The Jordan B. Peterson Podcast - February 06, 2025


Jerusalem & the Axis Mundi | Foundations of the West Episode I with Ben Shapiro


Episode Stats


Length

54 minutes

Words per minute

182.88416

Word count

9,878

Sentence count

499

Harmful content

Misogyny

3

sentences flagged

Hate speech

58

sentences flagged


Summary

Summaries generated with gmurro/bart-large-finetuned-filtered-spotify-podcast-summ .

Ben Shapiro and I discuss the lasting impact Jerusalem has made on Western culture, bridging the gap between man and God. The rest of the five-part series on the origins of Western culture is available exclusively on Daily Wire Plus, where you ll find all episodes as well as additional bonus content.

Transcript

Transcript generated with Whisper (turbo).
Misogyny classifications generated with MilaNLProc/bert-base-uncased-ear-misogyny .
Hate speech classifications generated with facebook/roberta-hate-speech-dynabench-r4-target .
00:00:00.520 Last year, Daily Wire Plus and I released a fantastic series on the origins of Western culture entitled Foundations of the West.
00:00:09.480 This series had a tremendously positive impact.
00:00:13.140 Because of this, The Daily Wire and I have decided to share the first episode with you, free of charge.
00:00:20.020 You're about to watch episode one.
00:00:21.680 In it, Ben Shapiro and I discuss the lasting impact Jerusalem has made on Western culture, bridging the gap between man and God. 0.53
00:00:31.200 The rest of the five-part docuseries is available exclusively on Daily Wire Plus.
00:00:36.700 There you'll find all episodes, as well as additional bonus content.
00:00:41.480 I traveled alongside my esteemed colleagues through the ancient cities of Jerusalem, Athens, and Rome, cities that have shaped Western culture.
00:00:50.560 I invite you to watch them.
00:00:52.900 My hope is that when you do so, you learn something deep and profound, as I did, about our Western ideals.
00:00:59.820 It was a very worthwhile journey.
00:01:02.520 On to a celebratory note.
00:01:04.360 I'm pleased to announce that episode three of this series, Christ, Center of the World, with my good friend Jonathan Pajot,
00:01:11.840 has been nominated for Best Documentary at the 32nd Annual Movie Guide, Faith and Values Awards Gala.
00:01:19.400 I'm told that the nominating committee pays special attention to content that inspires and gives hope to our society at large.
00:01:28.280 That's exactly what we aim to do with this series, and to be recognized for that is a great honor,
00:01:34.400 for which I and the entire Daily Wire team are truly thankful.
00:01:37.660 You can watch the entire series on DailyWire.com slash Foundations of the West.
00:01:44.760 Give it a go.
00:01:46.020 It might propel you to greater adventure.
00:01:48.580 Thank you for your time, attention, and your continued support of my work and of Daily Wire Plus.
00:01:54.060 Western civilization rests on three mighty pillars.
00:02:11.500 Jerusalem, Athens, and Rome.
00:02:14.480 Jerusalem offered a morality based in the spiritual world.
00:02:17.400 Athens concentrated more particularly on the logos revealed in the material domain.
00:02:24.540 Rome offered the advantages and perils of power, empire, and reach.
00:02:29.660 I'm joined on the first part of my journey by the redoubtable Ben Shapiro.
00:02:34.200 We discuss the origins of the conflict between, and eventual integration of, the spiritual with the scientific and material.
00:02:43.480 The history of Western civilization begins in Jerusalem.
00:02:47.980 The history of Western civilization begins in Jerusalem.
00:03:17.980 The history of Western civilization begins in Jerusalem.
00:03:47.960 converged on the idea that the central reality of the world
00:03:52.460 was something like an animating spirit.
00:03:56.440 Where's the Garden of Gethsemane?
00:03:58.560 That's here.
00:03:59.940 Where the church is, yeah, this whole area is the Gardens of Gethsemane.
00:04:04.500 Jerusalem is the birthplace of Western civilization.
00:04:06.820 It's the first place where people seriously start to think
00:04:09.640 in a communal way about the idea
00:04:11.880 that there is a set of godly values that rests above human authority.
00:04:16.380 There's probably no difference between the emergence of monotheism
00:04:20.280 and the spread of civilization.
00:04:23.780 Because people might say,
00:04:25.140 well, why is it so necessary that there is a god?
00:04:28.360 The answer to that is because there has to be a central animating spirit.
00:04:32.000 And then you might ask is, well, why does there have to be one god?
00:04:35.300 And the answer is because you don't have unity
00:04:37.400 without worshipping the same god.
00:04:40.600 You have to be doing the same thing.
00:04:42.120 You have to be possessed by the same spirit.
00:04:43.920 But the eternal Jewish question is,
00:04:46.660 what is the proper nature of that central animating spirit?
00:04:50.760 And the Bible is actually an answer to that question.
00:04:53.900 In order to truly understand the modern day conflict in the Middle East,
00:04:56.880 this is a great view because what you see is that
00:04:58.440 everything is right on top of each other.
00:05:00.380 And so when you look across the landscape,
00:05:02.080 you can see the Temple Mount up and to the left.
00:05:05.060 And then you move toward the Mount of Olives
00:05:07.840 and you're looking at Jewish graves going back centuries.
00:05:10.580 And then you move a little bit to your right
00:05:12.800 and you're going to see an Arab village
00:05:15.040 that used to be a Jewish village.
00:05:16.460 They have very small pockets of places where Jews are living
00:05:18.560 protected by barbed wire.
00:05:19.760 Everything is right on top of each other.
00:05:21.500 And so whenever people suggest, well, you know,
00:05:23.300 just a quick population separation and you're done.
00:05:25.220 It's not quite that simple.
00:05:26.060 All the geography here is high resolution.
00:05:30.480 Everything is marked.
00:05:31.820 Everything is half territory and half map.
00:05:34.880 Everything.
00:05:36.220 So there's no wonder there's so much conflict.
00:05:38.920 When you say high resolution, it's also just,
00:05:40.780 everything is just geographically incredibly close together.
00:05:43.540 When people say East Jerusalem, they mean like this, is that.
00:05:47.000 Right.
00:05:47.480 Like here's the old city and here David and that's East Jerusalem.
00:05:50.600 Yeah, well, it's kind of reminiscent of Manhattan that way.
00:05:53.880 Exactly.
00:05:55.340 Except here everything's 3,000 years old.
00:05:57.400 Yeah, right, right.
00:05:58.180 It's crazy.
00:05:58.780 You don't realize how new America and Western civilization is
00:06:01.080 in the Anglo-American history is so new compared to biblical history.
00:06:05.200 It's amazing.
00:06:06.080 It's even true of European history.
00:06:07.560 Most of the places we think of it as old in Europe are like 300 years old.
00:06:11.540 Right, exactly.
00:06:12.100 500 years old.
00:06:13.220 In America, the entire history of the country, it's like,
00:06:14.960 oh my gosh, I visited Plymouth Rock.
00:06:16.520 Wow, that's 400 years old.
00:06:18.280 Like, well, over here that's like a house that somebody built five seconds ago.
00:06:22.240 Right, right, right.
00:06:23.880 They did map out the biblical road that the fathers in the Bible travel.
00:06:28.440 Like where Abraham came and he's like wandered down in this direction,
00:06:31.540 ended up up there with the sacrifice of Isaac.
00:06:34.320 I took Jordan Peterson to the Temple Mount because it's perceived as the foundation stone for
00:06:41.880 the building of the world according to Jewish theology.
00:06:44.400 So we're now at the holiest site on Earth for Jews.
00:06:53.360 The third holiest site for Muslims is Al-Aqsa, which is this mosque right here.
00:06:57.120 This is certainly the most contentious area on planet Earth.
00:07:01.680 So if you go back about 3,000 years, the Temple Mount is created by flattening part of the top of the mountain
00:07:07.920 and then building retaining walls and filling all of that with dirt,
00:07:10.740 which is how you end up with this about three-football field-sized giant area.
00:07:15.360 And that's where the original first temple stood.
00:07:17.280 It was destroyed in 576 BCE, and then it was rebuilt about 70 years later,
00:07:23.660 and that stands for about half a millennium.
00:07:26.840 And then that is destroyed in 70 CE, approximately 1,000 years later or so.
00:07:32.740 The Dome of the Rock is built directly on top of where the Holy of Holies would have been
00:07:37.160 and where the foundation stone is located.
00:07:40.320 This is where Muslims believe that Muhammad ascended to heaven in his dream.
00:07:44.080 He used this rock as sort of the launching off point, ascending to heaven.
00:07:47.700 And that foundation stone is visible.
00:07:49.820 You can walk into Dome of the Rock, and you can actually see that.
00:07:52.760 In sort of Jewish theology, the foundation stone is the idea that God used this stone as the basis for all creation.
00:07:59.000 It's called in Latin the axis mundi.
00:08:01.180 The idea that there is a spiritual center to the world,
00:08:04.280 that's what we mean when we say this is the foundation stone.
00:08:07.160 So there are a couple of ideas that this place is the actual mountain
00:08:10.860 on which Abraham is about to sacrifice Isaac,
00:08:13.540 which, of course, is sort of a seminal point in the Bible.
00:08:16.100 Also Jacob's ladder.
00:08:17.840 Jacob lies down, and he puts his head on the stone,
00:08:19.980 where he has the dream about the angels going up and down the ladder.
00:08:24.680 There is an idea in Jewish commentary, and Christian commentary as well,
00:08:28.220 that this is the location of that.
00:08:30.780 There's a dispute here about what should sit at the center of the world,
00:08:35.500 and the world in this situation is, in some real way, a map that's laid on the territory.
00:08:41.720 And a map is a conceptual device that people use to orient themselves as they move forward.
00:08:47.760 And a map has to have a center point to allow for orientation,
00:08:52.860 and there's dispute about what the center point would be.
00:08:55.520 I guess it's partly because everybody has to share the same map in order to get along in the same territory.
00:09:01.740 And so you have different groups of people who will insist upon a different mapping structure.
00:09:06.360 And if two groups that are isolated come together, they have different maps.
00:09:10.360 And all of this is a dispute about what the center point of the map is going to be.
00:09:14.180 So I was mentioning to Ben, you see the dome here is male, the gold.
00:09:18.520 And symbolically, gold is associated with the sun.
00:09:21.680 And the dome is the, you could think about it as the sun rising in the morning.
00:09:25.800 And one of the reasons that the sun rising in the morning would be at the center point of the map
00:09:30.020 is because the axiom that orients the map is something like the primacy of consciousness,
00:09:36.820 to worship the primacy of consciousness, and to have that consciousness emerge on the border
00:09:42.120 between darkness and light is proper symbolically,
00:09:45.020 because consciousness actually emerges at the border between order and chaos.
00:09:49.780 The foundation stone is here, the holy of holies was here,
00:09:52.820 the place where Jacob Gladys stretched up to heaven, that's all the same idea, right?
00:09:57.040 That's all the same center axis of the world, around which everything rotates
00:10:01.600 and which orients us toward, the axis money points to the north star.
00:10:05.140 So that gives you orientation at night, right?
00:10:07.840 Because you can look up and you can see a fixed point in heaven, which is the north star,
00:10:11.920 and you can orient yourself completely in the world as a consequence of that.
00:10:16.820 What does it mean for consciousness to be primary?
00:10:20.040 Well, you can't have something without there being awareness of it.
00:10:25.620 Even when we talk about our cosmological models extending back 14 billion years,
00:10:30.960 we say there was a big bang, and what we say,
00:10:34.540 sort of voce, right, in the soft voices,
00:10:37.520 if someone was there, this is what they would have seen.
00:10:40.560 But of course there was no one there.
00:10:43.060 The reality itself presumes an observer, an experiencer,
00:10:47.340 and consciousness is that experiencer,
00:10:49.660 and we don't know its nature.
00:10:51.940 It's an irreducible mystery.
00:10:55.560 Now, the nature of that consciousness in the Judeo-Christian tradition
00:10:59.840 is conceptualized and symbolized as the word, right?
00:11:04.120 It's this process that brings ordered existence out of the void,
00:11:11.000 the chaotic void, into clarity.
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00:13:46.340 This is about as close as we'll get
00:13:47.740 on this particular side to some of the rocket.
00:13:50.040 This was the second temple platform.
00:13:52.120 I mean, this was like,
00:13:53.280 it's slightly elevated probably over time
00:13:55.080 because it's been 2,000 years,
00:13:56.380 but then they built the dome directly on top of it.
00:13:59.520 Here's a supervisor from the walk coming over.
00:14:04.480 I'm checking this out for what purposes?
00:14:06.360 To make sure that I'm not praying.
00:14:08.100 To make sure that...
00:14:09.080 I pray before every word.
00:14:10.700 Does that count?
00:14:11.980 As long as in your head is probably okay.
00:14:13.520 Okay.
00:14:13.900 If I were to whip out a sitter right now,
00:14:16.440 a prayer book,
00:14:17.440 and start saying Psalms,
00:14:18.300 it would be a problem.
00:14:19.560 This is probably...
00:14:20.440 I assume this is why he wanted me
00:14:21.700 to have the hat on for this part of the journey.
00:14:24.640 So Jordan and I go up to the temple mount
00:14:26.020 and we're walking around.
00:14:26.960 That's literally all we are doing.
00:14:28.080 We're walking the perimeter of the temple mount under guard
00:14:31.580 because that's what you do according to the law.
00:14:33.540 You're not allowed to carry up,
00:14:34.500 if you're a Jew or a Christian,
00:14:35.640 any religious items.
00:14:36.600 If you're a Muslim, you can do whatever you want.
00:14:37.760 You're not allowed to pray up there openly
00:14:39.080 if you're a Jew or if you're a Christian.
00:14:40.260 If you're a Muslim, you can do whatever you want.
00:14:41.780 The simple fact that Jordan and I
00:14:42.960 are walking around up there gets caught on tape
00:14:44.720 and people who are, I would say, malicious in intent
00:14:48.480 decide that they are going to characterize this
00:14:50.360 as Jordan Peterson and Ben Shapiro
00:14:52.160 invade the temple mount.
00:14:53.900 People are literally paid to be up there
00:14:55.300 pretty much every day,
00:14:56.160 ready to jump on any incident
00:14:58.560 that they can turn into
00:14:59.660 some sort of narrative about
00:15:01.320 predations on Islamic rights up there,
00:15:03.760 which is an absurdity.
00:15:04.980 The only people who actually have the full rights 1.00
00:15:06.660 of movement and prayer
00:15:08.880 on the temple mount on a daily basis
00:15:10.880 are Muslims.
00:15:11.880 This is the origin of Western civilization.
00:15:16.960 If you believe that it's Jerusalem and Athens,
00:15:18.940 which is sort of the typical structure
00:15:20.080 that people use to discuss,
00:15:21.520 then this is the center of Jerusalem.
00:15:23.260 This is the Axis Mundi, 0.99
00:15:24.320 and we're walking through it right now.
00:15:25.780 You're walking through not just history,
00:15:27.340 but the foundation for the entire modern world.
00:15:30.280 Western civilization, traditionally speaking,
00:15:32.380 has been thought of as the marriage
00:15:33.360 of Jerusalem and Athens.
00:15:34.820 Jerusalem is the foundation of a godly morality,
00:15:37.880 human beings who are bound by a higher power
00:15:40.240 in an understandable universe
00:15:41.720 where they can discover God
00:15:44.140 through the process of reason and revelation.
00:15:46.920 And then that has to be balanced with Athens,
00:15:49.860 which is traditionally seen as
00:15:51.580 human rationality and human reason.
00:15:53.560 So if the idea is revelation is religion
00:15:55.880 and reason is science,
00:15:59.020 then essentially the marriage of those two things
00:16:01.020 is Western civilization.
00:16:01.840 You know that Athens and Jerusalem idea 0.90
00:16:05.240 as the twin pillars,
00:16:07.380 they're not exactly twin pillars.
00:16:09.220 They're one pillar stacked on top of the other
00:16:10.920 because the Jerusalem part of it
00:16:13.080 is the narrative that's been coming down from the top.
00:16:16.820 And the Athenian part of it
00:16:18.140 is the realization of the logos
00:16:20.460 of the material structure that's rising from the bottom.
00:16:23.760 And Western civilization meets right in the middle.
00:16:26.320 And partly what we're trying to puzzle out right now,
00:16:28.640 really, in our culture,
00:16:29.660 is the further details of how the narrative
00:16:32.360 and the material interpenetrate.
00:16:34.520 And you see that here
00:16:35.720 because this place is a place
00:16:37.140 where the narrative and the material
00:16:38.540 are fighting to interpenetrate
00:16:40.600 and it's multiple narratives competing
00:16:42.580 to map the underlying territory.
00:16:45.380 There's too many potential stories
00:16:47.240 in the material substructure.
00:16:49.040 That's the plethora of facts.
00:16:50.900 So you need an orienting structure
00:16:53.040 that descends from above
00:16:54.360 to extract out the proper facts from the material.
00:16:57.880 And that's the union of Jerusalem and Athens.
00:17:00.300 That makes perfect sense.
00:17:00.960 Yeah, well, and that's all converted. 0.64
00:17:02.600 All the cognitive science is converging
00:17:04.400 on that revelation, I would say.
00:17:07.480 You know, when people sort of mock faith,
00:17:10.160 which is what they try to say that Jerusalem is,
00:17:12.220 and Jerusalem is really sort of,
00:17:13.400 I would say, informed faith,
00:17:14.540 meaning that it's not sort of principles
00:17:17.120 that are taken from nowhere,
00:17:18.300 but you do need the ratification
00:17:21.440 of a revelatory structure
00:17:23.880 in order to just say,
00:17:24.620 these are things that are inarguable.
00:17:25.780 Well, the scientific insistence
00:17:27.620 that you can have a narrative-free
00:17:29.820 encounter with the facts
00:17:31.480 and orient yourself is simply not true.
00:17:33.920 And then every time they try to pull away
00:17:35.280 from narrative, the narrative just...
00:17:37.300 Well, if you destabilize,
00:17:39.800 what happens is if you destabilize
00:17:41.700 a fundamental, differentiated,
00:17:43.880 functional narrative and destroy it,
00:17:46.820 it gets replaced with a low-resolution,
00:17:49.240 catastrophically oversimplified narrative
00:17:52.180 that's just devastating,
00:17:54.300 that would be what happened
00:17:55.540 as a consequence of the death of God.
00:17:58.020 Right.
00:17:58.660 Well, the differentiated,
00:18:00.600 historically instantiated,
00:18:02.040 unifying narrative collapsed,
00:18:04.160 and then what happened?
00:18:05.640 Power.
00:18:06.140 Yeah.
00:18:06.360 Power.
00:18:06.800 Right, right.
00:18:07.420 Yeah.
00:18:07.820 Yeah, yeah, yeah, yeah.
00:18:09.580 One-pixel stories.
00:18:11.320 Everything is power.
00:18:12.400 Tell me about the wall.
00:18:15.740 So this is all an exterior wall
00:18:17.640 that is, you can see by the sides of the rock
00:18:19.960 that it's Ottoman era, right?
00:18:21.160 It's smaller stones.
00:18:22.260 The whole city's built out of this rock.
00:18:24.720 Jerusalem stone, yeah.
00:18:25.960 It's Jerusalem stone.
00:18:27.000 Yeah.
00:18:27.220 Because that's the Jerusalem stone,
00:18:28.740 and there must be strict building codes in Jerusalem.
00:18:30.900 Is everything else to be made of?
00:18:32.600 Pretty much, yeah.
00:18:33.520 Yeah, so it gives it a homogeneity.
00:18:35.340 Yeah, it's really nice to see that, you know.
00:18:37.620 It makes it feel like a place
00:18:39.620 instead of this...
00:18:40.700 Just hodgepodge.
00:18:41.720 Yeah, which is every modern city now.
00:18:43.800 Exactly.
00:18:44.040 It's so pathetic.
00:18:44.960 No, I don't think here is the place.
00:18:46.420 It's a modern city.
00:18:47.520 It's beautiful.
00:18:48.720 One of the coolest things
00:18:49.680 about walking through Jerusalem
00:18:50.600 is that you can see the progress over time.
00:18:53.340 It's almost like walking forward through time.
00:18:55.540 You start off on the Temple Mount,
00:18:57.260 which is fully 3,000 years old,
00:18:59.400 and then you walk through the old city of Jerusalem,
00:19:01.360 which is somewhere between 1,000 and 500 years old,
00:19:04.720 and then you walk directly into Mamelemal,
00:19:06.840 which is about 20 years old.
00:19:08.440 They all use the same basic building material.
00:19:10.340 There's building restrictions in Jerusalem
00:19:12.000 that you have to build out of Jerusalem stones, 0.93
00:19:13.580 that there's sort of architectural similarity
00:19:15.640 and continuity of aesthetics,
00:19:18.020 and more American cities should do this. 0.93
00:19:19.700 I mean, one of the big problems
00:19:21.300 in American architecture
00:19:22.120 is that it's just basically a hodgepodge,
00:19:23.620 whatever people felt like that day.
00:19:25.040 But there is nothing worse
00:19:26.140 than when you see an old Gothic cathedral,
00:19:28.560 and then right next door,
00:19:29.520 somebody's built like a modern monstrosity.
00:19:31.440 And there is nothing, I think, more beautiful
00:19:33.320 than walking through a city
00:19:34.800 that recognizes its past
00:19:36.600 while simultaneously reaching for the future.
00:19:39.500 Jordan and I walk past this model
00:19:40.900 of the old city of Jerusalem,
00:19:42.540 and you can see what it looked like in the time.
00:19:44.680 And all of Jerusalem is built around this idea 0.92
00:19:46.840 that the ancients and the modern
00:19:48.320 are all of one piece.
00:19:49.500 So this is an attempt to control the site.
00:19:55.860 Yeah, Jerusalem's filled with the cats.
00:19:58.280 Are you fulfilling your...
00:19:59.340 One of the rules there.
00:20:00.240 Yeah, yeah, yeah.
00:20:01.800 The cats, by the way, are a British thing.
00:20:05.680 The British brought in the cats
00:20:06.500 to kill all the snakes.
00:20:07.900 They killed all the snakes.
00:20:09.060 The cats killed the snakes.
00:20:10.100 The cats killed the snakes.
00:20:11.420 But they proceeded to take over...
00:20:13.620 Why do cats kill the snakes? 0.94
00:20:14.180 Apparently.
00:20:14.900 That's what I was told the other day.
00:20:15.980 Cats are quite something.
00:20:17.220 Yeah.
00:20:17.400 And then they took over the entire area,
00:20:19.320 especially because Orthodox Jews,
00:20:21.480 they have real restrictions on spaying and neutering.
00:20:23.860 Ah.
00:20:24.580 So the cats are all over the city.
00:20:27.360 There's cats everywhere in Turkey, too.
00:20:29.280 Oh, really?
00:20:29.560 There's cats everywhere in Greece.
00:20:30.800 Cats everywhere in Greece.
00:20:31.360 Probably every place...
00:20:33.100 It sounds like every place
00:20:33.920 the British set foot, right?
00:20:36.300 Brought with them their cats.
00:20:37.620 Yeah, exactly.
00:20:43.780 In the Jewish community,
00:20:44.840 you can have a lot of free-feeling conversations
00:20:46.460 about God,
00:20:47.000 and then border on heresy,
00:20:48.460 and you're basically okay.
00:20:49.980 Mainly because
00:20:50.860 the skin in the game
00:20:52.180 elements of religion,
00:20:53.160 which is,
00:20:53.540 here's a bunch of things you do
00:20:54.580 to demonstrate you're part of the...
00:20:55.740 Yeah.
00:20:56.620 If you're doing all that stuff,
00:20:57.760 then whatever doctrinal issues you have,
00:20:59.960 you've already proved
00:21:00.640 that you're skin in the game.
00:21:01.720 Right, right, right.
00:21:02.440 Because Christianity
00:21:03.160 removes a lot of the...
00:21:04.560 Because he acted out...
00:21:04.780 removes a lot of the...
00:21:05.780 ...
00:21:06.640 ...skin in the game
00:21:07.640 and rituals, right?
00:21:08.940 Yeah, yeah.
00:21:09.060 So now the doctrine
00:21:10.000 is the ritual.
00:21:10.920 You're better applied by the doctrine.
00:21:11.980 Absolutely.
00:21:12.760 Well, you see that extending itself
00:21:14.300 most particularly in Protestantism,
00:21:16.480 where everything's become
00:21:17.480 propositionalized.
00:21:18.820 Exactly.
00:21:19.340 You also see it
00:21:19.940 in any area
00:21:21.240 that becomes completely propositional.
00:21:23.240 You see an inability
00:21:24.440 to tolerate diversity
00:21:25.580 of thought at all.
00:21:26.500 Yeah.
00:21:26.540 And that's why
00:21:27.480 the objections of nationalism,
00:21:29.920 which is like,
00:21:30.900 well, you know...
00:21:31.360 Yeah, that's a nice
00:21:32.000 general principle.
00:21:33.500 You know,
00:21:33.860 so what that would mean
00:21:35.400 is in the absence
00:21:36.180 of a shared drama,
00:21:38.120 right,
00:21:38.700 which would be embodied,
00:21:40.320 then you can't tolerate
00:21:41.280 propositional deviance.
00:21:42.560 Right, exactly.
00:21:43.320 What destroys the ability
00:21:44.820 to have propositional conversation
00:21:45.980 is a feeling of bad faith.
00:21:47.340 The reason you're doing this
00:21:48.300 is to avoid the responsibility.
00:21:49.340 Yeah.
00:21:49.640 The reason that you're saying this
00:21:50.600 is because you want
00:21:51.160 to destroy the system.
00:21:52.440 Right, well,
00:21:52.900 it also might be
00:21:53.800 that if we differ propositionally,
00:21:55.460 we start to differ
00:21:56.420 in terms of our actions
00:21:57.440 so much that we can't
00:21:58.760 inhabit the same space.
00:21:59.800 Exactly.
00:22:00.560 And that would always be
00:22:01.420 the unspoken issue.
00:22:03.100 It's like,
00:22:03.400 well, if you disagree
00:22:04.260 with me on this,
00:22:05.500 what else do you disagree
00:22:06.860 with me about?
00:22:09.420 And how do we know
00:22:10.220 that's commensurate
00:22:11.060 with lily to you?
00:22:12.260 Exactly.
00:22:13.280 So, I was thinking that,
00:22:14.940 you know,
00:22:15.220 what's kind of fascinating
00:22:16.680 is that if you see Judaism
00:22:17.840 as an attempt
00:22:18.440 to concretize the spiritual,
00:22:20.120 this is why everything
00:22:20.980 is focused on minutia
00:22:21.960 and legalistic minutia.
00:22:22.940 So, for example,
00:22:23.800 they'll take a commandment,
00:22:24.700 we'll take a commandment,
00:22:25.620 like, in Hebrew,
00:22:26.980 you're supposed to love
00:22:28.640 your brother as yourself.
00:22:29.840 And we'll say,
00:22:30.220 okay, what this means is
00:22:31.360 when your brother is poor,
00:22:33.220 you have to give him some money.
00:22:34.080 It means that when you are,
00:22:35.820 it means that when somebody dies,
00:22:37.360 you have to visit
00:22:37.860 a house in mourning.
00:22:39.040 It concretizes you
00:22:40.140 into specific commandments.
00:22:41.860 Well, that's good
00:22:42.440 because that also means
00:22:43.380 you know when you're being good.
00:22:46.560 The problem with Facebook,
00:22:48.040 Google,
00:22:48.420 and the other so-called
00:22:49.300 free services
00:22:50.100 is that they aren't
00:22:51.160 really free, are they?
00:22:52.000 You pay by letting
00:22:53.100 these tech giants
00:22:53.920 record your activity
00:22:54.900 and sell it to advertisers.
00:22:56.320 As the saying goes,
00:22:57.240 if the product's free,
00:22:58.480 you're not the customer,
00:22:59.480 you're the product.
00:23:00.340 The digital version of you
00:23:01.340 is being bought and sold,
00:23:02.460 and the scary thing is
00:23:03.300 you never know who's buying.
00:23:04.460 It could be marketers,
00:23:05.520 lobbyists trying to change
00:23:06.700 your mind about gun control,
00:23:07.840 or even foreign governments
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00:23:10.520 If you don't protect yourself online,
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00:23:15.320 Data brokers can track
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00:23:18.060 building a detailed profile of you
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00:25:19.220 Jordan and I are at
00:25:20.160 the shrine of the book.
00:25:21.340 This is where you'll find
00:25:22.000 the Dead Sea Scrolls,
00:25:23.220 which were the most
00:25:24.480 ancient versions
00:25:25.420 of the biblical text
00:25:26.480 discovered in 1947.
00:25:28.940 So we're going to look
00:25:29.440 at some texts
00:25:29.920 that are well over
00:25:30.920 2,000 years old
00:25:32.080 that contain direct
00:25:33.340 quotations from the Bible
00:25:34.900 that we all know.
00:25:35.520 Well, that was quite
00:25:40.360 the discovery.
00:25:41.540 Right, exactly.
00:25:42.820 So this is
00:25:43.460 straight from the book
00:25:45.460 of Isaiah.
00:25:47.140 One day,
00:25:47.960 there's a little Arab kid
00:25:49.260 who's throwing rocks.
00:25:50.720 He throws a rock
00:25:51.200 into a cave
00:25:51.540 and he hears
00:25:51.720 a shattering noise
00:25:52.420 and he runs in there
00:25:53.240 and there are just
00:25:53.980 these urns.
00:25:54.740 These urns are filled
00:25:55.520 with 2,000-year-old script.
00:25:58.300 And these scrolls
00:26:00.440 show continuity
00:26:01.740 of biblical text
00:26:02.740 because they're 200 BC
00:26:04.280 and they contain
00:26:06.620 verbatim phraseology
00:26:08.680 from the Bible.
00:26:09.820 And so the idea
00:26:10.300 that the Bible
00:26:10.760 is completely
00:26:11.400 sort of a made-up construct
00:26:13.820 and it's not a preservation
00:26:15.040 of older material
00:26:16.080 is debunked
00:26:17.040 by some of the
00:26:17.880 Dead Sea Scrolls.
00:26:19.060 People find it surprising
00:26:20.540 that the oral traditions
00:26:21.720 are conserved
00:26:22.460 and that the texts
00:26:23.860 are conserved,
00:26:24.560 but the alternative
00:26:25.220 is even more hard
00:26:26.180 to believe,
00:26:26.740 which is that
00:26:27.320 scattered,
00:26:30.200 small human populations
00:26:31.460 are stunningly creative
00:26:32.720 enough to modify the texts
00:26:34.200 and they're not.
00:26:36.280 You know,
00:26:36.520 creative people
00:26:37.160 are actually very rare.
00:26:38.500 Right.
00:26:39.160 And so there are periods
00:26:40.540 of time
00:26:41.040 in the Egyptian dynasties
00:26:42.580 where the archaeological
00:26:43.400 record shows
00:26:44.340 no technological transformation
00:26:45.940 whatsoever
00:26:46.720 for 1,000 years.
00:26:48.760 And Egypt was 0.90
00:26:49.700 extremely dynamic
00:26:50.680 by archaic standards.
00:26:52.940 And so the truth
00:26:54.020 of the matter too
00:26:54.760 is that the older
00:26:55.960 a story is,
00:26:56.820 the more likely it is
00:26:57.740 to be way older
00:26:58.500 than that.
00:26:59.080 So,
00:27:00.820 because in a tribal society,
00:27:02.920 the rule in a tribal society
00:27:04.600 is nothing changes
00:27:05.580 for 50,000 years.
00:27:07.860 Oh, yeah, yeah,
00:27:08.300 I mean, for sure.
00:27:08.920 The idea that people
00:27:10.020 have been writing down
00:27:11.040 the Bible
00:27:11.480 for thousands of years
00:27:13.300 and, you know,
00:27:14.340 hundreds of years
00:27:14.860 before Christ
00:27:15.620 at the very least,
00:27:16.880 that obviously is true
00:27:17.880 and that's true
00:27:18.760 from the Dead Sea Scrolls.
00:27:20.280 Those are the oldest
00:27:21.140 extant remnants,
00:27:22.420 but that doesn't mean
00:27:22.880 that it was made up
00:27:23.580 in that generation.
00:27:24.280 I mean,
00:27:24.360 the presumption is
00:27:25.000 that hundreds of years
00:27:25.800 beforehand
00:27:26.180 people were doing that as well.
00:27:27.020 The old city of Jerusalem,
00:27:29.480 it's old,
00:27:30.400 but it's not that old.
00:27:31.420 So some of it's Ottoman era,
00:27:32.800 some of it is before,
00:27:34.600 but 2,000 years old
00:27:35.920 in Jerusalem
00:27:36.560 is like kind of old.
00:27:38.820 Then there's like
00:27:39.580 the really old stuff,
00:27:40.380 which is what we're about
00:27:40.980 to see in the city of David,
00:27:42.780 which is fully
00:27:44.120 3,300 years old.
00:27:47.540 For hundreds of years,
00:27:48.640 thousands of years,
00:27:49.240 people saw it in the Bible
00:27:49.920 as a historical document.
00:27:51.900 One of the things
00:27:52.420 that's really amazing
00:27:53.120 about looking at all
00:27:53.820 the archaeological digs
00:27:54.860 in Jerusalem
00:27:55.360 and seeing as piece by piece
00:27:57.040 they verify details
00:27:58.440 in the Bible
00:27:58.920 is that as they uncover
00:28:00.280 pieces of that historical truth,
00:28:01.760 not only does it reunify you
00:28:03.020 with the history,
00:28:03.720 but it also reunifies you
00:28:04.860 with the idea
00:28:05.400 that things that are
00:28:06.380 ancient in origin
00:28:07.180 and have tended to stand
00:28:08.160 the test of time
00:28:08.860 might be kind of valuable
00:28:10.300 until you dispense
00:28:11.240 with the importance
00:28:11.760 of that sort of stuff
00:28:12.340 at your own peril.
00:28:13.800 The city of David
00:28:14.880 is located just below
00:28:16.200 what is now traditionally
00:28:17.280 known as the Old City
00:28:18.200 of Jerusalem.
00:28:19.700 The city of David
00:28:20.400 is the original location
00:28:21.720 of Jerusalem, actually.
00:28:23.180 Archaeologists think
00:28:25.880 that this site
00:28:26.940 is the palace of King David.
00:28:29.820 My name is Zev Orenstein
00:28:31.040 and I'm the director
00:28:32.080 of international affairs
00:28:33.080 here at the city of David,
00:28:35.300 which is the biblical site
00:28:36.560 of ancient Jerusalem,
00:28:38.340 the place where
00:28:38.840 Jerusalem began. 0.51
00:28:41.160 2005, all this is underground.
00:28:43.080 One morning,
00:28:43.840 an archaeologist
00:28:44.440 by the name of Eilat Mazar,
00:28:45.540 she comes into our visitor sector 0.99
00:28:46.660 and says,
00:28:46.940 you need to move your offices.
00:28:48.340 I ask her why.
00:28:48.880 She says,
00:28:49.100 beneath your feet,
00:28:49.680 you'll find the palace
00:28:50.360 of King David.
00:28:51.700 What do you do with that?
00:28:53.300 So, you know,
00:28:54.400 we asked her why.
00:28:55.600 So she shows us something.
00:28:56.840 It's in the Israel Museum today.
00:28:58.180 Found 60 years ago.
00:28:59.880 You have over here
00:29:00.700 royal Phoenician capital.
00:29:02.820 So if you look
00:29:03.160 at these columns over here,
00:29:04.160 imagine a column.
00:29:04.900 This is sitting
00:29:05.280 on top of the column.
00:29:06.580 This proves that
00:29:07.400 where we're standing
00:29:07.900 is the location
00:29:08.600 of King David's palace.
00:29:09.620 What's the connection?
00:29:10.920 In 2 Samuel 5, verse 11,
00:29:13.340 it says,
00:29:13.680 King Hiram of Tyre
00:29:14.520 sent envoys to David
00:29:15.500 with cedar locks,
00:29:16.320 carpenters,
00:29:16.740 and stonemasons
00:29:17.280 and they built a palace
00:29:18.040 for David.
00:29:18.740 The Phoenicians are the ones 1.00
00:29:19.920 who the Bible says
00:29:20.620 built David's palace.
00:29:21.620 We find here
00:29:22.560 the royal Phoenician capital.
00:29:24.160 Why?
00:29:24.620 Well, because the Phoenicians 1.00
00:29:25.380 were the ones
00:29:25.800 who built David's palace.
00:29:26.960 They start to dig.
00:29:27.980 They find to the north,
00:29:29.280 to the east,
00:29:29.840 walls about 8 meters thick.
00:29:31.340 It's clear there's
00:29:31.740 a massive structure here.
00:29:33.040 The question is
00:29:33.560 from what time period?
00:29:34.620 They find pottery
00:29:35.400 and other organic material
00:29:36.440 at the base of the walls
00:29:37.200 that Dr. Mazar dates
00:29:38.360 to 3,000 years ago
00:29:39.440 to the time of David.
00:29:40.480 Other people date it
00:29:41.260 to about 100 years
00:29:42.020 after David.
00:29:42.900 So the debate
00:29:43.420 is not what this area was.
00:29:44.720 This was the original
00:29:45.640 Capitol Hill,
00:29:46.300 the royal government
00:29:47.060 ruling center
00:29:47.720 of the Davidic dynasty.
00:29:49.060 And the other thing
00:29:49.600 that we have over here
00:29:50.400 is two clay seals, right?
00:29:52.800 In ancient times,
00:29:53.660 before you had
00:29:54.260 encryption and encoding
00:29:55.260 and whatever,
00:29:56.240 you'd write your letter.
00:29:57.120 Then you would roll it up,
00:29:58.360 tie it up.
00:29:58.740 But before you'd hand it
00:29:59.380 to the messenger,
00:29:59.940 you'd take your ring,
00:30:00.720 stick it into the clay,
00:30:02.080 and now on your ring,
00:30:03.000 and now on the clay
00:30:03.880 is your name
00:30:05.320 and son of your father's name.
00:30:06.820 She's digging here
00:30:07.680 and she finds two seals
00:30:09.240 just like this one, right?
00:30:10.500 This is what Hebrew 0.61
00:30:10.960 used to look like.
00:30:12.120 And on the seals,
00:30:13.080 there are names.
00:30:14.040 G'dayas and Pashchor,
00:30:15.000 Juchas and Hashlemiah,
00:30:16.380 two of the four ministers
00:30:17.520 that made up
00:30:18.100 the security cabinet
00:30:18.940 of King Tzedekiah,
00:30:20.060 the last king
00:30:20.720 of the Davidic dynasty
00:30:21.480 right before
00:30:21.900 the Babylonian destruction.
00:30:23.680 I mean,
00:30:23.880 these are real people.
00:30:24.640 Their seals were found
00:30:25.300 in the royal government center
00:30:26.540 of the Davidic dynasty
00:30:27.580 where you would expect
00:30:28.240 the ministers of the king
00:30:29.000 to be, right?
00:30:30.140 Not simply as a matter of faith,
00:30:31.340 but as a matter of fact.
00:30:32.540 And a few meters away
00:30:33.400 from here,
00:30:33.880 the same Dr. Mazar
00:30:34.640 finds the seal
00:30:35.560 of King Hezekiah
00:30:36.400 and of the prophet Isaiah.
00:30:38.000 So, I mean,
00:30:38.760 you asked before
00:30:39.360 how legitimate is this?
00:30:40.460 I mean,
00:30:41.300 the seals here
00:30:42.040 are incontrovertible.
00:30:43.600 Was King David here
00:30:44.940 ruling here
00:30:45.800 or his grandson?
00:30:46.900 I can't tell you.
00:30:47.680 The Davidic dynasty 0.97
00:30:48.340 was ruling from here.
00:30:49.800 This is where it was,
00:30:50.560 not the old city.
00:30:51.140 Bathsheba was probably taking...
00:30:52.180 So think about Bathsheba.
00:30:53.080 It says,
00:30:53.340 what happened to Bathsheba?
00:30:54.360 Right?
00:30:54.560 It says one night
00:30:55.380 the AC is not working
00:30:56.340 in the palace.
00:30:56.900 He goes out into the balcony
00:30:57.820 and he looks down
00:30:58.740 into the city.
00:30:59.820 What does he see?
00:31:00.540 He sees a woman
00:31:00.900 bathing on the roof.
00:31:02.060 How is it possible
00:31:02.840 for him to see someone
00:31:03.720 bathing on the roof
00:31:04.440 unless...
00:31:05.140 He's elevated.
00:31:06.400 Now he can look down
00:31:07.500 when you're in the place
00:31:08.580 where the...
00:31:09.080 So think about it.
00:31:10.360 When you're in the place
00:31:11.080 where the Bible happened,
00:31:11.880 the words of the Bible
00:31:12.460 come to life.
00:31:13.620 You understand the story
00:31:14.700 of David and Bathsheba
00:31:16.000 very clearly
00:31:16.740 when you look at the geography.
00:31:18.000 You have David
00:31:18.780 looking out
00:31:19.500 from his palace
00:31:20.480 and he sees onto the roof
00:31:21.940 of Uriah
00:31:23.040 and Bathsheba
00:31:24.000 is bathing up there.
00:31:25.400 He sins with Bathsheba 0.98
00:31:26.380 and then the prophet Nathan
00:31:27.800 comes and chastises
00:31:28.700 and tells him
00:31:29.320 that he's done a grave evil
00:31:30.620 and a grave wrong
00:31:31.640 and he's forced to atone
00:31:32.920 for that wrong.
00:31:34.240 You can see the geography there,
00:31:35.340 right?
00:31:35.480 Because the palace
00:31:36.360 is sort of on top of a hill
00:31:37.760 and then there's a valley
00:31:38.500 and then on the other side
00:31:39.460 of the valley is Silwan.
00:31:40.860 So presumably,
00:31:41.900 Bathsheba's house
00:31:42.420 would have been somewhere
00:31:42.900 in Silwan.
00:31:44.620 If there's a window right there,
00:31:45.580 this is where David
00:31:46.160 is looking out
00:31:46.780 and seeing Bathsheba
00:31:47.840 bathing naked on the roof,
00:31:49.320 which is always...
00:31:49.960 If you know that the king
00:31:51.180 is sitting up there
00:31:51.840 with his window,
00:31:53.280 you know,
00:31:53.480 bathing on the roof
00:31:54.000 seems like a risky proposition.
00:31:55.380 You know?
00:31:58.320 Here you start to see
00:31:59.040 the beginnings of
00:31:59.940 the idea of a constitutional monarchy.
00:32:01.460 So there are even hints
00:32:02.380 of this in Deuteronomy.
00:32:03.560 One of the laws in Deuteronomy
00:32:04.540 is that the king
00:32:05.140 is supposed to carry around
00:32:06.460 his own Sefer Torah.
00:32:07.920 He's subject to the law.
00:32:09.520 The king is not above the law.
00:32:11.020 So Judaism is very clear
00:32:12.060 about that
00:32:12.420 and so is Christianity
00:32:13.080 and henceforth,
00:32:14.140 the idea of limitations
00:32:14.980 on absolute government
00:32:15.980 are part and parcel
00:32:17.600 of the whole system.
00:32:19.520 One of the things
00:32:20.300 that to me
00:32:20.980 lends historical credence
00:32:22.900 to those sorts of stories
00:32:23.860 is that it doesn't exactly
00:32:25.040 show David
00:32:25.700 in a positive light.
00:32:26.860 So what kind of propaganda
00:32:27.640 is that?
00:32:28.220 Exactly.
00:32:29.160 That's definitely
00:32:29.780 one of the things
00:32:30.360 in favor of biblical narrative
00:32:31.740 is that when you
00:32:32.680 show all the warts,
00:32:33.640 it suggests that you're
00:32:34.840 not propagandizing
00:32:35.680 everything.
00:32:35.780 Yeah, yeah, definitely.
00:32:36.960 Definitely.
00:32:37.380 And that happens a lot.
00:32:39.680 That's the entire
00:32:40.220 Exodus story, right?
00:32:40.980 The idea is that you have
00:32:41.760 an absolute monarch
00:32:42.540 in Pharaoh
00:32:43.220 and he is a god
00:32:44.600 and so everything
00:32:45.500 he says goes
00:32:46.160 and then people
00:32:47.340 are brought forth
00:32:48.220 from slavery to freedom
00:32:49.860 but the freedom
00:32:50.440 requires subjugation
00:32:51.840 to God, right?
00:32:52.680 You're still a servant
00:32:53.400 but you're not a servant
00:32:54.100 of a person anymore.
00:32:54.940 Now you're a servant
00:32:55.380 of an ideal.
00:32:56.020 You're a servant
00:32:56.340 of a higher power
00:32:57.100 and that means inherently
00:32:58.320 limiting the power
00:32:58.980 of human beings.
00:33:01.880 Looks like this is
00:33:02.780 like a massive cistern.
00:33:04.320 So what you see here
00:33:05.460 is an ancient cistern.
00:33:07.260 You can see the plaster
00:33:08.120 here.
00:33:09.860 Yeah, yeah.
00:33:10.880 Keep the water in.
00:33:12.320 So people would have
00:33:13.060 carved this out of the rock?
00:33:14.060 Yeah, sure.
00:33:14.760 One of the challenges
00:33:15.360 that the Mitchell still has
00:33:16.540 is, you know,
00:33:17.620 water scarcity.
00:33:18.180 Yeah.
00:33:18.720 And so here's how
00:33:19.400 you'd store water.
00:33:20.100 Now keep in mind
00:33:20.940 if we're coming from
00:33:21.700 next to the palace,
00:33:23.420 this is not a private
00:33:24.260 person's cistern.
00:33:25.120 And this you can see
00:33:25.840 is a massive cistern.
00:33:27.160 Yeah, yeah.
00:33:28.120 So the cistern 0.93
00:33:29.300 that archaeologists believe
00:33:30.520 could have been
00:33:31.500 the cistern where
00:33:32.760 Jeremiah was thrown
00:33:33.800 into a pit.
00:33:35.060 Jeremiah was perceived
00:33:36.180 at that time
00:33:37.140 to be a traitor.
00:33:38.100 He had said that
00:33:39.000 if the people
00:33:39.520 don't change their ways,
00:33:40.520 Jerusalem is going 0.96
00:33:41.080 to be destroyed.
00:33:41.920 But he was a prophet
00:33:42.980 of doom.
00:33:43.360 Nobody wanted to hear
00:33:44.100 what he had to say.
00:33:45.000 And the advisors
00:33:45.680 of King Siddickiah
00:33:46.480 got tired of hearing
00:33:47.400 this guy go around
00:33:48.740 calling for the surrender
00:33:49.620 of the city.
00:33:50.640 And so they throw him
00:33:51.580 down into a pit.
00:33:52.820 Now can I tell you
00:33:54.600 for sure Jeremiah
00:33:55.360 is thrown into this pit?
00:33:56.200 I can't tell you that.
00:33:57.140 Right?
00:33:57.420 And if not this pit,
00:33:58.320 one near here
00:33:58.880 like this one.
00:33:59.560 But it says what happens?
00:34:00.440 All pits are the same.
00:34:01.740 Pretty much.
00:34:02.740 If you're thrown
00:34:03.380 into them.
00:34:04.040 So, but here you say,
00:34:05.100 so what's the plan?
00:34:05.800 He's going to drown?
00:34:06.540 Right?
00:34:06.680 It's a cistern.
00:34:07.400 But the Bible
00:34:07.880 makes it clear
00:34:08.480 there's no water.
00:34:09.540 There's mud.
00:34:10.500 And he's sinking
00:34:11.180 into the mud
00:34:12.500 until a servant
00:34:13.380 of the King
00:34:13.880 goes before Siddickiah
00:34:15.460 and he says
00:34:16.460 you might not like
00:34:18.460 what Jeremiah is saying
00:34:19.740 but it's not him
00:34:21.020 who's saying it.
00:34:21.820 It's a prophet.
00:34:22.740 It's a man of God.
00:34:23.780 Right?
00:34:24.020 The words are God's words.
00:34:25.380 You can't do this
00:34:26.460 to Jeremiah
00:34:27.240 and the King says
00:34:28.420 all right,
00:34:28.940 you're right.
00:34:29.780 Go take 30 people 0.87
00:34:30.940 with you
00:34:31.360 and pull Jeremiah
00:34:32.700 up out of the pit.
00:34:33.680 And then it goes on
00:34:34.240 to say how he,
00:34:34.960 you know,
00:34:35.180 goes on,
00:34:35.560 it keeps true 0.78
00:34:36.300 to his message.
00:34:37.180 Right?
00:34:37.460 About what's going
00:34:37.900 to happen to Jerusalem.
00:34:39.160 Right?
00:34:39.360 But this is where
00:34:40.600 the back of the last
00:34:42.000 days of Jerusalem
00:34:42.680 before the Babylonians
00:34:43.680 destroy it.
00:34:44.200 You have Jeremiah here
00:34:45.140 sinking into the mud
00:34:46.140 hearing the destruction,
00:34:47.840 the impending destruction
00:34:48.640 up above.
00:34:50.060 This is where it's
00:34:50.560 playing out.
00:34:51.800 We take for granted today
00:34:53.200 the ability to be critical
00:34:54.440 of our leadership,
00:34:56.360 to hold our leaders
00:34:57.080 accountable.
00:34:58.120 But going back
00:34:58.820 thousands of years
00:34:59.580 there was a position
00:35:00.620 in biblical times
00:35:02.120 that of the prophet
00:35:02.940 whose role was
00:35:04.240 to go to the highest
00:35:05.280 levels of society
00:35:06.120 and to hold
00:35:07.260 those leaders accountable
00:35:08.140 and let them know
00:35:09.220 that there are consequences
00:35:10.160 for falling short.
00:35:11.400 There are consequences
00:35:12.040 for making poor decisions,
00:35:13.660 unethical decisions.
00:35:15.540 Both the Judaic side 0.99
00:35:16.960 of government
00:35:17.360 and the Greek side
00:35:18.180 of government
00:35:18.500 are predicated
00:35:19.000 on the idea
00:35:19.460 that there are
00:35:20.060 limitations
00:35:20.700 to what government
00:35:21.800 can do.
00:35:22.840 You can make the case
00:35:23.600 that the biblically
00:35:25.720 based system
00:35:27.320 is more of a
00:35:28.880 limited monarchy
00:35:29.680 where the powers
00:35:30.460 of the king
00:35:30.880 are fairly limited
00:35:31.800 but the kingship
00:35:33.280 is derived
00:35:34.540 not from the people
00:35:35.300 and the Greek system
00:35:36.240 is that authority
00:35:37.320 is derived
00:35:37.740 from the people
00:35:38.200 and is almost unlimited.
00:35:39.680 When Aristotle
00:35:40.480 talks about how
00:35:41.260 there are three types
00:35:41.820 of governments
00:35:42.220 and all have
00:35:43.580 the capacity
00:35:44.060 to devolve
00:35:44.660 into tyranny
00:35:45.780 that's what he's
00:35:46.900 talking about.
00:35:47.620 You can have
00:35:48.040 a benevolent monarch
00:35:48.700 which is more
00:35:49.440 like the biblical system 0.74
00:35:50.380 but even the Bible
00:35:51.280 is pretty divided
00:35:52.300 over whether kings
00:35:53.280 are good or necessary.
00:35:54.380 Samuel gives a whole speech
00:35:55.220 before the appointment
00:35:55.920 of King Saul
00:35:56.800 about you guys
00:35:57.980 are really going
00:35:58.520 to hate this king thing
00:35:59.200 you probably shouldn't
00:35:59.860 do it.
00:36:00.700 And people are like
00:36:01.420 well no we want it anyway
00:36:02.800 and God says okay fine
00:36:03.580 if they want it
00:36:04.140 they're going to get it
00:36:04.900 probably going to get it
00:36:05.600 good and hard
00:36:06.020 but that's the...
00:36:06.820 Every single day here
00:36:09.720 in the city of David
00:36:10.560 we're unearthing antiquities
00:36:11.620 that show not simply
00:36:12.420 as a matter of faith
00:36:13.240 but as a matter of fact
00:36:14.540 Jerusalem's biblical heritage
00:36:15.820 coming to life.
00:36:17.760 We are standing right now
00:36:18.820 in the Givati
00:36:19.500 parking lot excavation.
00:36:21.080 Now you might wonder
00:36:21.640 why would you name
00:36:22.260 an archaeological excavation
00:36:23.420 after a parking lot?
00:36:25.060 Not too long ago
00:36:25.800 there was actually
00:36:26.340 a parking lot here
00:36:27.140 and one day we said
00:36:28.420 we're going to build
00:36:28.900 our visitor center here
00:36:29.860 and the Israel Antiquities
00:36:30.920 Authority said
00:36:31.540 well hold on
00:36:32.080 before you build anything
00:36:33.280 we need to make sure
00:36:34.020 there's nothing exciting
00:36:34.740 beneath your feet.
00:36:35.400 They come with
00:36:36.180 ground penetrating radar
00:36:37.160 they scan down
00:36:38.120 and they find 10 layers
00:36:39.400 of ancient Jerusalem civilization.
00:36:41.500 This is one of the largest
00:36:42.580 active excavations
00:36:43.740 going on in Jerusalem today
00:36:45.360 going back some 2700 years
00:36:47.420 all the way up
00:36:48.420 to modern times
00:36:49.220 one layer
00:36:50.020 built atop the next.
00:36:52.660 When you think about
00:36:53.600 what makes a business
00:36:54.440 truly successful
00:36:55.320 it's not just about
00:36:56.280 having a great product
00:36:57.220 it's about having
00:36:57.980 the right tools
00:36:58.600 behind the scenes
00:36:59.300 that make selling effortless.
00:37:00.920 That's where Shopify comes in.
00:37:02.220 Nobody does selling
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00:37:24.800 businesses that sell more
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00:37:41.320 When you think about
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00:37:48.800 truly successful
00:37:49.680 it's not just about
00:37:50.640 having a great product
00:37:51.580 it's about having
00:37:52.320 the right tools
00:37:52.960 behind the scenes
00:37:53.660 that make selling
00:37:54.380 effortless.
00:37:55.280 That's where Shopify
00:37:55.840 comes in.
00:37:56.580 Nobody does selling
00:37:57.440 better than Shopify.
00:37:58.520 They're home to the 1.00
00:37:59.200 number one checkout
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00:38:00.680 and here's the game changer
00:38:01.740 with ShopPay
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00:38:04.740 In today's world
00:38:05.520 your business needs
00:38:06.260 to be everywhere
00:38:06.820 your customers are
00:38:07.760 whether they're scrolling
00:38:08.620 through social media
00:38:09.500 shopping online
00:38:10.440 or walking into
00:38:11.380 a physical store
00:38:12.320 Shopify powers it all
00:38:13.580 seamlessly connecting
00:38:14.500 your business
00:38:15.000 across the web
00:38:15.720 your store
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00:38:18.240 and here's the truth
00:38:19.140 businesses that sell more
00:38:20.360 sell on Shopify.
00:38:21.500 Upgrade your business
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00:38:23.160 we use with Shopify.
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00:38:25.160 $1 per month trial period
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00:38:35.700 This goes down
00:38:39.420 several stories
00:38:40.220 as they uncover
00:38:41.200 additional layers
00:38:42.260 of history
00:38:42.660 over the course
00:38:43.140 of 3,000 years
00:38:44.320 we're just told
00:38:45.260 up there
00:38:45.540 above our heads
00:38:46.840 would have been
00:38:47.100 a Roman mansion
00:38:47.720 actually
00:38:48.200 So we're about
00:38:50.320 to enter into
00:38:51.020 a compound
00:38:51.920 that goes back
00:38:52.500 about 2,600 years
00:38:54.000 and the Bible
00:38:55.160 talks about how
00:38:55.800 in Jerusalem
00:38:56.160 you had all these
00:38:56.700 big structures here
00:38:57.780 that when the Babylonians 0.94
00:38:58.920 destroyed Jerusalem
00:38:59.680 in 586 BCE
00:39:00.880 they burn all these
00:39:02.340 structures to the ground
00:39:03.120 along with the temple
00:39:03.860 and if you come in here
00:39:05.940 you'll see something
00:39:06.500 incredible
00:39:07.000 in the walls
00:39:08.740 literally
00:39:09.160 you have remnants
00:39:10.240 of the fire
00:39:11.620 of the destruction
00:39:12.880 of Jerusalem
00:39:13.700 by the Babylonians
00:39:14.860 that is ash
00:39:18.260 that is ash
00:39:20.440 from 2,500 years ago
00:39:23.040 from the actual fires
00:39:24.120 when the Babylonians 0.74
00:39:25.320 burn Jerusalem 0.99
00:39:26.400 that's what you're
00:39:27.160 holding your hand
00:39:27.600 right now
00:39:28.080 One of the things
00:39:29.740 that's so interesting
00:39:30.520 about this archaeological
00:39:31.700 dig is that
00:39:33.020 people are using
00:39:35.120 the techniques
00:39:35.860 of scientific
00:39:36.760 archaeology
00:39:37.880 to revitalize
00:39:39.740 the interpretive narrative
00:39:40.980 because you see
00:39:42.500 the truth of the story
00:39:43.680 revealed in the artifact
00:39:44.640 which is so cool
00:39:46.140 you were commenting
00:39:47.160 earlier that
00:39:47.820 people have lost
00:39:49.040 faith in Jerusalem
00:39:50.220 let's say
00:39:50.800 and are starting
00:39:51.680 to lose faith
00:39:52.340 in Athens too
00:39:53.180 maybe because
00:39:54.820 one cannot exist
00:39:55.800 without the other
00:39:56.440 not in the west
00:39:57.220 the fact that
00:39:58.800 we had to turn
00:39:59.360 to the object
00:40:00.960 to revitalize
00:40:02.000 the narrative
00:40:02.500 at this time
00:40:04.320 well it makes
00:40:05.420 a certain amount
00:40:05.960 of sense conceptually
00:40:06.860 but it's also
00:40:07.360 quite a striking phenomenon
00:40:08.620 so yes
00:40:10.160 this was real
00:40:10.840 these things happened
00:40:11.800 whatever real means
00:40:13.380 in a context
00:40:13.960 like that
00:40:14.620 it's also
00:40:16.040 amazing
00:40:16.700 because the
00:40:17.180 suffering
00:40:17.660 which Jews 0.53
00:40:18.520 commemorate
00:40:19.080 the destruction
00:40:19.740 of Jerusalem
00:40:20.240 till this day
00:40:21.820 the suffering
00:40:23.720 which is temporary
00:40:24.580 and then you see
00:40:25.580 there's a famous
00:40:26.520 story in the Talmud
00:40:27.420 about rabbis
00:40:28.160 visiting the
00:40:29.060 place where
00:40:30.340 they're overlooking
00:40:31.080 the Temple Mount
00:40:32.080 and they see
00:40:32.400 all the destruction
00:40:32.900 and there are
00:40:33.660 three rabbis
00:40:34.180 and two of them
00:40:34.560 are crying
00:40:34.860 and one
00:40:35.080 Rabbi Akiva
00:40:35.600 is laughing
00:40:36.700 and they ask him
00:40:37.200 why are you laughing
00:40:37.900 and he says
00:40:38.660 well it says
00:40:39.580 in the prophets
00:40:40.340 that it's going to be
00:40:41.660 rubble
00:40:41.900 and there can be
00:40:42.280 foxes
00:40:42.960 wandering
00:40:44.160 on the holiest places
00:40:45.720 and he says
00:40:46.900 I'm seeing that
00:40:47.420 happen right now
00:40:47.980 which means
00:40:48.340 that the other part
00:40:48.860 is going to come true
00:40:49.420 and one of the things
00:40:50.760 about being here
00:40:51.380 in the modern age
00:40:52.060 is that you get to see
00:40:52.900 the destruction
00:40:53.620 in the rear view mirror
00:40:55.080 and then you get to
00:40:55.700 you know
00:40:56.040 you look almost
00:40:56.900 straight up
00:40:57.400 and you can see
00:40:57.920 the rebuilding
00:40:58.380 of Jerusalem
00:40:59.160 it's an amazing
00:40:59.740 amazing thing
00:41:00.340 yeah well I mean
00:41:02.120 one of the things
00:41:02.780 that does keep you
00:41:03.600 going through
00:41:04.080 catastrophe
00:41:04.640 is the faith
00:41:05.600 that something
00:41:06.680 can be rebuilt
00:41:08.020 from the rubble
00:41:08.780 587 BCE
00:41:11.100 is the year 0.99
00:41:11.840 that the Babylonians
00:41:12.960 invade Israel 0.99
00:41:14.000 and they destroy
00:41:14.540 the first temple
00:41:15.180 and you would imagine
00:41:16.600 that this would have
00:41:17.220 been the end of Judaism 0.79
00:41:18.060 and therefore no Christianity 0.84
00:41:19.180 and no further
00:41:19.920 western civilization
00:41:20.780 right
00:41:21.120 typically in the olden days
00:41:22.820 when a civilization
00:41:23.720 was destroyed
00:41:24.320 and its chief city
00:41:24.940 burned to the ground
00:41:25.580 they kind of dissipate
00:41:26.520 into history
00:41:26.960 you never hear of them again
00:41:27.880 that's not what happens here
00:41:29.100 Judaism exists in exile 1.00
00:41:30.300 for thousands of years
00:41:31.780 that Judaism can survive that 1.00
00:41:33.380 and then revivify itself
00:41:34.780 not once but twice
00:41:35.980 and then they come back
00:41:36.900 to the land of Israel 0.60
00:41:37.580 in 1948
00:41:38.820 and reestablish
00:41:39.840 a thriving state
00:41:41.100 I mean it's an unbelievable
00:41:42.260 story of heroic perseverance
00:41:44.340 but also of the presence
00:41:45.540 of God in history
00:41:46.580 this pilgrimage road
00:41:50.640 is the road
00:41:51.100 that hundreds of thousands
00:41:51.880 of people would use
00:41:52.860 every single year
00:41:53.760 several times a year
00:41:54.580 in order to bring
00:41:55.220 their sacrifices
00:41:55.920 to the temple mount
00:41:57.260 it's in pretty good condition
00:41:59.280 it is amazing
00:42:00.380 yeah
00:42:00.880 so we're standing
00:42:02.480 on the pilgrimage road
00:42:03.820 we're about halfway up
00:42:04.780 it's about a half mile long
00:42:05.800 right
00:42:06.480 and what we have here
00:42:07.580 is this is the road
00:42:08.820 that 2,000 years ago
00:42:10.000 that our ancestors
00:42:11.480 when they would have
00:42:12.240 first gone to the pool of Ceylon
00:42:13.480 cleansed before making
00:42:14.560 their way up
00:42:15.020 the half mile journey
00:42:15.840 along the pilgrimage road
00:42:17.020 up to the temple
00:42:17.860 on the temple mount
00:42:18.400 these are the original flagstones
00:42:19.720 from 2,000 years ago
00:42:21.400 not stones that look like these
00:42:23.300 these are the original stones
00:42:25.140 when they first began
00:42:26.700 excavating the pilgrimage road
00:42:27.680 they found
00:42:28.180 that there were potholes
00:42:29.280 they said okay
00:42:29.820 well potholes today
00:42:30.820 potholes 2,000 years ago
00:42:31.980 but then they found
00:42:32.860 another one
00:42:33.500 and another one
00:42:34.420 and another one
00:42:35.200 evenly spaced
00:42:36.160 always in the same spot
00:42:37.280 and if someone was deliberately
00:42:38.720 breaking open the pilgrimage road
00:42:39.940 and the question is why
00:42:41.140 so they looked at the writings
00:42:42.380 of the historian Josephus
00:42:43.400 and Josephus says
00:42:44.280 in the year 70
00:42:45.400 the Romans are destroying Jerusalem 1.00
00:42:47.900 the temple atop the temple mount
00:42:50.060 in flames
00:42:50.760 the last Jews of Jerusalem 0.99
00:42:52.360 seek refuge from the Romans 1.00
00:42:53.560 where?
00:42:54.180 in the drainage channel
00:42:55.320 beneath the pilgrimage road
00:42:56.780 the ancient sewer system
00:42:58.020 archaeologists find
00:43:02.380 whole cooking pots
00:43:03.360 meaning the people
00:43:04.080 who were down there
00:43:04.700 were there for days
00:43:05.320 weeks, months
00:43:06.040 until the Romans 0.95
00:43:06.980 find them all
00:43:07.740 and kill them all 0.97
00:43:08.900 now the Romans 0.95
00:43:10.500 were so proud of their conquest
00:43:11.900 over Jerusalem
00:43:12.940 that they meant
00:43:13.360 a commemorative coin
00:43:14.180 here's the Roman emperor
00:43:15.180 Vespasian
00:43:15.740 and on the coin
00:43:16.820 you have a Roman legionnaire
00:43:17.800 towering above
00:43:18.460 a Jewish woman
00:43:19.200 on her knees crying
00:43:19.960 on the coin
00:43:20.880 it says Judea capta
00:43:22.480 Judea has been captured
00:43:23.560 and here you have
00:43:25.040 the arch of Titus in Rome
00:43:26.380 on the arch
00:43:27.740 you have the temple treasures
00:43:28.560 that were being marched
00:43:30.140 out of Jerusalem
00:43:30.700 and into Rome
00:43:31.320 now along this road
00:43:34.040 along the pilgrimage road here
00:43:35.320 archaeologists find
00:43:36.320 hundreds if not thousands
00:43:37.720 of these small bronze coins
00:43:39.640 dating back to the period
00:43:41.060 from 66 to 70
00:43:42.220 the period known as
00:43:42.900 the Great Revolt
00:43:43.600 the Great Jewish Revolt
00:43:44.600 for Freedom
00:43:45.040 against the Roman occupation
00:43:46.740 and scholars have long wondered
00:43:48.580 why are they minting these coins
00:43:49.600 because at that time
00:43:50.440 the coins were worthless
00:43:51.240 they had no monetary value
00:43:52.620 and if they really wanted
00:43:53.760 to fight the Romans
00:43:54.500 what should they use the metal for?
00:43:55.620 to make weapons
00:43:56.600 why are they wasting it
00:43:57.620 on a worthless currency?
00:43:58.980 I want to show you
00:43:59.460 one such coin
00:44:00.620 this coin here
00:44:01.980 is 2,000 years old
00:44:03.780 take a look at this here
00:44:04.980 2,000 years old
00:44:06.800 and that coin
00:44:08.220 it says in ancient
00:44:09.480 Hebrew writing
00:44:10.200 for the freedom
00:44:11.360 of Zion
00:44:12.460 Zion of course 1.00
00:44:13.580 is another name
00:44:14.120 for Jerusalem
00:44:14.700 that coin represents
00:44:16.040 a hope
00:44:16.440 a wish
00:44:17.420 a dream
00:44:18.400 and a prayer
00:44:18.860 that one day
00:44:20.520 the Jewish people
00:44:21.480 will return to Jerusalem 0.96
00:44:22.300 as sovereign
00:44:22.760 the words on that coin
00:44:24.300 for a free Jerusalem
00:44:25.640 they've come true
00:44:26.920 right
00:44:27.480 it took a little bit longer
00:44:28.280 than they thought it would
00:44:29.060 but that hope
00:44:29.560 that wish
00:44:30.000 that dream
00:44:30.380 and that prayer
00:44:30.900 is coming true
00:44:31.980 before our eyes
00:44:32.640 and there is a free Jerusalem
00:44:33.560 today for people
00:44:34.140 of all faiths and backgrounds
00:44:35.120 this is not just
00:44:36.340 another piece of history
00:44:37.220 it's a continuation
00:44:38.320 of a story
00:44:39.100 that's been going on
00:44:40.400 for thousands of years
00:44:41.220 the people who will walk
00:44:42.060 this road in the future
00:44:42.880 it's their ancestors
00:44:44.140 who walked on it
00:44:44.940 2,000 years ago
00:44:45.940 who worshipped
00:44:47.180 the same God
00:44:47.800 had the same language
00:44:48.920 customs
00:44:49.340 traditions
00:44:49.740 and festivals
00:44:50.240 it's alive
00:44:51.020 it's real
00:44:51.880 and we're bringing it back here
00:44:53.400 in this excavation
00:44:54.800 one of the things
00:44:56.360 that's really cool
00:44:57.000 about the pilgrimage road
00:44:58.040 is that for Christians
00:44:59.200 there is 100% certainty
00:45:00.720 this is where Jesus walked
00:45:01.640 there may be a lot of questions
00:45:02.760 about where Jesus was
00:45:03.640 at different times
00:45:04.200 in the Bible
00:45:04.560 there's no question
00:45:05.720 that Jesus walked
00:45:06.580 the pilgrimage road
00:45:07.200 because all the Jews did 1.00
00:45:08.140 there's a rock there
00:45:09.920 where speakers would stand
00:45:11.100 and they'd make
00:45:11.480 political statements
00:45:12.260 probably Jesus was the guy
00:45:13.800 on the side
00:45:14.280 yelling at people
00:45:14.940 stop worrying so much
00:45:15.720 about the specifics
00:45:16.400 of your sacrifice
00:45:17.000 and start worrying
00:45:17.700 about your closeness
00:45:18.440 with God
00:45:19.660 and everybody's probably
00:45:20.860 looking at Jesus
00:45:21.900 and like who's that nut job
00:45:23.340 like nothing will come of him
00:45:24.960 they move on with their day
00:45:25.760 a 2,000 year old
00:45:28.480 ancient soapbox
00:45:29.600 the only one of its kind
00:45:30.760 found in Jerusalem
00:45:31.480 and you can imagine
00:45:32.440 when those millions of pilgrims
00:45:33.600 are going up to the temple
00:45:34.560 you can imagine
00:45:35.580 the likes of whom
00:45:36.320 2,000 years ago
00:45:37.300 would get up here
00:45:38.140 and preach
00:45:39.140 a religious message
00:45:40.800 a political message
00:45:41.580 an ethical message
00:45:42.360 this is where it's happening
00:45:43.420 with the shops and stalls
00:45:44.900 all along the way
00:45:45.880 this is the biblical superhighway
00:45:47.360 the beating heart of Jerusalem
00:45:48.460 2,000 years ago
00:45:49.840 speaker's corner
00:45:50.500 speaker's corner
00:45:51.140 the original Hyde Park
00:45:52.120 right
00:45:52.800 for the Jewish people
00:45:54.600 for early Christianity
00:45:56.180 this is where
00:45:57.260 the heritage
00:45:58.180 the values that have shaped
00:45:59.260 western civilization
00:46:00.340 civilization in many respects
00:46:01.840 playing out right
00:46:02.860 where we're standing
00:46:03.340 right here
00:46:03.820 it's hard to see a soapbox
00:46:05.440 without wanting to climb it
00:46:06.620 don't you think?
00:46:08.820 we gotta get some protesters over
00:46:10.540 yeah
00:46:10.800 it's not gonna work
00:46:12.060 exactly
00:46:12.420 that's the thing about Jerusalem
00:46:14.940 is that
00:46:15.320 when stuff gets destroyed
00:46:16.500 it doesn't get fully destroyed
00:46:17.400 it just gets kind of built
00:46:18.220 on top of
00:46:18.820 which is the story of civilization
00:46:20.060 in a lot of ways
00:46:20.740 right
00:46:20.920 we like to pretend that
00:46:22.180 when we level things
00:46:23.140 they're completely leveled
00:46:24.020 nothing is completely leveled
00:46:25.480 it's mostly leveled
00:46:26.340 no matter how hard
00:46:27.600 the communists try
00:46:28.960 you mean
00:46:29.460 to obliterate the past
00:46:31.600 and build the new man
00:46:33.080 that's also the nature
00:46:35.060 of human beings
00:46:35.720 like we
00:46:36.100 we don't really want to
00:46:37.260 clear all the debris
00:46:37.960 you gotta have something
00:46:39.500 to build on
00:46:40.040 this is that idea
00:46:41.760 of a foundation stone too
00:46:43.160 is that if our
00:46:44.020 perception is hierarchical
00:46:46.020 which seems to be the case
00:46:47.280 you either have
00:46:48.800 a foundation stone
00:46:49.860 or you have
00:46:51.440 fragmentation
00:46:52.840 those are the only options
00:46:54.300 right
00:46:54.560 and we know what
00:46:55.540 the psychological consequences
00:46:56.920 of fragmentation are
00:46:58.020 there's two
00:46:58.740 anxiety
00:47:00.040 because it marks fragmentation
00:47:02.520 like anxiety occurs
00:47:03.820 when you have
00:47:04.160 too many pathways forward
00:47:05.300 and hopelessness
00:47:07.080 and the reason you get hopeless
00:47:08.500 is because
00:47:09.140 if you don't know
00:47:10.380 where you're going
00:47:11.300 no positive emotion
00:47:14.360 can mark out the path
00:47:15.540 because that positive emotion
00:47:16.980 specifies movement forward
00:47:18.340 on a path
00:47:18.960 and so
00:47:20.100 if the
00:47:21.280 if there's no
00:47:22.440 hierarchy that unites
00:47:24.740 you get fragmentation
00:47:26.400 and if you get fragmentation
00:47:27.720 you get anxiety
00:47:28.460 and hopelessness
00:47:29.120 and that's that
00:47:30.360 there's no
00:47:30.840 there's no getting around that
00:47:32.020 that's what those systems
00:47:33.200 are there to mark
00:47:34.100 and so
00:47:35.500 that's why the monotheistic impulse
00:47:37.640 is so interesting
00:47:38.480 because it's an impulse to
00:47:39.940 unify everything
00:47:42.120 well and to
00:47:42.800 make it hierarchical
00:47:44.680 in the most fundamental sense
00:47:46.020 right
00:47:46.220 it's like well
00:47:46.740 does it
00:47:47.580 hit a pinnacle
00:47:49.120 and the answer is
00:47:50.460 well to the degree
00:47:51.140 that it's hierarchical
00:47:52.680 effectively
00:47:54.140 then it hits a pinnacle
00:47:55.500 and then the question is
00:47:56.620 well what should
00:47:57.440 this is the question
00:47:58.500 right
00:47:58.760 what should be at the pinnacle
00:47:59.800 or what should be the base
00:48:01.120 those are two different metaphors
00:48:02.920 so part of what the biblical corpus
00:48:04.820 is trying to do
00:48:05.580 is to take
00:48:06.180 characterizations of
00:48:08.180 the
00:48:09.000 the
00:48:10.180 positive patriarchal
00:48:12.000 animating spirit
00:48:12.980 that's a good way of thinking about it
00:48:14.540 multiple characterizations
00:48:16.180 of that spirit
00:48:17.100 and then to make this insistence
00:48:19.380 by aggregating the books
00:48:20.600 that
00:48:21.360 all of those manifestations
00:48:22.960 of those
00:48:24.000 somewhat
00:48:24.740 discriminable spirits
00:48:27.200 are manifestations
00:48:27.940 of the same central thing
00:48:29.160 right
00:48:29.380 so you could think
00:48:30.200 that the central animating spirit
00:48:32.300 for Noah
00:48:32.860 is the intuition
00:48:34.260 that calls you
00:48:35.400 to batten down the hatches
00:48:36.500 when
00:48:36.740 if you're wise
00:48:37.860 when a time of crisis is coming
00:48:39.320 so that's a spirit
00:48:40.380 that might seize you
00:48:41.380 it might seize multiple people
00:48:42.900 at the same time
00:48:43.560 and it's a spirit
00:48:44.100 you could attend to
00:48:45.020 and allow to inhabit you
00:48:46.160 or not
00:48:46.780 so
00:48:47.840 and then in Abraham
00:48:48.920 God is the spirit
00:48:50.160 that calls Abraham
00:48:51.420 out of his
00:48:52.340 out of his
00:48:54.100 hyper security
00:48:55.500 and wealth
00:48:56.120 in some sense
00:48:56.700 into adventure
00:48:57.580 right
00:48:57.860 and then the juxtaposition
00:48:59.440 of those stories
00:49:00.240 that's metonymy
00:49:01.040 the juxtaposition
00:49:01.920 of those stories
00:49:02.560 implies that
00:49:03.600 spirit A
00:49:04.560 and spirit B
00:49:05.280 are in some sense
00:49:06.220 manifestations
00:49:06.880 you bet
00:49:07.580 it's continuous
00:49:08.620 so the Bible
00:49:09.400 is doing that continually
00:49:10.520 it's like
00:49:11.040 and it's not
00:49:12.120 propositional
00:49:13.740 it's not
00:49:14.240 tempting to explain
00:49:15.580 God
00:49:16.060 as
00:49:16.920 like a meta object
00:49:18.640 in some sense
00:49:19.320 or an object
00:49:19.760 in the world
00:49:20.260 it's an animating spirit
00:49:21.680 it's a
00:49:22.160 it's a pattern
00:49:23.100 of perception
00:49:23.760 and action
00:49:24.320 and not
00:49:25.220 the pattern
00:49:26.180 of the thing
00:49:26.780 that's being perceived
00:49:27.720 in the object
00:49:28.360 it's the pattern
00:49:29.320 of perception
00:49:29.860 itself
00:49:30.400 and so then
00:49:31.460 when you have
00:49:31.860 the union of Athens
00:49:32.720 and Jerusalem
00:49:33.360 in some sense
00:49:34.140 you say
00:49:34.480 well
00:49:34.740 fair enough
00:49:35.680 God is the pattern 0.94
00:49:37.580 of perception
00:49:38.240 and not the object
00:49:39.120 but the juxtaposition
00:49:40.640 would say
00:49:41.160 the pattern
00:49:42.160 of perception
00:49:42.800 is seeing
00:49:43.480 a reflection
00:49:44.180 in the object
00:49:44.960 that's similar
00:49:45.860 to the pattern
00:49:47.260 of perception
00:49:47.840 itself
00:49:48.160 and that would be
00:49:48.900 something like
00:49:49.580 the logos
00:49:50.060 right
00:49:50.700 so the
00:49:51.120 yeah
00:49:51.360 the logos
00:49:52.260 of nature
00:49:53.100 and the logos
00:49:54.120 of the spirit
00:49:54.900 unite
00:49:55.680 and that's
00:49:56.380 western civilization
00:49:57.340 modern people
00:50:01.380 often ask themselves
00:50:02.800 why do I have
00:50:03.700 to study history
00:50:04.680 well you're
00:50:06.160 a historical being
00:50:07.180 you need to know
00:50:08.740 who you are
00:50:09.380 and where you came from
00:50:10.400 and what you stand on
00:50:11.900 why you think
00:50:13.580 the things you think
00:50:14.780 what is the appropriate
00:50:16.600 manner to live
00:50:17.620 those aren't
00:50:18.620 optional questions
00:50:19.620 well they are
00:50:20.300 because you can fail
00:50:21.160 to answer all of them
00:50:22.060 and then
00:50:22.400 but then you live
00:50:23.260 in a chaotic
00:50:24.360 desolate
00:50:25.040 nihilistic wasteland
00:50:26.600 of anxiety
00:50:27.700 and hopelessness
00:50:28.580 the alternative
00:50:29.960 is to place yourself
00:50:32.020 in the proper tradition
00:50:33.240 and you have to understand
00:50:34.800 what proper tradition is
00:50:36.140 and part of that
00:50:37.220 understanding
00:50:37.800 is to
00:50:38.320 start to grapple
00:50:39.540 with the complexities
00:50:40.700 and realities
00:50:41.560 of those traditions
00:50:42.600 if Jerusalem
00:50:44.500 is the idea
00:50:45.160 of man meeting God
00:50:46.340 and this is where
00:50:47.120 revelation
00:50:47.700 becomes reality
00:50:49.080 then the question
00:50:50.240 becomes how does man
00:50:50.820 deal with revelation
00:50:51.540 how do we actually
00:50:52.420 work in a world
00:50:53.580 in which values
00:50:54.220 are discoverable
00:50:54.940 in which they're important
00:50:55.860 and that requires
00:50:57.620 that reason
00:50:58.460 come to the fore
00:50:59.300 and reason become
00:50:59.920 a paramount concern
00:51:00.800 for human beings
00:51:01.560 how does man
00:51:03.680 respond to a universe
00:51:04.560 that is knowable
00:51:05.380 what kind of resources
00:51:06.260 can human beings
00:51:06.960 bring to a mysterious
00:51:08.600 but knowable universe
00:51:09.700 that other half
00:51:12.020 that rational component
00:51:13.240 is really cultivated
00:51:14.460 to the utmost
00:51:15.220 in Greece
00:51:15.700 well you might ask
00:51:19.580 what's wrong
00:51:20.400 with being a populist
00:51:21.480 if the people want it
00:51:22.320 then it must be good
00:51:22.980 but that obviously
00:51:23.760 is not true
00:51:24.400 yeah you just look
00:51:24.680 at Twitter
00:51:25.120 right
00:51:25.400 and I'm not saying
00:51:28.620 slavery isn't wrong 1.00
00:51:29.840 the issue is
00:51:30.740 why is it wrong
00:51:31.800 is it wrong
00:51:32.280 because people voted it so
00:51:33.480 well right
00:51:34.280 no it's exactly that
00:51:35.640 it's not that at all
00:51:36.600 we stop by the shrine
00:51:38.580 of the book
00:51:38.940 we find it astonishing
00:51:39.900 that texts are preserved
00:51:40.900 for this long
00:51:41.420 or that ideas are preserved
00:51:42.320 for this long
00:51:43.000 but it's sort of
00:51:43.820 the natural state of things
00:51:44.760 we think that
00:51:45.620 creative innovation
00:51:46.820 is the standard mode
00:51:48.260 of human being
00:51:49.080 and that's just not true
00:51:50.260 if you're placed in paradise
00:51:52.640 the first thing you do
00:51:53.320 is you vacation
00:51:53.880 right
00:51:54.220 Mai Tai's on the beach
00:51:55.300 man
00:51:55.600 exactly
00:51:55.940 that's an amazing thing
00:51:56.880 in Genesis
00:51:57.280 like even in paradise
00:51:58.260 human beings have to have 1.00
00:51:59.880 something to do
00:52:01.080 TD Direct Investing
00:52:05.500 offers live support
00:52:06.640 so whether you're a newbie
00:52:07.960 or a seasoned pro
00:52:08.940 you can make your
00:52:09.780 investing steps count
00:52:10.740 and if you're like me
00:52:12.260 and think a TFSA
00:52:13.580 stands for
00:52:14.180 Total Fun Savings Adventure
00:52:15.900 maybe reach out
00:52:17.100 to TD Direct Investing
00:52:31.080 tora SEO
00:52:36.260 to・r
00:52:36.540 Pong T 0.85
00:52:45.500 Pong T 0.85
00:52:46.400 Pong T 0.85
00:52:49.000 Pong T 0.85
00:52:49.560 Pong T 0.85
00:52:53.300 Pong T 0.85
00:52:53.880 Pong T 0.85
00:52:55.540 Pong T 0.85
00:52:55.560 Pong T 0.85
00:52:58.540 Pong T 0.85
00:52:59.600 Pong T 0.85
00:53:00.760 Transcription by CastingWords
00:53:30.760 CastingWords