it's a very powerful cancer-preventative compound.
00:39:19.000But it lowered, it slowed the doubling rate of a tumor biomarker called prostate-specific antigen, PSA, which is what is usually measured when men have prostate cancer.
00:39:30.000You measure the progression of it because it has a doubling rate.
00:39:34.000But it slowed that doubling rate by 86%, which is pretty profound.
00:39:40.000Of course, there's lots and lots of associative studies that have shown cruciferous vegetables, you know, If you eat more of them, you have lower risk of bladder, ovarian, prostate, kidney, just all sorts of cancers.
00:39:51.000But the clinical trials, I think, are what's really telling because you're giving someone this compound and it's lowering a tumor progression marker by 86%.
00:40:02.000There's another study which is really interesting also, and this is kind of like...
00:40:10.000I'm not sure if other people are interested in it.
00:40:12.000But we're exposed to compounds from air pollution.
00:40:18.000So living in Los Angeles, for example, is probably definitely one of the places that you're going to be more exposed to some of these airborne carcinogens.
00:40:37.000It's been shown to Cause cancer specifically linked to leukemias.
00:40:42.000Smokers get a ton of it because it's in cigarettes.
00:40:47.000So cigarette smokers are like really loaded up with benzene.
00:40:50.000But there was a study where people were given like 40 milligrams of the sulforaphane in the form of a broccoli sprout drink a day for like a week.
00:41:00.000And starting on day one of drinking this drink, They excreted 61% of the benzene on day one.
00:41:08.00061% of benzene was just coming out of their urine, as you measure in metabolites.
00:41:14.000Getting rid of some of that stuff, because I definitely want to get rid of the benzene and all that stuff that I'm being exposed to.
00:41:22.000So that really got my attention too, because it was just so significant and a profound effect just after one day.
00:41:29.000Um, so that, that was another sort of thing that got me really into it.
00:41:33.000And then the aging stuff where, you know, it's been shown.
00:41:36.000Um, so inflammation has been identified as a key ager of aging.
00:41:41.000Taking sulforaphane has been shown to lower inflammatory markers in people, um, by like 20% C-reactive protein, other inflammatory markers.
00:41:50.000Of course, there's like dozens of studies in animals that have been done, but I'm sort of, I think the human studies are more interesting to talk about.
00:41:59.000And then also it's been shown to affect cardiovascular health because of the inflammation, I think.
00:42:05.000So type 2 diabetics that were given some dose, I think it was something around 40 milligrams as well of sulforaphane, they were given this daily and for a month, for four weeks, and it lowered their triglycerides by 20%.
00:42:18.000It lowered their atherogenic index, which is like measuring, you know, The dangerous type of LDL, small dense LDLs, or glycerides, looking at all these things, it lowered that by 50%.
00:42:28.000Improved their blood sugar by almost 20%.
00:42:35.000My mom, she definitely has got high triglycerides.
00:42:41.000I'm really convinced, and then there's been studies in animals that's just shown that it delays aging.
00:42:47.000I think it's one of those things, you get it in kale, and I think that I've been getting a good dose of it.
00:42:54.000I've been drinking kale smoothies pretty regularly since probably like 2010. Yeah, probably about six or seven years.
00:43:03.000And I do feel like it's like helped...
00:43:10.000I think that I've found something to take it to another level where I think that I'm pretty convinced that if I continue taking the sulforaphane, I think it will absolutely affect the way I age.
00:43:24.000And I think it will affect my brain aging as well.
00:43:26.000I mean, it's been shown, at least in animal studies, to affect brain aging, traumatic brain injury.
00:43:31.000I mean, if you administer it after traumatic brain injury, it improves outcome It improves brain swelling and all that by 50%.
00:43:59.000I think I'm going to submit it for publication because it's just it was a lot of work.
00:44:02.000And I haven't seen anything in the literature as comprehensive covering every base.
00:44:07.000Like I just I tried to cover everything that was like a good study, you know, that was important.
00:44:12.000And so so and then I flew out to Johns Hopkins recently, I was invited to give a talk there.
00:44:19.000And I met, it just so happens, the guy who discovered that, first of all, the guy who discovered sulforaphane is there, but he's much older.
00:44:27.000I met with someone who trained with him, who discovered that broccoli sprouts are the best source of sulforaphane.
00:44:33.000So he made that discovery back in the 90s.
00:44:36.000And I interviewed him and he just went on and on and on and talked about sulforaphane, like in addition to like what I had already talked about on one of the videos I did.
00:44:45.000And he actually had some really interesting stuff to talk about in terms of like, you know, you, so in order to get the sulforaphane, you have to, the plant has to be crushed or chopped.
00:44:56.000And that's because it has an enzyme in it called myrosinase.
00:45:03.000So when you steam your broccoli, when you boil your kale, when you saute your kale, any of that stuff, unfortunately, you're inactivating myrostanase.
00:45:13.000And so you're not getting as much sulforaphane.
00:45:16.000You're getting dramatically less, almost non-existent.
00:45:21.000The precursor, glucoraphanin, is still in that plant.
00:45:28.000And we do have some bacteria, some types of bifidobacteria in our gut that contain the myrosinase enzyme, highly variable from individual to individual.
00:45:37.000So you can convert some of that to sulforaphane.
00:45:41.000But what was interesting that he mentioned is you can actually sprinkle mustard powder, like mustard powder, You buy after you saute your kale or after you steam your vegetables or...
00:45:54.000If you cook, if you apply heat to any of your cruciferous vegetables afterwards, you put the mustard powder on, it has active myrosinase in it and it's pretty...
00:46:03.000The myrosinase in the mustard seed is more heat-stable.
00:46:08.000So you can actually convert your precursor into the sulforaphane by adding the mustard powder.
00:46:14.000And I was like, that is a really great thing to know.
00:47:54.000Well, so the thing is that you can buy broccoli sprouts already sprouted at Whole Foods or Sprouts or whatever your local grocery store is.
00:48:07.000Most grocery stores have broccoli sprouts.
00:49:01.000Well, there's lots of different methods.
00:49:04.000Previously, we used to do these hemp bags where you put the seeds in the bag and you add some water.
00:49:12.000You basically just keep adding water to them and let it drip and they sprout within four days.
00:49:17.000Then we started doing this jar method where now we have mason jars with a lid on top that has little holes that are big enough for water to come out, obviously, but not for the seeds to come out.
00:49:27.000And so, you know, you get these jars and you add water, let it sit for like six hours and then dump it out.
00:49:32.000And then you just, after that, you continually just add the water and dump it out and add the water and dump it out and kind of leave it tilted so that the water isn't just like, you don't want, you know, the water just sitting in there so that it's like...
00:49:49.000And it really just takes like four days and then you have sprouts.
00:49:52.000The only thing is you do have to be clean.
00:49:56.000If your counter's all dirty and your hands are dirty and all the dishware you're using is dirty, then you're probably going to contaminate them.
00:50:03.000You have to be a little fastidious about the way you sprout these things.
00:50:08.000But I think once you're aware of that, then it's okay.
00:50:12.000The other thing is, and this is something that I'm going to talk to the expert.
00:50:18.000I recently interviewed him on my podcast.
00:50:21.000He mentioned something to me that caught my interest.
00:50:24.000He said the seed itself, the broccoli seed itself, has the enzyme, it has the precursor to sulforaphane, and if you If you break or crush the seed, or chew the seed, then you're actually getting sulforaphane.
00:50:37.000So you can actually crush up the seed in a coffee grinder or something, and take a shot of it.
00:50:43.000But the thing is, is there's been no research doing this method.
00:50:48.000So all these studies that I just talked about in humans, those were all done from broccoli sprout powder extract, from the sprouts.
00:50:59.000So, well, the powder extracts were mostly made by researchers.
00:51:03.000In fact, Jed has supplied a lot of different universities with the extract himself.
00:51:11.000Supplement-wise, that's the other thing that he really sort of illuminated for me because he's actually been measuring...
00:51:18.000There are certain supplements that are on the market and if they actually have what they say they have.
00:51:24.000And so because myrosinase is so unstable, it is hard to make a supplement with sulforaphane.
00:51:30.000There is one supplement, only one, that I know of that actually has sulforaphane, the actual active compound, and that's called prostaphane.
00:53:06.000I asked him about it and he was kind of like...
00:53:09.000It has some of what it says in there, but not all, you know, and the problem is, is that these supplements, I mean, there's a lot of a lot of the times like he was telling me like, geez, like seven out of 10 times these supplements had like cloverleaf in them,
00:53:24.000when they're supposed to have like, the cruciferous, you know, precursor glucoraphanin.
00:53:29.000So it's just like, it's kind of disgusting, how supplement companies How supplement companies are totally just putting all this cloverleaf and whatever.
00:53:38.000And there was a study that came out a couple years ago on this.
00:53:41.00075% of all these herbal echinacea, all these compounds that are marketed for whatever, don't actually even contain echinacea or whatever they say they contain.
00:54:34.000Yeah, I mean, there's just you got to find a reliable brand, you know, and I think, you know, Thorne.
00:54:40.000Thorne seems to be a pretty reliable one that I've seen multiple different, you know, times where scientists are like, yeah, we've tested that.
00:54:50.000It's more expensive, but they seem to be pretty reliable.
00:54:53.000So it seems like the best method is to sprout your own broccoli sprouts, though.
00:55:02.000You don't have to have extra cash to buy all these expensive supplements, because all the ones I just mentioned that actually are effective and have what they say, they're not cheap.
00:55:11.000So those bags that you had in that Instagram photo, is that all sprouts that you had made yourself?
00:56:34.000How much maintenance is involved in making these?
00:56:37.000Like how often do you have to tend to these things?
00:56:39.000Oh, it's just like after the first initial like six-hour water, you know, where you let them sit, it's like twice a day in the morning and evening.
00:56:55.000So, for a guy like me, who goes away on weekends a lot, I'd have to make sure that I'm home for a stretch before I make something like that.
00:57:48.000The other question that I wanted to have to talk to you about was when you were saying schizophrenia and how sulforaphane can prevent or somehow mitigate the effects of schizophrenia, do you think that there's a possible correlation between a lot of these mental health diseases and a lack of proper nutrition?
01:00:00.000What then happened after those trials were done, starting in the 70s and like 80s, is that the clinical diagnostic manual, it's called the DSM, at that time it was the DSM-2, they changed all their diagnosis,
01:00:15.000you know, markers and symptoms for depression, and they expanded it a great, great deal.
01:00:23.000And they then called depression major depressive disorder.
01:00:27.000So it became this sort of like broader, you know, disease, quote unquote, where it was like, it's not just these people that are severely hospitalized, it's people that are feeling depressed and anxious and sad or what, you know, it's just basically,
01:00:43.000you're getting a bigger group of people.
01:01:06.000What was found was quite shocking, and that was that only 40% of people were now responding to antidepressants, SSRIs, other norepinephrine, reuptake inhibitors, whatever the standard of care is, compared to 30% placebo.
01:01:20.000So now you're talking about antidepressants performing only 10% better than placebo.
01:01:30.000So clearly, it's not that the antidepressants don't ever work.
01:01:34.000It's just that we are now overprescribing them to people that, you know, have this major depressive disorder.
01:01:41.000And they're not working on people that weren't, you know, the initial group of people that were, like, severely depressed and hospitalized.
01:01:48.000You know, so it's like, okay, that's a big problem.
01:01:52.000Because they're, I mean, they're prescribed like, I mean, I just...
01:02:00.000You know, I just have so many personal stories, people I know, you know, that have gone, you know, going through some crisis, some personal...
01:02:09.000And all of a sudden they're giving you some crazy drug.
01:02:12.000All of a sudden they're giving you some crazy drug and they change the personality of the person and I'm just like, please get off of this.
01:02:18.000And like I said, it's not like they don't ever work.
01:02:21.000It's just that I think once the clinical diagnostic book changed the whole procedure for diagnosing depression and became a major depressive disorder, All of a sudden you're getting people that are now having just whatever stressful event in their life that's making them a little depressed at the time,
01:02:40.000which everyone's probably experienced, are now being given this antidepressant when they don't really need it.
01:02:46.000And there are effects that are not good with taking some of these antidepressants.
01:03:28.000There's a lot of experimentation going on with it.
01:03:30.000I had a friend of mine who had gone to several doctors, and they had prescribed a bunch of different things to him, and he was severely depressed, and eventually they gave up.
01:03:39.000And he had to find a much better doctor that his care, whatever his insurance package, would not pay for.
01:03:46.000And once he found that doctor, then the doctor was just more knowledgeable about what potential Different ones.
01:03:56.000I mean, I don't know how many different ones there are, but they got him on something that actually worked.
01:04:21.000And for him, one of the big factors in fixing everything was his own success, his own personal success, and then he became more happy, and then his The medication helped.
01:07:16.000You know, I honestly, I don't think we actually know really why that is.
01:07:20.000But what we do know is that there are, I mean, there are different, you know, we are different people and I've got different genes that are regulating how much serotonin I'm making, how much dopamine I'm making, how much...
01:07:32.000I'm metabolizing it, how quickly I'm metabolizing it, than you and other people.
01:07:37.000And this absolutely does affect how some of these drugs are, when they're taken, what their biological effect is.
01:08:21.000I was talking about it actually playing a causal role.
01:08:23.000I mean, there have actually been studies where normal healthy people are injected with either a placebo, which is saline water, you know, salt water, or they're injected with something that our gut produces called endotoxin.
01:08:37.000Our gut produces it when our immune cells in our gut attack patients.
01:08:41.000The bacteria in our gut because endotoxin is actually a component of the bacterial cell membrane and that is released upon inflammation.
01:08:48.000So when you're eating a terrible diet, lots of refined sugar, and that's actually been shown.
01:08:54.000You release endotoxin and it causes inflammatory response.
01:08:57.000So when people are injected with endotoxin or they're injected with pro-inflammatory cytokines like interferon gamma, which we also make in our body when we're inflamed, normal healthy people start to experience feelings of depression.
01:09:12.000They start to feel depressed, anxious, social withdrawal.
01:09:19.000People with the placebo did not experience that.
01:09:21.000Also, they had elevated levels of other inflammatory biomarkers in their blood.
01:09:27.000So it really like, and this is just, this is causal.
01:09:30.000I mean, we're talking about injecting inflammation, all of a sudden they're experiencing these like depressive symptoms.
01:09:35.000It was actually people that were then given one of the omega-3 fatty acids, EPA. They're given actually a pretty high dose of it.
01:09:41.000I think it was close to like two grams or something, completely alleviated any of those symptoms.
01:09:47.000So those people that were getting the inflammatory cytokine or the endotoxin and the EPA did not experience those symptoms.
01:09:54.000So it was really like inflammation, you know, driven.
01:09:58.000These symptoms that were not experienced in the placebo.
01:10:01.000And there's been multiple studies showing this.
01:10:04.000It's not just one study, there's multiple studies.
01:10:07.000Multiple studies, again, this is kind of like a new method people are using to explore how inflammation affects depression.
01:10:12.000It also has been shown the same sort of scenario where there's a placebo and they're injecting an inflammatory cytokine.
01:10:20.000Dopamine levels lower in the brains of people that were injected with the pro-inflammatory cytokine, but not the saline water.
01:10:26.000And also the reward pathway in the brain is also decreased.
01:10:31.000So, you know, again, like I was mentioning, you're not that excitable.
01:11:09.000You know, they're disrupting these neurotransmitters being released.
01:11:13.000The other thing is that there's been recently discovered that the lymphatic system is actually directly connected to the brain through the meninges.
01:11:21.000I mean, it was previously thought that that was like cut off.
01:11:23.000The brain was protected from the lymphatic system.
01:11:28.000You know, everything that we learned in textbooks for years and years in our science classes was not accurate.
01:11:32.000Actually, our lymphatic system is connected.
01:11:35.000And what that means is that our immune system, the chemicals, the inflammatory cytokines we're producing from our immune cells are getting into the brain and disrupting neurotransmitter release and other things.
01:11:51.000There's obviously a really strong connection to inflammation and depression that's shown to be causal.
01:11:56.000But when you think about it, it's like, well, what causes inflammation?
01:12:00.000Okay, well, we can talk about the sugar stuff because that's been shown.
01:12:31.000I think that previously you and I have talked about in other podcasts, like how gut microbiome bacteria...
01:12:37.000You know, you can take microbiome bacteria from an anxious mouse and transplant it into a non-anxious mouse and make it anxious and vice versa, right?
01:12:45.000So there's like some sort of gut-brain axis through something called the vagal nerve.
01:13:21.000So I think that's how stress also, part of the mechanism, how a stressful event, any sort of breakup or tragedy, those sorts of things, also cause inflammation.
01:13:33.000In fact, this is totally off topic, but that's one reason why people should never go and get blood work done a day or two after some kind of traumatic event.
01:13:45.000So if you get fired, don't get your blood work done.
01:13:58.000And when you discuss this and when you lay all these facts out, it makes it seem so irresponsible that 10% of the people are on this drug...
01:14:19.000We're in a weird place when it comes to the holistic treatment of the human body.
01:14:24.000We're in a very weird place where we have all of this information now, but it doesn't seem like it's being applied when it comes to the average person who's suffering.
01:14:33.000The average person who's dealing with a disease or depression, which I guess you could call a disease.
01:14:40.000And it just seems so insane that with all we know, that we're treating it only with this chemical pathway.
01:14:47.000We're only treating it with a pill, this pharmacological solution to this, which just seems so limited.
01:15:03.000I think that the problem is multifold.
01:15:06.000One is that you have psychiatrists and they're trained a certain way and people, when their patients come in, they expect that they're going to come...
01:15:14.000They come in because they want a pill most of the time.
01:15:39.000I think I would love if there was some way to get a physician, usually they're psychiatrists that people go to for these sorts of problems, to push someone to say, you have to go run.
01:17:02.000So the tryptophan gets converted into this whole other pathway called kynurinine, which helps with basically immune cells needed to, different immune cells needed to make different types of immune cells.
01:17:14.000So your body's like, okay, the tryptophan is going to this other pathway.
01:17:16.000I need more immune cells, blah, blah, blah.
01:17:18.000But the problem is that the kynurenine then gets converted into...
01:17:21.000So now what you have is you're depleting your brain of serotonin.
01:17:26.000So if you're not sick, and if you have chronic inflammation, you're chronically stressed, you're chronically eating a terrible diet, then you are going to constantly be diverting the serotonin, you know, the tryptophan, into this other pathway.
01:17:38.000You're going to be depleting your brain of serotonin.
01:17:43.000Then that whole kynurenine thing gets converted into something called quinolytic acid, which actually crosses over the blood-brain barrier, becomes a neurotoxin, and also has been shown to cause depression.
01:17:53.000So not only are you not getting serotonin, you're getting this gnarly shit in your brain that's not supposed to be there.
01:18:00.000Exercise, it's been shown, specifically aerobic exercise, causes your muscle to soak up the kynurinine, actually another precursor to it, so that it can't form quinolytic acid.
01:18:11.000So it doesn't form the neurotoxin part.
01:18:15.000But exercise also makes tryptophan go into your brain.
01:18:20.000You know, it alleviates some of the competition with branched-chain amino acids like leucine and isoleucine.
01:18:39.000That's why you make it when you stress your body.
01:18:41.000It seems like there could be some sort of a holistic approach like a clinic that looks at all of these factors, looks at all these factors and prescribes, instead of just prescribing a pill, prescribes a very specific diet and exercise routine and maybe even meditation,
01:18:57.000maybe even something that practices or enhances mindfulness or promotes mindfulness.
01:19:04.000Something that allows you to manage the way you're viewing and taking in scenarios and scenes and events in your life and then processing them in a more healthy manner.
01:19:16.000It seems like all these things would be as effective or maybe more effective than just a pill.
01:19:22.000I agree with you and I'm hopeful for the future.
01:19:25.000I think that the more, there's a lot of scientists that are studying this now.
01:19:29.000I mean, it's becoming very common to look in the scientific literature and see, you know, scientists researching inflammation and the role of inflammation and depression and the role of exercise and helping treat it and the role of other, you I think the
01:20:05.000diet, lifestyle, meditation, exercise, if we could just...
01:20:09.000Get that into the clinical world and if people were motivated enough to realize this will really help them.
01:21:32.000I feel like I can take things in for what they are rather than whatever sensory data that I'm getting from any event is just one more distraction that gets in my way.
01:21:43.000That's a lot of times how I look at things if I'm overstressed or if I'm working too much.
01:22:30.000To get this knowledge for people to understand, people that are averse to exercising.
01:22:35.000If there was just some way, and I'm really trying to find a way because there are many people that I care about in my life that are that way and that feel depressed and are on some sort of antidepressant, which doesn't really work for them still.
01:22:56.000I'm having this conversation with you and you get it because you experience it.
01:23:38.000Because if I go to a gym, like at a hotel, and they have some bullshit weights, but they have an elliptical machine, I go, okay, if this thing has a high setting, I can get a real workout in this.
01:23:49.000But those times when you're tired and you don't want to do it, they're so fucking boring.
01:24:15.000I'm gonna go outside and smoke a cigarette.
01:24:17.000I feel better, you know, and it's so hard to get past that because we have all these connections in our mind when it comes to comfort Comfort and stress comfort and like our bodies for whatever reason Most people their associations are to avoid anything that's uncomfortable,
01:24:35.000but it's so illogical because when you look at Comfort and you look at success and progress and then eventual the feelings of Accomplishment and of getting past certain hurdles and in terms of like how you feel about life A lot of those are connected to discomfort like discomfort is your friend.
01:24:56.000It really is like discomfort and Not being happy and content with certain situations in life or certain feelings in life.
01:25:05.000They're massive Massive motivators and they're amazing at facilitating change and yet our instinct is to avoid those and just sit on the couch and watch some fucking reality show about dudes who make moonshine with our jaw open.
01:25:26.000It's too much of that stimuli where you don't have to do anything and you can still get yeah get that sensory information you know the need to act like to need to actually go out there and act is is so strong it's such a it's such an important thing but yet we resist it many people i know you don't i don't but so many people do i but i feel the thing you know i don't i don't allow it to work but i feel that fuck this i don't want to work out i feel I feel it all the time,
01:26:11.000We were talking about being a superager.
01:26:12.000I wonder if there is some association there.
01:26:15.000You know, we're looking at how it's important to push past that uncomfortableness, whether it's physical or mental, and that's linked to being a superager.
01:26:49.000I think it's a learned thing, you know, because if I take time off, like I got sick recently and I couldn't work out for like a week or, you know, six days or so.
01:26:59.000And the act of getting back into the gym, I think in a lot of ways we rely on momentum.
01:27:06.000We rely on the momentum of past experiences where you're just conditioned to do that.
01:27:14.000For me at least, when I get really disciplined and I get really consistent with my workouts, one of the things that I feel, I almost feel momentum.
01:27:35.000I'm doing it all the time now and I'm looking forward to the next time.
01:27:38.000It makes that resistance much weaker and it makes my motivation and my discipline much stronger.
01:27:44.000I think a lot of it is based on just the consistency You know, it's one of the things that I talked about recently on the podcast I said, you know, like blowing something off It's not just not good like blowing off an exercise that you planned is not just bad for you physically It's also bad mentally because then that option is now available the option to fuck off is available and And you did it before,
01:28:10.000and you're probably going to do it again, and you'll get mediocre results, not just in that aspect of your life, but maybe in all aspects of your life.
01:28:17.000Because I think that option to fuck off when you embrace it, that is a pathway that you might choose when it comes to dealing with conflict in your personal life, dealing with business decisions.
01:28:27.000Dealing with career decisions, like an uncomfortable decision that you might be faced with.
01:28:32.000Maybe you need to make a change as far as what your pathway is in life, but you don't do it.
01:29:15.000Because then you start making these neural connections in your brain, and you start to get used to doing it, like you were saying.
01:29:22.000And I think that it just kind of dawned on me as you were saying this, that That with the motivation and the momentum you were talking about, I think that's the same way.
01:29:31.000I think you're building these neural pathways, these motivation pathways, and that's really important for that momentum to do it again and again.
01:29:39.000There was some studies, a few of them, that have been done where you can take a person and do that direct transcranial stimulation, which I don't know much about, but I remember these studies, and stimulate a certain part of the brain that's involved in motivation,
01:29:54.000and you can motivate them to go to the gym.
01:29:56.000So you motivate them to actually go work out.
01:29:59.000So that's in one of those electrodes that they put on a specific area of the outside of your head, and then it's like a little 9-volt battery is attached to it, and it just zaps you a little bit?
01:30:08.000It zaps you a little bit and activates a certain brain region.
01:30:12.000And that brain region it's activating, specifically with this study I was talking about, actually there's a couple of them, were involved in motivation.
01:30:18.000And that's probably, with you and I, we already have those pathways activated because we're constantly Forcing ourself to go.
01:30:35.000So it's not only like you're feeling great from all the neural mechanisms that are being activated and all the biochemistry that's going on, but you have accomplished something.
01:30:43.000You pushed past something you didn't want to do, and you feel good about doing that.
01:30:47.000After magnetic stimulation therapy Wilmington woman finds motivation and energy Yeah, there's a radio lab about this a radio lab podcast is called nine volt nirvana and They're pretty good.
01:31:02.000I love radio lab and it actually deals with it's the first story the opening story is amazing because it deals with this woman who went to this like sniper training simulation video and video thing that they do where they they put you in front they give you like a fake gun and they put you in front of a video screen and a scenario plays out and then the scenario there's like a terrorist attack you have to take out the bad guys and they did it with her and she was it's 20 minutes long and she was terrible like she fucked
01:31:32.000it all up it was just like a disaster like she didn't respond correctly then They put these electrodes.
01:31:43.000So they put these on her brain or on the outside of her head in very specific areas and stimulated it and then recreated it.
01:31:51.000And in the recreation, she was 100% effective.
01:31:55.000She killed all the bad guys and she went through this 20 minute thing and when it was over, when they told her that it was over, she thought they were fucking with her because she thought it was only two minutes.
01:32:28.000I'm so not an expert on any of this, but I just remember this study because it was trying to investigate what part of the brain's fault in consciousness, right?
01:32:37.000And so the study was designed in such a way where she was reading a book and then they zapped her in a certain part of the brain and she stopped reading the book, this woman, And like, just looked at them like a zombie, like no, nothing, no talk,
01:33:09.000Because one of the things about this transcranial direct stimulation radio lab podcast was that they talked about how many people are out there just fucking experimenting, where there's a whole community online where people are talking about experimenting with the voltages and experimenting with the placement.
01:33:55.000Go back up there and make that larger again.
01:33:57.000The last couple years, TDCS, direct cranial stimulation, has been all over the news.
01:34:06.000Researchers claim that juicing the brain with just 2 milliamps, think 9-volt battery, can help with everything from learning languages to quitting smoking to overcoming depression.
01:34:16.000And so they brought in a neuroscientist, Michael Wysand, at Wright State Research Institute into the studio to tell them how it works.
01:34:26.000You know, I feel like in terms of, like, treating depression or helping people get motivated to go to the gym, it may really have relevance.
01:35:13.000That's the weirdest thing about people and one of the weirdest things about people is how variable we are depending upon what we put inside of us.
01:35:21.000And we don't think of it that way most of the time.
01:35:25.000You know, I'm sure you think of yourself as Rhonda Patrick.
01:35:28.000But Rhonda Patrick relies on a bunch of fucking chemicals to be Rhonda Patrick, right?
01:35:32.000I mean, there's a lot of stuff going on in there.
01:35:34.000It's not just, it's not this one, like, this is a laptop.
01:35:39.000You know, I'm not adding shit to this thing.
01:35:41.000Like, I could put programs in it and stuff, but I mean, this is the, everything in there is kind of worked out.
01:35:46.000You know, there's a processor, there's a motherboard, it's all the, all this junk is in place, and the electricity plugs into the back, and it's not really variable.
01:35:55.000You know, the human body is so fucking variable and pliable and malleable.
01:35:59.000There's so many different things that you can do to make yourself better.
01:36:03.000I got this conversation with a friend of mine who's not a physical fitness guy and he's kind of a nihilist and nihilist, I guess you would say.
01:36:50.000If I could give you a pill that would prevent you from being a decaying old man, and you could stay in the state you are right now, would you take that?
01:36:59.000He's like, yeah, I probably would take that.
01:37:01.000I go, well, that's how it feels like to me, motherfucker.
01:37:24.000But if you got on a steady yoga routine and started doing some resistance training and started maybe swimming or something like that, a year from now, you would have a completely different body.
01:37:34.000Talking to me, I'm like, I've done it my whole life.
01:37:38.000I can do stuff that you don't think is possible.
01:38:04.000I mean, what you and I are both choosing to do is, you know, we're both kind of obsessed with nutrition and aging and being, you know, as optimal as we can in terms of our health.
01:38:16.000But ultimately, what we are doing is delaying the aging process by switching on all these switches and like, you know, exercise and getting all the micronutrients and avoiding the refined sugar, which is causing inflammation and all that stuff.
01:40:27.000This weird consciousness that has all this resistance and has all this inclination towards comfort and fucking off and blowing things off is what is in charge of making all these things happen that keep this ecosystem healthy.
01:41:09.000I mean, the sun only lasts seven billion years.
01:41:13.000You see, that is the perspective a lot of people take with aging, where it's like, well, you're going to die, you're going to age, you can't stop aging.
01:41:19.000And it's like, yes, you're right, but that's not the point.
01:41:31.000There's some of these, like, centenarians and supercentenarians I've seen that are, like, over 100 years old, and they're, like, riding bikes and racing.
01:41:47.000And they're experiencing a quality of life that these other people that don't exercise feel, they physically feel their own body diminishing, and they just feel it's inevitable.
01:42:35.000And I think when that whole thing is better, it affects everybody you touch, everybody that's around you, everybody you come in contact with, and that in turn, I mean, it sounds so grandiose, but in turn can affect the entire race of human beings.
01:43:30.000Yeah, it's an important concept that I continue to try to get across to people.
01:43:36.000And it also will optimize everything else you do, whether it's creative pursuits, whether it's relationships that you get into.
01:43:43.000A lot of those things are predicated on how you feel as you enter them, how you feel when you participate in them, and you can enhance that.
01:44:33.000And his book is essentially mostly about the creative pursuit.
01:44:37.000And it's about resistance that people feel when you know you should write or you know you should paint or whatever you should sculpt, whatever these things are that you pursue.
01:44:46.000And that there's this thing that comes up that tries to keep you from doing that.
01:46:35.000Yeah, there's a lot of stuff that I enjoy learning, you know, and so it's something that I like to learn about things that can make me better, things that can make other people better mentally, physically, and Help aging and all that.
01:47:14.000Maybe it's not made its way into the popular media as much as I thought, but it's definitely blown up in the science.
01:47:21.000So nicotinamide riboside and nicotinamide mononucleotide, they're like precursor forms to vitamin B3. And in the body, they get converted into something called NAD. And NAD is something that your mitochondria,
01:47:39.000which make energy, have to have to make energy.
01:47:58.000The levels of NAD always rise when you're fasting in between meals.
01:48:04.000Between breakfast and lunch or breakfast and dinner or whatever, your NAD levels go up slowly after a meal and during the fasting state and also when you exercise.
01:48:14.000So the levels of NAD will go up somewhat.
01:48:18.000So these are precursors to NAD, right?
01:48:21.000I'm telling you this because the studies that have been done, all the mechanisms go back to this forming NAD. NAD is something that decreases with age.
01:48:34.000Anytime you're inflamed, all the NAD gets sucked up into that inflammation because it requires energy to have your immune cells be activated and fighting off whatever they think they're fighting off, whether or not it's refined sugar or actual infection.
01:48:52.000So it's like, you know, it's basically a limiting factor in a lot of ways.
01:48:56.000So there's been all these studies over the past, I don't know, I'd say like six years probably now, five or six years, where various scientists have been feeding mice and This nicotinamide riboside or nicotinamide mononucleotide.
01:49:14.000And they're finding that, for example, if you feed them nicotinamide mononucleotide, it delays aging in their liver, in their bones, in their eyes, their muscle.
01:49:27.000So it's basically like their tissues are aging better.
01:49:52.000Lots of studies on that showing that if you give it to mice that have some sort of mitochondrial defect and their muscles all atrophying, it completely reverses that.
01:50:01.000Their muscles are making lots of mitochondria and improves muscle function and enhances performance.
01:50:10.000Recently, there's been a human clinical trial done with nicotinamide riboside, just to show that it's safe and that it actually does increase NAD levels in human blood, which it does, even as low as a 100 milligrams dose a day.
01:50:26.000And is this a supplement that people can buy?
01:50:28.000So, nicotinamide mononucleotide is not.
01:53:25.000Anyways, the tarot still means interesting because, well, in and of itself it's interesting because it's actually, it's chemically similar to resveratrol.
01:53:35.000But it's four times more bioavailable than resveratrol.
01:53:38.000And it actually has been compared side by side in mouse studies to different mouse studies that have looked at cognitive function.
01:53:46.000And it's better at improving cognitive function in animals than resveratrol is, largely because it's four times more bioavailable.
01:53:55.000So anyways, I was like, well, I don't know if that's why they're doing it, because that's not affecting the same pathway.
01:54:00.000But then I came across something really interesting, and that is pterostilbene actually has been shown, again, this is an animal study, to increase the type of bacteria in the gut.
01:54:11.000That causes the conversion of certain compounds, allagitanins, which are found in berries and some nuts, but really high in pomegranate.
01:54:23.000Allagitanins get converted into something called urolithin A by your gut bacteria, which is what pterostilbene is increasing, that gut bacteria.
01:54:33.000So pterostilbene is actually increasing the production of urolithin A from berries that are having this other compound.
01:54:39.000Urolithin A, what that does is, this has been shown also in other studies, it causes mitophagy or mitophagy, which is the clearing away of damaged mitochondria.
01:54:52.000So you're basically clearing away damaged mitochondria like they eat themselves.
01:54:57.000So phagy would be eating itself, kind of like autophagy or autophagy as it's called.
01:55:01.000Which is a cell, sort of a damaged cell that gets cleared away.
01:56:01.000This is happening constantly inside every cell.
01:56:18.000Mitochondrial biogenesis with a nicotinamide riboside.
01:56:20.000So not only are you getting rid of the damaged pool, you're now creating new ones that are like brand new, healthy, young, brimming, young mitochondria like you had when you were a young person, young child.
01:56:32.000So now your pool that you're mixing with, it's like not...
01:56:35.000Mitochondrial biogenesis is good in and of itself because you're making new mitochondria.
01:56:39.000But having damaged ones still around can still dilute the pool out.
01:57:13.000When you're fasting, you try to conserve some of your energy, and the way you do that is by eating different organelles, eating the cell itself, which can then provide energy for other cells.
01:57:26.000So usually what happens is fasting will selectively get rid of some of those damaged cells or damaged mitochondria.
01:57:38.000It's interesting, though, that the body manages it so well that it goes after the damaged ones before it goes after the healthy ones.
01:57:44.000Well, there's lots of molecular mechanisms that have been figured out why that is, and that's because the damaged one, their mitochondrial membrane potential is different.
01:57:54.000It's all this complicated stuff, but it all works out perfectly, where it's these enzymes that target it to basically become...
01:58:25.000Yeah, so anyways, the fact that you can like have new mitochondria is like pretty...
01:58:30.000I mean, that's kind of like the big thing with aging.
01:58:33.000It's been that for a long time is like young new mitochondria.
01:58:37.000I know you're probably aware of this study, but they injected old mice with the blood of young mice and they found that the old mice started behaving more lively and then they did the reverse.
01:58:48.000They injected the young mice with the blood of old mice and the mice struggled and...
01:59:29.000I don't think he said anything about whether it's doing anything.
01:59:32.000But I think he's just mentioned publicly.
01:59:33.000He starts showing up younger, looking like he's got a Snapchat filter on.
01:59:37.000Well, here's the thing that was really interesting about this whole thing, because I've been following this field for a while, too, because I find it very interesting for multiple reasons.
02:00:00.000Oh, yeah, he's the guy who he he financed Hulk Hogan's attack on Gawker because Gawker outed him as being did they out him as gay or they attacked him and they they got really shitty with him and you know, he's a fucking billionaire.
02:00:16.000So he went off and Thank you for turning off your ad blocker.
02:00:36.000So what he's doing, given Thiel's obsession with warding off death, it comes as no surprise a Silicon Valley billionaire is interested in at least one radical way of doing it, injecting himself with a young person's blood.
02:00:59.000Which includes the practice of getting transfusions of blood from a younger person as a means of improving health and potentially reversing aging.
02:01:12.000It's unclear whether the 48-year-old entrepreneur is currently receiving, guaranteed he is, Reports that a Thiel Capital employee, actually the personal health director, he has a personal health director.
02:01:25.000Personal health director to Peter Thiel.
02:03:16.000I really enjoyed talking to him, but I found him to be quite perplexing because of the booze and because of the lack of exercise and his big fucking crazy Gandalf beard.
02:03:24.000I'm like, what's going on with you, dude?
02:03:35.000And some say that the pay-to-participate study with the potential to collect up to $4.8 million from as many as 600 participants amounts to a scam.
02:03:45.000What's certain is that it's based on some intriguing, if inconclusive, science.
02:03:50.000Karmazian, a 32-year-old Princeton graduate and competitive rower, said he was inspired by studies on mice that researchers had sewn together with their veins conjoined in a procedure called parabiosis.
02:04:01.000Okay, that's what we were talking about, that study about mice.
02:04:41.000It's a growth factor 11. So it was thought that this was what was responsible for rejuvenating tissues and growing new brain cells because that's what happened when you gave it to the older mice.
02:04:52.000But then other studies started to come out, also out of Stanford, showing that, in fact, it may not be something that's in the young blood, but something that's in the old blood.
02:05:05.000Something called VCAM1 that starts to make it as you're getting older and it causes inflammation in the brain and starts messing up things.
02:05:15.000So there was a recent study that just came out and showed that if you make an antibody against that VCAM1 and prevent it from doing its action, you can stop that from happening.
02:05:25.000So anyways, there's a lot to be figured out there.
02:05:28.000Is there an antibody that they're currently working on?
02:05:57.000If we start seeing the change in the process, we start seeing things reverse, not just halt or slow down, which we kind of have seen with really healthy people, like some people.
02:06:10.000You know, some people kind of defy aging, at least to a certain extent.
02:06:13.000Like, Tom Cruise is a perfect example.
02:06:16.000I want to know what they're filling that dude up with.
02:06:18.000You know who else I think, who I was thinking that defied aging, like, famous-wise?
02:07:41.000There's not that much of a variability there.
02:07:43.000That could easily be just he hasn't been working out as hard.
02:07:47.000I mean, when you're on a movie set, you're working 15, 16 hours a day sometimes, especially these gigantic big budget blockbusters where you're involved in these crazy stunts and all that stuff.
02:09:38.000Maybe his desire to eschew that and go straight to the science of it only and talk about genetic manipulation and all these other different variables.
02:10:17.000I had a rotator cuff tear, bicep tendon tear, and labrum tear in my shoulder.
02:10:24.000And it was most likely it had been dislocated before, and I didn't know.
02:10:28.000Which is just the side effects of years of doing difficult stuff with your body, especially jujitsu.
02:10:34.000Because jujitsu is all about joint manipulations and joint locks and chokes and grappling.
02:10:39.000And there's a lot of damage that your body goes through.
02:10:42.000Everybody I know that does jujitsu at a certain point in time either has to get some form of surgery or has some pretty significant injuries that they have to work around.
02:10:51.000So I... Went to a doctor that was like, well, you probably have to get surgery.
02:11:53.000Kind of like a goldmine because they possess a type of stem cell called multipotent stem cell, which is able to form multiple different types of cartilage, cells that form bone, even cells that form neurons.
02:12:07.000So they're able to form lots of different types of cells.
02:12:10.000Um, and usually placenta are just like thrown away.
02:12:14.000I mean, so it's kind of cool that there, I guess there's companies that are freezing them down and, um, finding, you know, donors that match.
02:12:21.000Let me tell you the name of the company.
02:12:22.000So people who are listening, it's in the, my doctor's name is Dr. Roddy McGee and he's in Las Vegas and the company is, um, I don't have it listed here.
02:13:40.000Well, it's just like it's got a lot of the same things as bone broth.
02:13:44.000Bone broth is probably actually even better because it has more stuff.
02:13:47.000But it's been shown like in animal studies, if you take the hydrolyzed collagen powder and like radiolabel it so you can follow where it goes in an animal, it goes right to like the cartilage and the joints and ligaments.
02:15:03.000She had bladder cancer, and they created a completely new bladder from her skin cells in a laboratory environment and then replaced her damaged bladder.
02:15:15.000I had only heard about the clinical study that they did with eye cells, where some woman had some sort of blindness, and they were able to use skin cells from her own skin, coax them into becoming retinal cells.
02:15:29.000So there's lots and lots of animal studies, but every once in a while there's a new clinical study where they're just kind of piloting doing this and seeing the safety in humans.
02:15:51.000It's going to be very bizarre when we get past a healthy human state.
02:15:56.000That's what I'm really, not just concerned, not concerned about rather, but curious about.
02:16:01.000Like, curious is not even a strong enough word, but I feel like within our lifetimes, maybe it's 50 years or whatever it's going to be, they're going to be able to engineer a human body to perform I'm sure you're aware of myostatin inhibitors and the benefits that they've shown.
02:16:17.000The accidental ones that they've done with whippets and cows, but now they've started to do it on purpose for mice.
02:16:30.000I think they're like two to three times more muscular than the average mouse.
02:16:34.000They look freakish when they kill them.
02:16:36.000When they kill them and they skin them and they show the body of the mouse with the muscle structure in comparison to the body of a natural mouse.
02:16:42.000It's like, what in the fuck are you doing here?
02:18:09.000Maybe 2013 is probably where I saw it.
02:18:12.000But some of those images, click on those images, Jamie, because some of those images, you could see they had the, like, go down there with the mice carcasses right there.
02:18:22.000You can see the difference in the size.
02:21:39.000And our friend Chris Bell and Mark Bell, who were in Bigger, Stronger, Faster, they know a lot more about that than we do.
02:21:47.000And there's a picture of him right above that.
02:21:49.000If you haven't seen that documentary, I highly recommend it, Bigger, Stronger, Faster, which talks about the supplement industry and the use of steroids and all these different things.
02:22:24.000Yeah, I think we should just focus on ways we can actually, yeah, science and ways we know, like we can increase muscle mass, you know, obviously, you know, weightlifting and...
02:22:34.000I don't mean to beat up on Aubrey de Grey, but when you brought up the science of nutrition and the factors, you know, the positive benefits of it, what was his reaction?
02:23:13.000There's a point in the podcast where nutrition comes up and you can tell it gets a little awkward between the two of us because we kind of have different viewpoints and I'm sort of not trying to be rude because...
02:23:48.000But, you know, the point that I think, you know, it's one thing to say that and another thing to kind of disregard nutrition altogether, you know, because that's just stupid.
02:23:58.000Nutrition plays a role in the way you age.
02:24:00.000And so I think that should be, you know, it shouldn't be something that people should completely disregard and not even not think about, but when they talk publicly, talk it down.
02:24:26.000But I don't think that being a fan of that and being excited about what the science, you know, and what new technologies are going to be able to bring us should, you know, make us talk about, like, kind of poop on nutrition.
02:24:59.000I went to that, what is it, 2045 conference?
02:25:04.000There's a conference in New York where all of these nutty people who think you're going to be able to download your brain into a supercomputer in the year 2045, like this extended life conference.
02:25:15.000And a lot of it was run by this Russian billionaire that I talked to, which he was a very odd character.
02:25:21.000But he was building a robot that they were not satisfied with the results of this robot.
02:25:31.000But all these people, this 2045 conference in New York, were all like this gathering of these super geeks that are all, in various ways, trying to extend life.
02:26:15.000I don't, you know, he was an interesting guy, and I enjoyed talking to him, but I don't want to talk bad about him, but I was very shocked when I walked into his office at literally, like, 11 in the morning, and he had already downed two beers, and he was on his third.
02:29:01.000So anything that gets metabolized by your system, by your liver, whatever, Activates these enzymes.
02:29:07.000And once they're activated, they're on this 12-hour clock where it's like, okay, so you're metabolizing glucose, fatty acids, all these things, well, if you're eating within that 12-hour clock.
02:29:19.000But when you go beyond that 12-hour clock, that's when things start to go really wrong because your metabolism enzymes start to shut down and you're not doing things properly, so you're not insulin responsive.
02:29:30.000Even fatty acids and things like that, just metabolism in general is not working as well after 12 hours.
02:29:38.000And so that's kind of a big eye-opener.
02:29:58.000I interviewed him on my podcast and he's, you know, done a lot of research on this topic.
02:30:03.000And he did a human study where he had like this app where people logged their, they took pictures of the food that they ate.
02:30:10.000And it like, you know, sent it to some database they had and it had a timestamp on it so they could, you know, see when the clock, when their first cup of coffee or whatever was in the morning and then when they were eating at night.
02:30:19.000Turned out most people were actually eating on a 15-hour clock.
02:30:23.000So they were having their cup of coffee, you know, at 8, 7 in the morning and they were, you know, they were eating at like 9, 10, 10 o'clock.
02:30:36.000The thing is, is that, like, when you do that, you start to gain more fat, you start to become more insulin insensitive, and you start to, like, your muscle starts to waste.
02:31:28.000They're breaking down earlier than they should.
02:31:32.000But if you eat normal, so if you're eating a healthy diet that's not high fat, high sugar, you're not necessarily going to gain more fat.
02:31:42.000You don't become type 2 diabetic and all that if you're not eating all the crap.
02:31:45.000So you're probably just going to be okay.
02:31:48.000But if you take that same mouse who's eating a healthy diet and you make it eat within a time-restricted window of at least 12 hours, actually the best was 9 to 10, They gain way more muscle mass.
02:32:02.000This is on a normal diet, just way more muscle mass.
02:32:04.000And if they ate within a nine hour window, they had like a really improved endurance.
02:32:07.000That's something I've noticed in myself.
02:32:09.000If I eat within a nine hour window and I go for a run the next morning, my endurance is like very noticeably improved, like extremely noticeably improved.
02:34:01.000And it's also an app on the phone that basically all you do is sign a consent form, take pictures of your food, and allow certain fitness data for them to collect.
02:34:14.000And so they're doing this clinical study with humans from data that they're aggregating, which is kind of cool.
02:34:19.000I'm getting his fasting tracker right now.
02:37:06.000You know, so you have your social event.
02:37:07.000It's hard to do with social events and stuff if you have like something late and you kind of have to fast early in the morning all the way up and so you can do it later.
02:37:28.000Well, see, the thing is, and this is kind of what I was talking with Sachin about, is that if you're fasting itself, the fasting itself is having a positive effect on all these enzymes.
02:37:38.000So maybe there's some sort of cancelization out.
02:37:47.000We don't have actual empirical data on that saying, okay, well, you know, and that's something that Satya would like to look at in humans because it's like a big question.
02:37:55.000If you are just fasting, in theory, it's not.
02:38:25.000So, if you get up and you're at, you know, if you're up at eight o'clock in the morning or seven o'clock in the morning, whatever it is, you almost have to eat dinner like at five.
02:39:11.000So really, if you can start the clock later, if that's possible, for people that are working like that, that don't have flexible hours, then it would be better to start the clock later.
02:39:21.000And there's a lot of human data on this, just looking at the associations between people that eat within an 11-hour period and fast for 13 hours.
02:39:32.000For example, women that do that, that have already had breast cancer, they reduce their breast cancer risk Wow.
02:39:39.000Yeah, because it causes insulin sensitivity.
02:40:28.000Not only are you like when you're eating after the 12 hour clock, are you not as insulin sensitive and so your blood glucose levels are higher.
02:40:43.000It's been after 12 hours and it confuses it.
02:40:46.000So then when you go to sleep, say you eat at 2 in the morning, you go to sleep and you wake up the next morning and you have your meal, it's already going to have started that clock a while ago.
02:40:54.000So you won't be as insulin sensitive because the earlier in the day, the more insulin sensitive you are.
02:41:05.000A very complicated but I think important mechanism and system for people to understand.
02:41:11.000And time-restricted eating, I have really implemented that because I think that's something that also will affect the aging process.
02:41:19.000I've talked to people at conferences I've given a talk at that have come up to me afterwards and they're talking about how they've been on a ketogenic diet for two years and how they've reversed their type 2 diabetes.
02:41:32.000But still, their fasting blood glucose levels were still on the high end, even though they're no longer type 2 diabetic, which is really good.
02:41:40.000And they started doing the time-restricted eating where they were eating within a 9-hour window, and it completely resolved it.
02:42:42.000Yeah, so what's nice for you is you actually have a studio and people come to your studio.
02:42:46.000So right now I'm going around to institutes and if I'm at a place where I'm giving a talk and I'm like, there's great scientists there, I'm going to ask people to interview you.
02:44:50.000It's a transporter of cholesterol, but it also transports fatty acids and other things.
02:44:54.000But the thing is, the LDL It's very, very important because every time you make a new cell in your body, which is happening constantly, you're always making new immune cells, you're making new kidney cells, you're making new liver cells.
02:45:36.000And without it, you're kind of screwed, right?
02:45:39.000I mean, you can't repair damage as well.
02:45:41.000You're not going to make as many new cells.
02:45:43.000So all these people that are avoiding saturated fats and cholesterol in their diet, they're literally doing their cell regeneration a disservice.
02:45:55.000Well, I don't want to make that broad statement because I don't know what else.
02:45:57.000Maybe they're getting other types of fatty acids that also help.
02:46:01.000But yes, people that are on statins, for example, which is a very broad way of inhibiting cholesterol synthesis.
02:46:39.000And he was telling me that it's like toxic to mitochondria and he's trying to figure out why.
02:46:45.000It's like maybe that's partly why it's also causing muscle wasting.
02:46:51.000So if people don't consume saturated fats or they lower their radically lower the saturated fat in their diet, how does their body produce new cell membranes?
02:47:03.000Well, I mean, you still, you're making cholesterol, you know, in your body, and you're making it from, they're getting fatty acids.
02:47:10.000They're getting it from plants, I mean, plant sterols.
02:47:13.000They're getting them from other sources, you know.
02:47:15.000But I think the problem with the saturated fat was, it's not so much that, because people still get it to some degree.
02:47:31.000I think it varies depending on what else they're eating.
02:47:33.000But, you know, I think the problem was that saturated fat was demonized.
02:47:38.000Well, it was demonized in a very corrupt way, which is the recent New York Times article that was released, which is a mind blower, which...
02:47:47.000It detailed how the sugar industry had bribed scientists to release data blaming saturated fat for heart disease and obesity and all these issues when it was in fact sugar that was causing all that.
02:48:00.000So they were literally rigging the system and paying scientists and it was a horrible article because That propaganda and these lies that they spread, I believe it was in the 50s?
02:48:27.000And it was an internal sugar industry document that was discovered by a researcher at the University of California in San Francisco, and it was published, it said Monday when this was out.
02:48:36.000I believe it was a couple of months ago.
02:48:40.000It suggested that five decades of research into the role of nutrition and heart disease, including many of today's dietary recommendations, may have been largely shaped by the sugar industry and propaganda and money.
02:48:52.000They spent money to literally bribe scientists to release false data.
02:49:04.000They paid three Harvard scientists the equivalent of $50,000 in today's dollars to publish a 1967 review of research on sugar, fat, and heart disease.
02:49:15.000The studies used in the review were handpicked by the Sugar Group in the article, which was published in the prestigious New England Journal of Medicine, minimized the link between sugar and heart health, And cast aspirations on the role of saturated fat.
02:49:27.000Even though the influence peddling revealed in documents dates back to nearly 50 years, more recent reports show that the food industry has continued to influence nutrition science.
02:49:41.000There were such negative consequences from this, from the demonization of saturated fat, because people then...
02:49:50.000Obviously started eating more refined, like for breakfast in the morning, instead of having eggs, you're having like cereal.
02:49:56.000But the real problem was the trans fats, because trans fats can have similar, but they're hydrogenated fats, which, you know, you take like a monosaturated fat and hydrogenate it, and you can have similar properties as a saturated fat, like butter, how it's solid,
02:50:11.000and then, you know, melts at a higher temperature.
02:50:52.000We have known about the fact that trans fats are playing a causal role in heart disease for like decades.
02:50:59.000And the FDA finally, in 2015, okay, finally banned them from the U.S. and gave...
02:51:07.000All the companies that are still putting them in their processed foods and a lot of fast foods companies use like Crisco because it's cheaper.
02:51:29.000Anyways, that's one of the major repercussions.
02:51:33.000Then, obviously, people became scared of saturated fat.
02:51:37.000The thing with the sugar, and this is kind of what you were initially hinting at, is that there have been a lot of studies that weren't corrupt by the sugar.
02:51:49.000These were the early studies, but there have been studies that have linked saturated fat intake to heart disease.
02:51:53.000And a lot of those studies were also because people were eating, in addition to saturated fat, they didn't correct for, like, refined sugar intake, which is really what the problem is.
02:52:04.000And that has now been shown in multiple studies.
02:52:07.000And this came down to actually being able to have new technology available that was able to then...
02:52:13.000You know, LDL is not, there's not just one LDL, you know, cholesterol.
02:52:19.000And the type that we were talking about, the good type, is the large, buoyant type.
02:52:23.000And that's what saturated fat increases.
02:52:25.000There's also, it gets processed into smaller parts that are small, dense LDL. And that's what gets, basically, it can't get recycled back to the liver.
02:52:34.000So it stays around the bloodstream and undergoes inflammatory transformations and sticks in the blood vessels.
02:52:40.000That's what refined sugar increases, and that's been shown in clinical studies.
02:52:44.000So healthy young men that were given 20 ounces of soda a day for three weeks, totally healthy young men increased their small, dense LDL particles, massively increased their small, dense LDL particles, and also increased their inflammatory markers,
02:53:00.000C-reactive protein, by almost 100%, which is crazy.
02:53:06.000We're talking about like, you know, the refined sugar is what can make saturated fat dangerous when you combine the two because the LDL gets processed into the small dance and it's refined sugar that does that.
02:53:18.000So small, dense LDL versus LDL. Yeah, and so the thing is, is that even now, it's not standard of care to measure all the particle sizes.
02:53:27.000It's like, we've known about this for at least a decade now.
02:53:30.000So Ron Krause, he's the guy who actually pioneered this assay and figured out how to measure them, the small, dense LDL. It's called the ion mobility assay.
02:53:40.000I know Quest Labs does it, but you can also ask your physician.
02:54:07.000That's so crazy that there's such a vast difference in the consequences for your health, but yet it's not tested, even though the knowledge is there.
02:54:15.000Well, that's what I was saying with the trans fat.
02:54:18.000Like, I was talking to my, like, 88-year-old mentor, Bruce Ames, and he was like, I remember back in the 80s, oh, we stayed away from that and never gave margarine to my children.
02:54:46.000I don't know what it takes to, you know, maybe these regulatory committees, there's probably a lot more than I know that goes into, like, figuring out, like, how you make these regulations.
02:55:13.000I mean, you should have a fucking cancer recommendation or a warning, the same way you have on cigarettes.
02:55:18.000Yeah, and it's not even, like, you can go, like, people go to the supermarket and they'll say no trans fats on their food and all that, but when they go to fast food or they go to some, like, restaurant where they're using Crisco, they're not even going to know they're getting it.