Renowned scholar debunks myths around Communion in the hand
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Summary
Dr. Peter Kwevnevsky is a Thomistic theologian, a liturgical scholar, and a choral composer. He is a graduate of Thomas Aquinas College and the Catholic University of America. He has taught at the International Theological Institute in Austria, the Franciscan University of Steubenville s Austria Program, and he's taught at Wyoming Catholic College, which he helped to establish in 2006. He's a writer and speaker on traditional Catholicism known all around the world, and an author of eight books.
Transcript
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We're very pleased to have with us Dr. Peter Kwevnevsky.
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He is a Thomistic theologian, a liturgical scholar, and a choral composer.
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He's a graduate of Thomas Aquinas College and the Catholic University of America.
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He has taught at the International Theological Institute in Austria,
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the Franciscan University of Steubenville's Austria program.
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And he's also taught at Wyoming Catholic College,
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He's a writer and speaker on traditional Catholicism known all around the world.
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Dr. Peter Kwevnevsky, thank you for joining us on the John Henry Weston Show.
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Can you give us, first of all, a short history of the manner or the way of receiving Holy Communion in the Church?
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Well, actually, the early centuries of the Church don't give us as full a picture as we would like to have.
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It seems that there was a diversity of manners of receiving Communion in the early centuries.
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Communion was received in the hand, but in a very reverent manner that I think we'll get to.
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However, we also have evidence from St. Ephraim the Syrian, from the Liturgy of St. James,
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from St. Gregory the Great, and from some other Fathers of the Church,
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and that the clergy were the ones who most properly communicated with their own hands.
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We have a council, a regional council of Rouen, in the year 878, that mandated Communion in the mouth.
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We have the canons of the Coptic Church demanding that the, they say the canons of the Coptic Church,
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God forbid that any of the pearls, by which they mean the consecrated fragments, should adhere to the fingers or fall to the ground.
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And even St. Cyril of Jerusalem, who's often quoted as a proponent of Communion in the hand,
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he says the fragments are more precious than gold dust,
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and that, you know, we would sooner lose one of our own members than lose, you know, any fragment.
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So, there's a very heightened awareness early on of the awesomeness of the sacrament,
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and in fact, you know, not to get too ahead of myself here,
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but in fact, it's this growing sense of reverence that leads the Church, over time,
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progressively to restrict and finally to abolish Communion in the hand,
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except, of course, for the clergy, which is a different story for them.
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But for the laity, by the time you get to the second millennium,
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by the time you reach the year 1000, Communion in the mouth is universal.
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And in fact, that goes along with a decrease in Communion under both kinds.
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So, that is, Communion kneeling and on the tongue is for the host,
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and the chalice then becomes more and more reserved just for the celebrating priest or bishop.
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So, that's just, and then basically for the second millennium of Catholic history,
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it's always Communion on the tongue in the mouth for the laity.
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Out of honour for our Lord and in a spirit of adoration.
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So, do you want me to talk at all about how that got reversed?
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Yeah, well, actually, if you don't mind going a little bit more into that,
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And how was that, and what did that even sound like?
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Well, as I understand it, the earliest records we have,
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they don't seem to be condemning Communion in the hand so much as enjoining or requiring Communion in the mouth
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And it's actually remarkable how universal the practice is in the second millennium
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to the extent that it simply isn't discussed anymore.
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And so, what we're dealing with here is, in my opinion, a clear example of organic development.
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That is, the Church under the guidance of the Holy Spirit responding more and more appropriately
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This is not to say that, you know, in the 3rd or 4th century, it was wrong for them to do things the way they did.
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But they hadn't yet arrived at the most reverent and the safest and the most efficient way of giving Communion.
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We also just have to bear in mind a practical question,
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which is that there were far fewer communicants in the early Church.
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As the Church grew and spread, and there were more and more faithful,
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the question arose, how are we going to give Communion to so many people?
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And it's, I mean, as anyone who's been to a Mass nowadays can testify,
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a traditional Latin Mass, for example, where all the faithful are lined up along a Communion rail,
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kneeling, and the priest, you know, is going right along and giving Communion to each one in turn.
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It's a much more efficient way of giving Communion, in addition to being safer and more reverent.
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So, since the Church has been doing this for a thousand years,
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it comes to basically from, you were mentioning, I think, Council of Rent is around 650,
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but you mentioned by the time a thousand comes along, no one's doing this.
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And yet, in 1969, we have this come back for the first time since 650 or slightly thereafter.
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It's told very well by a bishop named Juan Rodolfo Laiz.
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He wrote a book on the history of Holy Communion and the manner of giving it.
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And he basically documents in detail, it's a case of really rank disobedience,
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because the Church had a clear policy about what was to be done, even into the 1960s,
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but there were already priests who were experimenting.
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It was, you know, experimentation in every direction.
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And so, there were priests who, unauthorized, were giving Communion in the hand.
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There were bishops' conferences that were agitating for it.
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This is all happening in, you know, towards the end of the 1960s.
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And what's most surprising, I think, to people is that initially Paul VI,
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who favored, tended to favor liturgical change on a huge scale,
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that he initially opposed Communion in the hand,
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He sent out a questionnaire to all the bishops in the world in,
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I believe the questionnaire was in 1968, asking them,
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should the traditional manner, namely kneeling and on the tongue, be retained?
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And the overwhelming majority of bishops responded,
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No, the Communion in the hand should not be allowed.
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And those results, the actual vote numbers, were published,
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along with the rationale for the traditional practice,
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which was initiated by Paul VI and approved by him.
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It actually came out from the Sacred Congregation for Divine Worship.
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But if you don't mind, I just want to read this section from Memoriale Domini.
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In view of the state of the Church as a whole today,
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Not only because it rests upon a tradition of many centuries,
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but especially because it is a sign of the reference of the faithful toward the Eucharist.
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The practice in no way detracts from the personal dignity
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You see, there were some people who were saying,
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it's not dignified to get down on your knees and act like a slave or a servant, right?
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But this document is saying, no, it doesn't detract from dignity.
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And it is a part of the preparation needed for the most fruitful reception of the Lord's body.
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This reverence is a sign of Holy Communion being not in common bread and drink,
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which is now to be considered as prescribed by custom,
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gives more effective assurance that Holy Communion will be distributed
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with the appropriate reverence, decorum, and dignity.
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That any danger of profaning the Eucharistic species,
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in which the whole and entire Christ, God and man,
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is substantially contained and permanently present in a unique way,
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which the Church has always commended for the very fragments of the consecrated bread,
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after laying this out and giving the results of the vote
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Nevertheless, since there are some places in the world
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where communion in the hand has already been introduced,
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the Episcopal conferences are allowed to permit it,
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but the Episcopal conferences can decide otherwise.
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we've seen that kind of problem before in the 60s, 70s,
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are just pushed off to the bishops' conferences,