The Jordan B. Peterson Podcast - Set Your House in Order

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00:00:57.420 I'm Mikayla Peterson, Dad's daughter and collaborator.

00:01:01.300 Today's episode is a 12 Rules for Life lecture recorded in Cambridge on November 1st, 2018.

00:01:07.500 That's almost exactly a year ago.

00:01:09.580 I've named it Set Your House in Order.

00:01:12.280 Obviously took that from his book, but he talks a lot about the rule,

00:01:16.000 set your house in order before you criticize the world in this lecture.

00:01:19.540 No updates really from us yet again.

00:01:22.100 Things are still improving though, so that's fantastic.

00:01:24.260 Hope your Halloween was great and you didn't eat very much candy.

00:01:30.440 Set Your House in Order, a Jordan B. Peterson 12 Rules for Life lecture.

00:01:36.260 Thank you very much.

00:01:43.700 It's very nice to be here in this strange theater.

00:01:49.060 It's quite an interesting building and a very interesting town.

00:01:52.920 I wish I had a few more days to stay here, but I have lots of exciting things planned for the next couple of days.

00:01:58.660 So it should be a very interesting visit, starting with what will hopefully be a somewhat interesting talk.

00:02:06.800 Since I've come to the UK and to Northern Europe, which is I guess about 12 days now,

00:02:17.580 I've been speaking about 12 Rules for Life, obviously, and about my first book, Maps of Meaning.

00:02:24.820 I tend to speak about both of them together, because 12 Rules of Life is a subset of the first book, Maps of Meaning.

00:02:34.740 And I kind of mix and match the rules and play them off against one another.

00:02:41.140 Because each of them is a story, but they're connected to an underlying story.

00:02:44.360 And so you can come at the same problem from different perspectives that way and make something new each time.

00:02:52.700 And so that's kind of challenging and helpful.

00:02:57.080 You know, I use the lectures as an opportunity to think on my feet.

00:03:04.680 And to simultaneously and to think through complex problems that I think need to be solved.

00:03:10.340 I need to solve them for me, but hopefully the solution has some general utility.

00:03:16.740 And then to make the problem formulation clearer, because that's really important.

00:03:22.360 That's the diagnosis, let's say.

00:03:24.380 And then to make the problem solution clearer, that's useful and more concise and more poetic and more elegant.

00:03:32.460 And since I've come to, on this tour, I've been working through the rules backwards.

00:03:38.840 When I was in North America, I was starting with Rule 1.

00:03:43.480 It took me a long time.

00:03:44.280 I kept getting stuck on Rule 1, because it was that stand-up straight with your shoulders back.

00:03:48.600 And that led me into a fairly lengthy discussion about the inevitability of hierarchies.

00:03:53.880 And the fact that the political discussion that we all engage in centers, at least in part, on the fact of hierarchies and their necessity.

00:04:07.560 That would be the right-wing position, the conservative position, let's say.

00:04:11.160 And the tendency for hierarchies to become corrupt and dispossess people at the bottom.

00:04:17.680 And that would be the left-wing position.

00:04:19.900 And we need to continually have a discussion between those two positions, because hierarchies are inevitable and necessary.

00:04:27.120 If you want to solve complex problems in a social environment.

00:04:30.760 But they tilt towards tyranny and blindness.

00:04:34.900 And they do tend to dispossess people at the bottom of the hierarchy.

00:04:39.320 So, sometimes the hierarchy needs to be strengthened, because it's decomposed.

00:04:44.360 And so we're not solving complex problems very effectively.

00:04:48.140 And sometimes the hierarchy needs to be adjusted and loosened, because it's got too tight, too hard to climb.

00:04:53.240 And it isn't serving its proper purposes anymore.

00:04:56.260 Anyways, that's a very complicated argument.

00:04:59.400 Although, that was a relatively straightforward summary of it.

00:05:04.480 Since I've come here, I've been working through the rules backwards.

00:05:09.120 And I've got to rule six, and that's the one that I'm going to discuss with you tonight.

00:05:13.800 And I think it's the shortest chapter in the book, rule six, which is put your house in perfect order before you criticize the world.

00:05:21.940 I think it's actually set your house in perfect order before you criticize the world.

00:05:27.500 And it's a meditation on the motivation for evil.

00:05:33.540 And so you can understand why, not necessarily why that would be the shortest chapter,

00:05:39.440 but why it might be the most challenging, because it's such a dark topic.

00:05:47.480 And so, I was sitting backstage, juggling ideas, thinking, okay, how am I going to approach this idea of malevolence,

00:05:56.540 and what might be done about it most appropriately.

00:05:59.880 And I wove a bunch of things together relatively quickly.

00:06:03.480 I mean, there are things that I've been working on for a long time, so...

00:06:07.040 The weaving is quick, but the ideas behind it aren't.

00:06:11.040 And I'm going to sit down in this chair, and I'm going to talk to you a bit extemporaneously,

00:06:17.680 but I'm going to also rely on some notes that I made,

00:06:19.780 because there's some things I want to read you that are very precisely formulated.

00:06:24.520 And so...

00:06:25.560 And I don't have a great memory for quotations.

00:06:29.100 So...

00:06:29.780 So that's what we're going to do.

00:06:31.220 We're going to do a deep analysis of this idea that you should put your house in perfect order

00:06:36.460 before you criticize the world.

00:06:38.340 And I want to explain what that means psychologically.

00:06:41.500 I'd also like to make a case that it's actually...

00:06:45.460 It's...

00:06:46.660 See, one of the things I've come to realize in this lecture tour,

00:06:49.140 with regards to rules and regulations and responsibility, let's say,

00:06:54.220 which is a central theme in 12 rules,

00:06:56.740 that you need rules, obviously, because why else write a book called 12 Rules.

00:07:02.500 And people in our culture, especially over the last four decades, five decades,

00:07:09.300 I would say, have started to view rules as nothing but limitation to their freedom,

00:07:15.900 and that their untrammeled freedom is an unquestioned good,

00:07:19.400 and that any limitations to that freedom are...

00:07:23.400 Essentially have the nature of tyranny.

00:07:25.100 And that's just simply not true.

00:07:28.380 I mean, you do have a responsibility,

00:07:31.400 and part of your responsibility is, in some sense, to abide by rules.

00:07:36.080 But it's not only because that's a duty,

00:07:38.780 and it's certainly not because it's nothing but a negative limitation on freedom.

00:07:42.920 A lot of responsibility, and let's say rule following, for lack of a better word,

00:07:49.100 rule abiding, that's a better phrase,

00:07:51.760 is actually aspirational.

00:07:53.160 You know, the thing about structure, especially if it's associated with value,

00:07:57.440 is that it gives you something to do.

00:08:00.740 This is the problem with the idea that hierarchies are bad, in essence,

00:08:04.060 or that they should be deconstructed.

00:08:05.560 It's like, well, a hierarchy is a hierarchy of value

00:08:07.720 that posits that one thing is preferable to another.

00:08:11.480 Well, and a hierarchy means, is also a judgment as a consequence, right?

00:08:15.600 Because if there's a hierarchy of value,

00:08:17.160 and one thing is better than another, then some things are worse than others,

00:08:20.800 and those things that are worse are judged by those things that are better,

00:08:24.520 and that dispossesses people, and it might be hard on their feelings as well.

00:08:28.540 You know, if you fail at something, then, well, that's painful.

00:08:32.620 And one thing you can do is rectify your failure.

00:08:35.120 Another thing you can do is criticize the structure that gave rise to the idea

00:08:39.020 that behavior such as yours constitutes a failure.

00:08:42.260 And that's a pretty easy way out, in some sense,

00:08:44.760 except you also lose the perceptual structure that the hierarchy grants you,

00:08:49.300 and that's a major loss.

00:08:50.560 That's the loss of a value structure.

00:08:52.600 It's no joke, because it leaves you with nothing.

00:08:55.280 It leaves you in an enemy, and it leaves you in chaos.

00:09:00.560 It leaves you without forward direction.

00:09:03.220 And the thing about life, human life, is you can't exist.

00:09:06.640 You can't exist.

00:09:09.240 I don't think you can exist.

00:09:10.620 That's the right way to think about it.

00:09:12.480 You can't exist without a forward direction.

00:09:15.180 And so you can't sacrifice hierarchies of value for convenience,

00:09:19.220 because it leaves you with nothing.

00:09:21.500 And I guess that's not exactly true either,

00:09:24.340 because we're never left with nothing if we're alive.

00:09:27.160 You know, because life in the absence of something worth doing isn't nothing.

00:09:32.220 It's just pain and anxiety.

00:09:34.560 And so what it leaves you with is pain and anxiety as the ineradicable meanings of life,

00:09:40.520 confusion and directionlessness.

00:09:43.380 And that's the consequence of demolishing, casually demolishing hierarchies of value,

00:09:47.980 or even questioning the idea of value.

00:09:50.640 You know, one of the things Nietzsche said when he talked about the death of God,

00:09:54.640 he said, the collapse of a belief system leaves you lost.

00:09:59.780 This is a paraphrase, obviously.

00:10:00.980 It leaves you lost because the value system gave you a direction and orientation and structure.

00:10:06.580 And then if that collapses, the belief in God, say, the collapse of Christianity,

00:10:11.640 which was what Nietzsche was commenting on,

00:10:13.380 then there's a nothing that replaces it.

00:10:16.420 But then he went farther.

00:10:17.580 He said, it's not just that you're left with nothing.

00:10:20.520 It's worse than that.

00:10:21.620 Because if you lose faith in one system of value,

00:10:24.940 it might not only be the case that you lose faith in that system of values,

00:10:30.660 but you lose faith in the idea of systems of values as such.

00:10:36.360 And that's like a meta-catastrophe.

00:10:38.600 Because not only do you not believe anymore,

00:10:41.540 and you need to believe in order to have the faith to move forward,

00:10:44.260 so not only do you not believe anymore,

00:10:45.800 but you don't even believe that belief is possible.

00:10:47.980 And then I would say, in some sense, that's the post-modern condition.

00:10:52.020 That's the skepticism of meta-narratives,

00:10:56.080 which I have plenty of trouble with.

00:10:58.460 Well, one being, how do you distinguish between a meta-narrative and a narrative?

00:11:03.140 And that's a real problem,

00:11:04.240 given that the structure, the very structure of your thinking,

00:11:07.760 is in fact narrative.

00:11:09.240 And so to be skeptical about narratives is to be skeptical about thought itself.

00:11:14.780 And that's the same as being skeptical about action,

00:11:16.860 because thought is the precursor to action.

00:11:18.920 So it's a hypothesis that,

00:11:23.520 well, let's say it runs into some rather thorny practical problems.

00:11:28.980 But in any case,

00:11:30.640 I'm very interested in why people's belief systems collapse,

00:11:34.880 and certainly understand why they might.

00:11:37.360 And also interested in the process by which they might be reconstructed on solid ground,

00:11:42.920 because I do believe that there is solid ground on which belief systems can be constructed.

00:11:48.240 And that's what I want to cover tonight.

00:11:50.020 And it's difficult.

00:11:51.260 So I'm going to have to do some reading and some direct thinking,

00:11:55.580 and so we'll see how that goes.

00:11:57.540 So that's the plan, anyways.

00:11:59.740 All right, so this is directly from 12 Rules for Life,

00:12:05.440 from the first part of chapter 6.

00:12:08.060 Set your house in perfect order.

00:12:10.080 It's subtitled, A Religious Problem.

00:12:12.100 It does not seem reasonable to describe the young man

00:12:22.560 who shot 20 children and six staff members

00:12:26.240 at Sandy Hook Elementary School in Newtown, Connecticut in 2012

00:12:31.340 as a religious person.

00:12:33.980 This is equally true for the Colorado Theater gunman

00:12:39.460 and the Columbine High School killers.

00:12:43.580 But these murderous individuals had a problem with reality

00:12:47.220 that it existed at a religious depth.

00:12:52.220 As one of the members of the Columbine duo wrote,

00:12:55.140 The human race isn't worth fighting for, 0.71

00:13:00.880 only worth killing. 0.86

00:13:03.800 Give the earth back to the animals.

00:13:07.380 They deserve it infinitely more than we do.

00:13:11.120 Nothing means anything anymore.

00:13:15.860 People who think such things

00:13:17.720 view being itself as inequitable and harsh

00:13:22.300 to the point of corruption.

00:13:25.000 And human being in particular as contemptible,

00:13:28.740 they appoint themselves supreme adjudicators of reality

00:13:32.020 and find it wanting.

00:13:36.120 They're the ultimate critics.

00:13:38.540 The deeply cynical writer continues,

00:13:42.080 If you recall your history,

00:13:45.480 the Nazis came up with a final solution 0.93

00:13:48.360 to the Jewish problem. 1.00

00:13:50.100 Kill them all. 1.00

00:13:52.300 Well, in case you haven't figured it out, 1.00

00:13:55.880 I say, 1.00

00:13:57.120 kill mankind. 1.00

00:13:59.360 No one should survive. 1.00

00:14:05.300 For such individuals,

00:14:06.940 the world of experience is insufficient and evil.

00:14:10.020 So to hell with everything.

00:14:13.880 What is happening when someone comes to think in this manner?

00:14:16.820 A great German play,

00:14:20.620 Faust,

00:14:21.460 a tragedy,

00:14:23.260 written by Johann Wolfgang von Goethe,

00:14:26.380 addresses that issue.

00:14:27.840 The play's main character is a scholar

00:14:30.240 named Heinrich Faust,

00:14:32.400 who trades his immortal soul to the devil,

00:14:35.460 Mephistopheles.

00:14:37.380 In return,

00:14:38.160 he receives whatever he desires

00:14:39.580 while still alive on earth.

00:14:40.940 In Goethe's play,

00:14:44.780 Mephistopheles is the eternal adversary of being.

00:14:49.500 You could say in some sense

00:14:53.500 that he's the literary representation

00:14:55.240 of the spirit that inhabited the Columbine killers.

00:14:59.340 You could say the same thing

00:15:01.600 about the person who shot up

00:15:03.720 Sandy Hook Elementary.

00:15:05.140 No, if you

00:15:06.640 if you dwell long on terrible things,

00:15:09.800 then

00:15:10.020 something terrible comes to inhabit you.

00:15:13.840 And

00:15:13.980 human beings are capable of being possessed by ideas.

00:15:17.660 And ideas can be thousands of years old.

00:15:21.000 And ideas that are thousands of years old

00:15:23.120 tend to have the structure of personalities.

00:15:25.840 That's a good way of thinking about them.

00:15:28.240 And so if you dwell long in terrible places,

00:15:30.600 then

00:15:30.760 a thousands,

00:15:32.640 a personality of evil

00:15:34.140 that's thousands of years old

00:15:35.440 can come to inhabit you.

00:15:38.000 You're capable of

00:15:39.200 being the dwelling place

00:15:41.160 for that

00:15:41.620 for that complex system

00:15:44.500 of conceptualizations.

00:15:46.040 People have been thinking about

00:15:47.360 the nature of evil

00:15:48.080 for a very long time

00:15:49.060 and have

00:15:49.360 have thought about it

00:15:50.400 as something embodied.

00:15:51.660 And that makes sense, of course,

00:15:52.820 because it's something that's acted out

00:15:54.160 and it comes complete

00:15:54.960 with a conceptual scheme.

00:15:56.320 It comes complete

00:15:56.980 with its own opinions

00:15:57.840 and its own emotions

00:15:58.860 and its own motivations

00:15:59.860 and its own rationales.

00:16:01.320 All of that.

00:16:02.660 And it's best to think of that

00:16:03.840 as a personality.

00:16:04.800 One of the things

00:16:05.400 I really like about

00:16:06.140 the psychoanalysts,

00:16:08.160 and this is something

00:16:08.860 that I think

00:16:09.320 the cognitive scientists

00:16:10.580 haven't yet figured out,

00:16:11.700 although the ones

00:16:12.380 who work more

00:16:13.260 on the level of emotion

00:16:14.340 and motivation

00:16:15.020 are coming close,

00:16:15.940 is the psychoanalysts

00:16:17.260 figured out

00:16:17.640 at the beginning

00:16:18.040 of 20th century

00:16:18.880 that ideas were alive,

00:16:21.540 that they inhabited

00:16:22.420 human beings

00:16:23.080 like sub-personalities,

00:16:24.680 and that if you were

00:16:26.000 troubled in some particular way,

00:16:28.220 it was as if you were

00:16:29.160 possessed by some complex.

00:16:31.420 That was the psychoanalytic term,

00:16:32.860 and a complex would be

00:16:33.680 something like

00:16:34.140 an autonomous,

00:16:35.220 quasi-autonomous sub-personality

00:16:37.060 that would,

00:16:38.660 that would,

00:16:39.520 that would,

00:16:40.840 that you had granted access,

00:16:44.280 you had granted

00:16:45.220 that sub-personality

00:16:46.340 access to yourself,

00:16:47.420 or it had somehow

00:16:47.960 taken you over.

00:16:48.880 Now, this isn't

00:16:49.440 an uncommon experience.

00:16:51.000 Everybody knows this.

00:16:52.360 It's just,

00:16:52.880 we don't articulate it

00:16:53.840 that well.

00:16:54.280 You know perfectly well

00:16:55.880 that when you're angry,

00:16:57.040 you're a different person

00:16:58.120 than you are

00:16:58.580 when you're calm.

00:16:59.220 And the more disintegrated

00:17:01.320 you are as a person,

00:17:02.500 psychologically,

00:17:03.280 the more different you are

00:17:04.660 when you're angry

00:17:05.340 than when you're not angry.

00:17:06.880 And when you're angry,

00:17:07.860 you know,

00:17:08.180 if you think about being angry

00:17:09.200 as you have a point,

00:17:10.580 so there's a purpose

00:17:11.640 to your anger,

00:17:12.260 which is usually something

00:17:13.200 approximating destruction

00:17:14.440 or defeat.

00:17:15.580 And then there's a set

00:17:16.380 of emotions

00:17:16.860 that go along with that,

00:17:18.220 mostly rage,

00:17:19.340 but also a certain amount

00:17:21.480 of pleasure,

00:17:22.100 by the way,

00:17:22.500 because anger is an emotion

00:17:24.180 that activates both positive

00:17:25.720 and negative emotion systems,

00:17:27.020 which is part of what accounts

00:17:28.580 for the self-righteous sense

00:17:29.940 that might accompany anger.

00:17:31.900 There's been good

00:17:32.440 neuropsychological studies

00:17:34.200 done of emotional response

00:17:35.820 during anger.

00:17:36.920 But then there's also

00:17:37.780 a philosophy

00:17:40.040 that goes along with it

00:17:41.200 and memories

00:17:42.120 that go along with it.

00:17:42.840 Like if you're fighting

00:17:43.640 with someone that you love,

00:17:44.860 you're having a very

00:17:45.420 acrimonious argument,

00:17:46.580 it can easily be the case

00:17:47.580 that the only thing

00:17:48.300 that you can,

00:17:49.100 the only memories

00:17:50.060 that you can bring to mind

00:17:51.780 about their behavior

00:17:53.020 in the past

00:17:53.800 are those memories

00:17:54.820 that are precisely

00:17:55.500 as irritating

00:17:56.160 as whatever it is

00:17:57.840 that's driving you

00:17:58.620 towards the fight

00:17:59.300 at the moment.

00:18:00.620 And so there's a,

00:18:01.360 because the anger

00:18:02.560 turns you into something

00:18:03.920 that's somewhat

00:18:04.900 unidimensional,

00:18:06.200 only what you know

00:18:07.340 that feeds that

00:18:08.420 unidimensionality

00:18:09.400 comes to mind.

00:18:10.780 And so it's very useful

00:18:11.620 to think of it

00:18:12.180 as a personality.

00:18:13.120 This also is very useful

00:18:14.940 if you're trying

00:18:15.480 to understand

00:18:16.060 what archaic people

00:18:17.280 meant by deities

00:18:18.340 or gods,

00:18:19.800 because these gods,

00:18:20.840 like anger is a god,

00:18:21.900 it's Aries or Mars,

00:18:23.040 that's a good way

00:18:23.600 of thinking about it,

00:18:24.180 it's the god of rage.

00:18:25.700 And it can possess you,

00:18:27.500 and the reason

00:18:28.620 that it was conceptualized

00:18:29.980 as a god

00:18:30.540 was because it's

00:18:31.140 a transpersonal force.

00:18:32.960 Like, you're not

00:18:33.440 the creator of anger,

00:18:34.960 and you may not be

00:18:35.760 the master of anger either,

00:18:37.020 it could easily be

00:18:37.640 the other way around,

00:18:38.660 that anger is the

00:18:39.400 master of you.

00:18:40.440 And then the question is,

00:18:41.420 well, what is this anger

00:18:42.620 that's the master of you?

00:18:44.060 And it is at least

00:18:45.100 in part of personality,

00:18:46.400 and it's a personality

00:18:47.100 that transcends you

00:18:48.240 as an individual,

00:18:49.300 because everyone

00:18:49.920 experiences anger,

00:18:51.140 even animals

00:18:51.780 experience anger,

00:18:52.700 and so it's something

00:18:53.680 ancient and archaic,

00:18:55.420 and as we come

00:18:56.000 to understand anger

00:18:56.980 and express it

00:18:57.700 in many different ways,

00:18:59.600 and watch other people

00:19:00.740 become angry,

00:19:01.740 and see how it's

00:19:02.920 fictionalized and portrayed

00:19:04.840 in art and literature,

00:19:06.000 we come to have

00:19:07.040 an expanded sense

00:19:08.200 of what the personality

00:19:09.240 of anger might constitute,

00:19:10.900 and then when we

00:19:11.480 become angry,

00:19:12.140 then we can manifest

00:19:12.920 all of those different

00:19:13.860 elements of what it

00:19:14.940 means to be angry.

00:19:16.040 You know,

00:19:16.280 they say in the United

00:19:16.940 States that as the movie

00:19:19.260 industry has concentrated

00:19:20.500 more and more

00:19:21.480 over the decades

00:19:22.360 on organized criminals,

00:19:24.360 mafia types,

00:19:25.300 that the mafia types

00:19:26.240 have come to represent

00:19:28.000 movie mafia types

00:19:30.240 more and more

00:19:30.780 in their actual behavior,

00:19:32.220 and that's a good example

00:19:33.220 of precisely that,

00:19:34.600 art feeding life

00:19:36.020 and life feeding art,

00:19:37.640 and anger is one personality

00:19:39.460 that's transpersonal,

00:19:40.620 and love is another

00:19:41.400 that's transpersonal,

00:19:42.600 and jealousy,

00:19:43.100 but the figure of evil

00:19:46.580 itself is one of the

00:19:48.160 ultimate transpersonal

00:19:49.580 transpersonal entities,

00:19:51.840 and so that's partly

00:19:52.920 what we're going to

00:19:53.560 talk about tonight.

00:19:54.280 Now, that was Faust's,

00:19:56.400 that was Goethe's idea

00:19:58.380 in Faust,

00:19:59.660 when he was trying to

00:20:00.880 understand the nature

00:20:01.820 of evil,

00:20:02.360 and he embodied it

00:20:03.240 as a personality,

00:20:05.760 the adversary of being,

00:20:07.400 and the question is,

00:20:08.360 what would be the

00:20:09.000 fundamental motivation

00:20:11.340 of the great adversary

00:20:13.080 of being?

00:20:14.060 And this is,

00:20:15.020 this is a psychological

00:20:15.960 question,

00:20:16.640 and a personal question,

00:20:17.600 as well as a literary

00:20:18.820 and theological question,

00:20:20.260 because there will be

00:20:21.280 times in your life

00:20:22.040 where you're opposed

00:20:23.360 to the idea

00:20:24.240 of existence itself,

00:20:25.840 and I think this is

00:20:27.080 a common experience

00:20:28.340 for everyone,

00:20:29.260 when people despair,

00:20:31.160 and that despair

00:20:31.800 turns into resentment

00:20:32.740 and bitterness,

00:20:33.780 you question the very

00:20:34.940 utility of not only

00:20:36.340 your life,

00:20:37.400 and of course that

00:20:38.280 leads into something

00:20:39.380 approximating suicidal

00:20:40.580 ideation,

00:20:41.260 but that can also

00:20:42.080 drive homicidal

00:20:43.240 tendencies,

00:20:43.860 or even genocidal

00:20:44.780 tendencies,

00:20:45.420 and there's something

00:20:46.080 underneath that too,

00:20:47.080 which is deeper than

00:20:48.300 mere suicide,

00:20:49.540 or mere homicide,

00:20:50.620 or mere genocide,

00:20:52.280 which is the hatred

00:20:53.420 for the idea of

00:20:54.720 existence itself,

00:20:55.960 especially limited

00:20:57.240 suffering existence,

00:20:59.340 and that's what Goethe

00:21:00.340 was attempting to

00:21:01.180 express,

00:21:02.180 and so his,

00:21:03.240 his words for

00:21:04.580 Mephistopheles,

00:21:05.580 the great adversary

00:21:06.340 of being,

00:21:06.960 were this,

00:21:07.820 I am the spirit

00:21:08.760 who negates,

00:21:11.740 and rightly so,

00:21:14.260 for all that comes

00:21:15.580 to be deserves 0.99

00:21:16.640 to perish 0.99

00:21:17.560 wretchedly,

00:21:19.960 it were better,

00:21:21.120 nothing would begin,

00:21:23.720 and he has,

00:21:25.060 years later,

00:21:26.460 Goethe wrote the

00:21:27.420 second part of Faust,

00:21:28.620 and he had Mephistopheles

00:21:29.940 repeat that credo,

00:21:31.340 in different words,

00:21:32.380 but with exactly the

00:21:33.260 same thesis,

00:21:34.420 and the thesis is,

00:21:35.260 it's a very

00:21:35.620 straightforward thesis,

00:21:36.840 it's a very

00:21:37.240 powerful thesis,

00:21:38.680 and it's definitely

00:21:39.800 one that each of us

00:21:40.780 contends with,

00:21:42.420 perhaps existence

00:21:43.480 is structured such

00:21:44.560 that the suffering

00:21:45.380 that it entails,

00:21:46.860 makes the whole game

00:21:48.780 suspect,

00:21:49.940 and that it would

00:21:50.500 in fact be better

00:21:51.420 if nothing existed

00:21:53.560 in preference

00:21:54.380 to something,

00:21:55.740 and if you become

00:21:57.160 desperate enough

00:21:57.980 in your life,

00:21:58.680 and there will be

00:21:59.420 times when that's

00:22:00.140 a high probability,

00:22:01.500 then some variant

00:22:03.180 of that idea

00:22:04.000 will enter your

00:22:04.860 thinking,

00:22:06.040 and that's certainly

00:22:07.080 the case in the

00:22:08.540 situation of the

00:22:09.580 people who I just

00:22:10.960 described that did

00:22:12.120 the particularly

00:22:13.560 terrible things

00:22:14.460 that they did.

00:22:15.120 You can't understand

00:22:16.060 the motivation of

00:22:17.340 someone like the

00:22:18.000 Columbine High School

00:22:18.760 shooters without

00:22:19.360 understanding the

00:22:20.760 level at which they

00:22:21.820 were seeking revenge.

00:22:23.680 It wasn't personal,

00:22:25.240 it wasn't social,

00:22:26.380 it wasn't a matter of

00:22:26.960 being bullied at school,

00:22:28.460 they'd gone way

00:22:29.120 beyond that,

00:22:30.340 absolutely way

00:22:31.220 beyond that,

00:22:31.880 to elevate themselves

00:22:33.320 to the position

00:22:34.560 of the judge of

00:22:35.320 all being,

00:22:36.000 and to make the

00:22:36.940 determination that

00:22:37.760 it would be better

00:22:38.640 if everything could

00:22:39.440 be punished for the

00:22:40.320 crime of its existence.

00:22:42.820 And you might not

00:22:43.440 think that high school

00:22:44.680 students could be

00:22:45.440 sophisticated enough

00:22:46.380 to come up with

00:22:47.380 such conceptualizations,

00:22:48.660 but you're perfectly

00:22:49.480 welcome to go online

00:22:50.580 and read the writings

00:22:51.700 of the killers

00:22:52.340 themselves,

00:22:53.060 and you'll find

00:22:53.720 some things there

00:22:54.380 that will make the

00:22:55.020 hair stand on the

00:22:56.240 back of your neck

00:22:56.920 if you understand

00:22:58.520 what's being written,

00:22:59.780 that's for sure.

00:23:00.540 Now, in Dostoevsky's

00:23:03.360 book,

00:23:04.780 The Brothers Karamazov,

00:23:06.200 there's a character,

00:23:07.980 Ivan, who's the

00:23:09.460 older brother of

00:23:10.220 the main character,

00:23:11.620 the main character

00:23:13.020 is a monastic

00:23:15.960 novitiate,

00:23:16.660 and he's a good

00:23:17.260 person.

00:23:18.280 He's kind of a

00:23:18.940 simple person,

00:23:19.720 which is often the

00:23:20.440 case in Dostoevsky's

00:23:21.560 stories, like the 1.00

00:23:22.260 idiot, the main 1.00

00:23:23.460 character in The 1.00

00:23:23.980 Idiot is a 0.95

00:23:24.420 Christ-like figure, 1.00

00:23:25.260 but by no means

00:23:26.340 an intellectual giant.

00:23:27.660 His virtue is in

00:23:29.840 his action, in the

00:23:31.820 simplicity and

00:23:32.740 straightforwardness and

00:23:33.720 honesty of his

00:23:34.420 action, whereas Ivan

00:23:35.760 Karamazov is definitely 0.97

00:23:37.020 a figure of towering

00:23:38.700 intellect and charisma

00:23:40.160 and worldliness, and

00:23:43.480 so he's the dominant

00:23:45.240 character in some sense,

00:23:46.500 and one of the things

00:23:47.520 that's so remarkable

00:23:48.300 about Dostoevsky's

00:23:49.560 book, especially The

00:23:50.800 Brothers Karamazov, is

00:23:51.720 that Ivan wins all the

00:23:54.020 arguments, but loses

00:23:55.460 the war, and the

00:23:56.960 reason that he loses

00:23:57.900 the war is because 0.63

00:23:58.720 he wins all the

00:23:59.860 arguments, but his

00:24:01.000 brother, Eliosha, has

00:24:02.840 a better life, like a

00:24:04.440 more moral life, and

00:24:07.960 despite the fact that

00:24:09.180 he can't articulate the

00:24:10.440 rationale for the

00:24:11.580 morality of his life, and

00:24:13.300 so it gives Dostoevsky an

00:24:15.740 advantage in some sense

00:24:16.800 over Nietzsche, because

00:24:17.760 Dostoevsky could dramatize

00:24:21.060 what virtue looked like in

00:24:23.780 the face of overwhelming

00:24:25.140 intellectual criticism, and

00:24:26.740 have the virtue win,

00:24:27.640 despite the fact that at

00:24:28.740 the intellectual level, the

00:24:30.240 criticism wins, and so

00:24:32.640 Ivan is always

00:24:33.280 criticizing Eliosha for

00:24:34.600 his simplicity and his

00:24:35.660 belief in God, and

00:24:36.820 Eliosha isn't really up to

00:24:38.300 the task of defending

00:24:39.360 himself, and no wonder,

00:24:40.600 because it's indefensible in

00:24:42.080 some sense, I mean, it's

00:24:43.320 become indefensible in the

00:24:44.380 modern world to, what, make

00:24:46.200 a rational case for God,

00:24:47.820 it's like, good luck with

00:24:49.020 that, it's very, very

00:24:50.220 difficult, especially in the

00:24:51.600 face, say, of the

00:24:52.260 scientific revolution, but

00:24:53.400 far more than that, in the

00:24:54.900 face of a kind of an

00:24:55.700 overweening cynicism about

00:24:57.200 the structure of reality, and

00:24:58.860 also about, in the face of

00:25:01.060 tremendous confusion about

00:25:02.200 what it might even mean for

00:25:03.440 there to be something divine.

00:25:05.320 So anyways, Ivan is after

00:25:07.020 Eliosha one day, and about his

00:25:08.680 belief in God, and he lays out

00:25:10.400 these stories that Dostoevsky took

00:25:12.080 from actual newspapers of the

00:25:13.900 time, and they were stories of

00:25:17.440 suffering, essentially, and Ivan

00:25:19.240 picked a particular form of

00:25:20.940 suffering, which is, I suppose,

00:25:22.460 particularly unbearable for

00:25:24.800 anybody who has any sense of

00:25:27.360 compassion, and fair play, and

00:25:31.060 he talked about a girl, a young

00:25:34.280 girl, who, and as I said, this

00:25:36.600 was a real story, who had been,

00:25:38.840 she was four years old, I believe,

00:25:40.500 and her parents were very cruel,

00:25:42.840 and apparently weren't very

00:25:44.180 positively predisposed to her, to

00:25:45.780 say the least, and they locked

00:25:49.360 her in the outhouse overnight for

00:25:51.060 some infraction, and she beat on 1.00

00:25:55.360 the walls, and was screaming

00:25:57.360 about, and crying about being out

00:26:00.200 there in the cold, and the

00:26:01.400 neighbors heard, but no one did

00:26:02.480 anything about it, and she was

00:26:03.900 praying to Jesus to save her, and

00:26:06.760 she froze to death, and Karamazov, 0.78

00:26:12.220 Ivan, faces Eliosha with this story,

00:26:15.360 and says, do you think that the

00:26:19.400 entire structure of being is worth

00:26:21.600 having one little girl like that

00:26:23.660 tortured to death in that manner?

00:26:25.660 He said, would you do that?

00:26:27.360 And, of course, Eliosha has no answer

00:26:29.180 to that, and Ivan's response is, well,

00:26:32.920 it's not even so much that being is

00:26:34.700 therefore unjustified, it's more than

00:26:36.820 that, because Ivan isn't an atheist in

00:26:39.620 the standard sense, he's sort of a

00:26:41.920 meta-atheist, he doesn't not, it

00:26:44.760 isn't that he, it isn't that he, it

00:26:48.320 isn't that he has no belief in God,

00:26:49.920 it's that he doesn't approve of God,

00:26:52.240 and that's a different thing, and he

00:26:55.100 uses his, these stories, which are very

00:26:57.500 powerful stories, the stories of the

00:26:59.380 unjust suffering of children, to

00:27:01.600 indicate that if there is a God, then

00:27:04.320 he's certainly a morally reprehensible

00:27:06.620 creature, and, and Eliosha is basically

00:27:10.420 what, driven to silence in the face of

00:27:13.380 that, and unsurprisingly, because it's

00:27:15.440 not so easy to formulate something

00:27:17.720 coherent that justifies the suffering

00:27:20.860 of innocent children, right, it's a

00:27:22.960 permanent existential problem, how is it

00:27:26.020 that the world can be constituted in

00:27:27.860 that manner?

00:27:29.420 So, so that's, that's, that's

00:27:33.100 something, and I would say that

00:27:34.900 Mephistopheles credo is best justified

00:27:39.620 by precisely that set of observations,

00:27:41.800 and now the danger, of course, is that

00:27:44.680 if you draw the conclusion that being

00:27:47.180 as such is something so corrupt that it

00:27:49.080 deserves to be eradicated, then you may

00:27:51.580 come to act in that manner, which is, of

00:27:53.580 course, what people like the Columbine

00:27:55.520 killers did, and on a much larger scale,

00:27:57.300 people like, let's say, Hitler and Stalin, 0.58

00:27:59.940 who were motivated, I believe, at the

00:28:01.980 deepest level by the same, by possession,

00:28:04.000 by exactly the same credo, you certainly

00:28:06.280 see that with Stalin, with his immense

00:28:07.900 contempt for people, and also with

00:28:10.200 Hitler, especially as World War II

00:28:12.720 advanced and the Germans started to 0.86

00:28:14.220 lose the war, because by the end he 0.95

00:28:16.040 believed that the German nation itself

00:28:17.940 deserved nothing but to perish, which

00:28:19.920 as I presume was his hope from the

00:28:22.260 beginning, because we don't have to take

00:28:25.220 him at his word, and he was very

00:28:27.740 attracted to fire and destruction, and the

00:28:30.920 idea of purification through death, and so

00:28:33.680 it's certainly possible that it was

00:28:36.020 possession of that type that drove both

00:28:38.500 Hitler and Stalin to do what they did, 0.94

00:28:41.180 their large-scale revenge on God for the

00:28:45.980 crime of existence, and so a question

00:28:48.600 emerges out of that, which is whether or

00:28:51.080 not evil is to be attributed to God, and I

00:28:55.260 think this is a question, you see, I don't

00:28:57.120 think, I don't think that you need to

00:29:01.080 believe in God in order to be troubled

00:29:03.480 by this question, because it doesn't

00:29:05.420 really matter at this level of analysis

00:29:07.020 whether you believe in God, because you

00:29:08.600 will find that there will be times in

00:29:10.400 your life where you act as if God

00:29:12.240 exists, whether or not you believe in

00:29:14.180 him, and that's often the case, I would

00:29:16.020 say most commonly the case, when you're

00:29:17.900 absolutely desperate, and maybe when that

00:29:19.940 desperation has boiled over, spilled

00:29:24.500 over into resentment and hatred, because

00:29:26.700 you will find yourself acting out the

00:29:29.700 great drama of doubt about the creator's

00:29:33.100 goodness, something like that, even if

00:29:35.540 you don't, if you, even if you wouldn't

00:29:37.540 articulate it in that manner, you'll play

00:29:40.480 out the drama, and so you still have to

00:29:42.520 ask, you still have to answer the

00:29:44.980 question, and my conclusion after thinking

00:29:49.700 about this for many years is that tragedy

00:29:51.940 can be attributed to God, but not evil, and

00:29:54.760 so now I'm going to talk about why I think

00:29:56.580 that's the case, so the first thing is, I'm

00:30:01.240 going to talk a little bit about the story

00:30:02.820 of Adam and Eve, and so, and what I think

00:30:05.160 it means psychologically, it's a very

00:30:08.800 interesting story, which is why we haven't

00:30:12.060 forgotten it for many thousands of years,

00:30:14.300 right, because it's sort of the definition

00:30:15.980 of interesting that you don't forget it,

00:30:18.540 and so you might think about a story like

00:30:21.520 that as a maximally interesting story, you

00:30:24.180 might even think about that, you might even

00:30:26.040 think that that's why it came to be, because

00:30:28.520 it's a maximally interesting story, it's so

00:30:30.480 interesting we can't forget it, now why that is, that's a whole

00:30:34.560 different question, and I'm not going to go into that

00:30:36.420 tonight, although I think there are answers to it, but

00:30:38.380 we'll proceed on the assumption that it's

00:30:41.000 interesting enough to be, not to be forgotten, and for almost everyone

00:30:44.840 to know it, and we'll use that as evidence

00:30:47.160 that it's not forgettable, and so it's memorable, and that

00:30:50.980 there's a reason for that, I think it's memorable, because it

00:30:54.700 describes something that we cannot describe any better,

00:30:59.920 that needs to be described, so what happens in the story

00:31:02.960 of Adam and Eve, there's many things, but we'll concentrate

00:31:05.160 only on the rise, on the part of the story that I believe indicates, is

00:31:10.600 indicative of the rise to self-consciousness, now what

00:31:12.920 happens is that man, Adam and Eve are naked in the

00:31:17.000 Garden of Eden, the Garden of Eden is the human

00:31:19.720 environment, it's the ultimate balanced combination of

00:31:23.780 culture and nature, that's the walled garden, right, the walls

00:31:27.400 and the garden, culture, the walls, and nature, the garden, and

00:31:31.580 that's the human environment, because we don't just live in

00:31:34.000 nature, obviously, because we just die in nature, and we can't

00:31:38.360 just live in culture, because we need nature, and so we have to

00:31:41.060 balance the two, and a great metaphor for the balance between

00:31:44.180 nature and culture is a garden, and so that's a perfectly reasonable

00:31:47.920 representation of the dwelling place of human beings, and initially

00:31:52.400 we dwelled in that garden in unconscious, in unconsciousness, or

00:31:57.540 at least in unself-consciousness, now the dividing line between

00:32:01.440 those two things is not so easy to draw, but it's certainly the case, partly

00:32:06.360 because, you know, human beings are clearly conscious, and animals appear to be

00:32:10.660 conscious as well, although perhaps that consciousness is on some sort of

00:32:15.360 gradation, from lower to higher, it's hard to tell, because animals can do some

00:32:21.900 very intelligent things, but it doesn't seem like there is any evidence that's

00:32:25.440 credible, that animals are really self-conscious, he had trivial evidence, like

00:32:29.860 the fact that if you put lipstick on a chimpanzee, and you show it a mirror, then

00:32:34.160 it sometimes can notice that it has lipstick, and that's sort of self-consciousness, but

00:32:39.020 it's really reflexive self-consciousness, whereas the self-consciousness that human

00:32:42.740 beings possess is a much richer and detailed kind, because not only can you

00:32:47.660 recognize yourself as an individual entity, separate from other individual

00:32:52.340 entities, but you have a theory about your own being, a very thoroughly

00:32:56.900 developed, fantastical, imagistic theory of your own being that's laid out, say, in

00:33:02.440 dreams, and then an articulated theory of your own being, and then also, on top of

00:33:06.960 that, knowledge of your borders and your boundaries, which is the critical aspect,

00:33:11.660 not so much whether you can recognize yourself in a mirror, but the fact that you know that

00:33:15.480 you're finite in time and space, which is the critical element of self-consciousness,

00:33:20.080 because it defines your limits as a being, right? You once weren't, and then were, and

00:33:26.980 once, and at some point won't be, and it's the consciousness of that boundary that

00:33:34.500 surrounds you, that's like the boundary of your body, except the temporal extension of

00:33:39.000 that, that really makes you self-conscious. And so Adam and Eve are clearly not that to

00:33:44.000 begin with, and the serpent tempts Eve into eating this apple, this fruit of the

00:33:50.560 tree of the knowledge of good and evil, which is a very strange tree, and a very

00:33:54.700 strange fruit, and a very strange tempter, to say the least. And one of the great

00:34:00.120 mysteries is why the fruit is the fruit of the tree of the knowledge of good and

00:34:05.520 evil, because it's not obvious how the ingestion of this particular delicacy, let's

00:34:12.820 say, results, is associated with knowledge of good and evil. And so this is

00:34:17.800 something that I did write about in Twelve Rules for Life that took me decades to

00:34:21.460 figure out. And it's, it's, it was a discovery that I would say shook me to the

00:34:26.940 core, because I think it's so crucial, and I think it's actually quite, it's quite

00:34:31.960 easy to understand. You already know it, but you don't know you know it, and so when

00:34:35.800 you hear it, then you know that you know it, and that's even worse than merely

00:34:39.300 knowing it. So Adam and Eve, Eve takes the fruit and eats it, and, and the scales

00:34:45.240 fall from her eyes, and then of course she shares it with her husband, who, who is,

00:34:49.480 who is equally enticed, let's say, to devour it. And the scales fall from their

00:34:56.520 eyes, and their eyes open, which implies that their eyes were closed to begin with,

00:35:00.500 and that's the unconsciousness that I was discussing. And the first thing that

00:35:04.600 happens, or one of the first things that happens, is that they both realize

00:35:08.000 they're naked. And that's often given a sexual connotation, and, and there's

00:35:12.880 utility in that, but that's not the fundamental issue, as far as I'm

00:35:15.600 concerned. Like, you know, if you have a nightmare that you're naked on stage, which

00:35:18.980 is a fairly common nightmare, then that, that's not sexual. I mean, there might be a

00:35:23.340 sexual element in it. Maybe you're afraid that people will make fun of your

00:35:26.560 endowment, let's say that. You know, but, but, but it's deeper than that. It's that to be

00:35:31.720 naked on stage, is to have your limited self subject to unmediated evaluation by

00:35:39.320 the group. And so, that's rather terrifying. It's partly why people don't

00:35:42.500 like public speaking, as well, especially if they're actually saying what they mean,

00:35:45.960 because then they have who they are laid bare for the evaluation of the group.

00:35:52.020 And that's, that's, that's knowledge of, that's nakedness. That's knowledge of

00:35:55.900 nakedness. And the nakedness is, well, the nakedness is the vulnerability to, to know

00:36:00.440 that you're naked, is to know that you're vulnerable, is to understand your, is to

00:36:04.880 understand your limitations. And with human beings, I think part of the reason

00:36:07.920 for that, and maybe part of the reason that that actually developed, is because

00:36:10.940 of our stance, you know. Like, most animals are, of course, on four legs. And

00:36:15.880 they're, the most vulnerable parts of them are actually armored, in the mammalian

00:36:22.180 community anyways. They're armored, because they have their back covering the

00:36:26.100 vulnerable front parts of them, right? But human beings, we stand upright. And

00:36:29.940 one of the consequences of, of that is that everything about us, so to speak, and

00:36:34.300 certainly the most centrally vulnerable parts of us, physiologically speaking, even

00:36:39.460 metaphysically speaking, for that matter, are subject to public evaluation. And not

00:36:44.400 only public evaluation, but to, but to harm. Because you can certainly be, with open

00:36:49.380 like this, I mean, we're, we're not rhinoceroses, you know. We're, we're, we're not

00:36:53.620 armored. We're very vulnerable creatures. And when you become self-conscious, then you

00:36:57.740 become aware of that vulnerability. And, and that's like a meta-vulnerability. Not

00:37:01.620 only are you vulnerable, but you know it. And so, not only can you then experience

00:37:05.660 pain, but you can experience anxiety. And not just anxiety in the trivial sense, but

00:37:10.240 anxiety in the long-term, permanent sense. Knowing that no matter how comfortable you

00:37:14.480 are right now, and how well constituted your life is at the moment, that all of that can

00:37:19.040 break apart at any moment, and leave you with nothing, and leave you dead. And

00:37:22.240 that, and everything around you can disappear. And that's all a consequence of

00:37:26.040 the knowledge of your limitation. And that's, in some sense, why death enters the

00:37:31.400 world. And the consequence of that is that Adam and Eve clothe themselves, right? They

00:37:35.940 put an intervening structure between them and the terrible world, both social and

00:37:40.900 natural. And it's only clothing in the, in the, it's only a leaf in the, in the story. But

00:37:46.480 it's symbolic of the, well, you're all clothed. It's, it's symbolic of that. There's a reason

00:37:51.480 for that. I mean, it's warm in here. You don't have to be clothed, but you certainly

00:37:54.780 are. And you have been for a very long time. It's tens of thousands of years that people

00:37:59.380 have worn clothes to protect themselves against the elements, for sure. But also to protect

00:38:04.680 themselves against their own harsh self-judgment, and the judgment of others. And that's partly

00:38:10.480 the intermediation of culture against nature. And it's symbolic of that as well, is because

00:38:15.200 once you understand that you're vulnerable in some permanent sense across time, then

00:38:19.900 you're liable to work. And of course, that's the next thing that happens in the story of

00:38:25.260 Adam and Eve, is that God finds out what happens. One of the next things that happens, God finds

00:38:29.940 out that Adam and Eve are now self-conscious. And he says, oh, now you're in trouble. You're

00:38:35.100 going to have to work. As why do you have to work if you're self-conscious? And the answer

00:38:39.260 is, well, you might have everything you need now, but that doesn't mean you're going to

00:38:44.060 have it in the future. And so there's no escape from that. You have to work, you have to sacrifice

00:38:50.400 the present for the future. Because now you're aware of the future. And the definition of work,

00:38:56.020 in some sense, is the sacrifice of the present for the future. To forego gratification. If it's

00:39:01.300 merely spontaneous pleasure, we don't define it as work. Work is when you're doing something

00:39:06.160 for later, that you'd rather not do now. And why would you do that? Well, it's because

00:39:11.160 you know that you extend across time. And even if it's not you, maybe it's your family that

00:39:15.440 extends across time. You're vulnerable on all fronts. And so, you're going to work. And

00:39:20.480 that's that. And so, well, and then of course, the other thing that happens is that people

00:39:26.360 become aware of the difference between good and evil. And that's attributed, there's a

00:39:32.900 God-like element that's attributed to that. What God actually says after Adam and Eve eat

00:39:37.900 the fruit and become aware of good and evil, he says, well, we have to remove them from

00:39:41.960 paradise unless they eat the fruit from the tree of life and live forever and be like

00:39:46.680 God, gods themselves. They're halfway there with their knowledge of good and evil. You say,

00:39:51.640 well, what's going on? How is it that the ingestion of whatever this was, I mean, and food is often

00:39:58.920 a metaphor for knowledge. It's to ingest or to, and you might have received a bit of indigestible

00:40:05.860 news. That's a good way of thinking about it. The idea of incorporation of food and the idea of

00:40:11.580 incorporation of knowledge are very tightly linked. And the reason for that, at least in part at the

00:40:15.900 metaphorical level, is part of the reason that you want to incorporate knowledge is so that you

00:40:19.380 can incorporate food, right? Because knowledge is actually this, knowledge is actually the abstract

00:40:25.180 representation of the food that will, that will sustain you across very large periods of time.

00:40:30.760 I mean, it's more than that, but it's certainly that. So there's a very tight relationship between

00:40:34.820 us foraging for knowledge, which we do, and something very specific about human beings that

00:40:40.180 we forage for knowledge. And that foraging for knowledge is partly what enables us to maintain

00:40:44.960 ourselves biologically across long spans of time. It's like squirrels forage for nuts, and then they

00:40:49.920 have to remember where the nuts are. And then the remembrance of where the nuts are is equivalent to

00:40:54.500 the food. And the knowledge and the food are the same thing. And so, and then there's the food that you

00:40:59.780 can eat today, and then there's the food that will sustain you for the rest of your life. And the

00:41:03.580 knowledge is the food that sustains you for the rest of your life. And that's why man does not live by

00:41:08.480 bread alone. That's why that works out. So Adam and Eve realize that they're vulnerable. And they

00:41:16.820 realize that they're, that, and that death enters the world at that point. The knowledge of death. So

00:41:21.760 the vulnerability is final in some sense. It's cataclysmic. It destroys the structure of reality.

00:41:27.840 That's what that story means. And there's something about that, you know, because we're very complex

00:41:32.140 creatures as human beings. There's nothing more complex anywhere than what's inside your skull. The brain is

00:41:38.160 immensely, immeasurably the most complicated thing that there is. And at some point it gathered the power to

00:41:45.640 reflect upon itself. And the story in Genesis is partly predicated on the idea that that put a cataclysmic

00:41:55.020 rift in the structure of reality. Now it depends on how you define reality. But the most complex thing that

00:42:02.940 exists might have something crucial to do with the structure of reality. At least you can make that.

00:42:08.160 case. And whether it does or not, in some objective sense, whatever that might mean, it certainly does as far

00:42:14.000 as you're concerned. And so that's of sufficient importance. And so what happens when you realize that you're

00:42:19.700 vulnerable? Well, something very interesting. And this is where the idea of good and evil enters the world.

00:42:27.100 Because, you know, maybe you're hungry. And maybe you're hungry like a lion. And when you're hungry like a lion, you rouse

00:42:33.180 yourself out of your torpor. Because most of the time lions just sleep. Except when they're hungry. And then when they

00:42:38.860 get hungry, they organize themselves. And they go hunt. And they take down a zebra. And then they eat the zebra. And that's

00:42:44.380 the end of that. And it's a little hard on the zebra. But there's no malevolence in it. You know, there's no casual

00:42:50.640 slaughter. They're certainly not dragging out the torment of the zebra. You know, they're just eating. And so it's tragic,

00:42:57.840 certainly for the zebra. But it's not malevolent. An animal that does something carnivorous does it by

00:43:04.820 necessity. But humans can do something carnivorous out of far more than necessity. And the reason that

00:43:11.540 they can do that is because they actually understand their own vulnerability. And the flip side of that

00:43:16.120 is that as soon as I understand my own vulnerability, I have some sense of how I can be hurt and what makes

00:43:21.800 me terrified and anxious. As soon as I know that for me, I also know it for you. And as soon as I know

00:43:27.700 it for you, then I can use it. And that's how the knowledge of good and evil enters the world with the

00:43:34.020 revelation of vulnerability. And because now you have within you the power to take that knowledge of

00:43:41.040 the misery of the world and to utilize it in any way that you see fit. And so that's why human beings

00:43:47.060 are capable of malevolence because they can take that which they hate, which is something far darker

00:43:53.300 than mere predatory behavior, and subject it to endless creative torment. And that might be something

00:44:00.100 that you apply to yourself. And it might be something that you apply to your family. And it might be

00:44:04.400 something that you apply to your community. And now and then it might be something that you directly

00:44:08.800 apply, right? That you're directly engaged in precisely that malevolence, which is the exploitation

00:44:15.560 of vulnerability. And if it's truly malevolent, it's exploitation of vulnerability merely for the

00:44:22.100 aesthetic joy of doing so. You know, you see this dark humor, that satirical humor that goes along with

00:44:30.180 great acts of malevolence, like this gate sign over the Auschwitz concentration camp,

00:44:36.760 work will set you free, right? Some great cosmic joke that could have only been written by the spirit of

00:44:43.800 evil itself, to demarcate a place where if there was work, all it was done was to parody work for the

00:44:51.660 purpose of the violence and destruction that it could produce prior to death. And so that's the depths

00:44:58.560 of malevolence. And there's no doubt that exists, that's for sure. And so then the question, I suppose,

00:45:05.540 is, well, people became self-conscious and they became capable of malevolence. And is that something

00:45:10.760 that you can lay at the feet of God? And so that's something that Milton was very interested in,

00:45:16.940 in Paradise Lost, his great poem. And so, and it's a poem that's very much worth reading if you,

00:45:22.740 if you understand what it's about. And it's about free will, and it's about evil, and it's about,

00:45:30.260 it's about this great narrative that we're embedded in that we don't understand. It's part and parcel of

00:45:35.100 the biblical corpus, let's say, but it's also part and parcel of all the great plays and dramas and

00:45:41.760 literary productions and musical productions and, and cathedral-like architecture and, and, and the

00:45:49.520 dream, all of that artistic endeavor that's part of the dream in which our articulated cognitive

00:45:55.820 structures are embedded. And that's, that's what Milton is trying to understand. It's the structure of

00:46:01.100 that underlying dream because you're embedded in a dream. You have to dream every night or you can't

00:46:05.520 maintain your sanity. Your, your articulated cognition has to dissolve into the dream that

00:46:12.140 surrounds you in order to maintain its sanity. And the underlying metaphysics of our culture

00:46:18.400 expressed, at least in part in stories like the biblical corpus, constitute the dream upon which

00:46:25.500 our sanity depends, even though we don't know that. And you see people like Milton, who are great poets,

00:46:31.780 who are, who are geniuses of the imagination, who are playing in the realm of dreams, trying to sort

00:46:37.660 things out at a level that's far below articulated cognition, to wrestle with questions that are so

00:46:43.180 deep that they trouble all of us, but that none of us are intelligent enough to articulate our way

00:46:48.180 through. And that's why you study literature and poetry, if you have any sense, because it pushes you

00:46:53.980 down into that dream where you can, where you can straighten out the metaphysics upon which your

00:46:59.540 more formal theories of being indefinitely rely. Something has to buffer us. Something has to serve

00:47:10.800 as a buffer between our limited knowledge and the unknown itself. And it's, it's the dream that

00:47:17.080 surrounds us that constitutes that buffer. And it has to be maintained in order. And that's what poets

00:47:22.260 and artists and, and, and, and, and, and, and philosophers, if they're deep. And sometimes

00:47:30.100 psychologists, that's what they do. And I'm thinking about people like Jung and Freud, when I'm thinking

00:47:36.920 about that. So, this is God's discussion of, of the emergence of evil in the world and his, his attempt

00:47:47.880 to reconcile, his attempt to justify, his attempt to justify, I would say in some sense, the structure

00:47:54.700 of being, even given that malevolence made its emergence on the stage. And he's talking about

00:48:04.080 the relationship between Adam and Eve, but mankind in general, and the spirit of evil as such,

00:48:12.120 which might be that proclivity to seek revenge on existence for the tragedy of being.

00:48:19.680 For man will hearken to his gloving lies and easily transgress the sole command, sole pledge

00:48:29.580 of disobedience. So, will fall he and his faithless progeny, whose fault?

00:48:40.440 Who's but his own? In great. He had of me all he could have. I made him just and right, sufficient

00:48:55.320 to have stood, though free to fall. Such I created all the ethereal powers and spirits, both them

00:49:07.580 who stood and them who fell. Freely they stood who stood and fell who fell. So, that's a fairly

00:49:19.760 straightforward hypothesis that evil beckons, but that people have within them what would

00:49:35.180 be necessary if they drew upon it to resist it. And the existence of evil, the manifestation

00:49:43.180 of evil in the world, can therefore not be laid at the feet of God. Now, perhaps it's an argument

00:49:50.220 that you don't buy, but it's an argument, and it's a strong one. And then, there's another justification.

00:49:59.380 You know, Milton wrote Paradise Lost. He said he wrote Milton's Paradise Lost to justify the ways

00:50:04.560 of God to man. That's quite an ambition. It's a hell of a thing for someone to say, especially

00:50:09.780 given that he meant it. And so, here's another section from book two.

00:50:15.520 Why would you allow people the choice to indulge in evil? Why grant the power of free will? Because

00:50:27.760 perhaps that's free will, is the power to choose between good and evil. It seems to be the most

00:50:32.360 fundamental definition of free will.

00:50:37.540 I else must change their nature and revoke the high decree, unchangeable, eternal, which ordained

00:50:51.340 their freedom. They themselves ordained their fall, self-tempted, self-depraved.

00:51:00.020 And one more, and perhaps this is more relevant to freedom to choose the good, rather than evil.

00:51:12.200 What pleasure I, from such obedience paid, when will and reason, reason also is choice, useless

00:51:21.140 and vain, of freedom both despoiled, made passive both, had served necessity, not me.

00:51:30.020 They, therefore, as to right belonged, so were created. Nor can justly accuse their maker, or their

00:51:40.600 making, or their fate, as if predestination overruled.

00:51:45.900 So the next story in Genesis is the story of Cain and Abel. And it's a very interesting story. It's a very short story.

00:51:59.520 It's only a few lines long. I don't, I've never encountered a story that has that much depth packed into that tiny amount

00:52:08.900 of space. It's absolutely unfathomable, in some sense. And so, I'll go over the story briefly.

00:52:15.900 The first thing is, is that, well, Adam and Eve are the mother and father of us all. And so, you could say, well, if you were thinking about it symbolically,

00:52:24.900 maybe from the Jungian perspective, that Eve is the personification of nature itself, and Adam is the personification of culture itself,

00:52:33.480 and each of us is the child of nature and culture. And then the question is, well, what is the fundamental nature

00:52:40.480 of the child of nature and culture? And the answer is,

00:52:45.940 Cain and Abel,

00:52:47.340 the hostile brothers,

00:52:48.920 the first two real human beings,

00:52:50.860 because they're born in this standard manner.

00:52:53.740 They're not made by God.

00:52:55.520 They're real.

00:52:57.080 And it's a terrible story, because it's a story of

00:52:59.380 murder, and worse.

00:53:02.500 And so, that's the first story of mankind.

00:53:05.400 And this is the story.

00:53:07.240 So, there's Cain and there's Abel.

00:53:10.380 And Cain is the firstborn,

00:53:12.880 and Abel is the secondborn,

00:53:14.240 and there's a reason for that, but we won't go into that.

00:53:16.980 And they're both

00:53:18.400 working in the world. They have to work,

00:53:21.140 because work has entered the world,

00:53:22.540 and Cain is a farmer,

00:53:26.280 and Abel is a shepherd.

00:53:29.160 And a shepherd is no trivial thing.

00:53:32.200 It's not a little bo-peep.

00:53:34.080 You know, a few thousand years ago,

00:53:36.420 if you were guarding sheep, there were wolves and lions.

00:53:39.460 And you had

00:53:40.320 very rudimentary weapons.

00:53:42.160 And so, if you're going to defend your sheep

00:53:44.240 against lions, then you were the sort of person

00:53:46.580 who could defend sheep against lions.

00:53:48.600 And that's no joke.

00:53:50.720 And so, and that's useful

00:53:52.300 to know.

00:53:53.420 In any case,

00:53:55.280 Cain and Abel

00:53:55.900 make sacrifices to God.

00:53:58.120 It's kind of a mystery.

00:53:59.220 It's a mystery for modern people, 1.00

00:54:00.500 because we don't know what this means

00:54:02.420 to build an altar,

00:54:03.940 and to burn something,

00:54:04.860 and to offer

00:54:05.460 the burnt

00:54:07.260 remnants to God.

00:54:09.180 Well, it's to offer something

00:54:10.180 to God.

00:54:11.200 It's the acting out of an idea.

00:54:13.280 Right?

00:54:13.500 And it's a deep idea.

00:54:15.080 It's the idea of work itself,

00:54:16.380 because work itself is sacrifice.

00:54:18.020 It's a deeper idea than that.

00:54:19.320 The idea is that

00:54:20.700 in order to get something

00:54:21.920 that you need and want

00:54:22.840 in the future,

00:54:23.340 you have to let go of something

00:54:24.520 you value in the present.

00:54:26.380 And that's the discovery

00:54:27.460 of the future.

00:54:29.160 So, this idea of sacrifice

00:54:30.400 that's put forth

00:54:31.320 so early in this document,

00:54:33.200 it's a representation

00:54:34.680 of what might be

00:54:35.940 the second most fundamental discovery

00:54:37.920 that human beings ever made,

00:54:39.420 is that we can alter our behavior

00:54:41.040 in the present

00:54:41.640 so that the future would change.

00:54:43.880 That's a hell of a thing

00:54:44.920 to discover.

00:54:45.480 It is literally

00:54:46.160 the discovery

00:54:46.820 of possibility itself.

00:54:48.760 And the thing about it

00:54:49.520 is it's actually true,

00:54:50.620 or at least we all act

00:54:51.500 as if it's true.

00:54:52.420 You do give things up

00:54:53.940 in the present

00:54:54.440 so that the future

00:54:55.220 can be better.

00:54:56.060 You do actually

00:54:57.040 act out the idea

00:54:58.440 that reality

00:54:59.880 is structured such

00:55:01.200 that if you bargain

00:55:02.740 with it properly,

00:55:04.600 you will avoid punishment

00:55:06.180 and receive what's good.

00:55:09.440 It's a negotiation

00:55:10.680 and it's an act of trade.

00:55:12.280 And the strange thing

00:55:13.320 is that it actually works.

00:55:14.580 Now, part of the reason

00:55:15.580 that it works

00:55:16.120 is because you're actually

00:55:17.140 negotiating with future people

00:55:19.780 and your future self.

00:55:21.740 And so there is

00:55:22.260 a personified element

00:55:23.680 to reality in that manner.

00:55:25.160 But it's deeper than that.

00:55:26.900 But we can leave it at that.

00:55:28.440 And so people

00:55:29.020 had to act this out

00:55:30.180 before they could understand it.

00:55:32.160 We can hardly understand it now.

00:55:33.980 You know, I ask my students,

00:55:35.260 well, did your parents

00:55:36.180 make sacrifices

00:55:37.080 so that you could go to university?

00:55:38.500 They're often children

00:55:39.240 of first generation immigrants.

00:55:40.320 They can just reel off

00:55:42.340 the sacrifices.

00:55:44.260 Everyone knows

00:55:45.080 what this means.

00:55:46.440 But when we see it transposed,

00:55:48.300 you know,

00:55:49.100 several thousand years

00:55:50.180 into the past

00:55:50.980 and we see it manifested itself

00:55:53.460 in its more archaic form,

00:55:55.280 like the pretend play

00:55:57.120 that children engage in

00:55:58.320 in some sense,

00:55:59.360 there's a disjunction

00:56:00.380 and we don't understand.

00:56:01.740 But the idea

00:56:02.240 is fairly straightforward.

00:56:03.980 Well, there's some

00:56:05.360 ultimate structure of reality.

00:56:07.880 Where might you encounter that?

00:56:09.280 Well, how about the sky?

00:56:10.760 Well, why would you think that?

00:56:11.980 Well, go out

00:56:12.660 and look at the sky

00:56:13.500 at night

00:56:14.460 and see how you feel.

00:56:16.560 And see that

00:56:17.300 that produces

00:56:18.080 a sense of awe

00:56:19.120 at the realization

00:56:21.720 of infinity itself.

00:56:23.420 And believer

00:56:24.180 or non-believer,

00:56:25.040 that emotion is there.

00:56:26.700 And so why not

00:56:27.260 put the divine

00:56:28.100 in the unknown

00:56:29.260 like that?

00:56:30.560 It's perfectly reasonable.

00:56:31.980 And then,

00:56:32.540 so God inhabits

00:56:33.560 the celestial spheres.

00:56:35.740 Fine.

00:56:36.160 How do you communicate?

00:56:36.920 Well, smoke rises.

00:56:39.820 Well, so you burn something.

00:56:41.860 And it offers up the essence

00:56:43.480 to whatever resides up there.

00:56:45.120 It's a little bit

00:56:45.580 on the concretized side.

00:56:47.660 But it's not so bad

00:56:48.480 for a first pass approximation,

00:56:50.940 a first pass abstraction

00:56:52.200 of the idea

00:56:52.920 of sacrifice itself

00:56:54.280 as a fundamental

00:56:55.560 moral necessity.

00:56:56.780 We had to discover

00:56:58.080 that somehow.

00:56:59.740 And so Cain

00:57:00.300 makes his sacrifices

00:57:01.260 and Abel

00:57:01.680 makes his sacrifices.

00:57:03.460 And Abel

00:57:04.160 is very careful

00:57:04.820 in his sacrifices

00:57:05.660 and he takes the best

00:57:06.800 of what he has

00:57:07.480 and he sacrifices that.

00:57:09.320 Which means

00:57:09.700 he puts his best foot forward.

00:57:11.560 That's what it means.

00:57:13.840 Whereas Cain,

00:57:14.660 well, we're never too sure.

00:57:15.660 And the story is a bit ambivalent.

00:57:17.080 And it should be

00:57:17.700 because, you know,

00:57:18.560 it might be that

00:57:19.240 because there's some

00:57:20.420 something about life

00:57:21.520 that's somewhat arbitrary

00:57:22.460 and it isn't obvious

00:57:23.440 always that

00:57:24.140 those who put

00:57:24.900 their best foot forward

00:57:25.840 are justly rewarded

00:57:27.160 and those who fail to do so

00:57:28.440 are justly punished, right?

00:57:29.960 There's an arbitrary element

00:57:31.460 and so there's some

00:57:32.580 ambivalence about Cain

00:57:33.760 but you get the sense

00:57:34.820 from the story

00:57:35.460 that he isn't putting

00:57:36.480 his best foot forward.

00:57:38.020 Far from it.

00:57:40.040 And what happens,

00:57:40.900 well, what happens to Abel

00:57:41.820 is everything good

00:57:43.000 happens to him

00:57:43.740 and every time

00:57:44.460 something good happens

00:57:45.220 then something even more

00:57:46.360 good happens

00:57:47.000 because, what do they say?

00:57:48.600 From those who have nothing

00:57:50.160 everything will be taken

00:57:51.160 and to those who have

00:57:52.120 everything more

00:57:53.180 will be given.

00:57:54.160 And that's already played out

00:57:55.220 in the story of Abel.

00:57:56.600 You do things right

00:57:57.400 and then things start to happen

00:57:58.520 in a good way

00:57:59.140 and then that starts to multiply

00:58:00.380 and up you go

00:58:01.380 and then, but if you take

00:58:02.760 the other pathway, let's say

00:58:04.080 and you don't make

00:58:04.900 the proper sacrifices

00:58:05.880 and you hold back

00:58:06.820 what's best

00:58:07.640 because you think

00:58:08.600 you can get away with it

00:58:09.480 or because you don't think

00:58:10.280 it's necessary

00:58:10.940 or because you're not willing

00:58:11.840 to make the effort

00:58:12.560 or whatever it might be

00:58:13.920 then it goes from bad

00:58:15.520 to worse very, very rapidly.

00:58:17.020 That's exactly what happens

00:58:18.200 to Cain

00:58:18.680 and he's not very happy

00:58:19.940 about it

00:58:20.400 and so he decides

00:58:21.360 to have it out with God

00:58:22.600 and it's no bloody wonder

00:58:24.040 and so he confronts God

00:58:26.480 and he says something like this

00:58:28.160 what's up

00:58:30.180 with this universe

00:58:31.960 that you created?

00:58:33.500 I'm breaking myself

00:58:34.840 in half down here

00:58:35.940 trying to struggle forward

00:58:39.160 against the impossible odds

00:58:41.260 that you've laden me with

00:58:43.680 and nothing's going well for me

00:58:47.280 and then there's Abel

00:58:49.560 your darling

00:58:50.360 and everything works out for him

00:58:53.040 everyone likes him

00:58:54.320 everything he touches works out

00:58:55.880 it's like

00:58:56.480 what the hell's going on here?

00:59:00.300 and God says to him

00:59:01.700 something that took me

00:59:03.120 a long time to understand

00:59:04.140 I had to look at

00:59:04.900 a lot of different translations

00:59:06.140 and think this through

00:59:06.980 for a long time

00:59:07.740 to understand what it meant

00:59:09.040 God says something like

00:59:10.780 sin personified

00:59:14.460 sin

00:59:15.220 that means to miss the target

00:59:16.900 by the way

00:59:17.440 sin crouches at your door

00:59:19.420 like an amorous 0.98

00:59:21.120 and aroused

00:59:21.940 predatory animal

00:59:23.140 and you've chosen

00:59:25.560 to invite it in

00:59:26.740 so that it can have

00:59:28.300 its way with you

00:59:29.520 in the creative sense

00:59:31.980 that that amorous arousal

00:59:33.880 would indicate

00:59:35.160 metaphorically

00:59:36.120 that you've invited

00:59:37.060 something in

00:59:37.600 that you can join with

00:59:38.660 creatively

00:59:39.260 and produce something

00:59:40.560 as a consequence

00:59:41.320 and what you've produced

00:59:42.600 is not a good thing

00:59:44.420 and that's why

00:59:47.160 things aren't going

00:59:47.980 well for you

00:59:48.680 and that's the end

00:59:50.740 of the discussion

00:59:51.460 and it says in the story

00:59:53.560 that Cain's countenance

00:59:54.880 fell

00:59:55.400 it's like

00:59:56.140 yes

00:59:56.400 well you can imagine

00:59:57.200 that it might

00:59:57.820 because of all the things

00:59:59.200 that you don't want

01:00:00.060 to find out

01:00:00.620 when you put a complaint

01:00:01.680 like that forward

01:00:03.100 to God

01:00:03.640 is that

01:00:04.100 it's your doing

01:00:05.460 or you're not doing

01:00:07.220 that's bringing it about

01:00:08.680 and so what's

01:00:10.240 Cain's reaction?

01:00:12.000 well it should be

01:00:12.840 what should it be?

01:00:14.040 it should be

01:00:14.760 to shut himself up 0.98

01:00:16.060 in a cave

01:00:16.680 for a month

01:00:17.540 and think very carefully

01:00:18.900 about everything

01:00:19.880 that he's done

01:00:20.500 in his entire life

01:00:21.420 that's wrong

01:00:22.140 and put it right

01:00:23.080 but that isn't what happens

01:00:24.400 what happens is

01:00:25.920 he finds Abel 0.68

01:00:27.160 and he kills him

01:00:27.880 and why does he do that?

01:00:31.260 well

01:00:31.520 every ideal is a judge

01:00:34.660 how about that?

01:00:36.580 Abel is actually

01:00:37.280 what Cain

01:00:37.880 would like to be

01:00:39.060 and worse

01:00:40.580 knows that he could be

01:00:42.500 if he had chosen

01:00:43.840 to be

01:00:44.400 and the pain

01:00:45.880 of that is so great

01:00:46.940 let's say

01:00:47.460 the pain of that gap

01:00:48.840 between

01:00:49.540 the ideal

01:00:50.980 and the reality

01:00:51.720 is so great

01:00:52.560 that Cain chooses

01:00:53.740 instead to destroy

01:00:55.180 his own ideal

01:00:56.320 out of spite

01:00:57.500 against God

01:00:58.380 for the conditions

01:00:59.100 of existence

01:00:59.720 and that's the story

01:01:02.280 of human malevolence

01:01:03.540 well

01:01:06.260 Cain tells God

01:01:07.600 that the pain

01:01:08.480 of what he's done

01:01:09.100 is too great

01:01:09.700 for him to bear

01:01:10.400 it's not clear

01:01:12.240 exactly what that means

01:01:13.280 but perhaps

01:01:14.400 it does mean

01:01:14.980 that he realizes

01:01:16.520 that he's destroyed

01:01:17.460 his own ideal

01:01:18.160 and therefore

01:01:18.720 has nothing left

01:01:19.600 and God marks him

01:01:20.900 and tells people

01:01:22.120 to leave him be

01:01:22.920 and I think

01:01:23.780 the reason for that

01:01:24.620 at least in part

01:01:25.440 is

01:01:25.720 it's an indication

01:01:27.920 of the lack

01:01:29.260 of utility

01:01:29.920 for a cycle

01:01:30.800 of revenge

01:01:31.620 but it doesn't matter

01:01:33.580 because then Cain

01:01:34.660 has offspring

01:01:35.340 and

01:01:35.680 if you bother

01:01:37.300 if you disturb

01:01:39.000 if you transgress

01:01:40.580 against one of Cain's

01:01:41.680 sons

01:01:41.940 then seven of you

01:01:43.460 die 0.99

01:01:43.760 and if you 1.00

01:01:44.280 transgress against 1.00

01:01:45.580 one of Cain's

01:01:46.260 grandsons

01:01:46.800 then 49 of you

01:01:48.500 die 0.92

01:01:48.820 and then 1.00

01:01:49.240 his

01:01:50.820 his descendant

01:01:53.000 approximately

01:01:54.160 next in line

01:01:54.920 is Tubal Cain 0.67

01:01:55.860 and he's the first

01:01:56.980 person who makes

01:01:57.740 weapons of war

01:01:58.800 and so there's

01:02:00.980 that idea there

01:02:01.800 lurking in that story

01:02:03.300 that not only

01:02:04.780 is there this

01:02:05.440 Cain enabled drama

01:02:06.420 that exists

01:02:07.160 that's a fundamental

01:02:08.340 part of human nature

01:02:09.720 that's the hostile

01:02:10.960 brothers

01:02:11.480 that's the two

01:02:12.680 forms of reaction

01:02:13.840 to the

01:02:14.400 to self-consciousness

01:02:15.880 itself

01:02:16.340 but that the

01:02:17.700 Cain-like response

01:02:18.800 multiplies

01:02:20.160 and is fundamentally

01:02:21.060 responsible

01:02:21.720 for the catastrophes

01:02:22.900 of war

01:02:23.380 and that seems

01:02:25.720 to me to be

01:02:26.400 precisely accurate

01:02:28.440 well so

01:02:30.400 then the question

01:02:32.860 is

01:02:33.240 well is there

01:02:35.640 something that

01:02:36.100 can be done

01:02:36.520 about it

01:02:37.020 maybe I'll

01:02:41.180 go one more

01:02:42.340 place

01:02:42.800 before I do

01:02:44.120 that

01:02:44.440 I recently

01:02:45.980 wrote the

01:02:46.920 forward

01:02:47.820 to the

01:02:49.060 abridged version

01:02:49.820 of Solzhenitsyn's

01:02:50.860 Gulag Archipelago

01:02:51.780 that was just

01:02:52.620 published today

01:02:53.440 conveniently enough

01:02:55.220 and I was thinking

01:02:58.000 about why the

01:02:59.000 Russian Revolution

01:02:59.760 went so terribly

01:03:00.680 when it was

01:03:01.720 predicated at least

01:03:02.700 in principle

01:03:03.260 on compassion

01:03:06.040 for the dispossessed

01:03:07.100 it's not so easy

01:03:08.380 it's not so easy to

01:03:08.540 have compassion

01:03:09.240 for the dispossessed

01:03:10.220 it's easy to

01:03:11.460 claim compassion

01:03:12.500 for the dispossessed

01:03:13.320 but to

01:03:14.080 segregate that

01:03:15.340 from hatred

01:03:16.840 for the

01:03:17.860 successful

01:03:19.440 let's say

01:03:20.340 or

01:03:20.580 maybe more

01:03:21.820 to segregate that

01:03:23.300 from hatred

01:03:24.720 for the good

01:03:25.640 and justly

01:03:26.920 rewarded

01:03:27.400 is no

01:03:28.420 straightforward

01:03:28.840 thing

01:03:29.440 so I'm going

01:03:30.740 to read you

01:03:31.240 something from

01:03:31.820 the forward

01:03:32.400 the Russian

01:03:34.240 Revolution

01:03:34.740 became bloody

01:03:35.440 very rapidly

01:03:36.180 it wasn't that

01:03:38.060 there was a

01:03:39.000 pristine period

01:03:39.780 where the

01:03:40.880 poor were

01:03:41.320 treated properly

01:03:42.040 and then over

01:03:43.400 time the

01:03:44.080 structure of the

01:03:45.040 Revolution

01:03:45.360 became corrupt

01:03:46.080 it was exceedingly 0.78

01:03:47.640 murderous right

01:03:48.440 from the beginning

01:03:49.100 which might lead

01:03:51.340 you to conclude

01:03:51.960 that it was

01:03:52.640 exceedingly murderous

01:03:54.400 motivations that

01:03:55.260 dominated right

01:03:56.360 from the beginning

01:03:57.000 despite the

01:03:57.920 claim

01:03:58.220 so

01:03:59.080 Solzhenitsyn

01:04:01.460 cites

01:04:02.400 for example

01:04:03.260 one Martin

01:04:03.920 Latsis

01:04:04.480 writing for the

01:04:05.340 newspaper

01:04:05.800 Red Terror

01:04:08.220 November 1st

01:04:10.700 1918

01:04:11.300 we are not

01:04:14.440 fighting against

01:04:15.120 single individuals

01:04:16.120 we are exterminating 0.99

01:04:18.300 the bourgeoisie 0.99

01:04:19.440 as a class

01:04:20.120 it is not

01:04:20.840 necessary during

01:04:21.660 the interrogation

01:04:22.780 to look for

01:04:24.700 evidence proving

01:04:25.560 that the accused

01:04:26.920 opposed the

01:04:27.900 Soviets by

01:04:28.600 word or

01:04:29.080 action

01:04:29.540 the first

01:04:32.200 question you

01:04:32.760 should ask him

01:04:33.340 is what class

01:04:34.140 does he belong

01:04:34.700 to what is his

01:04:35.720 origin his

01:04:36.820 education and

01:04:38.060 his profession

01:04:38.740 these are the

01:04:39.660 questions that

01:04:40.200 will determine

01:04:40.640 the fate of

01:04:41.260 the accused

01:04:41.900 such is the

01:04:44.540 sense and

01:04:45.540 essence of

01:04:46.900 red terror

01:04:47.680 it is necessary

01:04:52.160 to think when

01:04:52.840 you read such

01:04:53.380 a thing to

01:04:54.120 meditate long

01:04:54.940 and hard on

01:04:55.560 the message

01:04:56.060 it is necessary

01:04:57.920 to recognize

01:04:58.660 for example

01:04:59.280 that the

01:04:59.700 writer believed

01:05:00.400 that it would

01:05:01.360 be better to 0.99

01:05:01.900 execute 10,000 0.96

01:05:03.040 potentially innocent

01:05:04.040 individuals than

01:05:04.940 to allow one

01:05:05.680 poisonous member

01:05:06.580 of the oppressor 0.97

01:05:07.680 class to remain

01:05:08.580 free

01:05:09.280 it is equally

01:05:11.240 necessary to

01:05:12.060 pose the

01:05:12.480 question

01:05:12.900 who

01:05:13.500 precisely

01:05:14.400 belonged

01:05:15.420 to that

01:05:16.340 hypothetical

01:05:17.380 entity

01:05:18.040 the bourgeoisie

01:05:19.780 it is not

01:05:21.460 as if the

01:05:21.900 boundaries of

01:05:22.440 such a category

01:05:23.120 are self

01:05:23.620 evident

01:05:23.940 there for the

01:05:25.120 mere perceiving

01:05:25.840 they must be

01:05:27.080 drawn

01:05:27.540 but where

01:05:29.320 exactly

01:05:31.460 more importantly

01:05:33.700 by whom

01:05:34.460 or by what

01:05:36.840 if it's hate

01:05:40.900 inscribing the

01:05:41.660 lines instead of

01:05:42.500 love

01:05:42.860 they will

01:05:44.200 inevitably be

01:05:44.920 drawn so that

01:05:45.580 lowest

01:05:46.180 meanest

01:05:47.260 most cruel 1.00

01:05:48.380 and useless 0.98

01:05:49.120 of the

01:05:49.880 conceptual

01:05:50.340 geographers

01:05:51.120 will be

01:05:51.420 justified

01:05:51.840 in manifesting

01:05:53.080 the greatest

01:05:53.560 possible evil

01:05:54.540 and producing

01:05:55.380 the greatest

01:05:56.300 possible misery

01:05:57.540 members of

01:06:00.160 the bourgeoisie

01:06:01.040 beyond all

01:06:04.340 redemption

01:06:04.800 they had to

01:06:06.000 go as a 0.71

01:06:06.560 matter of

01:06:07.000 course

01:06:07.420 what of

01:06:08.560 their wives 0.94

01:06:09.140 children

01:06:11.300 even their

01:06:13.240 grandchildren

01:06:13.760 off

01:06:15.300 with their 0.60

01:06:16.320 heads

01:06:16.680 too

01:06:17.040 all were

01:06:18.060 incorrigibly

01:06:18.780 corrupted by

01:06:19.440 their class

01:06:19.980 identity

01:06:20.520 and their

01:06:21.180 destruction

01:06:21.720 therefore

01:06:22.480 ethically

01:06:23.280 necessitated

01:06:24.260 how convenient

01:06:27.160 that the

01:06:27.700 darkest and

01:06:28.320 direst of

01:06:28.940 all possible

01:06:29.620 motivations

01:06:30.180 could be granted

01:06:31.020 the highest

01:06:32.080 of moral

01:06:32.600 standings

01:06:33.340 that was a

01:06:34.280 true marriage

01:06:35.040 of hell

01:06:35.480 and of heaven

01:06:36.120 what values

01:06:38.420 what philosophical

01:06:39.980 presumptions

01:06:41.040 truly dominated

01:06:42.220 under such

01:06:42.920 circumstances

01:06:43.700 was it the

01:06:45.680 desire for

01:06:46.220 brotherhood

01:06:46.760 dignity

01:06:47.200 and freedom

01:06:47.980 from want

01:06:48.800 not in the

01:06:51.320 least

01:06:51.680 given the

01:06:52.920 outcome

01:06:53.420 it was

01:06:54.840 instead

01:06:55.520 and obviously

01:06:57.320 the murderous

01:06:58.580 rage of

01:06:59.140 hundreds of

01:06:59.680 thousands of

01:07:00.340 biblical

01:07:00.740 canes

01:07:01.520 each looking

01:07:03.260 to torture

01:07:04.080 destroy 0.99

01:07:05.000 and sacrifice

01:07:06.320 their own

01:07:07.500 private

01:07:08.320 ables

01:07:09.040 there is

01:07:10.600 simply no

01:07:11.100 other manner

01:07:11.740 of accounting

01:07:12.400 for the

01:07:13.820 corpses

01:07:14.200 and it is

01:07:20.740 exactly the

01:07:21.480 necessity

01:07:21.940 for interminable

01:07:23.020 sacrifice

01:07:23.620 that constitutes

01:07:24.600 the terrible

01:07:25.200 counterpart

01:07:25.780 of the

01:07:26.240 utopian

01:07:26.720 vision

01:07:27.280 heaven

01:07:29.280 is worth

01:07:29.980 any price

01:07:30.700 but who

01:07:33.140 pays

01:07:33.600 Christianity

01:07:37.620 solved that

01:07:38.560 problem by

01:07:39.120 insisting on

01:07:39.780 the sacrifice

01:07:40.340 of the

01:07:40.840 self

01:07:41.440 insisting

01:07:43.140 that the

01:07:43.460 suffering

01:07:43.800 and malevolence

01:07:44.500 of the

01:07:44.780 world

01:07:45.020 is the

01:07:45.340 responsibility

01:07:45.960 of each

01:07:46.500 individual

01:07:47.100 insisting

01:07:48.780 that each

01:07:49.120 of us

01:07:49.400 sacrifice

01:07:49.900 what is

01:07:50.380 unworthy

01:07:51.000 and unnecessary

01:07:52.400 and resentful

01:07:53.680 and deadly

01:07:54.220 in our

01:07:54.860 own

01:07:55.280 characters

01:07:55.860 despite the

01:07:57.140 pain of

01:07:57.500 such

01:07:57.740 sacrifice

01:07:58.400 so that

01:07:59.280 we could

01:07:59.520 stumble

01:07:59.940 properly

01:08:00.540 uphill

01:08:01.080 under

01:08:01.420 our

01:08:01.640 respective

01:08:02.160 and

01:08:02.460 voluntarily

01:08:03.040 shouldered

01:08:03.700 existential

01:08:04.380 burdens

01:08:05.140 solzhenitsyn

01:08:08.300 said

01:08:08.740 there is

01:08:12.020 nothing that

01:08:12.540 so assists

01:08:13.220 the awakening

01:08:13.900 of omniscience

01:08:14.800 within us

01:08:15.480 as insistent

01:08:16.820 thoughts

01:08:17.380 about one's

01:08:18.320 own

01:08:18.700 transgressions

01:08:19.680 errors

01:08:20.260 and mistakes

01:08:21.420 after the

01:08:22.260 difficult cycles

01:08:22.980 of such

01:08:23.460 pondering

01:08:23.960 over many

01:08:24.480 years

01:08:24.920 whenever I

01:08:25.720 mentioned

01:08:26.080 the heartlessness

01:08:26.840 of our

01:08:27.360 highest ranking

01:08:28.060 bureaucrats

01:08:28.820 the cruelty

01:08:29.660 of our

01:08:30.160 executioners

01:08:31.060 I remember

01:08:32.500 myself

01:08:33.020 and my

01:08:33.380 captain's

01:08:34.120 shoulder boards

01:08:34.860 and the

01:08:35.420 forward march

01:08:36.120 of my

01:08:36.460 battery

01:08:36.900 through

01:08:37.240 east

01:08:37.580 Prussia

01:08:38.060 enshrouded

01:08:38.920 in fire

01:08:39.440 and I

01:08:40.080 say

01:08:40.500 so were

01:08:42.520 we any

01:08:43.120 better

01:08:43.500 but it

01:08:50.360 was and

01:08:50.920 is the

01:08:51.480 opinion of

01:08:52.060 the materialist

01:08:52.800 utopians

01:08:53.400 that someone

01:08:53.880 else be

01:08:54.360 sacrificed

01:08:54.900 so that

01:08:55.760 heaven

01:08:56.120 itself

01:08:56.880 might be

01:08:57.600 attained

01:08:58.060 some

01:08:58.800 perpetrator

01:08:59.780 or victimizer

01:09:01.080 or oppressor

01:09:02.240 or member

01:09:03.000 of a privileged

01:09:03.860 group 0.62

01:09:04.380 a cynic

01:09:08.480 might be

01:09:08.860 forgiven

01:09:09.180 in consequence

01:09:09.840 for asking

01:09:10.600 is it

01:09:13.900 the city

01:09:14.300 of God

01:09:14.760 that is

01:09:15.060 in fact

01:09:15.420 the aim

01:09:15.960 or is

01:09:19.560 the true

01:09:19.920 aim

01:09:20.140 the desire

01:09:20.700 to make

01:09:21.080 a burning

01:09:21.640 sacrificial

01:09:22.600 pyre

01:09:23.200 of everyone

01:09:23.900 and everything

01:09:24.700 and the

01:09:25.820 hypothesis

01:09:26.380 of the

01:09:27.160 coming

01:09:27.480 brotherhood

01:09:28.240 of man

01:09:28.840 merely the

01:09:29.720 cover story

01:09:30.500 the

01:09:31.820 camouflage

01:09:32.340 perhaps it

01:09:35.500 is precisely

01:09:36.080 the horror

01:09:36.840 that is

01:09:37.320 the point

01:09:37.880 and not

01:09:39.020 the utopia

01:09:39.700 it is far

01:09:41.920 from obvious

01:09:42.560 in such

01:09:43.020 situations

01:09:43.680 just what

01:09:44.380 is horse

01:09:44.900 and what

01:09:45.740 is cart

01:09:46.280 it is

01:09:47.100 precisely

01:09:47.560 in the

01:09:48.420 aftermath

01:09:48.800 of the

01:09:49.340 death

01:09:49.720 of a hundred

01:09:50.600 million people

01:09:51.300 or more

01:09:51.840 that such

01:09:52.920 dark questions

01:09:53.780 must be

01:09:54.280 asked

01:09:54.820 and we should

01:09:56.680 also note

01:09:57.200 that the utopian

01:09:57.960 vision

01:09:58.480 dressed as it

01:09:59.400 is inevitably

01:10:00.220 in compassion

01:10:01.300 is a temptation

01:10:02.980 particularly

01:10:03.820 difficult to

01:10:04.600 resist

01:10:05.000 and may

01:10:05.940 therefore offer

01:10:06.720 a particularly

01:10:07.540 subtle

01:10:08.220 and insidious

01:10:09.320 justification

01:10:10.140 for mayhem

01:10:11.720 there's this

01:10:21.100 story in the

01:10:21.740 cocktail party

01:10:22.520 by T.S.

01:10:23.220 Eliot

01:10:23.460 this woman

01:10:25.320 who's not

01:10:25.880 having a good

01:10:26.460 time of it

01:10:27.060 talks to a

01:10:28.300 psychiatrist

01:10:28.740 and it's

01:10:29.440 just at a

01:10:29.940 party

01:10:30.280 and she

01:10:31.380 says to

01:10:32.140 him

01:10:32.400 seeking

01:10:33.720 free medical

01:10:34.960 advice

01:10:35.520 my life

01:10:38.220 is not

01:10:38.560 going well

01:10:39.220 I'm

01:10:41.820 suffering

01:10:42.240 and it's

01:10:42.640 too much

01:10:43.040 to bear

01:10:43.460 but I'm

01:10:46.020 really hoping

01:10:46.540 that it's

01:10:46.900 my fault

01:10:47.540 and he's

01:10:49.820 surprised

01:10:50.360 and he

01:10:50.700 asks her

01:10:51.220 well why

01:10:51.520 would you

01:10:51.800 hope that

01:10:52.240 why would

01:10:52.600 you hope

01:10:52.880 that it

01:10:53.140 was your

01:10:53.960 fault

01:10:54.380 and she

01:10:55.280 says

01:10:55.540 well

01:10:55.820 there's

01:10:56.640 only two

01:10:57.040 options

01:10:57.480 as far

01:10:57.840 as I

01:10:58.080 can tell

01:10:58.460 either I'm

01:11:01.420 suffering

01:11:01.960 as a

01:11:02.980 consequence

01:11:03.560 unbearably

01:11:04.220 as a

01:11:04.520 consequence

01:11:04.880 of the

01:11:05.320 structure

01:11:05.680 of existence

01:11:06.260 itself

01:11:07.080 in which

01:11:08.380 case

01:11:08.740 I'm

01:11:09.220 lost

01:11:09.740 there's

01:11:10.420 nothing

01:11:10.720 I can

01:11:11.060 possibly

01:11:11.460 do

01:11:11.880 or there's

01:11:13.420 something

01:11:13.760 that I'm

01:11:14.240 doing wrong

01:11:14.920 that I

01:11:15.480 could rectify

01:11:16.460 to improve

01:11:17.320 the situation

01:11:18.120 that's

01:11:23.220 the issue

01:11:23.720 that's

01:11:25.020 the rule

01:11:25.880 put your

01:11:27.140 house in

01:11:27.660 perfect order

01:11:28.340 before you

01:11:29.200 criticize the

01:11:29.900 world

01:11:30.240 what's the

01:11:32.380 idea

01:11:32.820 well if

01:11:35.760 things are

01:11:36.080 not going

01:11:36.640 sufficiently

01:11:37.680 well for

01:11:38.200 you

01:11:38.460 and if

01:11:40.280 that's

01:11:40.520 leading you

01:11:41.160 to dark

01:11:42.120 places

01:11:42.640 which it

01:11:43.960 will

01:11:44.320 then the

01:11:46.420 proper

01:11:46.740 response

01:11:47.420 and that

01:11:49.060 would be

01:11:49.280 the response

01:11:49.840 that wouldn't

01:11:50.420 make everything

01:11:51.120 worse

01:11:51.580 is to ask

01:11:53.140 yourself

01:11:53.620 is what

01:11:56.760 you say

01:11:57.120 true

01:11:57.540 is what

01:11:59.980 you do

01:12:00.340 true

01:12:00.840 are you

01:12:02.280 aiming

01:12:02.540 upward

01:12:03.080 are you

01:12:04.680 making all

01:12:05.440 the sacrifices

01:12:06.320 that are

01:12:06.720 necessary

01:12:07.260 have you

01:12:08.280 taken advantage

01:12:09.000 of all

01:12:09.660 the opportunities

01:12:10.600 that are laid

01:12:11.240 out in front

01:12:11.820 of you

01:12:12.160 have you

01:12:13.460 done everything

01:12:14.100 you possibly

01:12:14.900 can to put

01:12:15.580 your house

01:12:15.940 in order

01:12:16.360 or instead

01:12:18.260 are you

01:12:18.600 going to do

01:12:19.040 what Cain

01:12:19.480 does and

01:12:19.880 dare to

01:12:20.240 challenge

01:12:20.620 God

01:12:21.080 the consequence

01:12:23.200 of the

01:12:23.600 former

01:12:23.940 at least

01:12:24.620 in principle

01:12:25.180 is the

01:12:26.240 destruction

01:12:28.080 of that

01:12:28.580 part of you

01:12:29.060 that's unworthy

01:12:29.780 and the

01:12:30.120 possibility

01:12:30.660 of rebirth

01:12:31.400 and redemption

01:12:32.000 and the

01:12:32.900 consequence

01:12:33.220 of the

01:12:33.660 second

01:12:34.100 is your

01:12:35.580 descent

01:12:36.060 and the

01:12:36.460 descent

01:12:36.760 of everyone

01:12:37.260 that you

01:12:37.680 have contact

01:12:38.600 with

01:12:38.980 into something

01:12:39.840 as closely

01:12:40.440 resembling

01:12:41.000 hell 0.94

01:12:41.340 as you

01:12:42.060 can manage

01:12:42.780 thank you

01:12:44.560 very much

01:12:45.100 going online

01:13:02.660 without express

01:13:03.400 VPN is like

01:13:04.240 not paying

01:13:04.760 attention to

01:13:05.260 the safety

01:13:05.600 demonstration

01:13:06.140 on a flight

01:13:06.780 most of the

01:13:07.720 time you'll

01:13:08.160 probably be

01:13:08.780 fine but

01:13:09.520 what if one

01:13:10.280 day that

01:13:10.740 weird yellow

01:13:11.380 mask drops

01:13:12.020 down from

01:13:12.440 overhead

01:13:12.740 and you

01:13:13.420 have no

01:13:13.900 idea what

01:13:14.420 to do

01:13:14.740 in our

01:13:15.300 hyper

01:13:15.580 connected

01:13:15.940 world

01:13:16.320 your

01:13:16.620 digital

01:13:17.020 privacy

01:13:17.440 isn't

01:13:17.800 just a

01:13:18.140 luxury

01:13:18.400 it's a

01:13:19.180 fundamental

01:13:19.500 right

01:13:19.980 every time

01:13:20.520 you connect

01:13:20.920 to an

01:13:21.200 unsecured

01:13:21.700 network

01:13:22.100 in a

01:13:22.420 cafe

01:13:22.760 hotel

01:13:23.440 or airport

01:13:24.080 you're

01:13:24.600 essentially

01:13:24.940 broadcasting

01:13:25.620 your personal

01:13:26.140 information

01:13:26.660 to anyone

01:13:27.380 with a

01:13:27.760 technical

01:13:28.100 know-how

01:13:28.540 to intercept

01:13:29.140 it

01:13:29.360 and let's

01:13:29.780 be clear

01:13:30.180 it doesn't

01:13:30.880 take a

01:13:31.180 genius

01:13:31.420 hacker

01:13:31.720 to do

01:13:32.040 this

01:13:32.340 with some

01:13:33.040 off-the-shelf

01:13:33.640 hardware

01:13:34.020 even a

01:13:34.600 tech-savvy

01:13:35.140 teenager

01:13:35.640 could potentially

01:13:36.360 access your

01:13:37.000 passwords

01:13:37.560 bank logins

01:13:38.480 and credit

01:13:39.060 card details

01:13:39.760 now you might

01:13:42.740 my data anyway

01:13:43.460 well on the

01:13:44.320 dark web

01:13:44.740 your personal

01:13:45.460 information

01:13:45.980 could fetch

01:13:46.480 up to

01:13:46.780 $1,000

01:13:47.580 that's right

01:13:48.800 there's a

01:13:49.180 whole underground

01:13:49.920 economy built

01:13:50.760 on stolen

01:13:51.380 identities

01:13:52.020 enter

01:13:52.660 expressvpn

01:13:53.800 it's like a

01:13:54.580 digital fortress

01:13:55.280 creating an

01:13:56.080 encrypted tunnel

01:13:56.780 between your

01:13:57.400 device and the

01:13:58.140 internet

01:13:58.420 their encryption

01:13:59.300 is so robust

01:14:00.400 that it would

01:14:00.900 take a hacker

01:14:01.440 with a

01:14:01.780 supercomputer

01:14:02.300 over a

01:14:03.020 billion years

01:14:03.680 to crack it

01:14:04.300 but don't let

01:14:05.040 its power fool

01:14:05.700 you expressvpn 0.98

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01:14:11.340 phones

01:14:11.980 laptops

01:14:12.520 tablets

01:14:13.060 you name it

01:14:13.760 that's why I

01:14:14.420 use expressvpn

01:14:15.420 whenever I'm

01:14:15.960 traveling or

01:14:16.720 working from a

01:14:17.380 coffee shop

01:14:17.860 it gives me

01:14:18.400 peace of mind

01:14:19.020 knowing that

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01:14:20.180 communications

01:14:20.840 and personal

01:14:21.800 data are

01:14:22.320 shielded from

01:14:22.980 prying eyes

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01:14:24.460 online data

01:14:25.080 today by

01:14:25.740 visiting

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01:14:36.240 slash jordan

01:14:37.020 so I want to

01:14:40.620 do one thing

01:14:41.320 before I dive

01:14:42.160 into the

01:14:42.460 audience

01:14:42.700 questions

01:14:43.120 you know

01:14:43.440 I think

01:14:43.720 when I

01:14:43.980 tell the

01:14:44.380 audience

01:14:44.660 that you

01:14:45.100 change it

01:14:45.480 up every

01:14:45.840 night

01:14:46.020 I think

01:14:46.300 people

01:14:46.620 think I'm

01:14:47.160 being

01:14:47.500 sarcastic

01:14:48.460 or hyperbolic

01:14:49.540 but I'm

01:14:50.340 not

01:14:50.720 but I

01:14:51.020 thought

01:14:51.220 tonight

01:14:51.720 this may

01:14:53.300 have been

01:14:53.700 the most

01:14:54.640 intense

01:14:55.560 talk you've

01:14:56.540 given the

01:14:56.980 entire time

01:14:57.700 how do you

01:14:58.180 how do you

01:14:58.680 feel right

01:14:59.880 now how do

01:15:00.380 you feel

01:15:00.940 after you

01:15:01.580 do that

01:15:02.080 give everything

01:15:03.060 that you

01:15:04.120 have for a

01:15:04.840 good hour

01:15:05.220 and a half

01:15:05.700 that's a

01:15:07.040 rough lecture

01:15:07.640 that one

01:15:08.120 yeah I

01:15:10.400 mean that's

01:15:10.860 the darkest

01:15:11.320 rule in the

01:15:12.020 book by a

01:15:12.560 large margin

01:15:13.200 and you know

01:15:14.400 I was surprised

01:15:15.120 when I went

01:15:15.600 because I read

01:15:16.220 it I re-read

01:15:17.100 it before

01:15:17.740 coming out

01:15:19.520 here tonight

01:15:19.980 and I

01:15:21.760 thought that

01:15:22.360 it I was

01:15:23.080 surprised at

01:15:23.880 how short

01:15:24.320 it was and

01:15:24.920 I knew that

01:15:26.080 there was a

01:15:26.520 lot underneath

01:15:27.120 it and

01:15:28.040 and you

01:15:30.520 know I was

01:15:30.900 quite nervous

01:15:31.500 backstage

01:15:32.280 but partly

01:15:33.480 too because

01:15:34.040 most of the

01:15:34.980 time I don't

01:15:35.440 use notes

01:15:36.080 I mean now

01:15:36.760 and then I'll

01:15:37.180 read the lecture

01:15:37.780 when it's

01:15:38.160 something really

01:15:38.720 new and I'm

01:15:40.060 and I'm not

01:15:40.980 familiar with

01:15:41.780 it but I'm

01:15:43.480 almost never

01:15:44.200 use notes

01:15:44.920 and so also

01:15:46.800 using notes

01:15:47.640 is not common

01:15:48.840 and so I was

01:15:49.520 nervous about

01:15:50.040 that and I

01:15:50.940 wasn't sure that

01:15:51.500 I was going to

01:15:51.980 be able to weave

01:15:52.700 all those

01:15:53.140 elements together

01:15:53.900 because I wrote

01:15:54.920 out what I

01:15:55.580 talked about

01:15:56.740 tonight I

01:15:57.800 guess in the

01:15:58.560 half an hour

01:15:59.080 before the

01:15:59.760 show and so

01:16:01.100 that's also

01:16:01.560 it was a

01:16:02.380 tight day

01:16:03.300 right because

01:16:03.840 we flew in

01:16:04.760 from Amsterdam

01:16:05.540 I was in

01:16:06.720 Amsterdam for

01:16:07.280 the last three

01:16:07.760 days and it

01:16:08.180 was really

01:16:09.300 really busy

01:16:10.020 in Amsterdam

01:16:10.540 and so when

01:16:12.040 we came here

01:16:13.060 and went to

01:16:14.280 our hotel I

01:16:15.880 just slept for

01:16:16.720 about four

01:16:17.860 hours and

01:16:19.100 then there

01:16:19.760 wasn't much

01:16:20.140 time you know

01:16:21.080 and so I

01:16:22.340 prepared backstage

01:16:23.080 and I usually

01:16:24.020 just sit and

01:16:24.600 think about what

01:16:25.220 I'm going to

01:16:25.580 say and I

01:16:27.140 can get that

01:16:27.660 ordered but

01:16:28.200 to have

01:16:28.520 written that

01:16:29.900 out and

01:16:30.460 then not

01:16:31.300 to know if

01:16:31.720 it was going

01:16:32.140 to cohere

01:16:34.540 and whether

01:16:36.160 or not I

01:16:36.460 was going to

01:16:36.800 get to the

01:16:37.160 end and

01:16:37.600 all of that

01:16:38.120 and then the

01:16:38.880 seriousness of

01:16:39.620 it it's a

01:16:40.140 terrible

01:16:40.560 terrible topic

01:16:41.960 it's the worst

01:16:42.980 of all

01:16:43.500 possible topics

01:16:44.380 which is why

01:16:45.100 I saved it

01:16:45.620 for you people

01:16:46.560 at Cambridge

01:16:47.160 by the way

01:16:48.060 I figured

01:16:48.820 this was a

01:16:49.860 good place

01:16:50.320 I mean it

01:16:50.660 makes sense

01:16:51.100 to do that

01:16:51.700 at a place

01:16:52.500 like this

01:16:53.020 you know

01:16:53.700 it's sort

01:16:54.020 of the

01:16:54.260 center of

01:16:54.720 the intellectual

01:16:55.300 universe

01:16:55.920 I mean I'm

01:16:56.980 sure the

01:16:57.240 Oxford people

01:16:57.960 wouldn't be

01:16:58.340 very happy

01:16:58.760 to hear that

01:16:59.340 but I let

01:17:01.220 them off

01:17:01.680 light in

01:17:02.180 comparison

01:17:02.660 that's for

01:17:03.200 sure

01:17:03.420 but it's

01:17:05.480 it's it's

01:17:06.720 rough man

01:17:07.560 it's rough

01:17:08.500 that lecture

01:17:09.360 so I'm

01:17:11.200 glad it's

01:17:11.620 over mostly

01:17:12.560 I'm sure you

01:17:14.640 all are as

01:17:15.240 well

01:17:15.620 not yet

01:17:18.140 all right

01:17:20.440 let's dive

01:17:20.860 into some

01:17:21.240 of these

01:17:21.520 given your

01:17:22.560 popularity

01:17:23.220 is it

01:17:23.840 possible that

01:17:24.720 people develop

01:17:25.640 an ideology

01:17:26.480 loyal to your

01:17:27.600 stances

01:17:28.180 how would you

01:17:28.920 suggest people

01:17:29.820 continue to

01:17:31.280 develop their

01:17:31.920 own views

01:17:32.780 well that is

01:17:34.500 what I suggest

01:17:35.440 so it's a weird

01:17:36.700 thing you know

01:17:37.360 I don't know

01:17:37.940 is the ideology

01:17:38.740 of developing

01:17:39.500 your own views

01:17:40.300 an ideology

01:17:41.000 I mean

01:17:42.080 what about a

01:17:43.400 cult of

01:17:43.840 individuality

01:17:44.660 how about that

01:17:45.440 is that a

01:17:45.880 possibility

01:17:46.360 I mean I

01:17:47.800 don't I

01:17:48.300 don't I

01:17:48.880 mean there's

01:17:49.300 this funny

01:17:49.720 line and

01:17:50.240 you remember

01:17:50.900 the life of

01:17:51.460 Brian and

01:17:52.700 Brian is up

01:17:53.920 on the second

01:17:54.500 floor of his

01:17:55.140 house with his

01:17:56.920 mother I think

01:17:57.680 and that crowd

01:17:58.480 is outside

01:17:59.180 some of them

01:18:00.280 have shoes

01:18:00.920 and some of

01:18:01.640 them have

01:18:01.900 gourds which

01:18:02.740 is really

01:18:03.180 ridiculously

01:18:03.880 comical and

01:18:04.700 he's really

01:18:07.140 not happy that

01:18:08.240 all these people

01:18:08.900 have gathered

01:18:09.380 he says

01:18:09.820 you shouldn't

01:18:12.420 be following

01:18:12.940 me around

01:18:13.500 you're all

01:18:14.420 individuals and

01:18:15.280 they all chant

01:18:15.920 we are all

01:18:17.000 individuals

01:18:17.740 it's like

01:18:18.620 it's so funny

01:18:19.580 it's so

01:18:20.340 ridiculously

01:18:21.040 comical

01:18:21.820 but I

01:18:23.120 mean I'm

01:18:24.040 hoping that

01:18:24.680 I'm hoping

01:18:26.020 that what

01:18:27.160 I'm providing

01:18:28.300 is actually

01:18:29.120 an encouragement

01:18:30.860 to the

01:18:31.440 development of

01:18:32.240 genuine

01:18:32.880 individuality

01:18:33.820 outside of

01:18:34.520 the persona

01:18:35.720 shell

01:18:36.500 the non

01:18:37.200 playable

01:18:37.660 character

01:18:38.280 shell

01:18:38.800 right as

01:18:39.640 the new

01:18:40.020 meme has

01:18:40.660 it

01:18:40.880 you know

01:18:41.700 and I

01:18:42.660 don't think

01:18:43.220 that the

01:18:44.460 idea that

01:18:45.160 the individual

01:18:45.820 is the

01:18:46.680 sovereign

01:18:47.100 element

01:18:47.680 is a

01:18:48.600 cult

01:18:48.980 it's not

01:18:49.860 a cult

01:18:50.260 idea

01:18:50.700 it's maybe

01:18:51.700 the

01:18:51.940 it's maybe

01:18:52.540 the

01:18:53.760 non-cult

01:18:55.500 idea

01:18:56.100 I believe

01:18:57.480 that

01:18:57.800 now you know

01:18:58.400 my students

01:18:59.540 have told me

01:19:00.180 for years

01:19:01.580 some of them

01:19:02.120 I lay out

01:19:03.500 in maps of

01:19:04.040 meaning

01:19:04.220 what I

01:19:04.620 regard as

01:19:05.460 a

01:19:06.560 comprehensive

01:19:07.600 representation

01:19:09.880 of narrative

01:19:10.840 structure

01:19:11.520 it's balanced

01:19:12.760 there's

01:19:13.160 positive

01:19:13.640 elements

01:19:14.100 and negative

01:19:14.540 elements

01:19:15.000 in balance

01:19:15.660 and make

01:19:16.560 the case

01:19:17.020 that

01:19:17.440 what an

01:19:19.080 ideology

01:19:19.520 does

01:19:19.960 is only

01:19:20.600 represent

01:19:21.220 some of

01:19:22.120 the characters

01:19:22.800 so for

01:19:23.360 example

01:19:23.780 the idea

01:19:25.040 that the

01:19:25.400 West

01:19:25.620 is a

01:19:25.940 patriarchal

01:19:26.580 tyranny

01:19:27.020 it's like

01:19:27.740 that's an

01:19:28.100 ideology

01:19:28.640 why

01:19:30.000 well because

01:19:31.420 the West

01:19:31.860 is partly

01:19:33.460 a patriarchal

01:19:34.920 tyranny

01:19:35.320 right

01:19:35.940 and there's

01:19:36.220 a big

01:19:36.460 difference

01:19:37.000 between

01:19:37.560 stating

01:19:39.420 that something

01:19:39.980 is only

01:19:41.080 one thing

01:19:41.980 and that

01:19:42.440 it's partly

01:19:43.340 one thing

01:19:44.060 that's the

01:19:44.800 difference

01:19:45.140 between

01:19:45.580 well

01:19:46.020 it's the

01:19:47.000 difference

01:19:47.320 between

01:19:47.640 delusion

01:19:48.220 and reality

01:19:48.880 in my

01:19:49.260 world

01:19:50.440 it's the

01:19:50.920 difference

01:19:52.320 between

01:19:52.780 sophisticated

01:19:53.960 nuanced

01:19:55.200 thought

01:19:55.800 and

01:19:56.140 a one

01:19:57.140 size

01:19:57.660 fits all

01:19:58.420 cure

01:19:58.960 for every

01:19:59.640 problem

01:20:00.100 in the

01:20:00.680 absence

01:20:01.000 of the

01:20:01.420 necessity

01:20:01.860 of thinking

01:20:02.520 you know

01:20:03.240 the tyrannical

01:20:04.060 patriarchy 0.85

01:20:05.200 is the 0.89

01:20:05.560 evil king

01:20:06.280 there's always

01:20:07.320 an evil

01:20:07.740 king

01:20:08.140 everyone

01:20:08.720 knows

01:20:09.040 that

01:20:09.540 but

01:20:10.700 there's

01:20:10.880 a wise

01:20:11.260 king

01:20:11.600 too

01:20:11.960 you know

01:20:12.620 and you

01:20:12.920 have to

01:20:13.360 you have

01:20:14.280 to have

01:20:14.460 some

01:20:14.620 gratitude

01:20:15.020 for the

01:20:15.440 wise

01:20:15.680 king

01:20:15.940 at the

01:20:16.360 same

01:20:16.580 time

01:20:16.900 that

01:20:17.080 you

01:20:17.240 have

01:20:17.660 some

01:20:18.560 apprehension

01:20:19.920 about

01:20:20.860 the evil

01:20:21.360 king

01:20:21.640 and some

01:20:22.200 proclivity

01:20:22.860 to

01:20:23.120 criticize

01:20:23.520 him

01:20:23.920 and so

01:20:24.540 when you

01:20:24.760 just

01:20:24.960 see

01:20:25.180 one

01:20:25.700 you know

01:20:27.060 especially

01:20:27.420 when that's

01:20:27.920 allied

01:20:28.140 by the

01:20:28.520 idea

01:20:28.780 well

01:20:29.000 what's

01:20:29.300 the

01:20:29.460 antidote

01:20:29.960 to

01:20:30.160 the

01:20:30.400 evil 0.62

01:20:30.860 king

01:20:31.120 well

01:20:31.420 the

01:20:31.580 wise

01:20:32.060 queen 0.69

01:20:32.640 it's

01:20:33.460 like

01:20:33.660 well

01:20:33.980 fair

01:20:34.260 enough

01:20:34.520 but

01:20:34.700 what

01:20:35.140 about

01:20:35.340 the

01:20:35.520 evil 0.92

01:20:35.740 queen 0.69

01:20:36.120 well

01:20:36.500 there's

01:20:40.700 it's

01:20:41.000 like

01:20:41.160 you

01:20:41.740 know

01:20:41.860 what

01:20:42.100 happens

01:20:42.520 in

01:20:42.720 sleeping

01:20:43.020 beauty

01:20:43.340 you

01:20:43.480 know

01:20:43.600 the

01:20:43.760 Disney

01:20:44.120 movie

01:20:44.500 what

01:20:45.640 happens

01:20:46.040 if

01:20:46.180 you

01:20:46.260 don't

01:20:46.460 invite

01:20:46.780 the

01:20:46.980 evil 0.92

01:20:47.260 queen 0.69

01:20:47.620 to

01:20:47.840 your

01:20:48.000 daughter's

01:20:48.440 christening

01:20:48.840 party

01:20:49.260 she

01:20:50.160 grows

01:20:50.400 up

01:20:50.620 unconscious

01:20:51.220 and

01:20:51.560 falls

01:20:51.880 asleep

01:20:52.360 at

01:20:52.560 puberty

01:20:53.020 right

01:20:53.580 never

01:20:53.900 to

01:20:54.160 awake

01:20:54.720 that's

01:20:55.640 what

01:20:55.760 happens

01:20:56.260 because

01:20:56.460 she's

01:20:56.680 too

01:20:56.840 painfully

01:20:57.360 naive

01:20:57.960 it's

01:20:58.500 like

01:20:58.600 don't

01:20:58.900 forget

01:20:59.240 to

01:20:59.480 invite

01:20:59.840 the

01:21:00.120 evil 0.92

01:21:00.380 queen 0.69

01:21:00.720 to

01:21:00.940 your 1.00

01:21:01.080 damn 1.00

01:21:01.400 party 1.00

01:21:01.860 and

01:21:02.620 so

01:21:02.880 you

01:21:03.600 know

01:21:03.780 what

01:21:05.320 you're

01:21:05.540 providing

01:21:06.000 with

01:21:06.560 a

01:21:06.720 balanced

01:21:07.600 narrative

01:21:08.060 and

01:21:08.240 this

01:21:08.420 is

01:21:08.540 what

01:21:08.700 a

01:21:08.860 profound

01:21:09.260 religious

01:21:09.660 system

01:21:10.120 actually

01:21:10.460 does

01:21:10.720 like

01:21:10.880 a

01:21:11.040 truly

01:21:11.400 poetic

01:21:11.940 system

01:21:12.500 it

01:21:13.140 provides

01:21:13.780 all

01:21:14.140 the

01:21:14.340 characters

01:21:14.940 and

01:21:15.580 then

01:21:15.720 an

01:21:15.860 ideology

01:21:16.360 is

01:21:16.580 a 0.98

01:21:16.740 parasite 1.00

01:21:17.180 on 0.53

01:21:17.560 that

01:21:17.740 it

01:21:17.900 pulls

01:21:18.320 the

01:21:18.880 motive

01:21:19.220 force

01:21:19.720 from

01:21:19.940 that

01:21:20.120 underlying

01:21:20.580 dream

01:21:20.940 like

01:21:21.160 structure

01:21:21.620 and

01:21:21.840 it

01:21:22.600 manipulates

01:21:24.040 it

01:21:24.220 and uses

01:21:24.700 it

01:21:24.980 but

01:21:25.160 it's

01:21:25.760 well

01:21:26.120 so

01:21:26.960 what

01:21:27.160 I'm

01:21:27.400 hoping

01:21:27.740 and

01:21:28.200 who

01:21:28.400 knows

01:21:28.780 is

01:21:29.300 that

01:21:29.560 the

01:21:30.800 narrative

01:21:31.180 that

01:21:31.460 I've

01:21:31.680 laid

01:21:31.880 out

01:21:32.240 it's

01:21:32.680 implicit

01:21:33.140 in

01:21:33.440 12

01:21:33.740 rules

01:21:36.560 actually

01:21:37.380 lays

01:21:38.580 things

01:21:38.900 out

01:21:39.100 in

01:21:39.220 a

01:21:39.340 balanced

01:21:39.700 manner

01:21:40.160 and

01:21:40.420 so

01:21:40.700 it's

01:21:41.780 good

01:21:41.940 to

01:21:42.100 know

01:21:42.320 the

01:21:42.500 whole

01:21:42.720 story

01:21:43.160 it's

01:21:43.420 good

01:21:43.580 to

01:21:43.720 know

01:21:43.900 that

01:21:44.100 there's

01:21:44.320 a

01:21:44.440 benevolent

01:21:44.960 element

01:21:45.260 to

01:21:45.480 culture

01:21:45.860 and

01:21:46.160 a

01:21:46.700 malevolent

01:21:47.360 element

01:21:47.700 and

01:21:47.920 that

01:21:48.040 there's

01:21:48.200 a

01:21:48.300 benevolent

01:21:48.780 element

01:21:49.060 to

01:21:49.280 nature

01:21:49.620 and

01:21:49.880 a

01:21:50.020 malevolent

01:21:50.540 element

01:21:51.140 and

01:21:51.780 that

01:21:51.940 there's

01:21:52.120 a

01:21:52.220 heroic

01:21:52.580 element

01:21:53.020 to

01:21:53.240 the

01:21:53.480 individual

01:21:54.280 and

01:21:54.720 an

01:21:54.940 adversarial

01:21:55.740 element

01:21:56.180 and

01:21:56.380 that

01:21:56.520 all

01:21:56.840 of

01:21:56.980 those

01:21:57.220 things

01:21:57.500 have

01:21:57.740 to

01:21:57.880 be

01:21:58.020 part

01:21:58.300 of

01:21:58.400 your

01:21:58.540 conceptualization

01:21:59.460 of

01:21:59.660 reality

01:22:00.020 I

01:22:00.420 mean

01:22:00.520 they

01:22:00.660 are

01:22:00.880 in

01:22:01.020 some

01:22:01.220 sense

01:22:01.540 because

01:22:01.800 when

01:22:02.000 you

01:22:02.120 go

01:22:02.400 and

01:22:02.980 watch

01:22:03.240 a

01:22:03.380 movie

01:22:03.700 or

01:22:03.900 you

01:22:04.060 read

01:22:04.260 a

01:22:04.420 novel

01:22:04.840 any

01:22:05.540 of

01:22:05.740 this

01:22:05.960 those

01:22:06.480 characters

01:22:07.000 are

01:22:07.280 always

01:22:07.840 there

01:22:08.280 it

01:22:09.200 wouldn't

01:22:09.360 be a

01:22:09.640 story

01:22:10.000 without

01:22:10.280 those

01:22:10.620 characters

01:22:10.980 they're

01:22:11.240 always

01:22:11.720 there

01:22:12.180 and

01:22:12.460 you

01:22:12.580 need

01:22:12.780 all

01:22:13.040 of

01:22:13.200 them

01:22:13.340 and

01:22:13.480 then

01:22:13.620 you

01:22:13.720 have

01:22:13.860 to

01:22:13.960 figure

01:22:14.120 out

01:22:14.220 how

01:22:14.340 to

01:22:14.480 put

01:22:14.880 them

01:22:15.020 in

01:22:15.180 balance

01:22:15.680 and

01:22:16.540 so

01:22:16.860 so

01:22:18.780 I'm

01:22:19.020 hoping

01:22:19.300 that's

01:22:19.640 not

01:22:19.840 an

01:22:20.020 ideology

01:22:20.500 I'm

01:22:20.880 hoping

01:22:21.140 that

01:22:21.360 it's

01:22:21.560 something

01:22:21.860 much

01:22:22.120 more

01:22:22.360 fundamental

01:22:22.920 than

01:22:23.200 an

01:22:23.360 ideology

01:22:23.740 just

01:22:24.140 like

01:22:24.400 I

01:22:24.560 believe

01:22:24.920 that

01:22:25.140 the

01:22:25.300 idea

01:22:25.620 that

01:22:25.860 the

01:22:26.020 individual

01:22:26.460 is

01:22:26.800 sovereign

01:22:27.280 and

01:22:28.100 that

01:22:28.240 each

01:22:28.460 sovereign

01:22:28.840 individual

01:22:29.340 is a

01:22:29.780 center

01:22:30.140 of

01:22:30.440 creation

01:22:31.040 I

01:22:31.520 don't

01:22:31.740 believe

01:22:32.060 that

01:22:32.280 that's

01:22:33.100 an

01:22:33.320 arbitrary

01:22:34.780 ideological

01:22:35.960 idea

01:22:36.720 I think

01:22:37.300 it's

01:22:37.620 the truth

01:22:39.120 it's

01:22:40.100 the grounding

01:22:40.780 truth

01:22:41.200 it's

01:22:41.420 certainly

01:22:41.620 the grounding

01:22:42.140 truth

01:22:42.520 of our

01:22:42.820 culture

01:22:43.200 and

01:22:43.520 your

01:22:44.040 culture

01:22:44.500 this

01:22:44.800 great

01:22:45.240 culture

01:22:45.680 that you

01:22:46.060 people

01:22:46.380 have

01:22:46.560 managed

01:22:46.920 to

01:22:47.120 build

01:22:47.380 over

01:22:47.700 centuries

01:22:48.700 that's

01:22:49.160 been

01:22:49.340 in my

01:22:50.100 estimation

01:22:51.140 little

01:22:51.280 light

01:22:51.700 in

01:22:51.860 the

01:22:52.020 darkness

01:22:52.360 of

01:22:52.620 the

01:22:52.760 world

01:22:53.080 it's

01:22:53.700 predicated

01:22:54.160 on

01:22:54.360 the

01:22:54.480 idea

01:22:54.760 of

01:22:54.940 the

01:22:55.120 sovereignty

01:22:56.020 and

01:22:56.260 value

01:22:56.580 of

01:22:56.720 the

01:22:56.820 individual

01:22:57.260 that's

01:22:57.920 not

01:22:58.060 just

01:22:58.280 an

01:22:58.440 idea

01:22:58.800 man

01:22:59.140 that's

01:22:59.640 the

01:23:00.180 idea

01:23:00.880 and

01:23:01.840 so

01:23:02.200 well

01:23:03.760 so I

01:23:04.080 don't

01:23:04.280 think

01:23:04.540 that

01:23:04.780 if

01:23:05.400 you're

01:23:05.560 an

01:23:05.680 acolyte

01:23:06.160 of

01:23:06.280 that

01:23:06.480 idea

01:23:06.840 and

01:23:07.040 you

01:23:07.160 understand

01:23:07.680 it

01:23:07.900 that

01:23:08.080 it's

01:23:09.120 something

01:23:09.780 there's

01:23:10.160 something

01:23:10.380 cult-like

01:23:10.960 about

01:23:11.240 it

01:23:11.380 it's

01:23:11.580 like

01:23:11.820 there's

01:23:12.880 no

01:23:13.040 following

01:23:13.680 in

01:23:14.020 that

01:23:14.320 there's

01:23:14.960 only

01:23:15.360 you

01:23:16.160 man

01:23:16.520 it's

01:23:16.740 on

01:23:17.000 you

01:23:17.460 straighten

01:23:18.440 yourself

01:23:18.940 out

01:23:19.380 and

01:23:20.540 I

01:23:20.700 don't

01:23:20.860 see

01:23:21.060 that

01:23:21.240 that's

01:23:21.480 a

01:23:21.640 cult

01:23:21.920 it's

01:23:22.260 like

01:23:22.500 it

01:23:22.720 doesn't

01:23:23.140 have

01:23:23.320 any

01:23:23.460 of

01:23:23.580 the

01:23:23.660 elements

01:23:24.020 of

01:23:24.200 a

01:23:24.340 cult

01:23:24.640 there

01:23:25.460 isn't

01:23:25.620 anything

01:23:25.880 required

01:23:26.480 of

01:23:26.780 you

01:23:27.040 except

01:23:27.400 to

01:23:28.080 do

01:23:28.400 what

01:23:28.860 you

01:23:29.100 can

01:23:29.360 do

01:23:29.780 and

01:23:30.420 to

01:23:30.880 do

01:23:31.080 everything

01:23:31.560 you

01:23:31.840 can

01:23:32.180 to

01:23:32.400 do

01:23:32.560 what

01:23:32.740 you

01:23:32.900 can

01:23:33.100 do

01:23:33.380 and

01:23:34.120 that

01:23:34.980 that's

01:23:35.400 not

01:23:35.520 how

01:23:35.640 cults

01:23:36.000 operate

01:23:36.500 so

01:23:37.340 I

01:23:37.920 think

01:23:38.080 it's 0.99

01:23:38.260 rubbish 0.99

01:23:38.640 so 1.00

01:23:39.800 so

01:23:47.940 what

01:23:48.260 you're

01:23:48.500 saying

01:23:48.920 is

01:23:49.260 it's

01:23:49.500 a

01:23:49.620 cult

01:23:49.960 actually

01:23:54.660 the

01:23:55.020 second

01:23:55.700 most

01:23:55.960 upvoted

01:23:56.280 question

01:23:56.600 here

01:23:56.820 was

01:23:57.040 do

01:23:57.200 you

01:23:57.320 and

01:23:57.460 Kathy

01:23:57.760 Newman

01:23:58.000 stay

01:23:58.300 in

01:23:58.480 touch

01:23:58.780 only

01:24:02.640 in

01:24:04.400 brief

01:24:04.760 Twitter

01:24:05.160 wars

01:24:05.740 so

01:24:07.440 which

01:24:07.720 are

01:24:07.880 probably

01:24:08.320 not

01:24:08.600 very

01:24:08.860 productive

01:24:09.340 but

01:24:10.020 but

01:24:11.840 well

01:24:12.180 that's

01:24:12.620 life

01:24:12.820 I

01:24:12.980 have

01:24:13.220 asked

01:24:13.560 her

01:24:13.700 if

01:24:13.840 she'd 0.61

01:24:14.060 like

01:24:14.220 to

01:24:14.440 have

01:24:14.700 another

01:24:14.960 discussion

01:24:15.520 at

01:24:16.600 one

01:24:16.840 point

01:24:17.140 she

01:24:17.580 did

01:24:17.760 get

01:24:17.900 back

01:24:18.200 in

01:24:19.340 touch

01:24:19.500 with

01:24:19.640 me

01:24:19.780 through

01:24:19.960 an

01:24:20.080 intermediary

01:24:20.840 this

01:24:21.580 was

01:24:21.740 after

01:24:22.020 the

01:24:22.220 first

01:24:22.460 interview

01:24:22.880 and

01:24:23.160 she

01:24:23.740 said

01:24:23.980 that

01:24:24.140 she

01:24:24.260 would

01:24:24.420 wait

01:24:24.680 until

01:24:25.040 the

01:24:25.560 scandal

01:24:27.500 died

01:24:29.040 down

01:24:29.480 I guess

01:24:30.260 it

01:24:30.380 hasn't

01:24:30.640 died

01:24:30.860 down

01:24:31.160 yet

01:24:31.500 so

01:24:32.600 what's

01:24:35.500 the

01:24:35.640 best

01:24:35.980 piece

01:24:36.340 of

01:24:36.500 advice

01:24:37.060 that

01:24:37.420 someone

01:24:37.760 has

01:24:38.020 given

01:24:38.260 you

01:24:38.720 I

01:24:40.840 would

01:24:41.020 say

01:24:41.260 it's

01:24:41.460 something

01:24:41.740 approximating

01:24:42.520 avoid

01:24:42.940 arrogance

01:24:43.400 if

01:24:43.820 possible

01:24:44.360 that

01:24:44.700 was

01:24:44.860 probably

01:24:45.300 my

01:24:45.600 father's

01:24:46.260 one of

01:24:46.860 my father's

01:24:47.380 fundamental pieces

01:24:48.180 of advice

01:24:48.800 to

01:24:50.400 not brag

01:24:53.060 when I was a

01:24:54.100 kid

01:24:54.380 you know

01:24:54.900 I mean

01:24:55.360 I don't

01:24:57.060 know if I had a

01:24:57.880 particular propensity

01:24:58.800 for that

01:24:59.600 I mean I was a

01:25:00.500 smart kid

01:25:01.100 and I had a

01:25:02.920 reputation for

01:25:03.740 that

01:25:04.080 in the

01:25:05.640 little town

01:25:06.080 that I

01:25:06.380 was in

01:25:06.780 for a

01:25:07.700 variety

01:25:07.960 of

01:25:08.140 reasons

01:25:08.480 and

01:25:08.720 so

01:25:10.060 which

01:25:11.500 wasn't

01:25:11.820 necessarily

01:25:12.340 a

01:25:13.040 stellar

01:25:13.560 route

01:25:13.860 to

01:25:14.020 popularity

01:25:14.560 although

01:25:16.140 I'm not

01:25:16.780 complaining

01:25:17.140 about that

01:25:17.800 it had

01:25:18.360 its advantages

01:25:18.960 and I

01:25:19.280 wasn't

01:25:19.620 an unpopular

01:25:20.520 kid

01:25:21.080 that was

01:25:21.900 just

01:25:22.180 the thing

01:25:22.780 that if

01:25:23.340 I was

01:25:23.760 bothered

01:25:24.140 I was

01:25:25.220 bothered

01:25:25.520 about

01:25:25.860 most people

01:25:26.920 have something

01:25:27.400 they're bothered

01:25:27.880 about

01:25:28.200 and

01:25:28.460 you could

01:25:29.480 have

01:25:29.720 a lot

01:25:30.260 worse

01:25:30.540 things

01:25:30.820 to be

01:25:31.120 bothered

01:25:31.380 about

01:25:31.680 than

01:25:31.880 that

01:25:32.200 but

01:25:33.220 to

01:25:33.880 stay 0.99

01:25:34.300 I hate

01:25:36.460 the word

01:25:36.820 humble

01:25:37.220 because

01:25:37.700 I don't

01:25:38.980 really

01:25:39.360 I wouldn't

01:25:40.960 you can't

01:25:42.200 claim to be

01:25:42.840 humble

01:25:43.120 and be

01:25:43.480 humble

01:25:43.800 right

01:25:44.100 you know

01:25:45.620 what I

01:25:45.840 mean

01:25:46.020 that doesn't

01:25:46.480 work

01:25:46.900 and so

01:25:47.480 it's hard

01:25:47.780 to describe

01:25:48.320 it

01:25:48.600 but

01:25:48.780 I am

01:25:50.420 partly

01:25:51.240 as a

01:25:51.540 consequence

01:25:51.900 of that

01:25:52.320 I think

01:25:52.660 I think

01:25:52.900 that was

01:25:53.160 embedded

01:25:53.720 very deeply

01:25:54.300 in me

01:25:54.700 because

01:25:54.920 my father

01:25:55.360 was very

01:25:55.880 adamant

01:25:56.400 about

01:25:56.640 that

01:25:56.940 I think

01:25:57.960 I am

01:25:59.020 very

01:25:59.920 reflective

01:26:02.140 about

01:26:02.580 what I

01:26:03.640 might do

01:26:04.220 to improve

01:26:04.980 and I

01:26:05.520 try to

01:26:05.800 concentrate

01:26:06.140 on that

01:26:06.640 and that's

01:26:07.700 good advice

01:26:08.220 it's very

01:26:08.660 good advice

01:26:09.280 to the degree

01:26:10.500 that advice

01:26:10.960 can be good

01:26:11.540 that's kind

01:26:12.820 of what

01:26:13.000 tonight's

01:26:13.360 lecture was

01:26:13.800 about

01:26:14.060 that what

01:26:14.920 you should

01:26:15.240 do is

01:26:15.540 concentrate

01:26:15.940 on how

01:26:16.400 you could

01:26:16.720 improve

01:26:17.160 you know

01:26:18.280 you don't

01:26:18.760 have any

01:26:19.100 right to

01:26:19.700 become

01:26:21.460 cynical 0.99

01:26:21.860 and bitter

01:26:22.340 unless

01:26:22.840 you've

01:26:24.060 stopped

01:26:24.300 making

01:26:24.580 mistakes

01:26:25.080 you know

01:26:26.780 you might

01:26:27.060 say

01:26:27.220 well

01:26:27.360 you'll

01:26:27.540 never

01:26:27.700 stop

01:26:27.980 making

01:26:28.240 mistakes

01:26:28.680 it's

01:26:28.900 like

01:26:29.080 well

01:26:29.320 the biggest

01:26:30.320 mistake

01:26:30.820 is not

01:26:31.440 to

01:26:31.740 recognize

01:26:32.360 and rectify

01:26:33.220 your mistakes

01:26:33.880 I think

01:26:34.680 that's the

01:26:35.120 sin against

01:26:35.660 the Holy

01:26:36.120 Ghost

01:26:36.500 you know

01:26:37.100 that's

01:26:37.660 unforgivable

01:26:38.320 so

01:26:39.460 that would

01:26:40.820 that would

01:26:41.460 be a piece

01:26:41.920 of stellar

01:26:42.380 advice

01:26:42.960 we talked

01:26:47.400 a little bit

01:26:47.800 about this

01:26:48.180 during the

01:26:48.520 break here

01:26:49.100 do you

01:26:50.220 sense

01:26:50.560 things are

01:26:51.100 going to

01:26:51.300 get much

01:26:51.840 worse

01:26:52.380 before they

01:26:53.040 get better

01:26:53.540 I think

01:26:56.600 that's up

01:26:57.040 to us

01:26:57.380 man

01:26:57.680 to decide

01:26:58.800 to decide

01:26:58.820 like

01:26:59.080 I don't

01:26:59.360 think

01:26:59.540 they have

01:26:59.940 to get

01:27:00.240 worse

01:27:00.640 I mean

01:27:01.720 there's

01:27:02.180 lots of

01:27:02.700 reasons

01:27:03.080 there's

01:27:03.500 lots

01:27:03.800 of

01:27:04.140 evidence

01:27:05.040 that in

01:27:06.100 many ways

01:27:06.860 things are

01:27:07.320 getting better

01:27:08.020 depends on

01:27:08.780 your level

01:27:09.120 of analysis

01:27:09.620 at a rate

01:27:10.860 that's almost

01:27:11.380 beyond

01:27:11.760 comprehension

01:27:12.460 I mean

01:27:13.060 we're

01:27:13.980 lifting people

01:27:15.320 out of

01:27:15.660 poverty

01:27:16.080 worldwide

01:27:16.640 at an

01:27:17.120 absolutely

01:27:17.680 at a rate

01:27:18.440 that's

01:27:18.680 absolutely

01:27:19.100 unparalleled

01:27:19.760 in the

01:27:20.020 entire

01:27:20.280 history

01:27:20.660 of the

01:27:21.260 world

01:27:21.560 right

01:27:22.460 have

01:27:23.880 we've

01:27:24.360 halved

01:27:24.600 the number

01:27:24.940 of people

01:27:25.280 in absolute

01:27:25.760 poverty

01:27:26.200 between

01:27:27.320 the year

01:27:27.700 2000

01:27:28.160 and the

01:27:28.440 year

01:27:28.560 2012

01:27:29.220 the most

01:27:29.960 optimistic

01:27:30.500 UN projection

01:27:31.480 goal was

01:27:32.460 15 years

01:27:33.160 we did

01:27:33.460 it in

01:27:33.680 12

01:27:33.980 it's

01:27:34.600 mind

01:27:34.940 boggling

01:27:35.380 and even

01:27:36.120 the UN

01:27:36.540 projects

01:27:36.980 now that

01:27:37.380 by the

01:27:37.660 year

01:27:37.780 2030

01:27:38.260 there

01:27:38.520 won't

01:27:38.720 be

01:27:38.880 anyone

01:27:39.140 in

01:27:39.300 the

01:27:39.400 world

01:27:39.640 that

01:27:40.620 lives

01:27:41.680 under

01:27:42.040 their

01:27:42.280 current

01:27:42.680 level

01:27:43.460 of

01:27:43.740 abject

01:27:44.220 poverty

01:27:44.580 it's

01:27:44.780 $1.90

01:27:45.380 a day

01:27:45.840 and you

01:27:46.760 think

01:27:46.940 well

01:27:47.080 that's

01:27:47.580 pretty 0.99

01:27:47.800 damn 0.97

01:27:48.100 low 0.99

01:27:48.440 it's

01:27:48.660 like

01:27:48.860 yeah

01:27:49.300 that's

01:27:50.020 for sure

01:27:50.520 and so

01:27:52.460 arbitrary

01:27:52.760 line

01:27:53.200 and it

01:27:53.980 is

01:27:54.340 but

01:27:54.840 the line

01:27:55.520 has to

01:27:55.840 be drawn

01:27:56.180 somewhere

01:27:56.580 the point

01:27:57.000 is that

01:27:57.440 people have

01:27:57.940 superseded

01:27:58.520 that

01:27:58.800 and it's

01:27:59.540 also

01:27:59.840 salutary

01:28:01.340 to

01:28:01.580 understand

01:28:02.240 that

01:28:02.520 in

01:28:03.880 1895

01:28:04.520 which isn't

01:28:05.140 that long

01:28:05.560 ago

01:28:05.780 the average

01:28:06.480 person in

01:28:06.920 the western

01:28:07.280 world

01:28:07.580 lived on

01:28:08.000 less than

01:28:08.360 a dollar

01:28:08.700 a day

01:28:09.140 so

01:28:10.160 you know

01:28:11.020 by historical

01:28:11.920 standards

01:28:12.440 $1.90

01:28:13.120 a day

01:28:13.520 well

01:28:14.420 it's not

01:28:14.880 luxury

01:28:15.260 let's put

01:28:15.860 it that

01:28:16.160 way

01:28:16.320 but

01:28:16.520 it's

01:28:17.060 well above

01:28:17.640 the

01:28:18.060 historical

01:28:18.720 norm

01:28:19.300 and so

01:28:20.800 and that's

01:28:22.000 not the

01:28:22.340 only good

01:28:22.840 news

01:28:23.120 there's

01:28:23.400 lots

01:28:23.700 of good

01:28:24.020 news

01:28:24.320 child

01:28:24.720 mortality

01:28:25.160 rates

01:28:25.500 in

01:28:25.620 Africa

01:28:25.920 are

01:28:26.120 now

01:28:26.300 what

01:28:26.480 they

01:28:26.620 are

01:28:26.880 we're

01:28:27.560 in

01:28:27.680 Europe

01:28:27.900 in

01:28:28.060 1952

01:28:28.960 that's

01:28:29.560 really

01:28:29.740 good

01:28:29.960 news

01:28:30.360 looks like

01:28:31.560 our

01:28:31.720 population

01:28:32.260 will

01:28:32.440 probably

01:28:32.720 peak

01:28:33.020 out

01:28:33.200 at

01:28:33.320 9

01:28:33.580 billion

01:28:33.980 which

01:28:34.240 we

01:28:34.400 can

01:28:34.600 that's

01:28:35.220 tight

01:28:35.640 it'll

01:28:36.000 be a

01:28:36.220 bit

01:28:36.320 of

01:28:36.420 a

01:28:36.540 bottleneck

01:28:37.080 you

01:28:37.220 know

01:28:37.360 but

01:28:37.580 looks

01:28:38.140 like

01:28:38.340 we

01:28:38.460 can

01:28:38.580 probably

01:28:38.820 feed

01:28:39.080 all

01:28:39.260 those

01:28:39.460 people

01:28:39.760 and

01:28:39.940 it'll

01:28:40.140 decline

01:28:40.480 precipitously

01:28:41.220 after

01:28:41.580 that

01:28:42.000 there's

01:28:43.720 more

01:28:43.900 forest

01:28:44.320 in the

01:28:44.580 northern

01:28:44.780 hemisphere

01:28:45.200 than

01:28:45.480 there

01:28:45.620 was

01:28:45.780 100

01:28:46.000 years

01:28:46.320 ago

01:28:46.580 and

01:28:46.780 more

01:28:46.960 forest

01:28:47.280 in

01:28:47.440 China

01:28:47.680 than

01:28:47.900 there

01:28:48.040 was

01:28:48.220 30

01:28:48.500 years

01:28:48.760 ago

01:28:49.000 and

01:28:49.220 looks

01:28:49.840 like

01:28:50.060 if

01:28:50.200 you

01:28:50.300 can

01:28:50.420 get

01:28:50.540 people's

01:28:51.020 GDP

01:28:51.400 up to

01:28:51.960 about

01:28:52.180 $5,000

01:28:52.800 a year

01:28:53.320 they start

01:28:53.740 taking care

01:28:54.200 of the

01:28:54.400 environment

01:28:54.820 and

01:28:55.940 there's

01:28:56.300 no wars

01:28:56.760 in the

01:28:57.020 western

01:28:57.260 hemisphere

01:28:57.700 for the

01:28:58.120 first

01:28:58.320 time

01:28:58.580 in

01:28:58.740 well

01:28:59.300 for the

01:28:59.760 first

01:29:00.000 time

01:29:00.460 that's

01:29:01.100 a

01:29:01.200 big

01:29:01.360 deal

01:29:01.800 well

01:29:02.540 that's

01:29:02.920 a

01:29:03.020 big

01:29:03.180 deal

01:29:03.480 no

01:29:03.740 wars

01:29:04.220 and

01:29:04.420 rates

01:29:04.900 of

01:29:05.060 violence

01:29:05.420 all

01:29:05.620 over

01:29:05.780 the

01:29:05.920 world

01:29:06.140 are

01:29:06.340 plummeting

01:29:07.240 and

01:29:07.880 rates

01:29:08.700 of

01:29:08.880 death

01:29:09.120 in

01:29:09.260 warfare

01:29:09.640 have

01:29:09.920 declined

01:29:10.340 precipitously

01:29:11.000 over

01:29:11.260 the

01:29:11.420 entire

01:29:11.680 course

01:29:12.020 of

01:29:12.160 the

01:29:12.340 well

01:29:12.760 ever

01:29:12.900 since

01:29:13.120 the

01:29:13.260 end

01:29:13.380 of

01:29:13.500 world

01:29:13.680 war

01:29:13.900 two

01:29:14.140 and

01:29:14.400 you

01:29:15.120 know

01:29:15.240 everybody

01:29:15.660 and

01:29:16.040 their

01:29:16.180 dog

01:29:16.520 has

01:29:16.820 more

01:29:17.040 technological

01:29:17.560 power

01:29:18.040 in

01:29:18.220 their

01:29:18.400 hand

01:29:18.920 by

01:29:19.100 a

01:29:19.240 huge

01:29:19.460 margin

01:29:19.880 than

01:29:20.160 sent

01:29:20.540 the

01:29:20.940 astronauts

01:29:21.400 to

01:29:21.620 the

01:29:21.780 moon

01:29:22.020 in

01:29:22.200 1969

01:29:22.860 and

01:29:23.200 it

01:29:23.340 costs

01:29:23.620 absolutely

01:29:24.060 nothing

01:29:24.460 and

01:29:24.660 draws

01:29:24.920 no

01:29:25.160 power

01:29:25.560 that's

01:29:26.160 certainly

01:29:26.520 moving

01:29:27.680 the

01:29:27.880 economies

01:29:28.360 of

01:29:28.680 Africa

01:29:29.160 forward

01:29:29.640 and

01:29:29.860 the

01:29:30.260 sub-Saharan

01:29:30.760 countries

01:29:31.860 in

01:29:32.020 Africa

01:29:32.300 have

01:29:32.540 the

01:29:32.680 fastest

01:29:32.980 growing

01:29:33.320 economies

01:29:33.740 in

01:29:33.880 the

01:29:33.980 world

01:29:34.220 so

01:29:34.440 it

01:29:34.560 looks

01:29:34.780 like

01:29:35.000 the

01:29:35.160 economic

01:29:35.600 miracle

01:29:36.100 that

01:29:36.380 took

01:29:36.880 hold

01:29:37.120 in

01:29:37.280 China

01:29:37.600 and

01:29:37.840 Southeast

01:29:38.140 Asia

01:29:38.520 and

01:29:38.680 India

01:29:38.980 has

01:29:39.460 finally

01:29:39.720 spread

01:29:40.060 into

01:29:40.260 Africa

01:29:40.660 and

01:29:40.880 that's

01:29:41.080 starting

01:29:41.280 to

01:29:41.460 produce

01:29:41.720 real

01:29:41.960 improvement

01:29:42.420 and

01:29:42.740 so

01:29:43.560 that's

01:29:45.660 a lot

01:29:45.920 of good

01:29:46.200 things

01:29:46.580 man

01:29:46.880 and

01:29:47.080 maybe

01:29:47.340 that

01:29:47.540 could

01:29:47.720 accelerate

01:29:48.200 but

01:29:48.560 you

01:29:49.080 know

01:29:49.260 we're

01:29:49.940 also

01:29:50.200 becoming

01:29:50.580 more

01:29:50.800 and

01:29:50.900 more

01:29:51.040 technologically

01:29:51.680 powerful

01:29:52.180 and

01:29:52.500 I

01:29:52.980 think

01:29:53.160 we're

01:29:53.380 politically

01:29:53.800 polarized

01:29:54.260 in

01:29:54.600 the

01:29:54.720 West

01:29:54.980 in

01:29:55.120 a

01:29:55.240 manner

01:29:55.480 that's

01:29:56.440 perhaps

01:29:56.860 not

01:29:57.180 dangerous

01:29:57.700 but

01:29:57.980 it

01:29:58.340 intimates

01:30:00.540 the

01:30:00.780 possibility

01:30:01.300 of

01:30:01.580 danger

01:30:01.940 and

01:30:02.120 that

01:30:02.560 would

01:30:02.680 be

01:30:02.840 a

01:30:02.980 catastrophe

01:30:03.480 and

01:30:03.880 so

01:30:04.700 what

01:30:05.840 I'm

01:30:06.060 hoping

01:30:06.360 is

01:30:06.600 that

01:30:06.820 people

01:30:07.120 will

01:30:07.300 be

01:30:07.480 sensible

01:30:07.900 and

01:30:08.520 careful

01:30:08.960 and

01:30:09.380 live

01:30:10.820 decent

01:30:11.980 respectable

01:30:12.760 responsible

01:30:13.440 lives

01:30:13.980 and

01:30:14.200 that

01:30:14.340 if

01:30:14.460 enough

01:30:14.700 people

01:30:14.980 do

01:30:15.160 that

01:30:15.420 then

01:30:15.660 that

01:30:16.260 will

01:30:16.400 stabilize

01:30:17.000 things

01:30:17.720 and

01:30:17.960 we

01:30:18.480 won't

01:30:18.680 have

01:30:18.940 to

01:30:19.080 do

01:30:19.280 something

01:30:19.660 catastrophically 1.00

01:30:20.560 stupid 1.00

01:30:21.000 but 1.00

01:30:21.720 we'll

01:30:22.060 see

01:30:22.400 like

01:30:22.840 I

01:30:23.000 think

01:30:23.280 it

01:30:23.840 could

01:30:24.000 go

01:30:24.180 either

01:30:24.400 way

01:30:24.780 that's

01:30:25.900 how

01:30:26.020 it

01:30:26.160 feels

01:30:26.620 to

01:30:26.840 me

01:30:27.060 and

01:30:27.280 I

01:30:27.860 don't

01:30:27.960 know

01:30:28.140 I

01:30:28.300 mean

01:30:28.460 what

01:30:28.760 I

01:30:29.040 don't

01:30:29.180 know

01:30:29.360 it's

01:30:30.760 very

01:30:31.080 difficult

01:30:31.420 to

01:30:31.640 predict

01:30:31.840 the

01:30:32.020 future

01:30:32.320 but

01:30:32.640 I

01:30:33.180 think

01:30:33.300 it

01:30:33.440 feels

01:30:33.660 like

01:30:33.840 that

01:30:34.020 to

01:30:34.160 a

01:30:34.280 lot

01:30:34.440 of

01:30:34.560 people

01:30:34.860 so

01:30:35.660 we're

01:30:35.820 in

01:30:35.900 a

01:30:36.000 choice

01:30:36.300 point

01:30:36.640 like

01:30:36.880 we

01:30:37.020 were

01:30:37.140 in

01:30:37.260 1984

01:30:37.880 you

01:30:38.280 know

01:30:38.460 it

01:30:39.040 seemed

01:30:39.200 to

01:30:39.320 me

01:30:39.440 that

01:30:39.580 in

01:30:39.720 1984

01:30:40.240 the

01:30:40.560 whole

01:30:40.760 world

01:30:41.100 decided

01:30:41.540 that

01:30:41.780 well

01:30:42.620 let's

01:30:43.300 step

01:30:43.560 away

01:30:43.820 from

01:30:44.040 the

01:30:44.200 nuclear

01:30:53.280 1984

01:30:54.340 things

01:30:54.920 really

01:30:55.180 peaked

01:30:55.560 again

01:30:55.880 and I

01:30:56.540 think

01:30:56.740 we

01:30:56.940 made

01:30:57.100 a

01:30:57.220 collective

01:30:57.500 decision

01:30:57.980 it's

01:30:58.220 like

01:30:58.460 no

01:30:58.760 let's

01:31:00.000 not

01:31:00.200 put

01:31:00.400 everything

01:31:00.700 to

01:31:00.880 the

01:31:01.040 torch

01:31:01.340 you

01:31:02.300 know

01:31:02.480 and

01:31:02.760 maybe

01:31:03.320 we

01:31:03.440 can

01:31:03.540 make

01:31:03.700 another

01:31:03.900 decision

01:31:04.320 now

01:31:04.720 let's

01:31:06.000 not

01:31:06.300 destroy

01:31:07.700 what

01:31:07.980 we've

01:31:08.420 labored

01:31:08.760 to

01:31:09.040 produce

01:31:09.480 just

01:31:09.800 as

01:31:10.100 it's

01:31:10.520 bearing

01:31:10.860 fruit

01:31:11.320 everywhere

01:31:11.940 because

01:31:12.420 I

01:31:12.600 believe

01:31:13.100 that

01:31:13.280 it

01:31:13.400 is

01:31:13.700 so

01:31:14.900 we've

01:31:15.540 got

01:31:15.680 things

01:31:15.940 to

01:31:16.120 do

01:31:16.280 we've

01:31:16.500 got

01:31:16.620 good

01:31:16.820 things

01:31:17.080 to

01:31:17.220 do

01:31:17.400 we

01:31:17.600 could

01:31:17.740 eliminate

01:31:18.580 the

01:31:18.900 five

01:31:19.200 most

01:31:19.500 common

01:31:19.840 diseases

01:31:20.280 in the

01:31:20.640 world

01:31:20.840 in the

01:31:21.080 next

01:31:21.220 20

01:31:21.480 years

01:31:21.800 there

01:31:22.040 are

01:31:22.100 people

01:31:22.300 working

01:31:22.620 diligently

01:31:23.000 to

01:31:23.260 do

01:31:23.400 that

01:31:23.640 it's

01:31:24.040 within

01:31:24.300 our

01:31:24.480 grasp

01:31:24.920 we

01:31:25.560 could

01:31:25.680 certainly

01:31:26.080 eradicate

01:31:26.680 hunger

01:31:27.040 we've

01:31:27.580 more or less

01:31:27.960 done that

01:31:28.320 already

01:31:28.700 you know

01:31:29.600 we could

01:31:29.980 really get

01:31:30.300 things in

01:31:30.720 order

01:31:31.020 if we

01:31:32.100 chose 0.56

01:31:32.580 that

01:31:33.000 but

01:31:33.980 we have

01:31:35.500 to get

01:31:35.740 rid of

01:31:35.960 the bitterness

01:31:36.320 and the

01:31:36.780 resentment

01:31:37.140 and we

01:31:37.560 have to

01:31:37.840 aim at 0.92

01:31:38.160 that

01:31:38.420 and we'll

01:31:39.220 see

01:31:39.440 it's a

01:31:40.020 terrible

01:31:40.340 thing to

01:31:40.760 give up

01:31:41.060 bitterness

01:31:41.360 and resentment

01:31:42.020 you know

01:31:42.680 it's

01:31:43.600 satisfying

01:31:44.180 what is it

01:31:45.160 psychologically

01:31:45.720 about humans

01:31:46.520 that causes 0.52

01:31:47.120 us to

01:31:47.520 focus

01:31:47.820 on all

01:31:48.280 the

01:31:48.460 negative

01:31:48.720 things

01:31:49.060 where

01:31:49.300 you could

01:31:49.820 do

01:31:50.020 easily

01:31:50.700 a lecture

01:31:51.200 an hour

01:31:51.600 and a half

01:31:51.860 on all

01:31:52.120 the positive

01:31:52.520 things

01:31:52.840 that you

01:31:53.080 just

01:31:53.260 mentioned

01:31:53.500 but we

01:31:53.880 don't

01:31:54.700 focus

01:31:55.060 on them

01:31:55.380 or you

01:31:55.600 could tweet

01:31:55.940 them all

01:31:56.260 out every

01:31:56.720 day

01:31:57.020 and it

01:31:57.680 wouldn't do

01:31:58.000 half as

01:31:58.440 well as

01:31:58.840 talking about

01:31:59.300 all the

01:31:59.580 terrible

01:31:59.860 things out

01:32:00.380 there

01:32:00.580 well

01:32:00.880 we're

01:32:01.160 tilted

01:32:02.120 so that

01:32:02.720 a loss

01:32:03.640 of a given

01:32:04.120 magnitude

01:32:04.600 has more

01:32:05.260 psychological

01:32:05.800 impact

01:32:06.360 than a gain

01:32:07.020 of the

01:32:07.360 same

01:32:07.600 magnitude

01:32:08.080 and the

01:32:09.220 reason

01:32:09.860 so if

01:32:10.580 you lose

01:32:10.980 five dollars

01:32:11.560 you're more

01:32:12.000 annoyed at

01:32:12.460 yourself

01:32:16.520 like the

01:32:17.580 ratio

01:32:18.060 of

01:32:18.480 response

01:32:20.120 to gain

01:32:20.660 and response

01:32:21.540 to loss

01:32:22.160 differs from

01:32:22.860 person to

01:32:23.320 person

01:32:23.620 if you're

01:32:24.140 very extroverted

01:32:25.040 you experience

01:32:26.800 gain more

01:32:27.500 positively

01:32:28.060 and if you're

01:32:28.640 very high

01:32:29.180 in trait

01:32:29.600 neuroticism

01:32:30.300 which is

01:32:30.640 the negative

01:32:31.040 emotion

01:32:31.440 dimension

01:32:31.800 then you

01:32:32.520 feel loss

01:32:33.220 more profoundly

01:32:34.040 but on

01:32:34.760 average people

01:32:35.400 are tilted

01:32:35.980 more towards

01:32:36.800 the pain

01:32:37.260 of loss

01:32:37.840 the reason

01:32:38.560 for that

01:32:38.940 is that

01:32:39.360 well

01:32:39.920 you know

01:32:40.480 so what

01:32:41.480 you're happy

01:32:42.120 fine

01:32:43.380 what if 0.98

01:32:44.200 you're dead

01:32:44.740 right

01:32:46.560 so like

01:32:47.260 pain

01:32:48.040 and anxiety

01:32:48.760 are signals

01:32:49.400 that you

01:32:49.900 ignore

01:32:50.480 at your

01:32:50.900 mortal peril

01:32:52.100 whereas

01:32:52.860 things that

01:32:54.140 signify

01:32:54.660 positive

01:32:55.380 outcomes

01:32:56.420 are generally

01:32:56.940 only signify

01:32:59.040 you know

01:32:59.360 temporary

01:32:59.740 and incremental

01:33:00.260 improvements

01:33:00.880 so it makes

01:33:01.640 sense that

01:33:02.080 we're loss

01:33:02.500 averse 0.66

01:33:02.920 right

01:33:03.180 because we

01:33:03.460 can be

01:33:03.720 hurt

01:33:03.900 so badly

01:33:04.420 but it

01:33:05.040 does make

01:33:05.480 it much

01:33:05.780 more difficult

01:33:06.280 for us

01:33:06.840 to properly

01:33:08.760 weight

01:33:09.300 positive

01:33:10.000 news

01:33:10.540 you know

01:33:11.760 so

01:33:12.140 you know

01:33:12.920 and we're

01:33:13.520 also wired

01:33:14.160 to be looking

01:33:14.760 for threat

01:33:15.480 like you

01:33:16.180 don't have

01:33:16.480 to look

01:33:16.900 around

01:33:17.220 for things

01:33:17.720 that are

01:33:18.040 okay

01:33:18.460 you know

01:33:19.440 you don't

01:33:19.740 even see

01:33:20.200 things

01:33:20.500 that's another

01:33:20.920 problem

01:33:21.300 with our

01:33:21.820 perception

01:33:22.200 in some

01:33:22.600 sense

01:33:22.840 everything

01:33:23.580 that's

01:33:24.040 okay

01:33:24.540 is

01:33:25.020 invisible

01:33:25.540 right

01:33:26.880 because

01:33:27.260 well

01:33:27.780 why wouldn't

01:33:28.240 it be

01:33:28.480 you don't

01:33:28.700 have to

01:33:28.880 do anything

01:33:29.160 about it

01:33:29.580 you know

01:33:29.820 you're not

01:33:30.100 paying attention

01:33:30.620 to the

01:33:30.960 floor

01:33:31.300 and that's

01:33:32.060 because

01:33:32.300 it's not

01:33:33.280 going to

01:33:33.800 fall out

01:33:34.340 from underneath

01:33:34.840 you

01:33:35.240 you know

01:33:36.020 so

01:33:36.360 and you're

01:33:37.240 so blind

01:33:37.880 in that

01:33:38.200 way

01:33:38.340 it's just

01:33:38.680 absolutely

01:33:39.140 unbelievable

01:33:39.700 you can't

01:33:40.460 believe

01:33:40.860 how much

01:33:41.300 you don't

01:33:41.620 pay attention

01:33:42.160 to

01:33:42.460 but you

01:33:43.520 pay attention

01:33:43.940 to things

01:33:44.520 that might

01:33:45.280 go wrong

01:33:46.200 well that

01:33:46.800 makes sense

01:33:47.360 because those

01:33:47.760 are the things

01:33:48.180 you should

01:33:48.440 think about

01:33:48.900 but it does

01:33:49.400 tilt us

01:33:50.060 towards

01:33:50.900 apocalyptic

01:33:51.920 thinking

01:33:52.480 you know

01:33:53.280 that's why

01:33:54.400 the apocalypse

01:33:55.000 is always

01:33:55.640 nigh

01:33:56.120 there's always

01:33:56.940 something

01:33:57.400 that could 0.68

01:33:57.840 go wrong

01:33:58.400 enough

01:33:58.620 to blow 0.56

01:33:59.180 everything

01:33:59.580 into bits

01:34:00.160 so

01:34:01.120 it's

01:34:02.020 something

01:34:02.680 that we

01:34:03.300 have to

01:34:03.600 struggle

01:34:03.900 carefully

01:34:04.680 to regulate

01:34:05.300 because it

01:34:05.720 can be

01:34:05.980 exploited

01:34:06.520 and I

01:34:07.500 think it's

01:34:07.820 being exploited

01:34:08.480 by the

01:34:08.880 mainstream

01:34:09.200 media

01:34:09.640 as it

01:34:10.100 dives

01:34:10.580 into

01:34:10.860 its

01:34:11.060 death

01:34:11.320 spiral

01:34:11.780 you know

01:34:12.640 and

01:34:12.900 well I'm

01:34:14.200 really serious

01:34:14.760 about that

01:34:15.220 in a technical

01:34:16.040 sense

01:34:16.440 because

01:34:16.780 we had

01:34:17.980 a means

01:34:20.040 of communicating

01:34:20.880 globally

01:34:21.440 that was

01:34:22.040 more or less

01:34:22.560 quasi stable

01:34:24.600 for a few

01:34:25.100 decades

01:34:25.640 you know

01:34:26.320 it was

01:34:26.540 centralized

01:34:27.000 narrow cast

01:34:28.780 television

01:34:29.500 radio

01:34:29.980 not accessible

01:34:32.040 to everyone

01:34:32.520 at least in

01:34:33.020 terms of

01:34:33.360 production

01:34:33.760 so there was

01:34:34.540 sort of a

01:34:34.920 consensus

01:34:35.460 that emerged

01:34:36.200 as a

01:34:36.600 consequence

01:34:36.960 of that

01:34:37.480 and

01:34:38.300 everybody

01:34:39.160 focused

01:34:39.620 on it

01:34:39.960 so there

01:34:40.200 were lots

01:34:40.580 of dollars

01:34:41.600 flowing into

01:34:42.280 it to

01:34:42.560 sustain it

01:34:43.160 well now

01:34:43.800 that's falling

01:34:44.320 apart

01:34:44.620 because everybody

01:34:45.340 is now a

01:34:46.060 news producer

01:34:46.680 and the

01:34:48.840 consequence of

01:34:49.460 that is that

01:34:50.000 mainstream media

01:34:50.880 is falling

01:34:51.320 apart because

01:34:51.940 it lacks

01:34:52.480 viewership

01:34:53.080 and money

01:34:53.500 and budgets

01:34:54.840 and fact

01:34:55.980 checking

01:34:56.380 and highly

01:34:57.340 paid

01:34:57.660 journalists

01:34:58.240 and all

01:34:58.660 of that

01:34:59.060 and so

01:35:00.020 increasingly

01:35:00.760 in order

01:35:01.720 to retain

01:35:02.940 a shrinking

01:35:03.820 audience

01:35:04.380 they tilt

01:35:05.280 towards

01:35:05.700 covering

01:35:06.060 the

01:35:06.260 extremes

01:35:06.860 you know

01:35:07.580 like

01:35:07.800 there's

01:35:08.540 good

01:35:08.760 estimate

01:35:09.220 published

01:35:10.160 a week

01:35:10.420 or two

01:35:10.680 ago

01:35:10.880 in the

01:35:11.320 Atlantic

01:35:11.600 Monthly

01:35:12.040 that

01:35:12.240 it depends

01:35:13.260 on how

01:35:13.460 you define

01:35:13.900 these things

01:35:14.320 of course

01:35:14.680 but the

01:35:15.060 extreme

01:35:15.720 political

01:35:16.180 views

01:35:16.600 on the

01:35:16.920 left

01:35:17.180 and the

01:35:17.420 right

01:35:17.640 only

01:35:17.900 characterize

01:35:18.420 about

01:35:18.680 8%

01:35:19.240 of people

01:35:19.700 on the

01:35:20.000 left

01:35:20.280 in

01:35:20.540 the

01:35:21.300 US

01:35:21.500 and

01:35:21.860 a

01:35:22.560 slightly

01:35:22.880 smaller

01:35:23.340 fraction

01:35:23.760 if I

01:35:24.100 remember

01:35:24.420 correctly

01:35:24.800 but

01:35:24.960 approximately

01:35:25.460 the same

01:35:26.020 on the

01:35:26.300 radical

01:35:26.600 right

01:35:26.960 but

01:35:27.180 if you

01:35:27.940 are

01:35:28.620 engaged

01:35:29.580 with the

01:35:30.240 news

01:35:30.560 you'd think

01:35:31.020 that was

01:35:31.840 everyone

01:35:32.380 and it's

01:35:33.040 not

01:35:33.500 it's hardly

01:35:34.500 anyone

01:35:35.040 and then

01:35:36.880 the question

01:35:37.320 is well

01:35:37.700 why is all

01:35:38.280 the focus

01:35:38.700 on those

01:35:39.120 people

01:35:39.460 and the

01:35:39.740 answer

01:35:39.960 is well

01:35:40.400 they say

01:35:41.320 provocative

01:35:41.800 things that

01:35:42.340 attract

01:35:42.680 attention

01:35:43.120 and what

01:35:43.980 the news

01:35:44.620 media is

01:35:45.180 driven to

01:35:46.080 do in

01:35:46.520 the short

01:35:47.080 term

01:35:47.440 now

01:35:47.760 because

01:35:48.060 their

01:35:48.260 medium

01:35:48.580 to long

01:35:48.960 term

01:35:49.120 survival

01:35:49.580 is in

01:35:49.940 doubt

01:35:50.180 is to

01:35:50.800 maximize

01:35:51.180 short

01:35:51.560 term

01:35:51.740 return

01:35:52.180 and you

01:35:52.860 do that

01:35:53.240 with

01:35:53.580 sensationalism

01:35:56.880 and you

01:35:57.840 see an

01:35:58.120 analog

01:35:58.400 of that

01:35:59.000 this is

01:35:59.620 a very

01:35:59.860 bad

01:36:00.140 thing

01:36:00.440 you probably

01:36:01.400 don't know

01:36:01.800 this

01:36:02.000 but the

01:36:02.300 rate of

01:36:02.600 violent crime

01:36:03.160 in the

01:36:03.320 United

01:36:03.480 States

01:36:03.800 has fallen

01:36:04.240 by 50%

01:36:04.980 in the

01:36:05.260 last 30

01:36:05.700 years

01:36:06.100 50%

01:36:07.700 they're

01:36:08.420 shutting

01:36:08.740 jails

01:36:09.200 down

01:36:09.480 in New

01:36:09.800 York

01:36:09.980 City

01:36:10.220 because

01:36:10.420 they

01:36:10.540 just

01:36:10.720 don't

01:36:10.900 have

01:36:11.100 enough

01:36:11.300 people

01:36:11.560 to put

01:36:11.900 in

01:36:12.060 them

01:36:12.260 and so

01:36:13.240 it's

01:36:13.820 a real

01:36:14.040 catastrophe

01:36:14.660 you know

01:36:15.180 it's got

01:36:15.580 to get

01:36:15.820 that criminal

01:36:16.400 population

01:36:17.080 motivated

01:36:17.720 but

01:36:18.380 at the

01:36:19.820 same

01:36:20.100 time

01:36:20.560 so now

01:36:21.160 in the

01:36:21.400 United

01:36:21.600 States

01:36:22.140 well

01:36:22.540 first of

01:36:22.840 all

01:36:22.920 New York

01:36:26.880 in the

01:36:28.220 United

01:36:28.380 States

01:36:28.700 but

01:36:28.920 at the

01:36:31.040 same

01:36:31.300 time

01:36:31.720 and it's

01:36:32.560 safer

01:36:32.920 in the

01:36:33.300 US

01:36:33.540 on the

01:36:33.880 street

01:36:34.060 than it

01:36:34.340 has been

01:36:34.740 since

01:36:35.060 the early

01:36:35.780 60s

01:36:36.360 and that's

01:36:37.060 safer

01:36:37.280 than it

01:36:37.600 ever was

01:36:38.080 in the

01:36:38.320 entire

01:36:38.560 course

01:36:38.860 of human

01:36:39.180 history

01:36:39.580 so it's

01:36:40.320 like that's

01:36:40.720 as good

01:36:41.000 as it

01:36:41.280 gets

01:36:41.580 but what's

01:36:42.280 happened

01:36:42.560 is that

01:36:42.920 the reporting

01:36:43.700 of violent

01:36:44.140 crime

01:36:44.380 has gone

01:36:44.640 way up

01:36:45.100 over the

01:36:45.440 same

01:36:45.620 period

01:36:45.860 of time

01:36:46.200 so if

01:36:46.480 you ask

01:36:46.880 people

01:36:47.220 are the

01:36:47.960 streets

01:36:48.300 more

01:36:48.580 dangerous

01:36:49.060 than they

01:36:49.540 once

01:36:49.820 were

01:36:50.120 everyone

01:36:50.540 says

01:36:50.820 oh my

01:36:51.100 god

01:36:51.420 yes

01:36:51.760 it's

01:36:52.200 way

01:36:52.520 more

01:36:52.760 it's

01:36:53.040 like

01:36:53.220 no

01:36:53.760 it's

01:36:54.960 not

01:36:55.440 it's

01:36:55.980 way

01:36:56.780 safer

01:36:57.460 way

01:36:58.100 safer

01:36:58.660 but

01:36:59.280 but

01:37:00.260 that's

01:37:00.660 but

01:37:01.000 the

01:37:01.260 messaging

01:37:03.460 is not

01:37:04.000 an

01:37:04.240 unbiased

01:37:05.080 sample

01:37:05.740 of the

01:37:06.180 reality

01:37:06.660 and so

01:37:08.040 well

01:37:09.040 we don't

01:37:09.840 know what

01:37:10.060 to do

01:37:10.280 about that

01:37:10.720 because we

01:37:11.100 don't know

01:37:11.380 what to

01:37:11.620 do

01:37:11.740 about this

01:37:12.120 technological

01:37:12.660 revolution

01:37:13.340 you know

01:37:13.820 that's

01:37:14.140 democratized

01:37:15.700 news

01:37:16.460 production

01:37:16.940 and one

01:37:17.720 is destroying

01:37:18.340 these old

01:37:18.780 enterprises

01:37:19.200 in the

01:37:19.860 UK

01:37:20.260 it was

01:37:21.060 reported

01:37:21.420 two months

01:37:21.900 ago

01:37:22.120 or so

01:37:22.480 more

01:37:23.560 people

01:37:23.840 now

01:37:24.060 get

01:37:24.260 their

01:37:24.460 video

01:37:24.940 online

01:37:26.060 than

01:37:26.320 on

01:37:26.680 TV

01:37:27.560 that

01:37:28.600 flipped

01:37:29.140 about

01:37:29.420 two

01:37:29.620 months

01:37:29.820 ago

01:37:30.040 and

01:37:30.200 like

01:37:30.540 I

01:37:31.680 had

01:37:31.860 this

01:37:32.060 experience

01:37:32.500 a while

01:37:32.780 ago

01:37:32.960 I

01:37:33.120 was

01:37:33.240 on

01:37:33.380 a

01:37:33.500 major

01:37:33.760 TV

01:37:34.120 show

01:37:34.380 in the

01:37:34.580 United

01:37:34.740 States

01:37:35.200 and

01:37:36.300 it

01:37:37.240 was

01:37:37.400 about

01:37:37.660 a

01:37:37.840 product

01:37:38.180 that I

01:37:38.540 have

01:37:38.860 an

01:37:39.080 online

01:37:39.380 product

01:37:39.760 it's

01:37:40.020 a

01:37:40.200 personality

01:37:40.980 scale

01:37:41.480 called

01:37:41.740 understand

01:37:42.160 myself

01:37:42.500 and

01:37:42.840 I

01:37:43.360 had

01:37:43.500 my

01:37:43.620 whole

01:37:43.820 team

01:37:44.080 prepared

01:37:44.480 we

01:37:44.680 thought

01:37:44.900 man

01:37:45.480 we

01:37:46.220 better

01:37:46.400 get

01:37:46.580 our

01:37:46.720 servers

01:37:47.140 in

01:37:47.340 order

01:37:47.520 because

01:37:47.820 we're

01:37:48.040 going to

01:37:52.480 spike 0.93

01:37:53.220 and

01:37:53.500 hopefully

01:37:53.860 it

01:37:54.020 won't

01:37:54.180 crash

01:37:54.460 our

01:37:54.640 system

01:37:54.960 so

01:37:55.180 we

01:37:55.320 stress

01:37:55.600 tested

01:37:55.940 them

01:37:56.100 for

01:37:56.200 like

01:37:56.380 two

01:37:56.560 months

01:37:56.820 it

01:37:56.900 was

01:37:56.980 like

01:37:57.160 so

01:37:57.760 then

01:37:57.940 the

01:37:58.080 day

01:37:58.240 came

01:37:58.620 and

01:37:58.760 the

01:37:58.900 story

01:37:59.160 was

01:37:59.360 released

01:37:59.860 and

01:38:00.060 audience

01:38:00.580 hypothetically

01:38:01.240 in the

01:38:01.820 millions

01:38:02.220 and tens

01:38:02.720 of millions

01:38:03.100 around the

01:38:03.520 world

01:38:03.760 had

01:38:04.220 zero

01:38:04.700 effect

01:38:05.140 on

01:38:05.380 sales

01:38:05.780 zero

01:38:07.160 it

01:38:07.740 just

01:38:07.920 shocked

01:38:08.340 me

01:38:08.520 I

01:38:08.640 thought

01:38:08.800 oh

01:38:08.960 I

01:38:09.120 see

01:38:09.300 people

01:38:09.580 aren't

01:38:09.780 watching

01:38:10.100 TV

01:38:10.420 they

01:38:10.780 just

01:38:10.960 have

01:38:11.160 it

01:38:11.280 on

01:38:11.580 and

01:38:12.560 it's

01:38:12.660 all

01:38:12.760 people

01:38:13.020 over

01:38:13.280 55

01:38:13.740 it's

01:38:14.180 like

01:38:22.480 but

01:38:22.940 people

01:38:23.340 on

01:38:23.540 YouTube

01:38:23.820 they're

01:38:24.120 watching

01:38:24.580 it

01:38:24.880 it's

01:38:25.220 different

01:38:25.660 and

01:38:26.360 so

01:38:26.500 I

01:38:26.680 think

01:38:26.920 the

01:38:27.180 mainstream

01:38:28.040 TV

01:38:28.900 stations

01:38:29.380 when

01:38:29.700 I

01:38:29.820 walk

01:38:30.200 now

01:38:30.480 into

01:38:30.740 a

01:38:31.220 TV

01:38:31.480 station

01:38:32.020 it

01:38:32.520 feels

01:38:33.920 like

01:38:34.120 I'm

01:38:34.320 in

01:38:34.440 1975

01:38:35.160 it's

01:38:35.860 like

01:38:36.040 what's

01:38:36.880 this

01:38:37.240 this

01:38:37.720 is

01:38:37.800 like

01:38:38.020 back

01:38:39.280 to

01:38:39.460 the

01:38:39.600 future

01:38:39.960 you

01:38:40.240 know

01:38:40.440 so

01:38:41.320 I

01:38:41.900 think

01:38:42.060 that's

01:38:42.340 just

01:38:42.520 dead 0.97

01:38:42.960 and

01:38:43.800 podcasts

01:38:44.540 are

01:38:44.820 really

01:38:45.040 hard

01:38:45.280 on

01:38:45.440 radio

01:38:45.780 and

01:38:46.080 so

01:38:46.840 it's

01:38:47.640 desperation

01:38:48.360 that's

01:38:48.720 driving

01:38:49.080 attention

01:38:49.880 to the

01:38:50.240 polarizing

01:38:50.720 figures

01:38:51.220 and

01:38:52.180 that

01:38:53.180 makes

01:38:53.420 it

01:38:53.580 you

01:38:53.720 know

01:38:53.820 another

01:38:54.240 thing

01:38:54.500 that's

01:38:54.680 happened

01:38:54.900 in

01:38:55.020 the

01:38:55.120 US

01:38:55.480 like

01:38:56.380 surveys

01:38:57.260 have

01:38:57.440 been

01:38:57.600 conducted

01:38:58.020 over

01:38:58.460 the

01:38:58.560 last

01:38:58.780 few

01:38:58.980 years

01:38:59.280 you

01:38:59.520 ask

01:38:59.780 someone

01:39:00.060 how's

01:39:00.800 your

01:39:00.900 life

01:39:01.220 how's

01:39:01.880 thing

01:39:02.020 going

01:39:02.240 for

01:39:02.400 you

01:39:02.520 and

01:39:02.600 your

01:39:02.700 family

01:39:03.040 oh

01:39:03.480 better

01:39:03.780 than

01:39:04.040 they

01:39:04.280 have

01:39:04.500 been

01:39:04.680 for

01:39:04.860 a

01:39:04.980 long

01:39:05.160 time

01:39:05.520 well

01:39:06.220 how do

01:39:06.540 you

01:39:06.620 think

01:39:06.780 everyone

01:39:07.040 else

01:39:07.320 is

01:39:07.480 doing

01:39:07.720 oh

01:39:08.080 they're

01:39:08.680 doing

01:39:08.940 terribly

01:39:09.560 and

01:39:10.660 and

01:39:11.080 you

01:39:11.300 know

01:39:11.400 that's

01:39:11.680 also

01:39:11.960 not

01:39:12.260 good

01:39:12.520 because

01:39:12.840 actually

01:39:13.560 people

01:39:13.920 aren't

01:39:14.560 doing

01:39:14.880 terribly

01:39:15.440 we've

01:39:15.920 been

01:39:16.060 in

01:39:16.240 how many

01:39:16.640 cities

01:39:16.940 have

01:39:17.080 been

01:39:17.360 in

01:39:17.520 the

01:39:17.660 US

01:39:18.000 in

01:39:18.180 the

01:39:18.300 last

01:39:18.520 like

01:39:18.860 40

01:39:19.300 in

01:39:19.920 the

01:39:20.020 last

01:39:20.220 three

01:39:20.560 months

01:39:20.880 oh

01:39:21.580 that's

01:39:21.820 just

01:39:21.920 on

01:39:22.060 the

01:39:22.160 second

01:39:22.380 half

01:39:22.640 yeah

01:39:22.900 how are

01:39:24.220 the cities

01:39:24.580 looking

01:39:24.980 pretty good

01:39:26.200 pretty good

01:39:26.700 downtown

01:39:27.420 lots of

01:39:28.200 activity

01:39:28.620 some of

01:39:28.980 them are

01:39:29.180 rough

01:39:29.420 philly

01:39:29.740 philadelphia

01:39:30.340 is kind

01:39:30.680 of rough

01:39:31.020 but it's

01:39:31.640 been rough

01:39:32.000 for a

01:39:32.240 long

01:39:32.420 time

01:39:32.680 but

01:39:32.880 man

01:39:33.480 most

01:39:33.780 of the

01:39:34.040 cities

01:39:34.320 it's

01:39:34.580 like

01:39:34.780 they're

01:39:35.180 rebuilding

01:39:35.520 their

01:39:35.740 downtown

01:39:36.060 course

01:39:36.540 there's

01:39:36.820 construction

01:39:37.260 everywhere

01:39:37.720 it's

01:39:38.020 like

01:39:44.880 where

01:39:45.360 they tell

01:39:46.160 you

01:39:46.300 where

01:39:46.460 humans

01:39:46.820 poop

01:39:47.200 and

01:39:47.600 there's

01:39:47.780 an

01:39:47.880 app

01:39:48.060 for

01:39:48.200 that

01:39:48.340 well 1.00

01:39:48.780 stupidity 1.00

01:39:49.920 and 1.00

01:39:50.060 economic

01:39:50.480 failure

01:39:50.940 are not

01:39:51.220 the same

01:39:51.640 thing

01:39:52.040 so

01:39:52.860 yeah

01:39:54.300 all right

01:39:55.420 we only have

01:39:55.820 time for

01:39:56.160 one more

01:39:56.480 I think

01:39:56.780 I thought

01:39:57.120 this would

01:39:57.440 be sort

01:39:58.240 of a

01:39:59.300 fitting

01:39:59.680 and or

01:40:00.320 funny

01:40:00.640 one to

01:40:01.020 end on

01:40:01.520 here in

01:40:02.780 Cambridge

01:40:03.200 any news

01:40:05.080 about your

01:40:05.700 online

01:40:06.180 university

01:40:06.920 is it

01:40:08.120 going to

01:40:08.560 offer

01:40:08.860 a

01:40:09.140 recognized

01:40:09.540 degree

01:40:10.180 no

01:40:11.700 I won't

01:40:12.700 offer a

01:40:13.260 recognized

01:40:13.680 degree

01:40:14.100 because

01:40:14.460 that would

01:40:14.940 cost

01:40:15.460 like

01:40:16.060 20

01:40:16.380 million

01:40:16.640 dollars

01:40:17.000 and

01:40:17.220 take

01:40:17.500 30

01:40:17.860 years

01:40:18.200 and

01:40:18.400 then

01:40:18.560 I'd

01:40:18.780 be

01:40:18.900 dead 1.00

01:40:19.260 and

01:40:19.900 broke

01:40:20.320 and

01:40:21.220 that

01:40:21.640 I'm

01:40:22.020 not

01:40:22.200 interested

01:40:22.620 in

01:40:22.780 either

01:40:23.000 of

01:40:23.140 those

01:40:23.300 outcomes

01:40:23.780 and

01:40:24.980 I'm

01:40:25.160 certainly

01:40:25.460 not

01:40:25.820 interested

01:40:26.740 in

01:40:27.040 their

01:40:27.180 intersection

01:40:27.900 no

01:40:29.920 our

01:40:30.720 hope

01:40:31.560 is

01:40:31.780 that

01:40:32.040 we'll

01:40:32.680 provide

01:40:33.620 a

01:40:34.200 what

01:40:34.580 we're

01:40:34.720 trying

01:40:34.960 to

01:40:35.120 design

01:40:35.460 is

01:40:35.660 something

01:40:35.900 like

01:40:36.180 a

01:40:36.420 portal

01:40:36.880 imagine

01:40:37.880 that

01:40:38.040 it

01:40:38.140 was

01:40:38.260 sort

01:40:38.440 of

01:40:38.520 like

01:40:38.680 a

01:40:38.840 companion

01:40:39.340 that

01:40:39.920 might

01:40:40.260 be

01:40:40.380 a

01:40:40.500 way

01:40:40.620 of

01:40:40.760 thinking

01:40:41.000 about

01:40:41.300 it

01:40:41.460 thinking

01:40:44.460 that

01:40:44.700 track

01:40:45.700 the

01:40:45.940 way

01:40:46.120 that

01:40:46.320 you

01:40:46.500 use

01:40:46.900 YouTube

01:40:47.780 and

01:40:48.220 the

01:40:48.340 internet

01:40:48.640 so

01:40:49.680 that

01:40:49.840 you

01:40:50.020 could

01:40:50.220 get

01:40:50.640 credit

01:40:51.260 for

01:40:51.580 what

01:40:51.840 you

01:40:52.020 learned

01:40:52.600 and

01:40:53.380 that

01:40:53.540 you

01:40:53.660 could

01:40:53.820 set

01:40:54.140 it

01:40:54.360 could

01:40:54.500 help

01:40:54.720 you

01:40:54.880 set

01:40:55.080 up

01:40:55.240 learning

01:40:55.520 objectives

01:40:56.100 and

01:40:57.120 it

01:40:57.400 could

01:40:57.600 assess

01:40:58.380 your

01:40:58.660 knowledge

01:40:59.060 and

01:40:59.260 teach

01:40:59.600 you

01:40:59.740 to

01:40:59.880 read

01:41:00.160 and

01:41:00.360 teach

01:41:00.780 you

01:41:00.900 to

01:41:01.040 write

01:41:01.260 and

01:41:01.480 teach

01:41:01.700 you

01:41:01.800 to

01:41:01.940 think

01:41:02.260 and

01:41:02.920 that

01:41:03.060 that

01:41:03.240 would

01:41:03.360 be

01:41:03.520 personalized

01:41:03.960 to

01:41:04.400 you

01:41:04.620 and

01:41:05.040 that

01:41:05.200 would

01:41:05.560 accompany

01:41:06.200 your

01:41:06.520 use

01:41:06.880 of

01:41:07.060 online

01:41:07.520 technology

01:41:08.120 and

01:41:08.840 then

01:41:14.460 imagine

01:41:15.240 that

01:41:15.500 accreditation

01:41:16.280 was

01:41:16.540 of

01:41:16.680 sufficient

01:41:17.200 validity

01:41:17.800 so

01:41:18.400 that

01:41:18.500 it

01:41:18.620 actually

01:41:18.940 measured

01:41:19.400 your

01:41:19.620 skills

01:41:19.920 accurately

01:41:20.480 so

01:41:21.120 that

01:41:21.340 it

01:41:21.700 would

01:41:21.880 become

01:41:22.420 valid

01:41:24.120 accreditation

01:41:24.820 by

01:41:25.220 its

01:41:25.400 quality

01:41:25.920 that's

01:41:26.720 what

01:41:26.860 we're

01:41:27.160 aiming

01:41:27.640 at

01:41:27.940 and

01:41:28.700 so

01:41:28.980 it's

01:41:29.420 impossible

01:41:29.940 it

01:41:30.200 probably

01:41:30.460 won't

01:41:30.720 work

01:41:30.980 something

01:41:31.300 like

01:41:31.620 that's

01:41:31.960 going

01:41:32.100 to

01:41:32.220 be

01:41:32.340 built

01:41:32.580 eventually

01:41:32.980 because

01:41:33.260 like

01:41:33.760 the

01:41:33.880 way

01:41:34.060 that

01:41:34.200 we

01:41:34.360 interact

01:41:34.780 online

01:41:35.180 is

01:41:35.400 you

01:41:35.780 know

01:41:35.860 maybe

01:41:36.100 your

01:41:36.280 portal

01:41:36.600 is

01:41:36.880 Google

01:41:37.860 search

01:41:38.300 or

01:41:38.540 Reddit

01:41:39.140 or

01:41:39.320 whatever

01:41:39.560 or

01:41:39.920 YouTube

01:41:40.300 it's

01:41:40.940 like

01:41:41.160 the

01:41:41.840 user

01:41:42.240 interface

01:41:42.960 for

01:41:43.220 interfacing

01:41:43.960 with

01:41:44.200 the

01:41:44.380 content

01:41:44.760 is

01:41:45.180 it's

01:41:46.100 not

01:41:46.280 there

01:41:46.780 it

01:41:47.280 doesn't

01:41:47.460 make

01:41:47.640 any

01:41:47.860 sense

01:41:48.280 it's

01:41:48.540 like

01:41:48.760 there

01:41:49.200 should

01:41:49.360 be

01:41:49.500 something

01:41:49.740 more

01:41:49.980 programmatic

01:41:50.760 about

01:41:51.020 it

01:41:51.180 something

01:41:51.780 less

01:41:52.140 random

01:41:52.680 so

01:41:53.600 why

01:41:54.300 not

01:41:54.720 allow

01:41:56.500 people

01:41:56.940 to

01:41:57.160 assess

01:41:57.580 themselves

01:41:58.180 with

01:41:58.500 regards

01:41:58.960 to

01:41:59.220 what

01:41:59.480 knowledge

01:41:59.900 they've

01:42:00.240 accrued

01:42:00.760 and

01:42:01.220 to

01:42:01.440 have

01:42:01.680 a

01:42:01.980 continual

01:42:02.540 record

01:42:02.880 of

01:42:03.040 that

01:42:03.200 across

01:42:03.540 time

01:42:03.960 and

01:42:04.560 so

01:42:04.840 that's

01:42:05.900 the

01:42:06.360 vision

01:42:06.660 at

01:42:06.900 the

01:42:07.060 moment

01:42:07.400 and

01:42:07.700 you

01:42:08.200 know

01:42:08.400 perhaps

01:42:09.620 this

01:42:10.140 is

01:42:10.280 thinking

01:42:10.540 a long

01:42:10.940 ways

01:42:11.220 down

01:42:11.700 the

01:42:11.860 road

01:42:12.040 maybe

01:42:12.280 10

01:42:12.580 years

01:42:12.880 you

01:42:13.040 know

01:42:13.140 perhaps

01:42:13.500 that

01:42:13.740 could

01:42:13.900 be

01:42:14.060 something

01:42:14.400 allied

01:42:14.760 with

01:42:15.000 a

01:42:15.120 particularly

01:42:15.520 insightful

01:42:16.080 form

01:42:16.480 of

01:42:16.620 artificial

01:42:17.020 intelligence

01:42:17.620 that

01:42:17.920 was

01:42:18.080 personalized

01:42:18.520 to

01:42:18.880 you

01:42:19.060 that

01:42:19.480 would

01:42:19.640 know

01:42:20.000 what

01:42:20.320 you

01:42:20.540 knew

01:42:20.980 and

01:42:21.560 then

01:42:21.800 so

01:42:22.500 imagine

01:42:22.840 this

01:42:23.140 imagine

01:42:23.520 that

01:42:23.760 you

01:42:23.940 knew

01:42:24.260 you

01:42:24.620 know

01:42:24.720 20%

01:42:25.360 about

01:42:25.780 some

01:42:26.120 topic

01:42:26.560 and

01:42:27.640 that

01:42:27.820 the

01:42:28.660 system

01:42:29.420 could

01:42:29.680 figure

01:42:29.920 out

01:42:30.260 how

01:42:33.100 how

01:42:33.880 that

01:42:34.380 knowledge

01:42:34.900 compared

01:42:35.340 to

01:42:35.580 a

01:42:35.860 bunch

01:42:36.080 of

01:42:36.240 people

01:42:36.580 a

01:42:36.840 very

01:42:37.000 large

01:42:37.240 group

01:42:37.440 of

01:42:37.560 people

01:42:37.720 who

01:42:37.900 knew

01:42:38.060 25%

01:42:39.120 about

01:42:40.000 the

01:42:40.200 topic

01:42:40.500 and

01:42:41.100 that

01:42:41.300 the

01:42:42.200 system

01:42:42.520 knew

01:42:42.700 the

01:42:42.900 pathway

01:42:43.420 from

01:42:43.800 20%

01:42:44.480 to

01:42:44.660 25%

01:42:45.680 so

01:42:46.180 that

01:42:46.300 it

01:42:46.380 could

01:42:46.500 tell

01:42:46.700 you

01:42:46.860 look

01:42:47.120 here's

01:42:47.920 where

01:42:48.100 you

01:42:48.260 are

01:42:48.420 in

01:42:48.540 your

01:42:48.660 knowledge

01:42:48.960 about

01:42:49.260 x

01:42:49.520 topic

01:42:49.900 here's

01:42:50.620 two

01:42:50.800 things

01:42:51.100 you

01:42:51.240 could

01:42:51.380 watch

01:42:51.820 a

01:42:52.400 couple

01:42:52.560 of

01:42:52.680 questions

01:42:53.020 you

01:42:53.180 could

01:42:53.300 answer

01:42:53.660 man

01:42:53.980 you'd

01:42:54.160 be

01:42:54.260 up

01:42:54.420 to

01:42:54.540 22%

01:42:55.280 and

01:42:55.620 and

01:42:56.180 so

01:42:56.360 forth

01:42:56.700 and

01:42:56.840 I

01:42:57.180 can't

01:42:57.400 see

01:42:57.540 any

01:42:57.720 reason

01:42:57.980 why

01:42:58.160 that's

01:42:58.480 what

01:42:58.880 we're

01:42:59.040 aiming

01:42:59.220 at

01:42:59.420 we've

01:42:59.640 developed

01:43:00.000 a prototype

01:43:00.460 already

01:43:00.900 for

01:43:01.080 that

01:43:01.340 and

01:43:01.900 I

01:43:02.020 just

01:43:02.160 can't

01:43:02.400 see

01:43:02.540 any

01:43:02.740 reason

01:43:03.040 why

01:43:03.260 that

01:43:03.500 would

01:43:03.740 I

01:43:04.840 think

01:43:05.000 people

01:43:05.200 would

01:43:05.320 find

01:43:05.520 that

01:43:05.660 attractive

01:43:06.180 and

01:43:06.400 imagine

01:43:07.000 as well

01:43:07.420 that

01:43:07.660 you know

01:43:08.380 maybe

01:43:08.640 you

01:43:08.820 developed

01:43:09.160 a certain

01:43:09.480 amount

01:43:09.660 of

01:43:09.780 knowledge

01:43:10.040 about

01:43:10.240 a

01:43:10.360 political

01:43:10.620 issue

01:43:10.920 or

01:43:11.060 historical

01:43:11.500 issue

01:43:12.180 and I

01:43:12.400 could

01:43:12.500 say

01:43:12.640 well

01:43:12.760 here's

01:43:13.000 100

01:43:13.240 people

01:43:13.580 who

01:43:13.720 have

01:43:13.840 about

01:43:14.060 the

01:43:14.200 same

01:43:14.380 knowledge

01:43:14.760 that

01:43:15.280 you

01:43:15.440 do

01:43:15.640 you

01:43:16.400 could

01:43:16.540 all

01:43:16.660 enter

01:43:16.880 into

01:43:17.080 a

01:43:17.200 little

01:43:17.340 contest

01:43:17.760 it's

01:43:18.140 like

01:43:18.360 which

01:43:18.860 of

01:43:18.980 you

01:43:19.100 can

01:43:19.340 maximize

01:43:20.260 your

01:43:20.620 knowledge

01:43:20.920 fastest

01:43:21.360 in the

01:43:22.240 next

01:43:22.440 month

01:43:22.820 then

01:43:23.440 you

01:43:23.540 could

01:43:23.640 track

01:43:23.940 that

01:43:24.320 you

01:43:24.640 have

01:43:24.760 a

01:43:24.880 peer

01:43:25.080 group

01:43:25.420 that

01:43:25.800 you

01:43:25.920 could

01:43:26.100 compete

01:43:26.540 with

01:43:26.820 because

01:43:27.080 that

01:43:27.440 sort

01:43:27.620 of

01:43:27.700 competition

01:43:28.160 is

01:43:28.380 kind

01:43:28.580 of

01:43:28.700 entertaining

01:43:29.140 and

01:43:29.420 so

01:43:30.000 we'd

01:43:30.200 like

01:43:30.340 to

01:43:30.460 introduce

01:43:31.600 a

01:43:31.840 competitive

01:43:32.160 element

01:43:32.600 into

01:43:32.940 it

01:43:33.120 and

01:43:33.260 we're

01:43:33.680 starting

01:43:33.860 to

01:43:33.980 figure

01:43:34.120 out

01:43:34.240 how

01:43:34.320 to

01:43:34.460 teach

01:43:34.640 people

01:43:34.900 to

01:43:35.060 write

01:43:35.320 online

01:43:35.800 so

01:43:36.040 one

01:43:36.240 of

01:43:36.360 our

01:43:36.480 ideas

01:43:36.820 is

01:43:37.080 imagine

01:43:37.900 that

01:43:38.120 you

01:43:38.560 take

01:43:38.720 a

01:43:38.820 bunch

01:43:38.940 of

01:43:39.060 paragraphs

01:43:39.420 that

01:43:39.760 were

01:43:39.860 written

01:43:40.100 by

01:43:49.340 could

01:43:49.460 write

01:43:49.780 and

01:43:50.320 high

01:43:50.500 quality

01:43:50.820 books

01:43:51.100 are

01:43:51.220 ones

01:43:51.440 that

01:43:51.580 are

01:43:51.680 cited

01:43:52.000 a

01:43:52.200 lot

01:43:52.420 let's

01:43:52.980 say

01:43:53.180 we

01:43:53.360 take

01:43:53.560 paragraphs

01:43:53.920 from

01:43:54.240 those

01:43:54.480 books

01:43:54.780 and

01:43:55.520 then

01:43:55.700 scramble 0.98

01:43:56.260 the

01:43:56.520 sentences

01:43:56.960 into

01:43:59.180 phrases

01:43:59.620 and

01:44:00.500 scramble 0.98

01:44:00.780 the

01:44:00.960 paragraphs

01:44:01.440 into

01:44:01.740 scrambled

01:44:02.500 paragraphs

01:44:03.200 and

01:44:03.860 then

01:44:04.000 have

01:44:04.220 you

01:44:04.400 set

01:44:04.760 them

01:44:04.920 right

01:44:05.220 it's

01:44:05.520 like

01:44:05.700 well

01:44:05.820 here's

01:44:06.020 a

01:44:06.100 scrambled

01:44:06.400 sentence

01:44:06.860 drag

01:44:07.500 and

01:44:07.660 drop

01:44:07.880 the

01:44:08.080 phrases

01:44:08.400 see

01:44:08.700 if

01:44:08.820 you

01:44:08.920 can

01:44:09.060 match

01:44:09.340 the

01:44:09.520 original

01:44:09.940 you

01:44:10.560 know

01:44:10.640 that's

01:44:10.880 a

01:44:10.940 good

01:44:11.060 way

01:44:11.220 of

01:44:11.340 scaffolding

01:44:12.120 writing

01:44:12.420 and

01:44:12.580 we

01:44:12.900 don't

01:44:13.020 know

01:44:13.140 how

01:44:13.260 to

01:44:13.400 teach

01:44:13.620 people

01:44:13.880 to

01:44:14.040 write

01:44:14.240 on

01:44:14.380 a

01:44:14.480 mass

01:44:14.720 scale

01:44:15.000 it's

01:44:15.200 really

01:44:15.400 expensive

01:44:15.960 because

01:44:16.260 usually

01:44:16.680 you

01:44:17.300 write

01:44:17.620 something

01:44:18.040 and

01:44:18.460 then

01:44:18.620 someone

01:44:18.860 has

01:44:19.080 to

01:44:19.240 grade

01:44:19.680 it

01:44:19.900 and

01:44:20.360 that's

01:44:20.600 just

01:44:20.840 unbelievably

01:44:21.760 time

01:44:22.220 consuming

01:44:22.700 and

01:44:22.960 painful

01:44:23.420 and

01:44:24.100 unbelievably

01:44:25.020 expensive

01:44:25.640 so

01:44:26.100 it

01:44:26.240 can't

01:44:26.580 scale

01:44:26.980 but

01:44:27.580 we've

01:44:27.840 got

01:44:27.980 about

01:44:28.160 ten

01:44:28.420 ideas

01:44:28.840 about

01:44:29.080 how

01:44:29.240 we

01:44:29.380 might

01:44:29.540 be

01:44:29.660 able

01:44:29.760 to

01:44:29.880 teach

01:44:30.080 people

01:44:30.380 to

01:44:30.620 write

01:44:31.440 more

01:44:32.020 effectively

01:44:32.520 and

01:44:32.840 that

01:44:33.240 should

01:44:33.380 help

01:44:33.580 them

01:44:33.740 think

01:44:34.000 more

01:44:34.380 effectively

01:44:34.840 and

01:44:35.140 so

01:44:35.800 and

01:44:36.780 I

01:44:36.880 have

01:44:36.980 got

01:44:37.100 a

01:44:37.180 good

01:44:37.300 little

01:44:37.560 team

01:44:37.880 a

01:44:38.040 small

01:44:38.300 team

01:44:38.560 working

01:44:38.880 on

01:44:39.080 this

01:44:39.320 and

01:44:39.460 we

01:44:39.860 we're

01:44:40.080 not

01:44:40.220 over

01:44:40.600 capitalized

01:44:41.380 I'm

01:44:41.640 funding

01:44:41.960 this

01:44:42.260 mostly

01:44:42.880 as a

01:44:43.320 consequence

01:44:43.740 of

01:44:43.960 Patreon

01:44:44.320 donations

01:44:44.820 so

01:44:45.340 I

01:44:45.460 put

01:44:45.620 a

01:44:45.800 fair

01:44:46.200 chunk

01:44:46.560 of

01:44:46.680 the

01:44:46.780 Patreon

01:44:47.040 donations

01:44:47.500 aside

01:44:47.880 for

01:44:48.060 this

01:44:48.300 we

01:44:49.020 are

01:44:49.120 not

01:44:49.340 raising

01:44:49.680 money

01:44:49.980 because

01:44:50.340 one

01:44:50.760 of

01:44:50.860 the

01:44:50.960 things

01:44:51.180 I've

01:44:51.420 learned

01:44:51.660 when

01:44:52.060 you

01:44:52.180 develop

01:44:52.500 a

01:44:52.640 new

01:44:52.760 project

01:44:53.120 is

01:44:53.400 that

01:44:53.580 if

01:44:53.960 you

01:44:54.060 raise

01:44:54.260 too

01:44:54.420 much

01:44:54.620 money

01:44:54.880 then

01:44:55.140 what

01:44:55.420 you

01:44:55.560 have

01:44:55.800 is

01:44:55.940 the

01:44:56.060 problem

01:44:56.380 of

01:44:56.540 what

01:44:56.680 to

01:44:56.820 do

01:44:56.920 with

01:44:57.080 all

01:44:57.240 that

01:44:57.440 money

01:44:57.780 which

01:44:58.260 is

01:44:58.400 not

01:44:58.660 the

01:44:58.880 same

01:44:59.100 problem

01:44:59.500 as

01:44:59.920 whatever

01:45:00.280 the

01:45:00.540 problem

01:45:00.860 is

01:45:01.080 that

01:45:01.240 you're

01:45:01.380 trying

01:45:01.600 to

01:45:01.720 work

01:45:01.980 on

01:45:02.220 and

01:45:02.600 so

01:45:02.740 we

01:45:02.860 just

01:45:03.040 want

01:45:03.220 to

01:45:03.320 work

01:45:03.520 on

01:45:03.680 the

01:45:03.800 problem

01:45:04.260 and

01:45:04.680 we'll

01:45:04.860 scale

01:45:05.260 incrementally

01:45:06.080 if

01:45:06.260 necessary

01:45:06.860 but

01:45:07.720 that's

01:45:09.080 the

01:45:09.200 plan

01:45:09.560 and

01:45:10.180 we've

01:45:10.740 made

01:45:11.020 arrangements

01:45:11.440 with

01:45:11.780 a

01:45:11.920 couple

01:45:12.140 of

01:45:12.300 consortia

01:45:12.920 of

01:45:13.120 private

01:45:13.640 schools

01:45:14.060 in

01:45:14.260 the

01:45:14.340 United

01:45:14.540 States

01:45:14.880 who

01:45:15.020 are

01:45:15.120 willing

01:45:15.400 to

01:45:15.900 allow

01:45:16.140 us

01:45:16.320 to

01:45:16.480 test

01:45:25.800 because

01:45:26.040 like

01:45:26.320 what

01:45:26.480 the 0.99

01:45:26.620 hell 0.58

01:45:26.740 do 0.79

01:45:26.880 you

01:45:27.000 know

01:45:27.240 even

01:45:27.840 if

01:45:28.020 it's

01:45:28.180 a

01:45:28.280 good

01:45:28.400 product

01:45:28.780 that

01:45:28.980 doesn't

01:45:29.200 mean

01:45:29.320 people

01:45:29.580 will

01:45:29.780 buy

01:45:30.080 it

01:45:30.300 what

01:45:30.860 you

01:45:30.960 do

01:45:31.120 is

01:45:31.240 develop

01:45:31.640 a

01:45:31.800 little

01:45:32.000 bit

01:45:32.220 and

01:45:32.340 then

01:45:32.520 survey

01:45:33.160 a bunch

01:45:33.540 of

01:45:33.660 people

01:45:34.000 and

01:45:34.400 carefully

01:45:34.840 and

01:45:35.280 see

01:45:35.580 if

01:45:35.760 they

01:45:35.940 would

01:45:36.120 actually

01:45:36.560 buy

01:45:36.940 it

01:45:37.180 like

01:45:37.520 they

01:45:37.640 might

01:45:37.840 say

01:45:38.040 they

01:45:38.200 like

01:45:38.560 it

01:45:38.680 they

01:45:38.820 might

01:45:39.020 think

01:45:39.260 that

01:45:39.580 it's

01:45:39.760 cool

01:45:40.120 they

01:45:40.600 might

01:45:40.760 think

01:45:40.940 it's

01:45:41.080 a

01:45:41.140 good

01:45:41.280 idea

01:45:41.620 all

01:45:42.020 that's

01:45:42.300 completely

01:45:42.620 irrelevant

01:45:43.060 the

01:45:43.700 only

01:45:43.980 thing

01:45:55.800 that

01:45:56.260 we

01:45:57.520 can

01:45:57.680 produce

01:45:58.020 a

01:45:58.200 universal

01:45:58.660 online

01:45:59.140 education

01:45:59.720 system

01:46:00.240 that

01:46:01.340 will

01:46:01.760 cover

01:46:02.180 the

01:46:04.060 knowledge

01:46:04.400 domains

01:46:04.860 as

01:46:05.240 such

01:46:05.540 we've

01:46:05.760 already

01:46:05.980 mapped

01:46:06.280 them

01:46:06.460 out

01:46:06.660 from

01:46:06.880 Wikipedia

01:46:07.440 my

01:46:07.820 smart

01:46:08.180 kids

01:46:09.680 the

01:46:09.900 guys

01:46:10.240 that

01:46:10.340 are

01:46:10.420 working

01:46:10.640 on

01:46:10.820 this

01:46:11.020 one

01:46:12.020 of

01:46:12.100 the

01:46:12.180 problems

01:46:12.400 we're

01:46:12.560 trying

01:46:12.760 to

01:46:12.880 solve

01:46:13.100 is

01:46:13.280 well

01:46:13.480 how

01:46:14.580 do

01:46:14.680 you

01:46:14.780 conceptualize

01:46:15.400 knowledge

01:46:15.740 domains

01:46:16.180 what

01:46:17.220 are

01:46:17.340 the

01:46:17.480 knowledge

01:46:17.780 domains

01:46:18.220 it's

01:46:18.900 like

01:46:19.040 well

01:46:19.160 the

01:46:19.300 universities

01:46:19.700 have

01:46:19.980 disciplines

01:46:20.500 well

01:46:20.740 are

01:46:20.880 those

01:46:21.060 the

01:46:21.220 right

01:46:21.400 boundaries

01:46:21.820 are

01:46:22.020 those

01:46:22.200 the

01:46:22.340 right

01:46:22.540 categories

01:46:23.100 I

01:46:23.740 mean

01:46:23.820 who

01:46:23.960 knows

01:46:24.280 right

01:46:24.500 they're

01:46:24.660 just

01:46:24.800 kind

01:46:25.000 of

01:46:25.060 arbitrary

01:46:25.500 well

01:46:26.420 one

01:46:26.700 of

01:46:26.780 them

01:46:26.900 found

01:46:27.180 a

01:46:27.780 site

01:46:28.800 that

01:46:28.980 mapped

01:46:29.340 the

01:46:29.640 knowledge

01:46:29.980 structure

01:46:30.320 of

01:46:30.460 Wikipedia

01:46:30.880 it's

01:46:31.620 like

01:46:31.780 and we

01:46:32.040 so that

01:46:32.600 was

01:46:32.720 one

01:46:32.960 week's

01:46:33.320 work

01:46:33.540 he's

01:46:33.740 very

01:46:33.960 smart

01:46:34.280 this

01:46:34.520 kid

01:46:34.760 well

01:46:35.440 here

01:46:35.660 here's

01:46:36.100 the

01:46:36.200 knowledge

01:46:36.440 structure

01:46:36.800 of

01:46:36.920 Wikipedia

01:46:37.320 that's

01:46:38.200 good

01:46:38.360 it's

01:46:38.500 like

01:46:38.680 English

01:46:38.920 common

01:46:39.240 law

01:46:39.600 because

01:46:40.140 Wikipedia

01:46:40.580 emerged

01:46:41.020 organically

01:46:41.700 right

01:46:42.040 it

01:46:42.860 evolved

01:46:43.920 and so

01:46:44.820 if you

01:46:45.120 track

01:46:45.740 the

01:46:46.340 structure

01:46:46.700 of

01:46:46.860 Wikipedia

01:46:47.220 you

01:46:47.600 might

01:46:47.780 think

01:46:52.540 of

01:46:52.780 knowledge

01:46:53.220 laid

01:46:53.500 out

01:46:53.720 and

01:46:53.860 we

01:46:53.960 can

01:46:54.100 map

01:46:54.300 the

01:46:54.440 interrelationships

01:46:55.280 and

01:46:55.480 we've

01:46:56.080 got

01:46:56.220 people

01:46:56.520 who

01:46:56.660 are

01:46:56.760 working

01:46:57.060 on it

01:46:57.380 that

01:46:57.760 are

01:46:57.860 pretty

01:46:58.020 good

01:46:58.260 at

01:46:58.580 statistics

01:46:59.120 and

01:46:59.360 measurement

01:46:59.700 and so

01:47:00.200 we

01:47:00.820 hope

01:47:01.060 instead

01:47:01.700 of

01:47:01.880 offering

01:47:02.180 university

01:47:02.660 degrees

01:47:03.100 we're

01:47:03.300 going

01:47:03.440 to

01:47:03.580 try

01:47:03.740 to

01:47:03.940 offer

01:47:04.340 a

01:47:04.620 valid

01:47:05.220 form

01:47:05.720 of

01:47:05.880 accreditation

01:47:06.700 instead

01:47:07.500 so that's

01:47:08.960 the plan

01:47:09.500 it'll

01:47:10.360 probably

01:47:10.660 fail

01:47:11.080 but

01:47:11.280 it's

01:47:11.720 well

01:47:12.320 it's

01:47:12.600 so 0.52

01:47:12.840 ridiculously

01:47:13.800 difficult

01:47:14.660 and unlikely

01:47:15.320 that the

01:47:15.760 probability

01:47:16.240 that it

01:47:16.540 will succeed

01:47:17.000 is very

01:47:17.420 low

01:47:17.680 but

01:47:17.920 it's

01:47:18.880 it's

01:47:19.160 a

01:47:19.280 worthwhile

01:47:19.600 it's

01:47:20.120 very

01:47:20.320 challenging

01:47:20.700 thing

01:47:21.000 to

01:47:21.160 do

01:47:21.420 and

01:47:21.820 so

01:47:21.920 that's

01:47:22.280 something

01:47:22.700 you know

01:47:23.120 and

01:47:23.720 the

01:47:23.980 people

01:47:24.280 that

01:47:24.460 I'm

01:47:24.620 training

01:47:24.920 will

01:47:25.140 learn

01:47:25.340 a

01:47:25.500 tremendous

01:47:26.080 amount

01:47:26.460 doing

01:47:26.780 it

01:47:26.960 and

01:47:27.060 so

01:47:27.180 even

01:47:27.380 if

01:47:27.540 it

01:47:27.700 fails

01:47:28.000 they'll

01:47:28.240 go

01:47:28.360 do

01:47:28.520 something

01:47:28.800 else

01:47:29.060 that's

01:47:29.320 successful

01:47:29.820 and

01:47:30.560 it's

01:47:31.220 a

01:47:31.320 very

01:47:31.480 interesting

01:47:31.880 problem

01:47:32.240 to

01:47:32.380 try

01:47:32.540 to

01:47:32.700 solve

01:47:33.020 so

01:47:33.300 well

01:47:34.220 so

01:47:34.660 that's

01:47:34.880 what

01:47:35.000 we're

01:47:35.140 doing

01:47:35.340 with

01:47:35.540 the

01:47:35.680 online

01:47:35.920 education

01:47:36.440 system

01:47:36.940 so

01:47:37.700 well

01:47:38.860 on

01:47:39.120 that

01:47:39.340 note

01:47:39.620 he

01:47:39.880 clearly

01:47:40.200 has

01:47:40.460 a

01:47:40.580 lot

01:47:40.700 of

01:47:40.800 work

01:47:41.040 to

01:47:41.220 do

01:47:41.480 so

01:47:41.900 I

01:47:42.440 I'm

01:47:43.480 going

01:47:43.580 to

01:47:43.640 get

01:47:43.780 out

01:47:43.940 of

01:47:44.000 the

01:47:44.080 way

01:47:44.320 make

01:47:44.740 some

01:47:44.880 noise

01:47:45.080 for

01:47:45.200 Dr.

01:47:45.500 Jordan

01:47:45.680 Peterson

01:47:45.980 everybody

01:47:46.400 thank you

01:47:46.920 guys

01:47:47.140 very much

01:47:47.780 if you

01:47:55.340 found this

01:47:55.720 conversation

01:47:56.220 meaningful

01:47:56.740 you might

01:47:57.320 think about

01:47:57.740 picking up

01:47:58.180 dad's

01:47:58.500 books

01:47:58.840 maps

01:47:59.440 of

01:47:59.600 meaning

01:47:59.880 the

01:48:00.080 architecture

01:48:00.520 of

01:48:00.740 belief

01:48:01.080 or

01:48:01.460 his

01:48:01.600 newer

01:48:01.780 bestseller

01:48:02.340 12

01:48:02.680 rules

01:48:02.960 for

01:48:03.140 life

01:48:03.420 an

01:48:03.560 antidote

01:48:03.940 to

01:48:04.080 chaos

01:48:04.540 both

01:48:05.000 of

01:48:05.120 these

01:48:05.260 works

01:48:05.560 delve

01:48:05.840 much

01:48:06.080 deeper

01:48:06.420 into

01:48:06.600 the

01:48:06.740 topics

01:48:07.080 covered

01:48:07.400 in

01:48:07.560 the

01:48:07.680 Jordan

01:48:07.900 B

01:48:08.100 Peterson

01:48:08.380 podcast

01:48:08.860 see

01:48:09.580 jordanbpeterson.com

01:48:10.980 for audio

01:48:11.640 ebook

01:48:12.100 and text

01:48:12.580 links

01:48:12.900 or pick

01:48:13.400 up the

01:48:13.640 books

01:48:13.860 at your

01:48:14.060 favorite

01:48:14.300 bookseller

01:48:14.820 I really

01:48:15.400 hope you

01:48:15.740 enjoyed

01:48:16.020 this

01:48:16.200 podcast

01:48:16.540 if you

01:48:17.280 did

01:48:17.540 please

01:48:17.900 leave a

01:48:18.200 rating

01:48:18.420 at

01:48:18.560 apple

01:48:18.780 podcasts

01:48:19.340 a comment

01:48:19.940 a review

01:48:20.460 or share

01:48:21.280 this episode

01:48:21.800 with a

01:48:22.100 friend

01:48:22.360 thanks for

01:48:23.080 tuning in

01:48:23.620 and talk

01:48:24.020 to you

01:48:24.220 next week

01:48:24.720 follow me

01:48:25.480 on my

01:48:25.880 youtube

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01:48:26.840 jordanbpeterson

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01:48:37.340 details on this

01:48:38.760 show

01:48:39.180 access to my

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01:48:42.960 and other events

01:48:43.780 and my list of

01:48:44.780 recommended books

01:48:45.800 can be found on

01:48:46.820 my website

01:48:47.540 jordanbpeterson.com

01:48:49.660 my online writing

01:48:51.020 programs

01:48:51.700 designed to help

01:48:52.640 people straighten out

01:48:53.600 their pasts

01:48:54.560 understand themselves

01:48:55.720 in the present

01:48:56.440 and develop a

01:48:57.380 sophisticated vision

01:48:58.420 and strategy

01:48:59.060 for the future

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The Jordan B. Peterson Podcast - November 03, 2019

Set Your House in Order

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