The Jordan B. Peterson Podcast - September 07, 2017


The Great Sacrifice: Abraham and Isaac


Episode Stats

Length

2 hours and 38 minutes

Words per Minute

158.12167

Word Count

25,010

Sentence Count

1,509

Misogynist Sentences

9

Hate Speech Sentences

26


Summary

In this episode, Dr. Jordan B. Peterson continues his series on Depression and Anxiety. In this lecture series, he discusses the complex story of Abraham and Isaac, and how they are the perfect examples of complex and complex stories. Dr. Peterson provides a roadmap towards healing, showing that while the journey isn t easy, it s absolutely possible to find your way forward. If you're suffering, please know you are not alone. There's hope, and there's a path to feeling better. Go to Daily Wire Plus now and start watching Dr. B.P. Peterson's new series, "Depression and Anxiety: A Guide to Feeling Better," where you'll learn how to find relief from the overwhelming feelings of anxiety, depression, and stress that may be holding you back from living your best life. Let this be the first step towards the brighter future you deserve. Thank you for listening and supporting this podcast. Please share it with a friend or become a supporter by clicking the link below. Thank you so we can keep sharing this podcast and spreading the word to others in need of a good dose of hope and encouragement. God bless you! Love Light and Blessings, Blessings. -Isaac and Sarah, Abraham, Isaac, Sarah, and Isaac. -Psalm 139:14-15, 2 Chronicles, 3 Chronicles 7:2-3, 3, 4, and 3, 2, 5, and 4, A Good and Goodness, and A Good Day, and a Good Life, and Good Fortune, and Let Me Know That You Have a Good Day and Good Counseling, etc., etc., we will be with you in the next episode, etc. -Let me know what you think of Abraham, Sarah and Isaac? -Amen and Good News, and let me know that you'll see you're in the midst of all of the good things, and I'll see what you can do to help you know you're going to do that? - And I'll let you know so that you can help you do it! - Thank you, God Bless You, Lord bless you, Lord Bless you, Bless You! -- Blessings & Bless You Blessings and Bless Me, Good Bless Me! Thank You, Bless Me Blessings! Blessings - - Eternally, Sarah, - Sarah, Sarah & Isaac, Ephraim, Lord, Lord Jesus Christ, Amen, etc..


Transcript

00:00:00.880 Hey everyone, real quick before you skip, I want to talk to you about something serious and important.
00:00:06.480 Dr. Jordan Peterson has created a new series that could be a lifeline for those battling depression and anxiety.
00:00:12.740 We know how isolating and overwhelming these conditions can be, and we wanted to take a moment to reach out to those listening who may be struggling.
00:00:20.100 With decades of experience helping patients, Dr. Peterson offers a unique understanding of why you might be feeling this way in his new series.
00:00:27.420 He provides a roadmap towards healing, showing that while the journey isn't easy, it's absolutely possible to find your way forward.
00:00:35.340 If you're suffering, please know you are not alone. There's hope, and there's a path to feeling better.
00:00:41.800 Go to Daily Wire Plus now and start watching Dr. Jordan B. Peterson on depression and anxiety.
00:00:47.460 Let this be the first step towards the brighter future you deserve.
00:00:51.040 Thank you.
00:01:21.040 Thank you.
00:01:48.560 Thank you.
00:01:50.480 So I've been thinking about things that I'm happy about, and what I'm most happy about so far is that I haven't spilled my bubbly water into my computer so far while I've been doing these lectures.
00:02:01.940 That's always. I'll probably do it tonight now that I'm bragging about having avoided it.
00:02:05.580 So thank you all for coming.
00:02:08.180 This is the last lecture in this 12-part series.
00:02:11.420 I did mention that I have made arrangements with the theatre at least to do this once a month for the next four months, and we'll see.
00:02:18.280 We'll play it by year past then.
00:02:19.560 I want to continue, and I'll find another venue, and perhaps to do it every two weeks, but certainly once a month, and maybe I can even get deeper into the material if it's only once a month.
00:02:28.200 So that would be...
00:02:29.360 Then we'll really slow down to a snail's crawl.
00:02:31.680 So this is a tough one tonight.
00:02:35.600 You know, it's something, a story that everyone with any sense should approach with a substantial degree of trepidation.
00:02:41.180 I've been working on my book this week on Chapter 7, which is called, Do What is Meaningful, Not What's Expedient.
00:02:50.580 And it's really, it's been a very difficult chapter because I'm coming to, I'm trying to extend my understanding of sacrifice, which is, of course, what we're going to talk about tonight in great detail.
00:03:04.980 And I've been wrestling with exactly how to do that, and I'm going to read you some of that, I think, today.
00:03:10.160 I don't generally read when I do my lectures, but this is so complicated that I'm not confident of my ability to just spin it off, you know, sort of, what would you call it?
00:03:20.820 Spontaneously, that's the word.
00:03:23.500 And so, and it'll also give me a chance to test out whether what I've written, which I've been struggling with, has the kind of poetic flow that I'd like to have.
00:03:31.760 If you're writing, it's really good to read things aloud, you know, because you can tell if you've got the rhythmic cadence right then.
00:03:37.100 And so, so anyways, thank you all for coming.
00:03:41.060 Many of you have, I believe, attended all 12 lectures, and that's really remarkable.
00:03:45.800 It's amazing that, you know, this place has been full every single lecture.
00:03:50.140 It's completely unbelievable that would be the case.
00:03:52.360 And, you know, about more than 2 million views have, this has been watched more than 2 million views.
00:03:58.080 It's not 2 million people, because it would be the same people, I would suspect, many times.
00:04:02.240 But that's also crazy.
00:04:04.040 But it's a crazy world, and it seems to be getting crazier.
00:04:07.320 So, hopefully this is some addition to stabilizing it and making it slightly more sane.
00:04:13.780 That's the hope, anyways.
00:04:15.000 Anyways, so, we've got a couple of stories to deal with tonight.
00:04:20.440 Complex, complex stories.
00:04:23.280 Not really easy to comprehend in any sense of the word.
00:04:27.140 I mean, with the story of Isaac, God calls on his chosen individual, Abraham, the person he's made this contract with, to sacrifice his son.
00:04:37.240 And it's, how in the world are you supposed to make sensible, any sort of sensible sense out of that?
00:04:42.420 It's exactly that sort of story that makes modern people who are convinced that the faster we put the biblical stories behind us, the better.
00:04:50.580 It's grist for their mill, you know, because it seems like such an incomprehensible and even barbaric act on the part of God.
00:04:57.420 And so, you know, I hesitate to even approach it, because, well, because there's so many ways that an interpretation of that sort can go wrong.
00:05:07.780 But we'll see how it goes.
00:05:08.960 And so, let's walk through it and see what happens.
00:05:11.920 So, we're going to start with the story of Sarah and Isaac.
00:05:15.680 And the Lord visited Sarah as he had said.
00:05:18.380 You remember when Abraham was in the midst of his appropriate sacrificial routines, which we've characterized as his return to the contract he made with the idea of the good, the contract with God.
00:05:31.320 He was informed by God that he would get what he most wanted, which was an error, despite his advanced old age.
00:05:38.120 And, of course, Sarah was very skeptical about that, as she had every reason to be.
00:05:42.080 But this story opens with the fulfillment of God's promise to Abraham.
00:05:47.540 And the Lord visited Sarah as he had said.
00:05:49.940 And the Lord did unto Sarah as he had spoken.
00:05:52.880 For Sarah conceived and bore Abraham a son in his old age, at the set time of which God had spoken to him.
00:06:00.220 And Abraham called the name of his son that was born unto him, whom Sarah bare to him, Isaac.
00:06:06.220 And Abraham circumcised his son Isaac, being eight days old, as God commanded him, had commanded him.
00:06:12.180 And Abraham was a hundred years old when his son Isaac was born unto him.
00:06:15.760 And Sarah said, God hath made me laugh, so that all that hear will laugh with me.
00:06:25.180 And she said, Who would have said unto Abraham that Sarah should have given children suck?
00:06:29.540 For I have borne him a son in his old age.
00:06:32.020 And the child grew and was weaned.
00:06:33.420 And Abraham made a great feast the same day that Isaac was weaned.
00:06:36.980 I suppose one of the purposes, let's say, perhaps the literary purposes of this story, is to exaggerate for dramatic purposes the importance of a child.
00:06:51.100 You know, when people are young, and I think this is particularly true in the modern world,
00:06:57.720 they seem to often regard the possibility of having a child as an impediment to their lifestyle.
00:07:06.040 You know, and of course, in some ways, I suppose that's true.
00:07:10.280 Although you have to have quite a lifestyle before a child actually constitutes an impediment.
00:07:15.200 Because having a child in your life is actually something that's remarkable, almost beyond belief.
00:07:20.840 You know, you can have a relationship with a child that is better than any relationship you've ever had with anyone in your life.
00:07:26.480 If you're careful, and if you're fortunate.
00:07:30.020 Being fortunate helps.
00:07:32.600 You know, I've seen many people delay having children.
00:07:36.220 And for understandable reasons, it's no simple decision to have a child.
00:07:39.360 And of course, now we can make the decision to have a child.
00:07:41.800 Which, of course, people couldn't in past ages, really.
00:07:45.200 But sometimes you see people delay, and they delay too long, and then they don't get to have a child.
00:07:49.300 And then they're desperate, and you know, they spent a decade doing fertility treatments, or that sort of thing.
00:07:54.120 And immersing themselves in one disappointment after another.
00:07:56.920 And it's just at that point, you see exactly how catastrophic it is.
00:08:02.480 It can be, how catastrophic it can be, for people not to have one of the,
00:08:08.160 not to be able to undergo one of the great adventures of life, let's say.
00:08:11.980 And one of the things this story does by delaying the arrival of Isaac and delaying the arrival of Isaac continually is to exaggerate the important significance of the child.
00:08:24.900 Because it isn't until you're deprived of something, it's truly not until you're deprived of something that you have any sense of what its value is.
00:08:32.160 And Isaac was waiting, or Abraham was waiting a very long time, a hundred years is a very long time.
00:08:37.080 And the same with Sarah.
00:08:38.660 And so they're unbelievably excited.
00:08:40.440 And of course, this also heightens the drama that's inherent in the entire sacrificial story.
00:08:45.620 Because it's not only that, eventually, that Abraham is called upon to sacrifice Isaac,
00:08:50.460 which would be bad enough under any other, any circumstances whatsoever, self-evidently.
00:08:55.140 But the fact that he's been waiting a century for the arrival of this child desperately,
00:09:00.920 and made all the proper sacrifices, and lived in the appropriate manner to allow this to occur,
00:09:06.700 dramatically heightens the literary tension.
00:09:10.960 Now, you remember, Hagar, this is the next part of the story.
00:09:20.360 Hagar was Sarah's handmaid.
00:09:23.840 And when Sarah was unable to bear Abraham a child, she sent him Hagar.
00:09:29.720 And Hagar immediately got pregnant, and gave birth to Ishmael.
00:09:35.040 And the story picks up from that point here.
00:09:38.500 And this is quite interesting.
00:09:39.660 I mentioned the other week, when I was talking to you guys a couple of weeks in a row,
00:09:44.040 just how interesting it has been to scour the internet for the paintings that are associated with these stories.
00:09:49.720 There's just an amazing wealth of great paintings that illustrate every single bit of every single biblical story.
00:09:58.460 And it's really been enlightening to me to find out just exactly how poorly educated I am.
00:10:04.340 You know, like, I'm a, what would you say, I'm a great admirer of artistic talent and of artistic endeavor.
00:10:13.260 But there's so much I don't know about the history of art that it's just absolutely beyond belief.
00:10:17.760 And to see this treasure trove of images that I really had no idea that existed.
00:10:23.340 Of course, they're spread all over the world.
00:10:24.940 And it's only been in recent years that you could have access to them in this way.
00:10:29.360 Just, it's just a, it's a, it's a, it's a constant revelation of the depth to which these stories have absolutely permeated our culture.
00:10:38.160 And the loss that it would be if we didn't know them properly and, and take them with the degree of seriousness that they deserve.
00:10:45.500 So anyways, this is one of those great images.
00:10:49.080 And Sarah saw the son of Hagar the Egyptian, which she had borne unto Abraham, mocking.
00:10:55.880 Wherefore she said unto Abraham, cast out this bondswoman and her son.
00:10:59.800 For the son of this bondswoman shall not be heir with my son, even with Isaac.
00:11:04.280 And the thing was very grievous in Abraham's sight because of his son.
00:11:07.180 And there's been quite a bit of tension between Abraham, or between Sarah and Hagar, as you could imagine there might be.
00:11:13.680 Why wouldn't there be?
00:11:14.880 I mean, first of all, Hagar had the first child and, and that elevated her status.
00:11:18.860 And she was Sarah's maid, handmaid.
00:11:21.200 And so that's obviously going to be quite awkward.
00:11:23.120 And then she, she lorded it over Sarah because of the fact that she got pregnant so easily.
00:11:30.060 And now we see this situation where Ishmael is doing the same thing with regards to Isaac.
00:11:36.100 And that causes a substantial amount of trouble.
00:11:40.560 The family is a familial division occurring here.
00:11:44.180 God said unto Abraham,
00:11:45.300 Let it not be grievous in thy sight because of the lad and because of the bondwoman.
00:11:50.760 In all that Sarah hath said unto thee, hearken unto her voice.
00:11:53.780 For in Isaac shall thy seed be called.
00:11:56.900 And, but also of the son of the bondwoman, will I make a nation because he is thy seed.
00:12:01.760 That's, so that's it.
00:12:02.660 That's an interesting outcome too.
00:12:04.060 You know, we, we pointed out before, we discussed before the fact that because Abraham has made, has lived his life properly and has kept the contract with God.
00:12:13.860 There's every evidence in the story that no matter what the vicissitudes of Abraham's life.
00:12:19.520 You know, how the great serpent that he sits on in some sense weaves back and forth.
00:12:24.060 But there's always the promise that things will work out positively.
00:12:28.140 And, you know, you could read that as naive optimism.
00:12:30.680 But I think it has a lot more to do with the actual power of keeping the contractual agreement.
00:12:37.860 Because I really do believe, and I've spent a tremendous amount of time thinking about this over the last couple of weeks.
00:12:43.080 In addition to the decades before that is that, and, and, and all that's happened since I've been doing these biblical lectures is that my conviction in this has been strengthened.
00:12:51.500 Which is quite interesting is that if you, if you do what it is that you're called upon to do.
00:12:57.560 Which is to lift your eyes up above the mundane, daily, selfish, impulsive issues that might beset you.
00:13:05.500 And attempt to enter into a contractual relationship with that which you might hold in the highest regard.
00:13:11.300 Whatever that might be, to aim high and, and, and to, and to, and to make that important above all else in your life.
00:13:18.640 That that fortifies you against the vicissitudes of existence like nothing else can.
00:13:22.980 And I truly believe that that's the most practical advice that you can possibly, that you could possibly receive.
00:13:31.480 You know, I received, I was answering questions last night.
00:13:34.980 I did this Q&A which I do about once a month for, for the people who are supporting me on Patreon.
00:13:40.840 Which I also released on YouTube and somebody asked, you know, they were struggling with their religious faith and they asked what they could do about that.
00:13:48.440 And I'd also been thinking about the, the difference between Nietzsche and Dostoevsky, which I'll discuss in a minute.
00:13:55.420 And I was trying to answer this question with regards to religious faith because he, he, this person was shaky in his faith in life, let's say.
00:14:04.500 Which is a better way of thinking about it than, and it seems to me that the way that you fortify your faith in being and in life, in your own existence isn't to try to convince yourself of the existence of a transcendent power that you could believe in the same way that you believe in a set of empirical facts.
00:14:21.440 I don't, I don't think that's the right approach.
00:14:23.140 I think it's a weak approach actually.
00:14:26.000 I don't, I don't think that the cognitive technology, that, I don't think that's the right cognitive technology for that set of problems.
00:14:32.680 You know, that's more, a technology that you'd use if you were trying to solve a scientific problem.
00:14:38.020 It's more like, it's more something that needs to be embedded in action rather than in statable belief.
00:14:44.600 And the way that you fortify your faith in life is to assume the best, something like that, and then to act courageously in relationship to that.
00:14:53.360 And, and that's, that's tantamount to expressing your faith in the highest possible good.
00:14:58.260 It's tantamount to expressing your faith in God.
00:15:00.480 And it's not a matter of stating, well, I believe in the existence of a transcendent, that deity, because in some sense, who cares, who cares what you believe?
00:15:08.880 I mean, you might in all that, but, but that's not the issue.
00:15:12.020 That's not the issue. The issue, it seems to me, is how you act.
00:15:15.560 And I was thinking about this intensely when I was thinking about Nietzsche and Dostoevsky.
00:15:20.280 Because, of course, you know that Nietzsche was the philosopher who announced the death of God, right?
00:15:24.880 And who was a great, great critic of Christianity, a vicious critic of institutional Christianity, in the best sense, you know?
00:15:31.760 And he announced the death of God, and he said that we'd never find enough water to wash away the blood.
00:15:37.200 It wasn't a triumphant proclamation, even though it's often read that way.
00:15:40.640 And Nietzsche's conclusion from that, from the death of God, the fact that our ethical systems were going to collapse when the foundation was pulled out from underneath them,
00:15:50.920 he believed that human beings would have to find their own values, to create their own values.
00:15:55.340 And there's a problem with that, because it doesn't seem, this is something Carl Jung was very thorough in investigating,
00:16:01.360 it doesn't really look like people are capable of creating their own values.
00:16:04.900 Because you're not really capable of moulding yourself just any old way you want to be.
00:16:09.680 Like, you have a nature that you have to contend with.
00:16:12.480 And so, it isn't a matter of creating our own values, because we don't have that capacity.
00:16:17.380 It might be a matter of rediscovering those values, which is what Jung was attempting to do.
00:16:22.020 Now, and so I think Nietzsche was actually profoundly wrong in that recommendation.
00:16:28.880 I think he was psychologically wrong.
00:16:30.360 Now, you know, Dostoevsky wrote, in many ways, in parallel to Nietzsche, and was a great influence on Nietzsche.
00:16:37.780 Their lives parallel each other to a degree that's somewhat miraculous, in some sense.
00:16:41.800 It's quite uncanny.
00:16:43.840 Dostoevsky was obviously a literary figure, whereas Nietzsche was a philosopher, a literary philosopher, but still a philosopher.
00:16:50.880 And Dostoevsky wrestled with exactly the same problems that Nietzsche wrestled with.
00:16:56.760 But he did it in a different way.
00:16:58.740 He did it in a literary manner.
00:17:00.320 And he has this great book, The Brothers Karamazov.
00:17:03.680 And in that book, the hero of the book is really Alyosha, who's a monastic novitiate.
00:17:08.580 A very good guy, kind of, not an intellect, not an intellect, but a person of great character, you know.
00:17:15.460 But he has a brother, Ivan, who's his older brother, who's a great intellect, and a very handsome soldier, and a brave man.
00:17:21.240 And like, Dostoevsky's villains, Ivan isn't exactly a villain, but that's close enough.
00:17:26.240 Ivan, or Dostoevsky, makes his villains extraordinarily powerful.
00:17:29.420 So if Dostoevsky's trying to work out an argument, he clothes the argument in the flesh of one of his characters.
00:17:36.880 And if it's an argument he doesn't agree with, then he makes that character as strong as he possibly can.
00:17:41.960 As strong and as attractive and intelligent as he possibly can.
00:17:45.220 And then he lets him just have at her.
00:17:47.120 And so Ivan is constantly attacking Alyosha.
00:17:50.740 And from every direction, trying to knock him off his perch of faith, let's say.
00:17:55.140 And Alyosha can't address a single one of Ivan's criticisms.
00:18:00.540 And he doesn't have the intellect for it.
00:18:02.820 And Ivan has a devastating intellect.
00:18:05.400 It's devastating to him.
00:18:06.880 Himself, as well.
00:18:08.460 What happens in the brothers Karamazov, essentially, is that Alyosha continues to act out his commitment to the good, let's say.
00:18:15.940 And in that manner, he's triumphant.
00:18:17.880 It doesn't matter that he loses the arguments.
00:18:19.740 Because the arguments aren't exactly the point.
00:18:21.860 The arguments, in some sense, are a side issue.
00:18:24.240 Because the issue is, and this is the existential issue,
00:18:26.900 the issue is not what you believe as if it's a set of facts,
00:18:30.640 but how you conduct yourself in the world.
00:18:32.320 And so Dostoevsky, he grasped that.
00:18:34.860 And it's one of the things that makes him such an amazing, amazing literary figure, an amazing genius.
00:18:41.140 Because he was smart enough to formulate the arguments in a manner that no one else really could,
00:18:47.200 with the possible exception of Nietzsche.
00:18:48.740 And that's quite an exception.
00:18:49.740 And yet, he could still, using his dramatic embodiment,
00:18:53.800 he could still lay out solutions to the problems that he was describing that are extremely compelling.
00:18:59.720 Both Crime and Punishment, which is an amazing, thrilling, engrossing book.
00:19:06.900 And the brothers Karamazov, all of Dostoevsky's great books,
00:19:09.760 really circulate around those profound moral issues.
00:19:13.180 And so, I've learned a tremendous amount from reading him.
00:19:17.760 So, and God said unto Abraham,
00:19:20.360 Let it not be grievous in thy sight, because of the lad, and because of thy bondwoman,
00:19:23.660 and all that Sarah hath said unto thee.
00:19:25.240 Hearken unto her voice, for in Isaac's cell shall thy seed be called.
00:19:30.740 And also, of the son of the bondwoman will I make a nation, because he is thy seed.
00:19:35.220 Alright, so I commented that Abraham is being blessed in multiple directions,
00:19:39.400 even when things are going wrong.
00:19:40.880 And this is pretty bad, because his family, in some sense, is breaking up.
00:19:44.740 There's this emphasis in the text, that because he's kept this contractual relationship with God,
00:19:49.960 that he's in an ark.
00:19:51.820 We could say it that, we could put it that way.
00:19:53.700 And that he'll triumph through the vicissitudes of life,
00:19:58.120 which is the best you can hope for.
00:19:59.440 And it's quite interesting, again, one of the things that's so powerful about the Abrahamic stories,
00:20:03.440 is that it's not like Abraham, even though he's chosen by God,
00:20:06.380 it's not like he has an easy time of it.
00:20:07.840 He has a rough life.
00:20:08.620 I mean, it's a successful life and all that, but it's not without its troubles, that's for sure.
00:20:15.480 It's got every sort of trouble you could possibly imagine, pretty much.
00:20:18.460 And that's one of the things that makes the story so realistic, as far as I'm concerned.
00:20:22.100 And Abraham rose up early in the morning and took bread and a bottle of water,
00:20:27.480 and gave it unto Hagar, putting it on her shoulder, and the child, and sent her away.
00:20:33.500 And she departed and wandered in the wilderness of Yosheba.
00:20:37.440 And I found the, it's funny, I guess this had more of an emotional impact on me this week than it might have,
00:20:43.780 because my daughter just had a baby a week ago.
00:20:45.740 And so I've been thinking about this sort of thing, you know, and we're so happy that that's happened.
00:20:50.880 And I was trying to put myself in the, what would you say, the conceptual space of the people about who this story,
00:20:58.740 or people who these stories are about.
00:21:00.980 And trying to, you know, notice the catastrophe that this sort of breakup would actually constitute.
00:21:06.580 And, you know, and the visual images really helped with that, because they're, they're so carefully crafted.
00:21:12.140 And, and they hit the story from so many different directions, that, you know,
00:21:17.120 they add that, an additional layer of, of emotional meaning to it, which I found very, very significant.
00:21:23.060 And the water was spent in the bottle, and she cast the child under one of the shrubs.
00:21:27.900 And she's sent to wander in the desert, you know, so it's not just that she has to leave Abraham's household,
00:21:33.200 it's that where she goes is not really amenable to life.
00:21:37.400 And so it's, it's an extraordinarily dramatic and, and, and terrible tale.
00:21:43.420 And she went and sat her down over against him a good way off, as it were a bow shot.
00:21:49.220 For she said, let me not see the death of the child.
00:21:52.440 And she sat over against him and lift up her voice and wept.
00:21:57.680 And God heard the voice of the lad, and the angel of God called to Hagar out of heaven,
00:22:02.580 and said unto her, what aileth thee, Hagar?
00:22:06.720 Fear not, for God hath heard the voice of the lad where he is.
00:22:12.460 Arise, lift up the lad, and hold him in thine hand, for I will make him a great nation.
00:22:18.880 And God opened her eyes, and she saw a well of water, and she went and filled the bottle with water,
00:22:23.480 and gave the lad drink.
00:22:30.140 And God was with the lad, and he grew and dwelt in the wilderness, and became an archer.
00:22:34.840 And that's actually a relevant detail, too, the fact that he became an archer.
00:22:38.800 Because, I think I mentioned to you at one point, that the word sin is derived from a Greek word,
00:22:43.620 hamartia, even though it sounds nothing like that word.
00:22:45.560 And hamartia is actually an archery term, and it means to miss the bullseye.
00:22:53.440 And that's a lovely metaphor for sin, I think.
00:22:56.960 Because it's associated so tightly with the idea of goal direction and aim.
00:23:02.920 You know, because there's a metaphorical idea that's embedded in that image.
00:23:08.280 And that is that, you know, a human being is something that specifies a target,
00:23:12.600 which we do all the time with our eyes, by the way.
00:23:14.580 I mean, our eyes are target-specifying mechanisms.
00:23:17.460 You know, we have very precise, central focal vision.
00:23:20.560 And we use our focal vision to target the aim of our behavior.
00:23:24.100 And so, we are aiming creatures.
00:23:26.380 It's built right into our body.
00:23:29.260 We're built on a hunting platform.
00:23:31.020 We're aiming creatures.
00:23:32.120 And we do that cognitively, as well as behaviorally.
00:23:34.720 And so, as hunters, we take aim at things, and we take aim at moving targets.
00:23:38.740 And we're very good at bringing them down.
00:23:40.080 And we've been doing that for who knows how long.
00:23:42.680 Millions of years, really.
00:23:44.120 Even chimpanzees are carnivorous, by the way.
00:23:46.340 And we split from them about six million years ago.
00:23:48.420 So, we've been hunting and aiming for a very, very long period of time.
00:23:52.620 And we still have aims in our life, right?
00:23:54.820 And that's how we describe them.
00:23:55.920 What are you aiming at?
00:23:56.700 Or what are your aims?
00:23:57.520 What are your goals?
00:23:58.800 What's your target?
00:24:00.020 It's all based on that hunting metaphor.
00:24:02.660 And the fact that Ishmael becomes an archer means that he's someone who can take aim at the center of the bullseye and hit it precisely.
00:24:11.640 And so, that's an indication that he's a good man, right?
00:24:16.020 So, and I suppose also part of the, part of, it carries part of the narrative weight of the story.
00:24:23.320 Because, of course, he's Abraham's son.
00:24:24.800 And you'd expect Abraham's son to be someone who's very good at taking aim.
00:24:27.860 And he dwelt in the wilderness of Paran.
00:24:30.520 And he could live there and survive, which is no trivial thing.
00:24:33.860 And his mother took him a wife out of the land of Egypt.
00:24:38.020 Okay, so that's the story of Hagar.
00:24:39.800 And it's a fairly straightforward story.
00:24:41.320 It's complex emotionally, but it doesn't.
00:24:43.960 And it brings up the terrible theme of familial catastrophe and the complications of romantic and familial relationships and all of that.
00:24:53.400 But it really serves as a prodroma to the next story, which is the one that's so complex and so difficult to understand.
00:25:03.600 And it came to pass after these things that God did tempt Abraham, which is a funny thing for God to do, I suppose.
00:25:12.440 And said unto him, Abraham, and he said, behold, here I am.
00:25:17.500 And God said, take now thy son, thine only son Isaac, who thou lovest, and get thee into the land of Moriah.
00:25:28.480 And offer him there for a burnt offering upon one of the mountains, which I will tell thee of.
00:25:33.260 And Abraham rose up early in the morning and saddled his ass and took two of his young men with him and Isaac, his son,
00:25:46.560 and claved the wood for the burnt offering and rose up and went unto the place of which God had told him.
00:25:53.280 Then on the third day of journeying, Abraham lifted up his eyes and saw the place afar off.
00:25:57.720 And Abraham said unto his young men, abide ye here with the ass, and I and the lad will go yonder and worship, and come again to you.
00:26:11.140 It's really one of the first times that we've come across the word worship, if I remember correctly.
00:26:15.820 And it's a very difficult word to contend with, too.
00:26:19.100 You know, if you're like me, or if you're like me when I was a kid, because I haven't thought about this for a long time,
00:26:25.080 it was never really obvious to me why God would want to be worshipped.
00:26:28.500 You know, if you go to church and you offer up your praise and thanks to God,
00:26:32.480 and you think, well, really, does that make a lot of sense?
00:26:35.680 It's like, why in the world is that what he wants?
00:26:37.760 It's like, it's almost like you're kneeling down in front of an ancient Middle Eastern, you know, tyrannical emperor,
00:26:46.920 and vowing your submission.
00:26:49.420 And that never sat well with me, and I suppose it doesn't sit well with many people.
00:26:54.580 And I think that's because it's not the proper way of conceptualizing it.
00:26:58.700 What happens when you see what Abraham does continually,
00:27:01.740 and this seems to be implicit in the use of the word worship in this particular situation,
00:27:07.740 is that, you know, as we discussed, he has an adventure in his life that comes to an end.
00:27:12.860 So there's an episode in his life that comes to an end,
00:27:14.900 and then there's a period of, you might consider it, where he reconstitutes himself to some degree.
00:27:20.540 And that's when he makes his sacrifices.
00:27:23.160 And it seems to me that it's that reconstitution that constitutes the worship.
00:27:26.920 The worship is something like, you know, this is alluding back to my original proposition,
00:27:31.460 that it's how you act that's the issue.
00:27:33.480 And the worship is the decision to enact the good in whatever form it is that you can conceptualize it,
00:27:39.540 as well as trying to continually reconceptualize the good in a manner that makes the good that you're conceptualizing
00:27:45.420 even that much better, right?
00:27:46.840 Because when you start aiming, the probability that you're going to be aiming in the right direction is very low.
00:27:52.720 But hypothetically, as you aim, and as you practice, and as you learn,
00:27:56.960 the target is going to shift in front of your eyes,
00:28:00.140 and you're going to be able to follow it ever more clearly.
00:28:02.320 And so, and that seems to me,
00:28:04.200 and especially given the context that this word is used in this particular story,
00:28:08.520 is much more appropriate interpretation of what constitutes proper worship.
00:28:12.460 And I suppose it's akin to the later Christian idea that it's the imitation of Christ
00:28:17.500 that's the sacred duty of every Christian, of every Christian, and every human being, I suppose,
00:28:24.340 insofar as that's an archetypal idea.
00:28:26.840 And the idea is something like, well, it's the embodiment of the good that's the issue.
00:28:32.460 And it's not your stated belief in the good.
00:28:35.040 And, you know, when Nietzsche was criticizing Christianity,
00:28:37.840 this is actually one of the things that he brought up as a major issue.
00:28:40.860 He said that he believed Christianity had lost its way
00:28:43.380 because it had introduced a confusion between stated belief,
00:28:47.740 which is, say, your belief in the divinity of Christ,
00:28:49.840 whatever it means if you state that.
00:28:51.660 It isn't obvious what it means when you state that
00:28:54.320 because it isn't obvious what it would mean that you believe it
00:28:56.980 or even what it is that you're believing in.
00:28:59.620 As far as Nietzsche was concerned, in some sense,
00:29:01.440 not only was that beside the point,
00:29:02.900 it was dangerously beside the point
00:29:04.540 because it actually allowed the Christian believer
00:29:09.020 not to adopt the moral burden that was actually appropriate to the faith,
00:29:13.960 which was to, and this is, I'm using a kind of a Jungian concept here,
00:29:19.320 to manifest the archetype within the confines of your own life.
00:29:22.660 And that's to make the divine,
00:29:24.760 that your relationship with the divine,
00:29:26.420 your relationship with the transcendent and infinite,
00:29:28.800 into something that's actually realizable in the context of your own life,
00:29:33.000 which is to say, well, you know, you're supposed to,
00:29:35.660 you're supposed to, again, to act out the highest good of which you're capable.
00:29:39.280 Now, that'll transform your life to some degree into an archetypal adventure.
00:29:42.760 There's no way around that
00:29:43.860 because as you attempt to climb a higher mountain, let's say,
00:29:48.220 or to aim at a higher target or something like that,
00:29:50.380 then the things around you will become increasingly dramatic and of import.
00:29:55.300 That happens by necessity, obviously,
00:29:57.640 because if you're aiming at something difficult and profound,
00:30:01.120 and you're really working at it,
00:30:02.440 then your life is going to become perhaps increasingly difficult and profound.
00:30:06.460 But that might be okay.
00:30:07.600 That might be exactly what you need
00:30:09.200 as an antidote to the implicit limitations that face you as a human being.
00:30:15.120 And so...
00:30:16.520 And I and the lad will go yonder and worship and come again to you.
00:30:28.500 Now, there's an implication here, too,
00:30:30.540 that it's a foreshadowing that Abraham offering up his son
00:30:34.640 is actually a form of worship,
00:30:36.120 and that it's continuous with what he's already done.
00:30:39.060 And, well, now I'm going to read you some of the things that I've written,
00:30:42.980 and then I'll return to this,
00:30:44.280 and we'll see how that goes.
00:30:46.040 So...
00:30:47.520 Life is suffering.
00:30:52.800 That's clear.
00:30:54.620 There's no more basic irrefutable truth.
00:30:57.700 It's basically, as we've seen,
00:31:00.040 what God tells Adam and Eve
00:31:01.620 immediately before he kicks them out of paradise.
00:31:04.500 Quote,
00:31:34.500 This shall it bring forth to thee,
00:31:36.620 and thou shalt eat the herb of the field.
00:31:39.440 By the sweat of your brow you will eat your food
00:31:41.360 until you return to the ground,
00:31:42.680 since from it you were taken.
00:31:44.160 For dust you are,
00:31:45.040 and to dust you will return.
00:31:47.820 Rough.
00:31:49.320 You know, and we've associated that
00:31:50.940 with Adam and Eve's eyes opening
00:31:54.020 and them becoming self-conscious
00:31:56.080 and discovering the future
00:31:57.440 and becoming fully aware
00:31:59.060 and falling into history.
00:32:00.560 And it seems to me to be a very realistic existential portrayal
00:32:04.260 of the predicament of humankind.
00:32:06.280 What in the world should be done about that?
00:32:10.480 The simplest, most obvious, and most direct answer.
00:32:15.520 Pursue pleasure.
00:32:17.440 Follow your impulses.
00:32:18.760 Live for the moment.
00:32:19.920 Do what's expedient.
00:32:22.200 Lie, cheat, steal, deceive, manipulate.
00:32:24.780 But don't get caught
00:32:26.060 in an ultimately meaningless universe.
00:32:29.060 What possible difference could it make?
00:32:31.620 And this is by no means a new idea.
00:32:34.140 The fact of life's tragedy
00:32:35.260 and the suffering that is part of it
00:32:36.580 has been used to justify
00:32:37.800 the pursuit of immediate selfish gratification
00:32:40.640 for a very long time.
00:32:42.260 You know, even reading Jung,
00:32:45.960 he often writes as if before
00:32:47.700 the rise of the conflict
00:32:50.320 between religion and science
00:32:51.600 and which culminated, say,
00:32:53.100 in Nietzsche's pronouncement
00:32:54.020 about the death of God
00:32:54.960 that people lived
00:32:56.460 ensconced quite safely
00:32:58.540 within a religious conceptualization
00:33:00.260 that imbued their life with meaning
00:33:01.540 and that that was
00:33:02.260 and that was just the state of reality, you know.
00:33:04.740 But there's ancient writings
00:33:05.620 that makes it quite clear
00:33:06.640 that the crisis of faith
00:33:08.280 that characterized, say, modern people
00:33:09.840 were certainly far from unknown in the past.
00:33:12.480 And here's one of those writings.
00:33:14.680 This is from Wisdom 2,
00:33:17.180 the Revised Standard Version.
00:33:20.120 Short and sorrowful is our life.
00:33:23.460 And there is no remedy
00:33:24.760 when a man comes to his end
00:33:26.100 and no one has been known
00:33:28.400 to return from Hades.
00:33:30.160 Because we were born by mere chance
00:33:32.280 and hereafter we shall be
00:33:34.920 as though we had never been.
00:33:36.780 Because the breath in our nostrils
00:33:38.420 is smoke and reason,
00:33:39.840 reason is just a spark
00:33:41.260 kindled by the beating of our hearts.
00:33:43.940 When it is extinguished,
00:33:45.240 our body will turn to ashes
00:33:46.540 and our spirit will dissolve
00:33:48.280 like empty air.
00:33:51.140 Our name will be forgotten in time
00:33:53.800 and no one will remember our works.
00:33:55.660 Our life will pass away
00:33:56.920 like the traces of a cloud
00:33:58.660 and be scattered like mist
00:33:59.920 that is chased by the rays of the sun
00:34:01.760 and overcome by its heat.
00:34:03.500 For our allotted time
00:34:05.540 is but the passing of a shadow
00:34:07.780 and there is no return from our death
00:34:10.160 because it is sealed up
00:34:12.040 and no one turns back.
00:34:13.680 Come, therefore,
00:34:15.140 let us enjoy the good things that exist
00:34:18.160 and make use of the creation
00:34:19.580 to the full as in youth.
00:34:22.060 Let us take our fill of costly wines
00:34:24.420 and perfumes
00:34:25.340 and let no flower of spring pass us by.
00:34:29.040 Let us crown ourselves with rosebuds
00:34:31.400 before they wither.
00:34:32.820 Let none of us fail to share in our revelry.
00:34:36.360 Everywhere let us leave signs of enjoyment
00:34:38.220 because this is our portion
00:34:39.720 and this is our lot.
00:34:41.580 Let us oppress the righteous poor man.
00:34:44.320 Let us not spare the widow
00:34:46.100 nor regard the gray hairs of the aged
00:34:48.660 but let our might be our right
00:34:50.800 for what is weak proves itself to be useless.
00:34:56.360 It's an amazing piece of writing.
00:35:00.200 You know, it starts with an announcement
00:35:02.080 of the rationale for nihilism
00:35:03.520 and ends with a justification
00:35:05.300 for fascist tyranny.
00:35:07.460 You know, and it's thousands of years old.
00:35:09.880 It's a remarkable thing to see
00:35:11.940 and to be laid out so concisely.
00:35:16.000 The pleasure of expediency may be fleeting
00:35:18.020 but it's pleasure nonetheless.
00:35:20.380 And that's something to stack up
00:35:21.980 against the terror and pain of existence.
00:35:24.500 Every man for himself
00:35:25.760 and the devil take the hindmost
00:35:28.200 as the old proverb has it.
00:35:31.560 Why not simply take everything you can get
00:35:33.580 whenever the opportunity arises?
00:35:35.580 Why not determine to live in that manner?
00:35:39.700 What's the alternative?
00:35:41.740 And why should we bother with it?
00:35:44.100 Our ancestors worked out
00:35:45.440 very sophisticated answers
00:35:47.440 to such questions
00:35:48.360 but we still don't understand them very well.
00:35:50.620 This is because
00:35:51.300 they are in large part still implicit
00:35:53.740 manifest primarily in ritual and myth
00:35:56.240 and as of yet
00:35:57.820 incompletely articulated.
00:36:01.060 We act them out
00:36:02.080 and represent them in stories
00:36:03.260 but we're not wise enough yet
00:36:04.720 to formulate them explicitly.
00:36:07.760 We're still chimps in a troop
00:36:09.320 or wolves in a pack.
00:36:10.900 We know how to behave.
00:36:12.280 We know who's who and why.
00:36:14.000 We've learned that through experience.
00:36:17.100 Our knowledge has been shaped
00:36:18.800 by our interaction with others.
00:36:20.540 We've established predictable routines
00:36:22.380 and patterns of behavior
00:36:23.400 but we don't really understand them
00:36:25.060 or know where they originated.
00:36:28.920 They've evolved over great expanses of time.
00:36:31.980 No one was
00:36:32.860 formulating them explicitly
00:36:34.860 at least not in the dimmest reaches
00:36:37.020 of the past.
00:36:39.000 Even though we've been telling each other
00:36:40.700 how to act forever.
00:36:41.720 One day, however,
00:36:44.140 not so long ago
00:36:44.900 we woke up.
00:36:46.540 We were already doing
00:36:47.840 but we started noticing
00:36:49.700 what we were doing.
00:36:50.600 We started using our bodies
00:36:51.900 as devices
00:36:52.740 to represent their own actions.
00:36:55.440 We started imitating
00:36:56.720 and dramatizing.
00:36:58.280 We invented ritual.
00:36:59.680 We started acting out
00:37:00.760 our own experiences.
00:37:03.060 Then we started to tell stories.
00:37:04.300 We coded
00:37:06.200 our observations
00:37:07.680 of our own drama
00:37:09.140 in those stories.
00:37:11.580 In this manner
00:37:12.320 the information
00:37:13.220 that was first only
00:37:14.160 embedded in our behavior
00:37:15.240 became represented
00:37:16.180 in our stories.
00:37:17.620 But we didn't
00:37:18.320 and we still don't understand
00:37:19.600 what it all meant.
00:37:21.760 The biblical narrative
00:37:22.740 of paradise in the fall
00:37:23.940 is one such story
00:37:24.980 fabricated by our
00:37:26.440 collective imagination
00:37:27.460 working over the centuries.
00:37:31.060 It provides a profound account
00:37:32.800 of the nature of being
00:37:33.840 and points the way
00:37:35.040 to a mode of conceptualization
00:37:37.700 and action well matched
00:37:39.020 to that nature.
00:37:40.020 In the Garden of Eden
00:37:40.900 prior to the dawn
00:37:42.620 of self-consciousness
00:37:43.660 so goes the story.
00:37:45.160 Human beings
00:37:45.740 were sinless.
00:37:52.440 Our primordial parents
00:37:53.980 Adam and Eve
00:37:54.620 walked with God.
00:37:57.060 Then
00:37:57.520 tempted by the snake
00:37:59.800 the first couple
00:38:01.300 ate from the tree
00:38:02.160 of the knowledge
00:38:02.820 of good and evil
00:38:03.580 discovered death
00:38:04.820 and vulnerability
00:38:05.440 and turned away
00:38:06.340 from God.
00:38:07.820 Mankind was exiled
00:38:09.140 from paradise
00:38:10.720 and began
00:38:11.440 its effortful
00:38:12.640 mortal existence.
00:38:14.500 The idea of sacrifice
00:38:15.600 enters soon afterwards
00:38:16.900 beginning with the account
00:38:17.940 of Cain and Abel
00:38:18.700 and developing
00:38:19.320 as we've seen
00:38:20.380 through the Abrahamic stories.
00:38:23.560 After much contemplation
00:38:24.860 struggling humanity
00:38:25.800 learns that God's favor
00:38:27.560 could be gained
00:38:28.440 and his wrath
00:38:29.300 averted through
00:38:30.080 proper sacrifice
00:38:31.220 and also that
00:38:32.480 bloody murder
00:38:33.120 might be motivated
00:38:34.000 among those unwilling
00:38:35.060 or unable
00:38:35.640 to succeed
00:38:36.300 in this manner.
00:38:39.680 When engaging
00:38:40.680 in sacrifice
00:38:41.440 our forefathers
00:38:42.340 began to act out
00:38:43.400 what would be considered
00:38:44.300 a proposition
00:38:44.920 if it were stated
00:38:45.980 in words
00:38:46.560 that something better
00:38:48.800 might be attained
00:38:49.600 in the future
00:38:50.200 by giving up
00:38:50.960 something of value
00:38:51.880 in the present.
00:38:53.960 Recall if you will
00:38:54.880 that the necessity
00:38:55.560 for work
00:38:56.120 is one of the curses
00:38:57.020 placed by God
00:38:58.040 upon Adam
00:38:59.100 and his descendants
00:38:59.920 in consequence
00:39:01.420 of original sin.
00:39:02.460 Adam's waking
00:39:06.000 to the fundamental
00:39:07.000 constraints of his being
00:39:08.500 his vulnerability
00:39:09.620 his eventual death
00:39:11.640 that's equivalent
00:39:12.940 to the discovery
00:39:13.900 of the future
00:39:14.800 the future
00:39:16.740 that's where you go
00:39:18.920 to die
00:39:19.420 hopefully not too soon
00:39:22.080 your demise
00:39:23.600 might be staved off
00:39:24.700 through work
00:39:25.360 through the sacrifice
00:39:26.980 of the now
00:39:27.980 to benefit later
00:39:30.060 it is for this reason
00:39:32.460 among others
00:39:33.080 no doubt
00:39:33.560 that the concept
00:39:34.300 of sacrifice
00:39:34.920 is introduced
00:39:35.500 in the biblical chapter
00:39:36.640 immediately following
00:39:37.640 the drama
00:39:38.100 of the fall
00:39:38.740 there's little difference
00:39:40.160 between sacrifice
00:39:41.020 and work
00:39:41.680 they're also both
00:39:43.760 uniquely human
00:39:44.600 sometimes
00:39:46.860 animals act
00:39:47.840 as if they're working
00:39:48.620 but
00:39:48.860 they're really only
00:39:50.040 following the dictates
00:39:51.040 of their natures
00:39:51.820 beavers build dams
00:39:53.920 they do so
00:39:54.760 because they're beavers
00:39:55.700 and beavers build dams
00:39:57.160 they don't think
00:39:58.420 yeah
00:39:59.080 but I'd rather be
00:40:00.360 on a beach in Mexico
00:40:01.400 with my girlfriend
00:40:02.320 while they're doing it
00:40:03.760 prosaically
00:40:09.460 such sacrifice
00:40:10.680 work
00:40:11.560 is delay of gratification
00:40:14.180 but that's a very mundane phrase
00:40:16.100 to describe something
00:40:17.700 of soul-shattering significance
00:40:19.480 the discovery
00:40:20.680 that gratification
00:40:21.600 could be delayed
00:40:22.500 was simultaneously
00:40:23.460 the discovery
00:40:24.260 of time
00:40:25.060 and with it
00:40:26.100 causality
00:40:26.820 long ago
00:40:28.540 in the dim mists
00:40:29.480 of time
00:40:29.960 we began to realize
00:40:31.100 that reality
00:40:32.060 was structured
00:40:32.840 as if it could
00:40:33.740 be bargained with
00:40:34.600 we learned
00:40:36.100 that behaving properly
00:40:37.160 now
00:40:37.580 in the present
00:40:38.300 regulating our impulses
00:40:39.800 considering the plight
00:40:40.820 of others
00:40:41.240 could bring rewards
00:40:42.440 in the future
00:40:43.060 in a time and place
00:40:44.200 that did not yet exist
00:40:45.540 we began to inhibit
00:40:47.080 control
00:40:48.140 and organize
00:40:48.860 our immediate impulses
00:40:50.120 so that we could
00:40:51.380 stop interfering
00:40:52.160 with other people
00:40:52.920 and our future selves
00:40:54.440 doing so
00:40:56.360 was indistinguishable
00:40:57.480 from organizing society
00:40:59.640 the discovery
00:41:02.060 of the causal relationship
00:41:03.320 between our efforts
00:41:04.260 today
00:41:04.680 and the quality
00:41:05.680 of tomorrow
00:41:06.360 motivated the social contract
00:41:08.560 the organization
00:41:09.360 that enables
00:41:10.120 today's work
00:41:10.820 to be stored reliably
00:41:12.120 mostly
00:41:13.000 in the form of promises
00:41:14.160 from others
00:41:14.820 understanding
00:41:17.420 is something
00:41:18.620 that's often
00:41:19.280 acted out
00:41:20.120 before it can be
00:41:20.960 articulated
00:41:21.600 just as a child
00:41:24.000 acts out
00:41:25.000 what it means
00:41:25.440 to be mother
00:41:25.960 or father
00:41:26.500 before being able
00:41:27.520 to give a spoken
00:41:28.300 account of what
00:41:29.060 those roles mean
00:41:29.960 the idea
00:41:30.980 the act
00:41:31.780 of making
00:41:32.260 a ritual sacrifice
00:41:33.400 to God
00:41:34.200 was an early
00:41:35.360 and sophisticated
00:41:36.520 enactment
00:41:37.460 of the idea
00:41:38.240 of the usefulness
00:41:39.380 of delay
00:41:40.140 there's a long
00:41:41.920 conceptual journey
00:41:42.840 between merely
00:41:43.560 feasting hungrily
00:41:44.560 and learning
00:41:45.260 to set aside
00:41:46.240 some extra meat
00:41:47.160 smoked by the fire
00:41:48.300 for the end of the day
00:41:49.220 or for someone
00:41:49.780 who isn't present
00:41:50.600 it takes a long time
00:41:52.240 to learn
00:41:53.420 to keep anything
00:41:54.160 later for yourself
00:41:55.320 or to share it
00:41:56.740 with someone else
00:41:57.500 and those are very much
00:41:58.540 the same thing
00:41:59.360 as in the former case
00:42:00.920 you're sharing
00:42:01.420 with your future self
00:42:02.560 it's much easier
00:42:04.920 and far more likely
00:42:05.740 to selfishly
00:42:06.500 and immediately
00:42:07.000 wolf down
00:42:07.720 everything in sight
00:42:08.620 there are similar
00:42:09.600 long journeys
00:42:10.280 between every leap
00:42:11.340 in sophistication
00:42:12.360 with regards
00:42:13.240 to delay
00:42:14.000 and its conceptualization
00:42:15.860 short-term sharing
00:42:17.920 storing away
00:42:19.280 for the future
00:42:20.480 representation
00:42:21.480 of that storage
00:42:22.540 in the form of records
00:42:23.600 and later
00:42:24.080 in the form of currency
00:42:25.100 and ultimately
00:42:25.960 the saving of money
00:42:27.020 in a bank
00:42:27.560 or other institution
00:42:28.600 some conceptualizations
00:42:30.700 had to serve
00:42:31.320 as intermediaries
00:42:32.260 or the full range
00:42:33.700 of our practices
00:42:34.440 and ideas
00:42:35.000 surrounding sacrifice
00:42:36.040 and work
00:42:36.580 and their representation
00:42:37.400 could have never emerged
00:42:38.760 our ancestors
00:42:40.440 acted out a drama
00:42:42.300 a literary fiction
00:42:44.600 they personified
00:42:46.360 the force
00:42:46.860 that governs fate
00:42:47.820 as a spirit
00:42:48.760 that can be bargained with
00:42:50.420 traded with
00:42:51.620 as if it were
00:42:52.520 another human being
00:42:53.440 and the amazing thing
00:42:54.480 is that it worked
00:42:55.400 this was in part
00:42:57.760 because the future
00:42:58.540 is largely composed
00:42:59.720 of other human beings
00:43:00.980 often precisely
00:43:02.200 those who have watched
00:43:03.180 and evaluated
00:43:03.940 and appraised
00:43:04.860 the tiniest details
00:43:05.960 of your past behavior
00:43:07.140 it's not very far
00:43:08.900 from that
00:43:09.340 to God
00:43:09.920 sitting above
00:43:10.720 on high
00:43:11.640 tracking your every move
00:43:13.460 and writing it down
00:43:14.780 for further reference
00:43:15.820 in a big book
00:43:16.740 here's a productive
00:43:18.340 symbolic idea
00:43:19.580 the future
00:43:21.240 is a judgmental father
00:43:23.660 that's a good start
00:43:26.520 but two additional
00:43:29.760 archetypal
00:43:31.040 foundational
00:43:31.640 questions arose
00:43:32.660 because of the discovery
00:43:33.680 of sacrifice
00:43:34.540 of work
00:43:35.120 both have to do
00:43:36.500 with the ultimate
00:43:37.100 extension
00:43:37.560 of the logic
00:43:38.400 of work
00:43:38.940 which is
00:43:39.880 sacrifice now
00:43:42.340 to gain later
00:43:43.580 first question
00:43:46.280 what must be
00:43:49.360 sacrificed
00:43:50.080 small sacrifices
00:43:53.300 might be sufficient
00:43:54.320 to solve
00:43:55.640 small
00:43:56.600 singular problems
00:43:58.140 but it's possible
00:43:59.620 that larger
00:44:00.640 more comprehensive
00:44:01.560 sacrifices
00:44:02.300 might solve
00:44:03.420 an array
00:44:03.880 of large
00:44:04.420 and complex
00:44:05.000 problems
00:44:05.420 all at the same
00:44:06.120 time
00:44:06.520 that's harder
00:44:08.020 but it might be
00:44:09.560 better
00:44:09.900 adapting
00:44:10.720 to the necessary
00:44:12.000 discipline
00:44:12.520 of medical school
00:44:13.460 for example
00:44:14.140 will fatally interfere
00:44:15.900 with the licentious
00:44:16.860 lifestyle
00:44:17.400 of a hardcore
00:44:18.200 undergraduate
00:44:18.920 party animal
00:44:19.820 giving that up
00:44:21.400 is a sacrifice
00:44:22.200 but a physician
00:44:23.360 can
00:44:24.020 to quote
00:44:25.020 George W
00:44:25.980 really put food
00:44:27.500 on his family
00:44:28.420 that's a lot
00:44:33.800 of trouble
00:44:34.220 dispensed with
00:44:35.000 over a very long
00:44:35.860 period of time
00:44:36.720 so sacrifices
00:44:39.020 are necessary
00:44:39.840 to improve
00:44:40.920 the future
00:44:41.460 and larger
00:44:43.080 sacrifices
00:44:43.800 can be better
00:44:45.120 second question
00:44:46.960 introduction
00:44:47.860 we've already
00:44:48.840 established
00:44:49.300 the basic
00:44:49.820 principle
00:44:50.260 sacrifice
00:44:51.180 will improve
00:44:52.120 the future
00:44:52.700 but what's
00:44:54.300 implied by that
00:44:55.160 in the most
00:44:56.380 extreme and
00:44:57.140 final of cases
00:44:58.120 where does that
00:45:00.200 basic principle
00:45:00.920 find its limits
00:45:01.800 we must ask
00:45:03.580 to begin with
00:45:04.300 what would be
00:45:05.380 the largest
00:45:05.940 most effective
00:45:06.980 most pleasing
00:45:08.500 of all possible
00:45:10.100 sacrifices
00:45:10.880 and then
00:45:12.360 how good
00:45:12.840 might the best
00:45:13.420 possible future
00:45:14.180 be
00:45:14.520 if the
00:45:15.200 most effective
00:45:16.620 possible
00:45:17.240 sacrifice
00:45:17.900 could be
00:45:18.380 made
00:45:18.780 the biblical
00:45:22.080 story of
00:45:22.640 Cain and Abel
00:45:23.260 Adam and Eve's
00:45:24.300 sons
00:45:24.600 immediately follows
00:45:25.960 the story
00:45:26.540 of the expulsion
00:45:27.680 from paradise
00:45:28.420 as mentioned
00:45:29.100 previously
00:45:29.680 Cain and Abel
00:45:34.080 are really
00:45:35.200 the first humans
00:45:36.020 since their parents
00:45:38.240 were made
00:45:39.020 directly by God
00:45:39.900 and not born
00:45:40.500 in the standard
00:45:41.040 manner
00:45:41.360 Cain and Abel
00:45:42.280 live in history
00:45:43.260 not in Eden
00:45:44.280 they must work
00:45:45.540 they must make
00:45:46.220 sacrifices to
00:45:47.180 please God
00:45:47.760 and they do so
00:45:48.500 with altar
00:45:49.040 and proper ritual
00:45:50.000 but things get
00:45:50.900 complicated
00:45:51.480 Abel's offerings
00:45:53.040 please God
00:45:53.720 but Cain's do not
00:45:54.760 Abel is rewarded
00:45:56.440 many times over
00:45:57.400 but Cain is not
00:45:58.680 it's not
00:45:59.580 precisely clear why
00:46:01.000 although the text
00:46:01.600 strongly hints
00:46:02.240 that Cain's heart
00:46:02.960 is just not in it
00:46:03.840 maybe the quality
00:46:04.820 of what Cain
00:46:05.380 put forward
00:46:05.900 was low
00:46:06.440 maybe his spirit
00:46:08.020 was begrudging
00:46:09.020 or maybe God
00:46:10.400 was just feeling
00:46:11.080 crabby
00:46:11.640 and all of this
00:46:13.100 is realistic
00:46:13.780 including the text's
00:46:15.200 vagueness of explanation
00:46:16.340 not all sacrifices
00:46:17.780 are of equal quality
00:46:19.040 furthermore
00:46:20.520 it often appears
00:46:21.500 that sacrifices
00:46:22.300 of apparently
00:46:22.980 high quality
00:46:23.660 are sometimes
00:46:24.700 not rewarded
00:46:25.400 with a better future
00:46:26.320 and it's not clear
00:46:27.080 why
00:46:27.460 why isn't God
00:46:28.580 happy
00:46:29.020 what would have
00:46:30.700 to change
00:46:31.340 to make him so
00:46:32.460 these are difficult
00:46:34.220 questions
00:46:34.680 and everyone
00:46:35.440 asks them
00:46:36.120 all the time
00:46:37.020 even if they
00:46:37.680 don't notice
00:46:38.420 asking such
00:46:39.520 questions
00:46:40.000 is indistinguishable
00:46:41.080 from thinking
00:46:41.860 the realization
00:46:44.580 that pleasure
00:46:45.280 could be usefully
00:46:46.080 forestalled
00:46:46.660 donned with a
00:46:47.300 difficulty
00:46:47.720 that's almost
00:46:48.280 impossible
00:46:48.820 to overstate
00:46:49.660 such a realization
00:46:52.160 runs absolutely
00:46:54.180 contrary
00:46:54.800 to our ancient
00:46:55.700 fundamental
00:46:56.740 animal instincts
00:46:57.600 which demand
00:46:58.300 immediate satisfaction
00:46:59.400 particularly
00:47:00.580 under conditions
00:47:01.440 of deprivation
00:47:02.200 which are
00:47:02.620 both inevitable
00:47:03.580 and commonplace
00:47:04.480 and to complicate
00:47:05.540 the matter
00:47:06.000 such delay
00:47:07.260 only becomes
00:47:08.020 useful
00:47:08.440 when civilization
00:47:09.240 has stabilized
00:47:10.220 itself enough
00:47:11.160 to guarantee
00:47:11.920 the existence
00:47:12.580 of the delayed
00:47:13.340 reward
00:47:13.840 if everything
00:47:14.700 you save
00:47:15.220 will be destroyed
00:47:16.060 or worse
00:47:16.780 stolen
00:47:17.260 there's no point
00:47:17.900 saving
00:47:18.480 it's for this
00:47:20.280 reason
00:47:20.580 that a wolf
00:47:21.120 will down
00:47:21.560 20 pounds
00:47:22.220 of raw meat
00:47:22.880 in a single
00:47:23.500 meal
00:47:23.840 he isn't thinking
00:47:25.080 man
00:47:25.540 I hate it
00:47:26.100 when I binge
00:47:26.840 I should save
00:47:28.300 some of this
00:47:28.820 for next week
00:47:29.660 here's a
00:47:31.300 developmental
00:47:31.720 progression
00:47:32.380 from animal
00:47:33.140 to human
00:47:33.620 it's wrong
00:47:34.740 no doubt
00:47:35.200 in the details
00:47:35.900 but it's
00:47:36.560 sufficiently
00:47:36.960 correct
00:47:37.400 for our
00:47:37.800 purposes
00:47:38.160 and theme
00:47:38.780 first
00:47:39.840 there's
00:47:40.580 excess
00:47:41.040 food
00:47:41.560 large
00:47:42.480 carcasses
00:47:43.080 mammoths
00:47:43.640 or other
00:47:44.060 massive herbivores
00:47:45.080 might provide
00:47:45.720 that
00:47:46.100 weigh a lot
00:47:46.860 of mammoths
00:47:47.460 maybe all
00:47:48.540 of them
00:47:48.920 with a large
00:47:50.400 animal
00:47:50.760 there's some
00:47:51.180 left
00:47:51.540 for later
00:47:52.160 after a kill
00:47:53.100 that's accidental
00:47:55.200 at first
00:47:56.300 but eventually
00:47:57.220 the utility
00:47:58.420 of
00:47:59.000 for later
00:48:00.220 starts to be
00:48:01.320 appreciated
00:48:01.960 some provisional
00:48:03.380 notion of
00:48:03.960 sacrifice develops
00:48:04.880 at the same
00:48:05.420 time
00:48:05.800 if I leave
00:48:06.680 some now
00:48:07.300 even if I
00:48:08.760 want it now
00:48:09.440 I won't have
00:48:10.600 to be hungry
00:48:11.060 later
00:48:11.460 that provisional
00:48:13.240 notion then
00:48:14.360 develops to the
00:48:15.040 next level
00:48:15.580 if I leave
00:48:16.560 some for later
00:48:17.180 I won't have
00:48:18.380 to go hungry
00:48:18.900 and neither
00:48:20.160 will those I
00:48:20.640 care for
00:48:21.120 and then to
00:48:21.740 the next level
00:48:22.640 I can't
00:48:24.000 possibly eat
00:48:24.760 all this mammoth
00:48:25.540 but I can't
00:48:26.240 store the rest
00:48:26.900 for too long
00:48:27.560 either
00:48:27.900 maybe I should
00:48:29.540 feed some to
00:48:30.060 other people
00:48:30.600 maybe they'll
00:48:31.840 remember
00:48:32.300 and feed me
00:48:33.440 some of their
00:48:33.940 mammoth
00:48:34.380 when they have
00:48:34.920 some and I
00:48:35.400 have none
00:48:35.940 then I'll get
00:48:37.140 some mammoth
00:48:37.660 now
00:48:38.040 and some mammoth
00:48:39.440 later
00:48:39.800 that's a good
00:48:41.020 deal
00:48:41.420 and maybe those
00:48:43.460 I'm sharing
00:48:43.960 with will come
00:48:44.500 to trust me
00:48:45.180 more generally
00:48:45.840 maybe then we
00:48:47.300 could trade
00:48:47.740 forever
00:48:48.160 in such a
00:48:50.340 manner
00:48:50.680 mammoth
00:48:51.760 becomes future
00:48:52.700 mammoth
00:48:53.320 and future
00:48:54.580 mammoth
00:48:55.040 becomes personal
00:48:56.100 reputation
00:48:56.880 that's the
00:48:58.520 emergence of
00:48:59.100 the social
00:48:59.520 contract
00:49:00.200 to share
00:49:01.940 does not mean
00:49:03.020 to give away
00:49:03.520 something you
00:49:04.060 value and
00:49:04.580 get nothing
00:49:05.060 back
00:49:05.560 that's only
00:49:06.460 instead what
00:49:07.080 every child
00:49:07.660 who refuses
00:49:08.560 to share
00:49:09.180 is afraid
00:49:10.100 that it
00:49:10.480 means
00:49:10.880 to share
00:49:11.520 means properly
00:49:12.280 to initiate
00:49:12.920 the process
00:49:13.540 of trade
00:49:14.200 a child
00:49:16.620 who can't
00:49:17.080 share
00:49:17.400 who can't
00:49:18.540 trade
00:49:18.920 can't have
00:49:19.840 any friends
00:49:20.460 because having
00:49:21.680 friends is a
00:49:22.340 form of trade
00:49:23.120 Benjamin Franklin
00:49:24.520 once suggested
00:49:25.280 that a newcomer
00:49:26.080 to a neighborhood
00:49:26.700 ask a new
00:49:28.020 neighbor
00:49:28.360 to do him
00:49:29.780 or her a favor
00:49:30.540 citing an old
00:49:32.180 maxim
00:49:32.600 he that has
00:49:33.720 once done you
00:49:34.420 a kindness
00:49:34.920 will be more
00:49:35.860 ready to do
00:49:36.440 you another
00:49:36.940 than he
00:49:37.840 whom you
00:49:38.500 yourself
00:49:39.040 have obliged
00:49:39.860 in Franklin's
00:49:40.920 opinion
00:49:41.220 asking something
00:49:42.060 for someone
00:49:42.740 asking someone
00:49:44.060 for something
00:49:44.740 not too extreme
00:49:46.060 obviously
00:49:46.640 was the most
00:49:47.680 useful and
00:49:48.640 immediate invitation
00:49:49.600 to social
00:49:50.140 interaction
00:49:50.720 such asking
00:49:51.740 allowed the neighbor
00:49:52.440 to show him
00:49:53.080 or herself
00:49:53.540 as a good
00:49:54.040 person
00:49:54.400 at first
00:49:54.840 encounter
00:49:55.340 it also
00:49:56.640 meant the
00:49:57.120 neighbor
00:49:57.360 could now
00:49:57.800 ask the
00:49:58.200 newcomer
00:49:58.620 for a favor
00:49:59.240 in return
00:49:59.960 because of
00:50:00.800 the debt
00:50:01.140 incurred
00:50:01.720 in that
00:50:02.520 manner
00:50:02.780 both parties
00:50:03.460 could overcome
00:50:04.080 their natural
00:50:04.700 hesitancy
00:50:05.400 and mutual
00:50:06.320 fear of
00:50:06.800 the stranger
00:50:07.360 it's better
00:50:10.560 to have
00:50:10.880 something
00:50:11.260 rather than
00:50:11.800 nothing
00:50:12.100 it's better
00:50:15.220 yet
00:50:15.560 to generously
00:50:17.200 share the
00:50:17.780 something you
00:50:18.260 have
00:50:18.640 it's even
00:50:19.380 better than
00:50:19.880 that however
00:50:20.480 to become
00:50:20.980 widely known
00:50:21.900 for generous
00:50:22.660 sharing
00:50:23.280 that's
00:50:24.060 something
00:50:24.340 that lasts
00:50:25.120 that's
00:50:25.940 something
00:50:26.240 that's
00:50:26.520 reliable
00:50:27.080 and at
00:50:28.300 this point
00:50:28.740 in abstraction
00:50:29.380 we can
00:50:29.820 observe
00:50:30.220 how the
00:50:30.920 groundwork
00:50:31.500 for the
00:50:31.820 conceptions
00:50:32.480 of reliable
00:50:33.220 honest
00:50:33.780 and generous
00:50:34.420 have been
00:50:34.860 laid
00:50:35.220 the basis
00:50:36.320 for an
00:50:36.740 articulated
00:50:37.240 morality
00:50:37.800 has been
00:50:38.220 put in
00:50:38.560 place
00:50:38.900 the productive
00:50:39.900 truthful
00:50:40.680 sharer
00:50:41.360 is the
00:50:42.040 prototype
00:50:42.480 for the
00:50:42.980 good citizen
00:50:43.640 and the
00:50:44.060 good man
00:50:44.680 we can
00:50:45.820 see in
00:50:46.180 this
00:50:46.360 manner
00:50:46.680 how
00:50:47.120 from
00:50:47.800 the
00:50:48.020 simple
00:50:48.340 notion
00:50:48.840 that
00:50:49.480 leftovers
00:50:50.140 are a
00:50:50.660 good
00:50:50.840 idea
00:50:51.340 the highest
00:50:52.300 moral
00:50:52.680 principles
00:50:53.220 might
00:50:53.560 emerge
00:50:54.060 it's
00:50:56.180 as if
00:50:56.420 something
00:50:56.720 like
00:50:57.020 this
00:50:57.400 happened
00:50:58.200 as
00:50:58.420 humanity
00:50:58.840 developed
00:50:59.420 first
00:51:04.140 were the
00:51:04.480 endless
00:51:04.740 tens
00:51:05.100 or hundreds
00:51:05.500 of thousands
00:51:06.040 of years
00:51:06.520 prior to
00:51:07.100 the
00:51:07.220 emergence
00:51:07.600 of
00:51:07.860 written
00:51:08.060 history
00:51:08.480 and
00:51:08.700 drama
00:51:09.020 during
00:51:10.760 this
00:51:11.040 time
00:51:11.320 the
00:51:11.500 twin
00:51:11.700 practices
00:51:12.220 of
00:51:12.480 delay
00:51:12.920 and
00:51:13.200 exchange
00:51:13.760 began
00:51:14.140 to
00:51:14.380 emerge
00:51:14.820 slowly
00:51:15.340 and
00:51:15.620 painfully
00:51:16.140 then
00:51:18.000 they
00:51:18.160 became
00:51:18.460 represented
00:51:19.060 in
00:51:19.300 metaphorical
00:51:19.900 abstraction
00:51:20.440 as
00:51:21.160 rituals
00:51:21.700 and
00:51:22.020 tales
00:51:22.420 of
00:51:22.660 sacrifice
00:51:23.380 told
00:51:24.260 in
00:51:24.440 a
00:51:24.540 manner
00:51:24.800 such
00:51:25.140 as
00:51:25.300 this
00:51:25.600 it's
00:51:27.420 as
00:51:27.740 if
00:51:28.140 there's
00:51:29.200 a
00:51:29.320 powerful
00:51:29.700 figure
00:51:30.120 in
00:51:30.320 the
00:51:30.480 sky
00:51:30.820 who
00:51:31.580 sees
00:51:31.900 all
00:51:32.380 and
00:51:33.160 is
00:51:33.300 judging
00:51:33.620 you
00:51:33.980 giving
00:51:35.420 up
00:51:35.760 something
00:51:36.100 you
00:51:36.320 value
00:51:36.700 seems
00:51:37.280 to
00:51:37.440 make
00:51:37.620 him
00:51:37.740 happy
00:51:38.180 and
00:51:38.900 you
00:51:39.020 want
00:51:39.200 to
00:51:39.300 make
00:51:39.480 him
00:51:39.600 happy
00:51:40.020 because
00:51:41.080 all
00:51:41.300 hell
00:51:41.520 breaks
00:51:41.860 loose
00:51:42.120 if
00:51:42.300 you
00:51:42.420 don't
00:51:42.860 so
00:51:44.660 practice
00:51:45.160 sacrificing
00:51:45.940 and
00:51:46.620 sharing
00:51:47.160 until
00:51:47.900 you
00:51:48.080 become
00:51:48.360 expert
00:51:49.000 at
00:51:49.320 it
00:51:49.500 and
00:51:50.040 things
00:51:50.280 will
00:51:50.440 go
00:51:50.580 well
00:51:50.820 for
00:51:51.020 you
00:51:51.320 no one
00:51:53.860 said
00:51:54.140 any
00:51:54.360 of
00:51:54.500 this
00:51:54.700 at
00:51:54.840 least
00:51:55.000 not
00:51:55.220 so
00:51:55.420 plainly
00:51:55.820 and
00:51:55.940 directly
00:51:56.320 but
00:51:56.800 it
00:51:56.880 was
00:51:57.000 implicit
00:51:57.400 in
00:51:57.640 the
00:51:57.760 practice
00:51:58.140 and
00:51:58.340 then
00:51:58.480 in
00:51:58.600 the
00:51:58.720 stories
00:51:59.100 action
00:51:59.980 came
00:52:00.400 first
00:52:00.920 as
00:52:01.860 it
00:52:01.980 had
00:52:02.380 to
00:52:02.680 as
00:52:03.720 the
00:52:03.860 animals
00:52:04.360 we
00:52:04.600 once
00:52:04.920 were
00:52:05.180 could
00:52:05.420 act
00:52:05.840 but
00:52:06.080 could
00:52:06.380 not
00:52:06.620 think
00:52:07.040 implicit
00:52:08.380 unrecognized
00:52:09.400 value
00:52:09.800 came
00:52:10.160 first
00:52:10.760 as
00:52:11.800 the
00:52:11.960 actions
00:52:12.400 that
00:52:12.620 preceded
00:52:13.180 thought
00:52:13.720 embodied
00:52:16.220 value
00:52:16.800 but
00:52:17.480 did
00:52:17.660 not
00:52:17.880 make
00:52:18.080 that
00:52:18.280 value
00:52:18.620 explicit
00:52:19.180 people
00:52:20.420 watched
00:52:20.860 the
00:52:21.080 successful
00:52:21.600 succeed
00:52:22.260 and
00:52:22.840 the
00:52:22.980 unsuccessful
00:52:23.500 fail
00:52:24.300 for
00:52:24.920 thousands
00:52:25.420 and
00:52:25.740 thousands
00:52:26.120 of
00:52:26.380 years
00:52:26.740 we
00:52:27.580 thought
00:52:27.900 it
00:52:28.040 over
00:52:28.320 and
00:52:29.160 we
00:52:29.280 drew
00:52:29.480 a
00:52:29.620 conclusion
00:52:30.140 the
00:52:31.280 successful
00:52:31.860 among
00:52:32.360 us
00:52:32.660 delay
00:52:33.260 gratification
00:52:34.460 the
00:52:35.040 successful
00:52:35.620 among
00:52:36.100 us
00:52:36.300 bargain
00:52:36.800 with
00:52:37.160 the
00:52:37.340 future
00:52:37.740 a
00:52:38.480 great
00:52:38.740 idea
00:52:39.040 began
00:52:39.380 to
00:52:39.560 emerge
00:52:39.980 taking
00:52:40.320 ever
00:52:40.560 more
00:52:40.780 clearly
00:52:41.100 articulated
00:52:41.680 form
00:52:42.140 in
00:52:42.600 ever
00:52:42.860 more
00:52:43.140 clearly
00:52:43.780 articulated
00:52:44.500 stories
00:52:45.160 what's
00:52:46.780 the
00:52:46.920 difference
00:52:47.300 between
00:52:47.660 the
00:52:47.860 successful
00:52:48.300 and
00:52:48.560 the
00:52:48.680 unsuccessful
00:52:49.340 the
00:52:50.980 successful
00:52:51.560 sacrifice
00:52:52.460 things
00:52:53.840 get
00:52:54.120 better
00:52:54.460 as
00:52:54.740 the
00:52:54.940 successful
00:52:55.500 practice
00:52:56.200 their
00:52:56.480 sacrifices
00:52:57.220 the
00:52:58.400 questions
00:52:58.800 become
00:52:59.220 increasingly
00:52:59.880 precise
00:53:00.480 and
00:53:00.800 simultaneously
00:53:01.380 broader
00:53:02.400 what's
00:53:03.020 the
00:53:03.160 greatest
00:53:03.460 possible
00:53:04.000 sacrifice
00:53:04.700 for
00:53:05.160 the
00:53:05.320 greatest
00:53:05.700 possible
00:53:06.320 good
00:53:06.740 and
00:53:07.780 the
00:53:07.880 answers
00:53:08.200 become
00:53:08.580 increasingly
00:53:09.180 deeper
00:53:09.620 and
00:53:09.880 profound
00:53:10.360 the
00:53:12.540 god
00:53:12.780 of
00:53:12.900 western
00:53:13.220 tradition
00:53:13.620 like
00:53:13.860 so
00:53:14.020 many
00:53:14.240 gods
00:53:14.580 requires
00:53:15.020 sacrifice
00:53:15.680 we've
00:53:16.020 already
00:53:16.280 examined
00:53:16.780 why
00:53:17.160 but
00:53:17.380 sometimes
00:53:17.860 he
00:53:18.060 goes
00:53:18.300 even
00:53:18.560 further
00:53:18.980 he
00:53:19.820 demands
00:53:20.220 not
00:53:20.500 only
00:53:20.780 sacrifice
00:53:21.580 but
00:53:22.440 the
00:53:22.620 sacrifice
00:53:23.060 of
00:53:23.340 precisely
00:53:23.840 what
00:53:24.120 is
00:53:24.280 loved
00:53:24.540 best
00:53:25.100 this
00:53:25.600 is
00:53:25.740 most
00:53:26.020 starkly
00:53:26.680 portrayed
00:53:27.240 and
00:53:27.740 most
00:53:27.940 confusingly
00:53:28.740 evident
00:53:29.060 in
00:53:29.580 the
00:53:29.740 story
00:53:30.060 of
00:53:30.420 Abraham
00:53:31.140 and
00:53:31.480 Isaac
00:53:31.940 Abraham
00:53:33.100 beloved
00:53:33.560 of
00:53:33.780 God
00:53:34.060 long
00:53:34.320 wanted
00:53:34.660 a
00:53:34.860 son
00:53:35.080 and
00:53:35.480 God
00:53:35.720 promised
00:53:36.140 him
00:53:36.280 exactly
00:53:36.680 that
00:53:37.000 after
00:53:37.260 many
00:53:37.520 delays
00:53:38.020 and
00:53:38.500 under
00:53:38.700 the
00:53:38.860 imparently
00:53:39.420 impossible
00:53:40.100 conditions
00:53:40.660 of
00:53:40.880 old
00:53:41.200 age
00:53:41.540 and
00:53:41.760 a
00:53:41.920 long
00:53:42.180 barren
00:53:42.580 wife
00:53:42.940 but
00:53:46.020 not so
00:53:46.400 long
00:53:46.600 afterward
00:53:47.080 when
00:53:47.880 the
00:53:48.020 miraculously
00:53:48.700 born
00:53:49.100 Isaac
00:53:49.460 is
00:53:49.700 still
00:53:49.900 a
00:53:50.060 child
00:53:50.400 God
00:53:51.380 turns
00:53:51.700 around
00:53:52.080 and
00:53:52.340 in
00:53:52.440 apparently
00:53:52.900 barbaric
00:53:53.520 fashion
00:53:53.960 demands
00:53:54.500 that
00:53:55.080 his
00:53:55.260 faithful
00:53:55.620 servant
00:53:56.080 offer
00:53:56.440 his
00:53:56.680 son
00:53:56.940 as
00:53:57.140 a
00:53:57.280 sacrifice
00:53:57.780 the
00:53:58.880 story
00:53:59.180 ends
00:53:59.480 happily
00:53:59.940 God
00:54:01.160 sends
00:54:01.460 an
00:54:01.620 angel
00:54:01.940 to
00:54:02.720 stay
00:54:03.020 Abraham's
00:54:03.640 obedient
00:54:03.980 hand
00:54:04.500 and
00:54:04.920 accepts
00:54:05.280 a
00:54:05.500 ram
00:54:05.820 in
00:54:05.980 Isaac's
00:54:06.520 stead
00:54:06.800 that's
00:54:07.480 a
00:54:07.560 good
00:54:07.720 thing
00:54:08.120 doesn't
00:54:09.640 really
00:54:09.840 address
00:54:10.220 the
00:54:10.400 issue
00:54:10.660 at
00:54:10.840 hand
00:54:11.200 why
00:54:11.860 was
00:54:12.220 God's
00:54:12.660 going
00:54:12.900 further
00:54:13.280 necessary
00:54:13.900 why
00:54:14.780 does
00:54:15.000 he
00:54:15.300 why
00:54:16.700 does
00:54:16.860 life
00:54:17.300 impose
00:54:18.480 such
00:54:18.760 demands
00:54:19.360 we'll
00:54:24.020 start
00:54:24.240 our
00:54:24.380 analysis
00:54:24.760 with
00:54:25.020 a
00:54:25.160 truism
00:54:25.600 stark
00:54:28.060 self
00:54:29.900 evident
00:54:30.260 and
00:54:30.820 understated
00:54:31.560 sometimes
00:54:33.440 things
00:54:34.080 do not
00:54:34.560 go
00:54:34.800 well
00:54:35.160 that
00:54:36.860 seems
00:54:37.200 to have
00:54:37.880 much
00:54:38.140 to do
00:54:38.440 with the
00:54:38.760 terrible
00:54:39.040 nature
00:54:39.400 of the
00:54:39.720 world
00:54:40.000 with its
00:54:40.600 plagues
00:54:40.980 and its
00:54:41.300 famines
00:54:41.760 and its
00:54:42.120 tyrannies
00:54:42.640 and its
00:54:42.940 betrayals
00:54:43.480 but here's
00:54:44.360 the rub
00:54:44.880 sometimes
00:54:46.040 when things
00:54:46.680 are not
00:54:46.980 going
00:54:47.240 well
00:54:47.460 it's
00:54:47.660 not
00:54:47.820 the
00:54:47.980 world
00:54:48.220 that
00:54:48.400 it's
00:54:48.540 the
00:54:48.680 cause
00:54:49.060 the
00:54:49.940 cause
00:54:50.240 is
00:54:50.480 instead
00:54:50.960 that
00:54:51.300 which
00:54:51.540 is
00:54:51.680 most
00:54:51.980 valued
00:54:52.500 why
00:54:53.700 because
00:54:55.800 the
00:54:55.980 world
00:54:56.180 is
00:54:56.360 revealed
00:54:56.720 to
00:54:56.940 an
00:54:57.100 interminate
00:54:57.640 degree
00:54:57.960 through
00:54:58.240 the
00:54:58.400 template
00:54:58.780 of
00:54:59.000 your
00:54:59.140 values
00:54:59.640 if
00:55:00.520 the
00:55:00.640 world
00:55:00.840 you
00:55:00.980 are
00:55:01.100 seeing
00:55:01.560 is
00:55:03.120 not
00:55:03.280 the
00:55:03.420 world
00:55:03.620 you
00:55:03.780 want
00:55:04.260 therefore
00:55:04.860 it's
00:55:06.060 time
00:55:06.280 to
00:55:06.460 examine
00:55:06.840 your
00:55:07.080 values
00:55:07.540 it's
00:55:08.920 time
00:55:09.140 to
00:55:09.320 rid
00:55:09.620 yourself
00:55:10.120 of
00:55:10.380 your
00:55:10.540 current
00:55:10.860 presuppositions
00:55:11.780 it's
00:55:12.760 time
00:55:13.020 to
00:55:13.200 let
00:55:13.420 go
00:55:13.760 it
00:55:15.000 might
00:55:15.200 even
00:55:15.400 be
00:55:15.580 time
00:55:15.860 to
00:55:16.040 sacrifice
00:55:16.500 what
00:55:16.820 you
00:55:16.980 love
00:55:17.200 best
00:55:17.640 so that
00:55:19.140 you
00:55:19.260 can
00:55:19.420 become
00:55:19.860 who
00:55:20.880 you
00:55:21.020 might
00:55:21.260 become
00:55:21.760 instead
00:55:23.460 of
00:55:23.680 staying
00:55:24.020 who
00:55:24.240 you
00:55:24.400 are
00:55:24.760 something
00:55:28.840 valuable
00:55:29.360 given up
00:55:29.960 ensures
00:55:30.340 future
00:55:31.020 prosperity
00:55:31.760 something
00:55:32.520 valuable
00:55:33.100 sacrificed
00:55:33.920 pleases
00:55:34.420 the
00:55:34.680 Lord
00:55:35.000 what
00:55:36.260 is
00:55:36.480 most
00:55:36.860 valuable
00:55:37.340 and
00:55:37.600 best
00:55:38.020 sacrificed
00:55:38.760 or
00:55:39.440 what
00:55:40.020 is
00:55:40.120 at least
00:55:40.380 emblematic
00:55:41.060 of that
00:55:41.520 a
00:55:41.880 choice
00:55:42.180 cut
00:55:42.440 of
00:55:42.600 meat
00:55:42.920 the
00:55:43.760 best
00:55:43.980 animal
00:55:44.340 in
00:55:44.480 a
00:55:44.600 flock
00:55:45.020 a
00:55:45.560 most
00:55:45.840 valued
00:55:46.360 possession
00:55:47.020 what's
00:55:48.760 above
00:55:49.000 even
00:55:49.240 that
00:55:49.620 something
00:55:51.480 intensely
00:55:52.020 personal
00:55:52.580 and painful
00:55:53.120 to give
00:55:53.500 up
00:55:53.760 that
00:55:54.200 symbolized
00:55:54.820 perhaps
00:55:55.320 in God's
00:55:56.340 insistence
00:55:56.900 on
00:55:57.080 circumcision
00:55:57.720 as part
00:55:58.220 of Abraham's
00:55:58.920 sacrificial
00:55:59.460 routine
00:55:59.960 what's
00:56:00.680 beyond
00:56:01.040 that
00:56:01.600 what
00:56:02.660 pertains
00:56:03.080 more
00:56:03.320 closely
00:56:03.720 to the
00:56:04.100 whole
00:56:04.380 person
00:56:04.860 rather
00:56:05.160 than
00:56:05.380 the
00:56:05.540 part
00:56:05.820 what
00:56:06.320 constitutes
00:56:06.880 the
00:56:07.080 ultimate
00:56:07.400 sacrifice
00:56:08.120 for
00:56:09.180 the
00:56:09.340 gain
00:56:09.560 of
00:56:09.700 the
00:56:09.820 ultimate
00:56:10.140 prize
00:56:10.700 it's
00:56:13.160 a
00:56:13.260 close
00:56:13.540 race
00:56:13.920 between
00:56:14.280 child
00:56:14.740 and
00:56:14.960 self
00:56:15.400 the
00:56:17.820 sacrifice
00:56:18.320 of
00:56:18.620 the
00:56:18.800 mother
00:56:19.100 offering
00:56:20.380 her
00:56:20.620 child
00:56:20.900 to
00:56:21.080 the
00:56:21.200 world
00:56:21.520 is
00:56:22.200 exemplified
00:56:22.920 for
00:56:23.140 example
00:56:23.560 by
00:56:23.860 Michelangelo's
00:56:24.740 great
00:56:25.000 sculpture
00:56:25.480 the
00:56:25.700 paeta
00:56:26.100 Michelangelo
00:56:27.820 crafted
00:56:28.360 Mary
00:56:28.700 contemplating
00:56:29.440 her
00:56:29.640 son
00:56:30.020 crucified
00:56:30.620 and
00:56:30.920 ruined
00:56:31.160 so
00:56:31.440 she's
00:56:32.100 sitting
00:56:32.360 most of
00:56:33.000 you know
00:56:33.240 this
00:56:33.460 sculpture
00:56:33.820 she's
00:56:34.640 sitting
00:56:34.940 and
00:56:35.800 the
00:56:36.040 body
00:56:36.340 of
00:56:36.540 her
00:56:36.700 son
00:56:36.940 is
00:56:37.100 in
00:56:37.240 her
00:56:37.400 arms
00:56:37.620 her
00:56:37.780 adult
00:56:38.080 son
00:56:38.340 and
00:56:38.460 it's
00:56:38.660 broken
00:56:38.980 and
00:56:39.240 he's
00:56:39.840 been
00:56:40.140 destroyed
00:56:40.640 and
00:56:41.140 it's
00:56:41.380 a
00:56:41.480 very
00:56:41.760 beautiful
00:56:42.760 but
00:56:43.100 very
00:56:43.400 tragic
00:56:44.000 work
00:56:46.220 of
00:56:46.380 genius
00:56:46.860 work
00:56:47.200 of
00:56:47.380 genius
00:56:47.800 level
00:56:48.180 representation
00:56:49.100 Michelangelo
00:56:51.660 crafted
00:56:52.220 Mary
00:56:52.520 contemplating
00:56:53.200 her
00:56:53.400 son
00:56:53.660 crucified
00:56:54.220 and
00:56:54.500 ruined
00:56:54.800 it's
00:56:55.360 her
00:56:55.640 fault
00:56:56.220 it was
00:56:57.880 through
00:56:58.100 her
00:56:58.340 that
00:56:58.520 he
00:56:58.660 entered
00:56:58.920 the
00:56:59.100 world
00:56:59.360 and
00:56:59.560 it's
00:56:59.700 great
00:56:59.940 drama
00:57:00.280 of
00:57:00.480 being
00:57:00.820 is
00:57:01.540 it
00:57:01.680 right
00:57:02.040 to
00:57:02.560 bring
00:57:02.860 a
00:57:03.060 baby
00:57:03.400 into
00:57:03.740 this
00:57:04.020 terrible
00:57:04.440 world
00:57:05.020 every
00:57:05.780 woman
00:57:06.040 asks
00:57:06.400 herself
00:57:06.780 that
00:57:07.020 question
00:57:07.500 some
00:57:08.060 say
00:57:08.380 no
00:57:08.820 they
00:57:09.580 have
00:57:09.800 their
00:57:10.000 reasons
00:57:10.420 Mary
00:57:11.100 answers
00:57:11.620 yes
00:57:11.940 voluntarily
00:57:12.620 knowing
00:57:13.040 full well
00:57:13.540 what's
00:57:13.820 to come
00:57:14.240 as do
00:57:14.840 all
00:57:15.120 mothers
00:57:15.480 if they
00:57:16.080 allow
00:57:16.320 themselves
00:57:16.640 to
00:57:16.960 see
00:57:17.200 it's
00:57:17.740 an
00:57:17.880 act
00:57:18.240 of
00:57:18.400 supreme
00:57:18.840 courage
00:57:19.420 when it's
00:57:20.240 undertaken
00:57:20.700 voluntarily
00:57:21.400 in turn
00:57:22.860 Mary's son
00:57:23.540 Christ offers
00:57:24.420 himself to
00:57:24.980 God and
00:57:25.500 the world
00:57:25.960 to betrayal
00:57:26.920 torture
00:57:27.400 and death
00:57:28.080 to the
00:57:28.800 very point
00:57:29.580 of despair
00:57:30.200 on the cross
00:57:31.040 where he cries
00:57:31.760 out those
00:57:32.180 terrible words
00:57:33.020 my God
00:57:33.940 my God
00:57:35.340 why
00:57:36.140 why
00:57:36.160 hast
00:57:36.420 thou
00:57:36.700 forsaken
00:57:37.360 me
00:57:37.660 that
00:57:39.400 is
00:57:39.580 the
00:57:39.760 archetypal
00:57:40.300 story
00:57:40.700 of
00:57:40.880 the
00:57:41.000 man
00:57:41.300 who
00:57:41.480 gives
00:57:41.720 his
00:57:41.920 all
00:57:42.240 for
00:57:42.460 the
00:57:42.640 sake
00:57:42.840 of
00:57:42.980 the
00:57:43.120 better
00:57:43.400 who
00:57:44.000 offers
00:57:44.300 up
00:57:44.500 his
00:57:44.660 life
00:57:44.920 for
00:57:45.080 the
00:57:45.240 advancement
00:57:45.700 of
00:57:46.000 being
00:57:46.480 who
00:57:47.300 allows
00:57:47.620 God's
00:57:48.100 will
00:57:48.320 to
00:57:48.520 become
00:57:48.800 manifest
00:57:49.400 fully
00:57:49.860 within
00:57:50.140 the
00:57:50.380 confines
00:57:50.940 of a
00:57:51.260 single
00:57:51.580 mortal
00:57:51.940 life
00:57:52.400 that
00:57:52.880 is
00:57:53.020 the
00:57:53.200 model
00:57:53.540 for
00:57:53.720 the
00:57:53.860 honorable
00:57:54.180 man
00:57:54.700 in
00:57:56.060 Christ's
00:57:56.540 case
00:57:56.780 however
00:57:57.160 as
00:57:57.880 he
00:57:58.020 sacrifices
00:57:58.660 himself
00:57:59.240 God
00:58:00.060 his
00:58:00.600 father
00:58:00.980 is
00:58:01.280 simultaneously
00:58:01.740 sacrificing
00:58:02.740 his
00:58:03.380 son
00:58:03.820 it's
00:58:05.520 for
00:58:05.660 this
00:58:05.880 reason
00:58:06.200 that
00:58:06.420 the
00:58:06.580 Christian
00:58:06.940 sacrificial
00:58:07.660 drama
00:58:08.100 of
00:58:08.340 son
00:58:08.740 and
00:58:08.960 self
00:58:09.440 is
00:58:09.900 archetypal
00:58:10.500 it's
00:58:10.980 a
00:58:11.140 story
00:58:11.400 at
00:58:11.620 the
00:58:11.780 limit
00:58:12.260 where
00:58:12.880 nothing
00:58:13.200 more
00:58:13.500 extreme
00:58:14.080 nothing
00:58:14.780 greater
00:58:15.200 can be
00:58:15.580 imagined
00:58:16.060 that's
00:58:16.800 the
00:58:16.880 very
00:58:17.040 definition
00:58:17.580 of
00:58:17.800 archetypal
00:58:18.380 that's
00:58:18.980 the
00:58:19.120 core
00:58:19.380 of
00:58:19.520 what
00:58:19.680 constitutes
00:58:20.400 religious
00:58:21.060 pain
00:58:22.540 and
00:58:22.800 suffering
00:58:23.240 define
00:58:23.680 the
00:58:23.880 world
00:58:24.300 of
00:58:26.020 that
00:58:26.220 there
00:58:26.380 can
00:58:26.540 be
00:58:26.660 no
00:58:26.860 doubt
00:58:27.200 sacrifice
00:58:29.740 can
00:58:30.100 hold
00:58:30.480 pain
00:58:31.000 and
00:58:31.720 suffering
00:58:32.120 in
00:58:32.300 abeyance
00:58:32.820 to
00:58:33.200 a
00:58:33.360 greater
00:58:33.640 or
00:58:33.860 lesser
00:58:34.140 degree
00:58:34.620 and
00:58:36.420 greater
00:58:36.660 sacrifices
00:58:37.400 can
00:58:37.720 do
00:58:37.920 that
00:58:38.160 more
00:58:38.380 effectively
00:58:38.880 than
00:58:39.200 lesser
00:58:39.580 of
00:58:40.960 that
00:58:41.240 too
00:58:41.540 there
00:58:41.740 can
00:58:41.920 be
00:58:42.040 no
00:58:42.240 doubt
00:58:42.580 everyone
00:58:43.260 holds
00:58:43.700 this
00:58:43.920 knowledge
00:58:44.240 in
00:58:44.440 their
00:58:44.600 soul
00:58:45.020 thus
00:58:46.420 the
00:58:47.780 person
00:58:48.160 who
00:58:48.360 wishes
00:58:48.680 to
00:58:48.980 alleviate
00:58:49.460 suffering
00:58:50.320 who
00:58:51.280 wishes
00:58:51.540 to
00:58:51.800 rectify
00:58:52.380 the
00:58:52.600 flaws
00:58:52.960 in
00:58:53.180 being
00:58:53.600 who
00:58:54.620 wishes
00:58:54.860 to
00:58:55.120 bring
00:58:55.320 about
00:58:55.580 the
00:58:55.740 best
00:58:56.000 of
00:58:56.140 all
00:58:56.300 possible
00:58:56.760 futures
00:58:57.280 who
00:58:58.200 wants
00:58:58.460 to
00:58:58.640 create
00:58:58.940 heaven
00:58:59.240 on
00:58:59.460 earth
00:58:59.780 will
00:59:00.400 make
00:59:00.620 the
00:59:00.820 greatest
00:59:01.180 of
00:59:01.460 sacrifices
00:59:02.200 of
00:59:02.860 self
00:59:03.220 and
00:59:03.440 child
00:59:03.840 of
00:59:04.360 everything
00:59:04.800 that
00:59:05.060 is
00:59:05.200 loved
00:59:05.580 to
00:59:06.340 live
00:59:06.560 a
00:59:06.700 life
00:59:06.960 aimed
00:59:07.220 at
00:59:07.420 the
00:59:07.560 good
00:59:07.880 he
00:59:09.440 will
00:59:09.620 forego
00:59:10.080 expediency
00:59:10.920 he
00:59:12.060 will
00:59:12.240 pursue
00:59:12.680 the
00:59:13.140 path
00:59:13.440 of
00:59:13.560 ultimate
00:59:13.900 meaning
00:59:14.280 and
00:59:15.440 he
00:59:15.620 will
00:59:15.960 in
00:59:16.840 that
00:59:17.060 manner
00:59:17.460 bring
00:59:18.360 salvation
00:59:18.980 to
00:59:19.320 the
00:59:19.520 ever
00:59:19.840 desperate
00:59:20.840 world
00:59:21.380 going
00:59:38.620 going
00:59:38.700 online
00:59:39.080 without
00:59:39.340 express
00:59:39.800 VPN
00:59:40.140 is
00:59:40.460 like
00:59:40.640 not
00:59:40.920 paying
00:59:41.140 attention
00:59:41.460 to
00:59:41.640 the
00:59:41.780 safety
00:59:42.000 demonstration
00:59:42.540 on
00:59:42.800 a
00:59:42.900 flight
00:59:43.180 most
00:59:43.920 of
00:59:44.040 the
00:59:44.100 time
00:59:44.340 you'll
00:59:44.540 probably
00:59:44.920 be
00:59:45.180 fine
00:59:45.540 but
00:59:45.920 what
00:59:46.320 if
00:59:46.460 one
00:59:46.680 day
00:59:46.860 that
00:59:47.120 weird
00:59:47.500 yellow
00:59:47.780 mask
00:59:48.100 drops
00:59:48.400 down
00:59:48.640 from
00:59:48.820 overhead
00:59:49.140 and
00:59:49.560 you
00:59:49.820 have
00:59:50.020 no
00:59:50.300 idea
00:59:50.600 what
00:59:50.820 to
00:59:50.940 do
00:59:51.140 in
00:59:51.560 our
00:59:51.700 hyper
00:59:51.960 connected
00:59:52.340 world
00:59:52.740 your
00:59:53.020 digital
00:59:53.420 privacy
00:59:53.840 isn't
00:59:54.200 just
00:59:54.380 a
00:59:54.520 luxury
00:59:54.840 it's
00:59:55.440 a
00:59:55.580 fundamental
00:59:56.020 right
00:59:56.380 every
00:59:56.700 time
00:59:56.920 you
00:59:57.060 connect
00:59:57.320 to
00:59:57.440 an
00:59:57.580 unsecured
00:59:58.100 network
00:59:58.500 in
00:59:58.680 a
00:59:58.820 cafe
00:59:59.160 hotel
00:59:59.860 or
01:00:00.100 airport
01:00:00.560 you're
01:00:01.000 essentially
01:00:01.340 broadcasting
01:00:02.020 your
01:00:02.240 personal
01:00:02.540 information
01:00:03.060 to
01:00:03.360 anyone
01:00:03.780 with
01:00:04.020 a
01:00:04.160 technical
01:00:04.500 know-how
01:00:04.940 to
01:00:05.120 intercept
01:00:05.540 it
01:00:05.760 and
01:00:05.960 let's
01:00:06.160 be
01:00:06.300 clear
01:00:06.580 it
01:00:06.860 doesn't
01:00:07.260 take
01:00:07.460 a
01:00:07.580 genius
01:00:07.820 hacker
01:00:08.120 to
01:00:08.300 do
01:00:08.440 this
01:00:08.740 with
01:00:09.200 some
01:00:09.440 off
01:00:18.640 who want
01:00:18.940 my
01:00:19.200 data
01:00:19.460 anyway
01:00:19.840 well
01:00:20.400 on
01:00:20.600 the
01:00:20.700 dark
01:00:20.920 web
01:00:21.140 your
01:00:21.460 personal
01:00:21.860 information
01:00:22.380 could
01:00:22.660 fetch
01:00:22.880 up
01:00:23.040 to
01:00:23.180 $1,000
01:00:23.960 that's
01:00:25.020 right
01:00:25.200 there's
01:00:25.440 a
01:00:25.560 whole
01:00:25.880 underground
01:00:26.320 economy
01:00:26.800 built
01:00:27.160 on
01:00:27.400 stolen
01:00:27.800 identities
01:00:28.400 enter
01:00:29.060 expressvpn
01:00:30.200 it's
01:00:30.740 like a
01:00:30.980 digital
01:00:31.260 fortress
01:00:31.820 creating
01:00:32.300 an
01:00:32.480 encrypted
01:00:32.840 tunnel
01:00:33.180 between
01:00:33.480 your
01:00:33.800 device
01:00:34.200 and
01:00:34.420 the
01:00:34.520 internet
01:00:34.820 their
01:00:35.360 encryption
01:00:35.700 is
01:00:36.040 so
01:00:36.360 robust
01:00:36.800 that
01:00:37.040 it
01:00:37.180 would
01:00:37.280 take
01:00:37.440 a
01:00:37.580 hacker
01:00:37.840 with
01:00:38.020 a
01:00:38.160 supercomputer
01:00:38.680 over a
01:00:39.420 billion
01:00:39.720 years
01:00:40.080 to
01:00:40.260 crack
01:00:40.520 it
01:00:40.680 but
01:00:41.000 don't
01:00:41.280 let
01:00:41.440 its
01:00:41.560 power
01:00:41.840 fool
01:00:42.100 you
01:00:42.360 expressvpn
01:00:43.340 is
01:00:43.520 incredibly
01:00:44.020 user
01:00:44.400 friendly
01:00:44.700 with
01:00:45.120 just
01:00:45.400 one
01:00:45.640 click
01:00:45.940 you're
01:00:46.140 protected
01:00:46.480 across
01:00:46.880 all
01:00:47.200 your
01:00:47.340 devices
01:00:47.740 phones
01:00:48.380 laptops
01:00:48.920 tablets
01:00:49.400 you
01:00:49.780 name
01:00:50.000 it
01:00:50.160 that's
01:00:50.460 why
01:00:50.580 I
01:00:50.820 use
01:00:51.000 expressvpn
01:00:51.820 whenever
01:00:52.060 I'm
01:00:52.340 traveling
01:00:52.740 or
01:00:53.100 working
01:00:53.460 from
01:00:53.640 a
01:00:53.760 coffee
01:00:53.980 shop
01:00:54.240 it
01:00:54.460 gives
01:00:54.660 me
01:00:54.800 peace
01:00:55.040 of
01:00:55.180 mind
01:00:55.420 knowing
01:00:55.660 that
01:00:55.860 my
01:00:56.020 research
01:00:56.580 communications
01:00:57.240 and
01:00:57.780 personal
01:00:58.200 data
01:00:58.500 are
01:01:11.840 starting
01:01:17.700 a
01:01:17.840 business
01:01:18.120 can
01:01:18.360 be
01:01:18.480 tough
01:01:18.820 but
01:01:19.180 thanks
01:01:19.420 to
01:01:19.600 Shopify
01:01:19.920 running
01:01:20.460 your
01:01:20.660 online
01:01:20.980 storefront
01:01:21.520 is
01:01:21.780 easier
01:01:22.220 than
01:01:22.420 ever
01:01:22.680 Shopify
01:01:23.400 is
01:01:23.760 the
01:01:24.040 global
01:01:24.420 commerce
01:01:24.780 platform
01:01:25.200 that
01:01:25.420 helps
01:01:25.640 you
01:01:25.760 sell
01:01:25.960 at
01:01:26.120 every
01:01:26.420 stage
01:01:26.720 of
01:01:26.820 your
01:01:26.920 business
01:01:27.300 from
01:01:27.800 the
01:01:27.980 launch
01:01:28.260 your
01:01:28.400 online
01:01:28.680 shop
01:01:28.980 stage
01:01:29.360 all
01:01:29.620 the
01:01:29.700 way
01:01:29.800 to
01:01:29.940 the
01:01:30.080 did
01:01:30.260 we
01:01:30.400 just
01:01:30.700 hit
01:01:30.880 a
01:01:31.000 million
01:01:31.180 orders
01:01:31.600 stage
01:01:32.020 Shopify
01:01:32.660 is
01:01:33.000 here
01:01:33.160 to
01:01:33.320 help
01:01:33.560 you
01:01:33.720 grow
01:01:34.040 our
01:01:34.700 marketing
01:01:35.000 team
01:01:35.320 uses
01:01:35.560 Shopify
01:01:35.920 every
01:01:36.360 day
01:01:36.560 to
01:01:36.720 sell
01:01:36.920 our
01:01:37.040 merchandise
01:01:37.360 and
01:01:37.820 we
01:01:38.040 love
01:01:38.340 how
01:01:38.500 easy
01:01:38.740 it
01:01:38.860 is
01:01:39.000 to
01:01:39.120 add
01:01:39.300 more
01:01:39.460 items
01:01:39.900 ship
01:01:40.420 products
01:01:40.860 and
01:01:41.040 track
01:01:41.300 conversions
01:01:41.840 with
01:01:42.660 Shopify
01:01:43.040 customize
01:01:43.580 your
01:01:43.880 online
01:01:44.140 store
01:01:44.460 to
01:01:44.660 your
01:01:44.960 style
01:01:45.380 with
01:01:45.660 flexible
01:01:46.040 templates
01:01:46.500 and
01:01:46.780 powerful
01:01:47.100 tools
01:01:47.540 alongside
01:01:48.160 an
01:01:48.500 endless
01:01:48.880 list
01:01:49.240 of
01:01:49.380 integrations
01:01:49.960 and
01:01:50.140 third
01:01:50.320 party
01:01:50.560 apps
01:01:50.920 like
01:01:51.200 on-demand
01:01:51.680 printing
01:01:52.160 accounting
01:01:52.660 and
01:01:53.020 chat
01:01:53.220 bots
01:01:53.600 Shopify
01:01:54.360 helps
01:01:54.680 you
01:01:54.800 turn
01:01:55.000 browsers
01:01:55.460 into
01:01:55.880 buyers
01:01:56.240 with
01:01:56.420 the
01:01:56.520 internet's
01:01:56.940 best
01:01:57.240 converting
01:01:57.660 checkout
01:01:58.040 up to
01:01:58.640 36%
01:01:59.420 better
01:01:59.720 compared
01:02:00.040 to
01:02:00.220 other
01:02:00.460 leading
01:02:00.800 e-commerce
01:02:01.280 platforms
01:02:01.880 no matter
01:02:02.740 how big
01:02:03.180 you
01:02:03.280 want
01:02:03.420 to
01:02:03.520 grow
01:02:03.820 Shopify
01:02:04.280 gives
01:02:04.660 you
01:02:04.780 everything
01:02:05.100 you
01:02:05.320 need
01:02:05.520 to
01:02:05.680 take
01:02:05.860 control
01:02:06.260 and
01:02:06.560 take
01:02:06.840 your
01:02:06.960 business
01:02:07.280 to
01:02:07.500 the
01:02:07.600 next
01:02:07.860 level
01:02:08.200 sign
01:02:09.020 up
01:02:09.180 for
01:02:09.320 a
01:02:09.460 one
01:02:09.680 dollar
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01:02:10.060 month
01:02:10.220 trial
01:02:10.500 period
01:02:10.840 at
01:02:11.120 shopify.com
01:02:12.160 slash
01:02:12.520 jbp
01:02:13.300 all
01:02:13.720 lowercase
01:02:14.340 go to
01:02:15.120 shopify.com
01:02:16.000 slash
01:02:16.320 jbp
01:02:16.860 now
01:02:17.160 to
01:02:17.380 grow
01:02:17.620 your
01:02:17.800 business
01:02:18.180 no
01:02:18.600 matter
01:02:18.900 what
01:02:19.140 stage
01:02:19.420 you're
01:02:19.560 in
01:02:19.820 that's
01:02:20.460 shopify.com
01:02:21.420 slash
01:02:21.800 jbp
01:02:22.540 on the
01:02:28.820 third
01:02:29.040 day
01:02:29.280 Abraham
01:02:29.640 lifted up
01:02:30.200 his
01:02:30.360 eyes
01:02:30.600 and saw
01:02:31.000 the
01:02:31.160 place
01:02:31.460 far
01:02:31.800 off
01:02:32.240 it's
01:02:36.020 not
01:02:36.200 an
01:02:36.380 accident
01:02:36.740 also
01:02:37.320 that
01:02:37.560 it's
01:02:37.700 in
01:02:37.800 a
01:02:37.920 mountain
01:02:38.200 right
01:02:38.560 because
01:02:38.880 a
01:02:39.760 mountain
01:02:39.940 is
01:02:40.080 something
01:02:40.280 you
01:02:40.460 have
01:02:40.600 to
01:02:40.720 climb
01:02:41.060 and
01:02:41.220 you
01:02:41.320 have
01:02:41.480 to
01:02:41.680 climb
01:02:42.140 to
01:02:42.280 the
01:02:42.400 pinnacle
01:02:42.720 of
01:02:42.880 a
01:02:43.000 mountain
01:02:43.220 and
01:02:43.480 the
01:02:44.000 mountain
01:02:44.240 is
01:02:44.440 up
01:02:44.800 right
01:02:45.040 and
01:02:45.140 the
01:02:45.240 mountain
01:02:45.440 stretches
01:02:45.880 up
01:02:46.100 to
01:02:46.220 heaven
01:02:46.480 and
01:02:46.720 it's
01:02:47.200 a
01:02:47.300 long
01:02:47.500 journey
01:02:47.920 to
01:02:48.220 specify
01:02:48.720 the
01:02:49.000 right
01:02:49.260 place
01:02:50.000 on
01:02:50.160 the
01:02:50.280 highest
01:02:50.600 pinnacle
01:02:51.100 and
01:02:51.980 that's
01:02:52.840 symbolic
01:02:53.500 because
01:02:53.880 of course
01:02:54.240 it's
01:02:54.420 a
01:02:54.560 pinnacle
01:02:54.900 that
01:03:01.160 depends
01:03:01.900 to
01:03:02.120 some
01:03:02.300 degree
01:03:02.560 of
01:03:02.760 course
01:03:02.940 on
01:03:03.140 your
01:03:03.280 definition
01:03:03.740 of
01:03:03.960 upward
01:03:04.340 and
01:03:06.220 Abraham
01:03:06.480 said to
01:03:06.980 his
01:03:07.140 young
01:03:07.340 men
01:03:07.600 abide
01:03:07.980 he
01:03:08.280 here
01:03:08.580 with
01:03:08.800 the
01:03:09.000 ass
01:03:09.360 and
01:03:09.500 I
01:03:09.660 and
01:03:10.080 the
01:03:10.200 lad
01:03:10.380 will
01:03:10.540 go
01:03:10.700 yonder
01:03:11.020 and
01:03:11.200 worship
01:03:11.480 and
01:03:11.720 come
01:03:11.900 to
01:03:12.060 you
01:03:12.200 again
01:03:12.520 and
01:03:13.960 Abraham
01:03:14.260 took
01:03:15.220 the
01:03:15.400 wood
01:03:15.560 of
01:03:15.680 the
01:03:15.800 burnt
01:03:16.020 offering
01:03:16.440 and
01:03:17.180 laid
01:03:17.500 it
01:03:17.700 upon
01:03:17.980 Isaac
01:03:18.380 his
01:03:18.660 son
01:03:19.000 and
01:03:19.720 he
01:03:19.820 took
01:03:19.960 the
01:03:20.140 fire
01:03:20.400 in
01:03:20.540 his
01:03:20.680 hand
01:03:21.020 and
01:03:22.560 a
01:03:22.700 knife
01:03:22.980 and
01:03:24.360 they
01:03:24.480 went
01:03:24.680 both
01:03:24.940 of
01:03:25.080 them
01:03:25.200 together
01:03:25.620 and
01:03:29.060 Isaac
01:03:29.360 spake
01:03:29.820 unto
01:03:30.040 Abraham
01:03:30.380 his
01:03:30.600 father
01:03:30.920 and
01:03:31.160 said
01:03:31.440 my
01:03:32.340 father
01:03:32.720 and
01:03:34.080 he
01:03:34.220 said
01:03:34.500 here
01:03:35.920 am
01:03:36.060 I
01:03:36.200 my
01:03:36.420 son
01:03:36.780 and
01:03:38.300 he
01:03:38.440 said
01:03:38.740 behold
01:03:39.900 the
01:03:40.120 fire
01:03:40.400 and
01:03:40.560 the
01:03:40.680 wood
01:03:41.000 but
01:03:43.940 where
01:03:44.140 is
01:03:44.300 the
01:03:44.440 lamb
01:03:44.740 for
01:03:44.960 a
01:03:45.100 burnt
01:03:45.300 offering
01:03:45.760 and
01:03:48.200 Abraham
01:03:48.480 said
01:03:48.900 my
01:03:49.380 son
01:03:49.660 God
01:03:49.940 will
01:03:50.260 provide
01:03:50.640 himself
01:03:51.060 a
01:03:51.300 lamb
01:03:51.520 for
01:03:51.740 a
01:03:51.860 burnt
01:03:52.040 offering
01:03:52.520 so
01:03:53.920 they
01:03:54.060 went
01:03:54.260 both
01:03:54.540 of
01:03:54.660 them
01:03:54.820 together
01:03:55.240 and
01:03:57.440 they
01:03:57.560 came
01:03:57.740 to
01:03:57.840 the
01:03:57.940 place
01:03:58.200 which
01:03:58.380 God
01:03:58.600 had
01:03:58.740 told
01:03:58.960 him
01:03:59.100 of
01:03:59.280 and
01:03:59.400 Abraham
01:03:59.660 built
01:04:00.080 an
01:04:00.620 altar
01:04:00.880 there
01:04:01.200 and
01:04:01.800 laid
01:04:02.000 the
01:04:02.160 wood
01:04:02.340 in
01:04:02.480 order
01:04:02.740 and
01:04:03.040 bound
01:04:03.320 Isaac
01:04:03.740 his
01:04:04.000 son
01:04:04.280 and
01:04:04.780 laid
01:04:05.080 him
01:04:05.300 on
01:04:05.920 the
01:04:06.060 altar
01:04:06.340 upon
01:04:06.700 the
01:04:06.880 wood
01:04:07.140 and
01:04:10.580 Abraham
01:04:10.860 stretched
01:04:11.260 forth
01:04:11.540 his
01:04:11.720 hand
01:04:11.980 and
01:04:12.120 took
01:04:12.280 the
01:04:12.460 knife
01:04:12.740 to
01:04:13.460 slay
01:04:13.760 his
01:04:14.000 son
01:04:14.320 and
01:04:19.920 the
01:04:20.040 angel
01:04:20.260 of
01:04:20.400 the
01:04:20.520 Lord
01:04:20.700 called
01:04:21.000 unto
01:04:21.260 him
01:04:21.600 out
01:04:22.240 of
01:04:22.360 heaven
01:04:22.680 and
01:04:23.220 said
01:04:23.460 Abraham
01:04:23.840 and
01:04:25.240 he
01:04:25.360 said
01:04:25.600 here
01:04:25.920 am
01:04:26.500 I
01:04:26.820 the
01:04:29.160 angel
01:04:29.380 said
01:04:29.780 lay
01:04:30.140 not
01:04:30.400 thine
01:04:30.620 hand
01:04:30.880 upon
01:04:31.160 the
01:04:31.320 lad
01:04:31.540 neither
01:04:31.820 do
01:04:32.020 thou
01:04:32.220 anything
01:04:32.600 unto
01:04:32.900 him
01:04:33.160 for
01:04:33.600 now
01:04:33.800 I
01:04:33.940 know
01:04:34.120 that
01:04:34.340 thou
01:04:34.540 fearest
01:04:34.940 God
01:04:35.400 seeing
01:04:36.000 thou
01:04:36.160 hast
01:04:36.400 not
01:04:36.760 withheld
01:04:37.240 thy
01:04:37.520 son
01:04:37.920 thine
01:04:38.540 only
01:04:38.800 son
01:04:39.100 from
01:04:39.360 me
01:04:39.640 when
01:04:49.700 when
01:04:49.720 I
01:04:49.840 was
01:04:50.000 answering
01:04:50.380 the
01:04:50.560 questions
01:04:50.960 last
01:04:51.280 night
01:04:51.480 at
01:04:51.620 this
01:04:51.820 Q&A
01:04:52.300 this
01:04:52.560 guy
01:04:52.900 asked
01:04:53.200 me
01:04:53.340 this
01:04:53.520 question
01:04:53.940 he
01:04:54.160 said
01:04:54.400 that
01:04:54.560 he
01:04:54.700 had
01:04:54.880 parents
01:04:55.380 who
01:04:55.580 were
01:04:55.820 desperate
01:04:56.800 anti
01:04:57.900 social
01:04:58.440 alcoholic
01:04:59.240 addicted
01:04:59.920 friendless
01:05:01.360 and
01:05:02.340 that
01:05:02.520 they
01:05:05.360 didn't
01:05:05.580 want
01:05:05.780 him
01:05:05.920 to
01:05:06.080 leave
01:05:06.300 their
01:05:06.500 home
01:05:06.740 he
01:05:07.860 was
01:05:08.040 the
01:05:08.180 only
01:05:08.400 relationship
01:05:08.940 they
01:05:09.200 had
01:05:09.560 that
01:05:09.980 that
01:05:12.780 was
01:05:13.000 of
01:05:13.260 he
01:05:14.560 was
01:05:14.740 the
01:05:14.880 only
01:05:15.080 relationship
01:05:15.620 they
01:05:15.940 had
01:05:16.240 and
01:05:16.380 he
01:05:16.500 asked
01:05:16.800 what
01:05:16.980 he
01:05:17.180 should
01:05:17.360 do
01:05:17.640 and
01:05:20.140 I
01:05:20.280 told
01:05:20.500 him
01:05:20.620 that
01:05:20.760 he
01:05:20.880 should
01:05:21.060 leave
01:05:21.420 and
01:05:24.000 the
01:05:24.120 reason
01:05:24.340 for
01:05:24.500 that
01:05:24.700 is
01:05:24.880 that
01:05:25.120 you
01:05:29.460 have
01:05:29.700 a
01:05:29.840 moral
01:05:30.040 obligation
01:05:30.560 as
01:05:30.860 a
01:05:31.440 parent
01:05:31.860 to
01:05:32.160 encourage
01:05:33.820 your
01:05:34.100 child
01:05:34.840 to
01:05:34.980 go
01:05:35.100 out
01:05:35.220 into
01:05:35.360 the
01:05:35.520 world
01:05:35.820 right
01:05:36.420 and
01:05:37.540 to
01:05:37.700 be
01:05:38.100 whoever
01:05:38.840 they
01:05:39.100 can
01:05:39.280 be
01:05:39.640 to
01:05:40.980 be
01:05:41.180 the
01:05:41.360 best
01:05:41.640 they
01:05:41.840 can
01:05:42.000 possibly
01:05:42.460 be
01:05:42.860 and
01:05:44.860 in
01:05:45.000 doing
01:05:45.200 that
01:05:45.420 you're
01:05:45.660 encouraging
01:05:47.120 them
01:05:47.720 to
01:05:48.960 pursue
01:05:49.840 the
01:05:50.040 good
01:05:50.280 you're
01:05:50.860 sacrificing
01:05:51.620 them
01:05:52.080 to
01:05:52.600 the
01:05:52.760 good
01:05:53.060 you're
01:05:53.980 not
01:05:54.180 keeping
01:05:54.540 them
01:05:54.740 for
01:05:54.940 yourself
01:05:55.520 selfishly
01:05:56.800 you're
01:05:57.680 telling
01:05:57.980 them
01:05:58.220 that
01:05:58.420 they
01:05:58.600 can
01:05:58.800 go
01:05:59.040 out
01:05:59.240 and
01:05:59.440 live
01:05:59.680 their
01:05:59.900 life
01:06:00.180 and
01:06:00.360 live
01:06:00.580 it
01:06:00.720 properly
01:06:01.140 and
01:06:01.820 and
01:06:05.380 that's
01:06:05.840 the
01:06:06.340 parallel
01:06:06.700 to
01:06:07.020 the
01:06:07.180 idea
01:06:07.580 of
01:06:07.940 the
01:06:08.620 sacrifice
01:06:09.080 of
01:06:09.420 Isaac
01:06:09.820 as
01:06:10.440 far
01:06:10.680 as
01:06:10.840 I
01:06:10.980 can
01:06:11.140 tell
01:06:11.460 you
01:06:15.300 don't
01:06:15.580 want
01:06:15.900 for
01:06:16.100 your
01:06:16.320 son
01:06:16.660 what
01:06:17.420 it
01:06:17.560 is
01:06:17.760 that
01:06:17.920 you
01:06:18.120 want
01:06:18.440 for
01:06:18.680 him
01:06:18.960 you
01:06:20.320 want
01:06:20.600 for
01:06:20.880 your
01:06:21.200 son
01:06:21.560 what
01:06:22.980 would
01:06:23.640 be
01:06:23.840 best
01:06:24.200 for
01:06:24.420 him
01:06:24.660 and
01:06:24.900 for
01:06:25.080 the
01:06:25.240 world
01:06:25.580 and
01:06:27.140 you
01:06:27.540 let
01:06:27.900 go
01:06:28.400 in
01:06:29.540 precise
01:06:29.940 proportion
01:06:30.500 to
01:06:30.840 your
01:06:31.020 desire
01:06:31.480 to
01:06:32.040 have
01:06:32.240 that
01:06:32.460 happen
01:06:32.820 you
01:06:33.260 know
01:06:33.420 the
01:06:33.760 psychoanalyst
01:06:34.380 the
01:06:34.540 great
01:06:34.760 psychoanalyst
01:06:35.360 I think
01:06:35.740 this is
01:06:37.200 actually
01:06:37.520 Freud's
01:06:37.940 dictum
01:06:38.240 but I'm
01:06:38.640 not
01:06:38.800 certain
01:06:39.120 of
01:06:39.240 that
01:06:39.400 he
01:06:39.940 said
01:06:40.200 the
01:06:40.340 good
01:06:40.560 mother
01:06:40.860 fails
01:06:41.440 which
01:06:43.060 is
01:06:43.180 a
01:06:43.320 brilliant
01:06:43.980 observation
01:06:44.720 because
01:06:45.180 when you
01:06:48.120 have an
01:06:48.440 infant
01:06:48.700 you do
01:06:49.260 everything
01:06:49.560 for the
01:06:49.860 infant
01:06:50.100 because
01:06:50.460 the
01:06:50.720 infant
01:06:50.920 can
01:06:51.200 do
01:06:51.340 nothing
01:06:51.660 for
01:06:52.060 him
01:06:52.220 or
01:06:52.340 herself
01:06:52.720 but
01:06:53.200 as
01:06:53.540 the
01:06:53.740 infant
01:06:54.040 matures
01:06:54.560 and
01:06:55.380 is
01:06:55.600 increasingly
01:06:56.480 capable
01:06:57.020 of
01:06:57.980 doing
01:06:58.220 things
01:06:58.620 for
01:06:58.940 him
01:06:59.220 or
01:06:59.320 herself
01:07:00.500 right
01:07:00.880 you
01:07:01.420 pull
01:07:01.600 back
01:07:02.000 and
01:07:02.200 every
01:07:02.920 time
01:07:03.200 the
01:07:03.400 child
01:07:03.700 develops
01:07:04.240 the
01:07:04.400 ability
01:07:04.700 to
01:07:04.900 do
01:07:05.060 something
01:07:05.340 you
01:07:05.560 allow
01:07:05.840 them
01:07:06.120 or
01:07:06.620 encourage
01:07:07.060 them
01:07:07.260 to
01:07:07.420 do
01:07:07.660 it
01:07:07.820 and
01:07:08.020 you
01:07:08.360 don't
01:07:08.620 interfere
01:07:09.200 you know
01:07:09.820 so if
01:07:10.240 your
01:07:10.380 child
01:07:10.640 is
01:07:10.800 struggling
01:07:11.080 getting
01:07:11.360 dressed
01:07:11.720 well
01:07:12.000 obviously
01:07:12.640 there's
01:07:12.920 sometimes
01:07:13.360 that you
01:07:13.740 help
01:07:13.960 them
01:07:14.100 but
01:07:14.240 mostly
01:07:14.620 you
01:07:14.820 let
01:07:15.080 them
01:07:15.280 learn
01:07:15.620 so
01:07:15.840 that
01:07:16.020 they
01:07:16.180 can
01:07:16.620 know
01:07:16.820 how
01:07:16.960 to
01:07:17.100 do
01:07:17.240 it
01:07:17.340 in
01:07:17.460 the
01:07:17.560 future
01:07:17.920 that's
01:07:18.680 better
01:07:18.880 for
01:07:19.060 you
01:07:19.240 and
01:07:19.340 it's
01:07:19.500 certainly
01:07:19.720 better
01:07:19.960 for
01:07:20.120 them
01:07:20.320 there's
01:07:20.880 a
01:07:21.020 rule
01:07:21.280 if
01:07:21.760 you're
01:07:21.920 working
01:07:22.160 with
01:07:22.380 the
01:07:22.500 elderly
01:07:22.820 in
01:07:23.000 an
01:07:23.120 old
01:07:23.280 age
01:07:23.520 home
01:07:23.760 and
01:07:23.860 the
01:07:23.980 rule
01:07:24.140 is
01:07:24.300 something
01:07:24.560 like
01:07:24.920 don't
01:07:26.060 do
01:07:26.220 anything
01:07:26.540 for
01:07:26.760 any
01:07:26.940 of
01:07:27.120 the
01:07:27.440 guests
01:07:30.340 let's
01:07:30.780 say
01:07:31.020 that
01:07:31.500 they
01:07:31.640 can
01:07:31.780 do
01:07:31.940 for
01:07:32.160 themselves
01:07:32.620 because
01:07:33.700 you
01:07:33.880 compromise
01:07:34.600 their
01:07:34.840 independence
01:07:35.300 and
01:07:35.600 so
01:07:35.800 as
01:07:36.360 a
01:07:36.480 mother
01:07:36.660 you
01:07:36.880 pull
01:07:37.120 back
01:07:37.420 and
01:07:37.540 you
01:07:37.660 pull
01:07:37.820 back
01:07:38.100 and
01:07:38.240 you
01:07:38.360 let
01:07:38.500 your
01:07:38.640 child
01:07:39.000 hit
01:07:39.540 him
01:07:39.840 or
01:07:39.960 herself
01:07:40.360 against
01:07:40.760 the
01:07:41.040 world
01:07:41.360 and
01:07:41.960 you
01:07:42.060 fail
01:07:42.440 to
01:07:42.680 protect
01:07:43.080 them
01:07:43.380 but
01:07:44.240 by failing
01:07:44.780 to
01:07:44.980 protect
01:07:45.280 them
01:07:45.520 you
01:07:45.980 encourage
01:07:47.420 and
01:07:47.680 ennoble
01:07:48.120 them
01:07:48.420 to
01:07:49.420 the
01:07:49.580 point
01:07:49.820 where
01:07:50.020 you're
01:07:50.220 no
01:07:50.320 longer
01:07:50.580 necessary
01:07:51.260 now
01:07:52.560 they
01:07:52.740 may
01:07:52.920 still
01:07:53.140 want
01:07:53.340 to
01:07:53.460 see
01:07:53.660 you
01:07:53.860 and
01:07:54.020 it
01:07:54.140 would
01:07:54.260 be
01:07:54.400 wonderful
01:07:54.740 if
01:07:54.960 that
01:07:55.120 was
01:07:55.240 the
01:07:55.400 case
01:07:55.660 but
01:07:55.880 the
01:07:56.040 point
01:07:56.300 is
01:07:56.560 that
01:07:56.880 you're
01:07:57.120 supposed
01:07:57.380 to
01:07:57.640 remove
01:07:58.480 yourself
01:07:59.020 from
01:07:59.260 the
01:07:59.440 equation
01:07:59.940 by
01:08:00.680 encouraging
01:08:01.240 your
01:08:01.840 child
01:08:02.160 to
01:08:02.320 be
01:08:02.440 the
01:08:02.620 best
01:08:02.960 possible
01:08:03.500 person
01:08:04.000 that
01:08:04.820 person
01:08:05.320 can
01:08:05.580 be
01:08:05.880 and
01:08:07.280 you
01:08:07.440 sacrifice
01:08:07.940 your
01:08:08.320 desires
01:08:09.020 all
01:08:10.440 of
01:08:10.600 your
01:08:10.740 desires
01:08:11.240 to
01:08:11.480 that
01:08:11.800 your
01:08:12.040 personal
01:08:12.460 desires
01:08:12.880 even
01:08:13.080 your
01:08:13.260 desires
01:08:13.620 for
01:08:13.840 your
01:08:14.000 child
01:08:14.420 in
01:08:14.600 relationship
01:08:15.060 to
01:08:15.340 you
01:08:15.600 because
01:08:16.540 you
01:08:16.720 want
01:08:16.960 them
01:08:17.080 to
01:08:17.220 move
01:08:17.420 forward
01:08:17.740 into
01:08:17.920 the
01:08:18.080 world
01:08:18.320 as
01:08:18.680 a
01:08:19.080 light
01:08:19.460 right
01:08:19.800 as
01:08:20.020 a
01:08:20.160 light
01:08:20.400 on
01:08:20.580 a
01:08:20.700 hill
01:08:20.960 that's
01:08:21.540 what
01:08:21.660 you
01:08:21.780 want
01:08:22.060 if
01:08:22.220 you
01:08:22.300 have
01:08:22.540 any
01:08:22.740 sense
01:08:23.300 and
01:08:24.500 so
01:08:24.640 you
01:08:24.760 don't
01:08:24.980 get
01:08:25.160 to
01:08:25.320 keep
01:08:25.540 your
01:08:25.680 children
01:08:25.980 at
01:08:26.180 home
01:08:26.460 because
01:08:26.820 you
01:08:27.200 need
01:08:27.500 them
01:08:27.780 now
01:08:28.300 I'm
01:08:28.560 talking
01:08:29.060 generally
01:08:29.600 obviously
01:08:30.160 and
01:08:30.460 there
01:08:30.920 are
01:08:31.060 circumstances
01:08:31.700 under
01:08:32.320 which
01:08:32.600 families
01:08:33.020 make
01:08:33.280 their
01:08:33.460 own
01:08:33.660 idiosyncratic
01:08:34.460 decisions
01:08:34.900 and
01:08:35.120 I'm
01:08:35.300 not
01:08:35.680 trying
01:08:35.880 to
01:08:36.080 damn
01:08:36.440 everyone
01:08:37.180 with
01:08:37.480 a
01:08:37.680 casual
01:08:38.760 gesture
01:08:39.680 you
01:08:40.040 know
01:08:40.220 but
01:08:40.680 the
01:08:40.820 point
01:08:41.080 is
01:08:41.260 still
01:08:41.540 strong
01:08:42.080 that
01:08:42.380 the
01:08:45.320 good
01:08:45.560 father
01:08:45.900 is
01:08:46.100 precisely
01:08:46.520 someone
01:08:46.960 who
01:08:47.380 is
01:08:47.520 willing
01:08:47.780 to
01:08:48.000 sacrifice
01:08:48.420 his
01:08:48.760 child
01:08:49.040 to
01:08:49.220 the
01:08:49.340 ultimate
01:08:49.640 good
01:08:50.000 that's
01:08:52.040 dramatized
01:08:52.860 in this
01:08:53.200 story
01:08:53.560 you
01:08:53.760 know
01:08:53.880 and
01:08:54.000 it's
01:08:54.500 brutal
01:08:55.080 but
01:08:56.480 the
01:08:59.980 world
01:09:00.280 is
01:09:00.460 a
01:09:00.600 brutal
01:09:00.820 place
01:09:01.260 and
01:09:01.440 much
01:09:01.640 wisdom
01:09:02.020 comes
01:09:02.320 out
01:09:02.500 of
01:09:02.620 catastrophe
01:09:03.200 and
01:09:04.240 this
01:09:04.420 is
01:09:04.560 an
01:09:04.700 indication
01:09:05.160 of
01:09:05.400 how
01:09:05.540 much
01:09:05.740 catastrophe
01:09:06.440 our
01:09:06.780 ancestors
01:09:07.220 had
01:09:07.560 to
01:09:07.840 plow
01:09:09.040 through
01:09:09.380 had
01:09:09.580 to
01:09:09.760 work
01:09:10.080 through
01:09:10.400 in
01:09:10.940 order
01:09:11.100 to
01:09:11.320 generate
01:09:11.820 the
01:09:12.160 substructure
01:09:12.840 for
01:09:13.060 the
01:09:13.200 conceptions
01:09:13.760 of
01:09:13.920 freedom
01:09:14.300 even
01:09:14.580 that
01:09:14.780 we
01:09:14.900 have
01:09:15.120 today
01:09:15.420 for
01:09:15.620 freedom
01:09:15.980 and
01:09:16.200 the
01:09:16.340 good
01:09:16.600 and
01:09:17.300 that's
01:09:17.580 how
01:09:17.700 the
01:09:17.880 story
01:09:18.180 appears
01:09:18.560 to
01:09:18.760 me
01:09:18.980 now
01:09:19.880 I
01:09:19.960 think
01:09:20.120 there's
01:09:20.340 more
01:09:20.540 to
01:09:20.820 it
01:09:20.960 I
01:09:21.080 think
01:09:21.300 if
01:09:21.540 there
01:09:21.700 has
01:09:21.960 to
01:09:22.100 be
01:09:22.240 more
01:09:22.440 to
01:09:22.660 it
01:09:22.880 it
01:09:25.280 lays
01:09:25.500 the
01:09:25.680 groundwork
01:09:26.180 at least
01:09:26.540 in the
01:09:26.800 Christian
01:09:27.120 context
01:09:27.660 for the
01:09:28.000 eventual
01:09:28.360 emergence
01:09:28.820 of
01:09:29.060 Christ
01:09:29.400 as
01:09:29.860 I
01:09:30.020 alluded
01:09:30.520 to
01:09:30.740 in
01:09:30.880 my
01:09:31.140 reading
01:09:32.100 that
01:09:33.500 story
01:09:33.840 obviously
01:09:34.280 has
01:09:34.560 to
01:09:34.680 be
01:09:34.800 unpacked
01:09:35.360 and
01:09:35.440 unpacked
01:09:35.900 and
01:09:35.980 unpacked
01:09:36.460 just
01:09:36.580 like
01:09:36.820 it
01:09:36.920 has
01:09:37.120 been
01:09:37.320 for
01:09:37.460 the
01:09:37.560 last
01:09:37.780 2,000
01:09:38.260 years
01:09:38.580 it's
01:09:39.320 also
01:09:39.520 an
01:09:39.700 indication
01:09:40.160 here
01:09:40.500 of
01:09:40.760 well
01:09:45.540 I
01:09:45.660 would
01:09:45.780 say
01:09:45.960 the
01:09:46.120 transmutation
01:09:46.840 of
01:09:47.080 sacrifice
01:09:47.500 into
01:09:47.880 an
01:09:48.060 increasingly
01:09:48.520 psychological
01:09:49.140 form
01:09:49.620 which
01:09:49.840 is
01:09:49.980 a
01:09:50.140 development
01:09:50.800 that we've
01:09:51.220 tracked
01:09:51.460 all the
01:09:51.760 way
01:09:51.940 through
01:09:52.160 the
01:09:52.400 Old
01:09:52.860 Testament
01:09:53.180 up
01:09:53.460 to
01:09:53.600 this
01:09:53.800 particular
01:09:54.160 point
01:09:54.580 first
01:09:56.240 acted
01:09:56.640 out
01:09:56.960 then
01:09:57.920 represented
01:09:58.460 in
01:09:58.700 ritual
01:09:59.080 those
01:09:59.400 would
01:09:59.520 be
01:09:59.580 the
01:09:59.720 rituals
01:10:00.020 of
01:10:00.220 sacrifice
01:10:00.760 then
01:10:01.540 laid
01:10:01.780 out
01:10:01.940 in
01:10:02.120 story
01:10:02.560 then
01:10:03.100 turned
01:10:03.360 into
01:10:03.580 a
01:10:03.760 psychological
01:10:04.300 phenomena
01:10:05.320 so
01:10:05.640 that
01:10:05.800 now
01:10:06.100 we're
01:10:06.680 capable
01:10:07.000 of
01:10:07.240 making
01:10:07.560 sacrifices
01:10:09.420 in
01:10:09.680 abstraction
01:10:10.240 right
01:10:10.660 to
01:10:11.480 conceptualize
01:10:13.240 a future
01:10:13.660 that we
01:10:14.020 want
01:10:14.380 to let
01:10:15.120 go of
01:10:15.440 the
01:10:15.560 things
01:10:15.840 that
01:10:16.080 are
01:10:16.400 stopping
01:10:16.800 us
01:10:17.020 from
01:10:17.200 moving
01:10:17.440 forward
01:10:17.820 and
01:10:18.520 to
01:10:18.680 free
01:10:18.880 ourselves
01:10:19.320 from
01:10:19.600 the
01:10:20.800 original
01:10:21.020 preconceptions
01:10:21.740 and
01:10:22.580 that's
01:10:22.880 laid
01:10:23.140 out
01:10:23.440 in
01:10:24.040 these
01:10:24.240 old
01:10:24.480 stories
01:10:24.960 as
01:10:25.820 the
01:10:26.280 optimal
01:10:26.700 pathway
01:10:27.160 of
01:10:27.400 being
01:10:27.700 and
01:10:29.100 there's
01:10:29.280 a
01:10:29.420 philosopher
01:10:29.840 of
01:10:30.120 science
01:10:30.460 named
01:10:30.780 Karl
01:10:31.160 Popper
01:10:31.600 very
01:10:32.440 sensible
01:10:32.920 and
01:10:33.200 down-to-earth
01:10:33.760 person
01:10:34.180 who
01:10:34.820 was
01:10:34.940 talking
01:10:35.260 about
01:10:35.600 thinking
01:10:36.020 and
01:10:36.280 its
01:10:36.440 nature
01:10:36.760 and
01:10:36.940 he
01:10:37.080 was
01:10:37.240 thought
01:10:37.560 about
01:10:37.780 thinking
01:10:38.220 in
01:10:38.400 a
01:10:38.500 Darwinian
01:10:38.960 fashion
01:10:39.440 he
01:10:40.080 said
01:10:40.200 the
01:10:40.340 purpose
01:10:40.620 of
01:10:40.780 thinking
01:10:41.060 is
01:10:41.260 to
01:10:41.400 let
01:10:41.560 your
01:10:41.700 thoughts
01:10:42.000 die
01:10:42.400 instead
01:10:42.720 of
01:10:42.940 you
01:10:43.240 it's
01:10:44.500 a
01:10:44.700 brilliant
01:10:45.180 notion
01:10:46.020 and
01:10:46.320 so
01:10:46.540 the
01:10:46.760 idea
01:10:47.080 is
01:10:47.280 something
01:10:47.560 like
01:10:47.880 you
01:10:50.300 can
01:10:50.500 conjure
01:10:50.900 up
01:10:51.080 a
01:10:51.200 representation
01:10:51.680 of
01:10:52.180 yourself
01:10:52.580 you
01:10:52.900 can
01:10:53.060 conjure
01:10:53.420 up
01:10:53.600 a
01:10:53.940 variety
01:10:54.220 of
01:10:54.380 potential
01:10:54.840 representations
01:10:55.400 of
01:10:55.820 yourself
01:10:56.160 in
01:10:56.380 the
01:10:56.820 future
01:10:57.120 you
01:10:57.340 can
01:10:57.500 lay
01:10:58.200 out
01:10:58.480 how
01:10:58.740 those
01:10:59.080 future
01:10:59.700 representations
01:11:00.220 of
01:11:00.660 yourself
01:11:00.920 are
01:11:01.240 likely
01:11:02.000 to
01:11:02.380 prevail
01:11:03.000 or
01:11:03.300 fail
01:11:03.700 you
01:11:04.140 can
01:11:04.320 cull
01:11:04.800 the
01:11:05.360 potential
01:11:06.020 use
01:11:06.520 in
01:11:06.660 the
01:11:06.780 future
01:11:07.080 that
01:11:07.280 will
01:11:07.440 fail
01:11:07.860 and
01:11:08.300 then
01:11:08.440 you
01:11:08.580 can
01:11:08.700 embody
01:11:09.060 the
01:11:09.240 ones
01:11:09.480 that
01:11:09.640 will
01:11:09.800 succeed
01:11:10.360 you
01:11:11.740 do
01:11:11.940 that
01:11:12.220 well
01:11:13.320 simultaneously
01:11:14.260 conjuring
01:11:15.540 up
01:11:15.720 a representation
01:11:16.280 of your
01:11:16.820 current
01:11:17.100 state
01:11:17.500 and
01:11:18.160 determining
01:11:18.640 for
01:11:18.900 yourself
01:11:19.420 because
01:11:20.500 of
01:11:20.780 your
01:11:20.960 undue
01:11:21.400 suffering
01:11:21.940 which
01:11:22.620 elements
01:11:23.080 of
01:11:23.300 your
01:11:23.460 pathetic
01:11:23.900 being
01:11:24.340 need
01:11:24.640 to
01:11:24.780 be
01:11:24.920 given
01:11:25.180 up
01:11:25.420 so
01:11:25.600 that
01:11:25.760 you
01:11:25.880 can
01:11:26.040 move
01:11:26.260 forward
01:11:26.640 into
01:11:26.860 that
01:11:27.120 future
01:11:27.560 and
01:11:28.480 the
01:11:28.640 goal
01:11:29.060 what
01:11:30.120 is
01:11:30.340 it
01:11:30.480 that
01:11:30.620 you're
01:11:30.820 aiming
01:11:31.060 at
01:11:31.300 with
01:11:31.520 that
01:11:31.720 work
01:11:32.040 and
01:11:32.180 that
01:11:32.340 sacrifice
01:11:32.800 that's
01:11:33.200 the
01:11:33.340 ultimate
01:11:33.640 question
01:11:34.160 it's
01:11:34.400 the
01:11:34.520 question
01:11:34.800 I
01:11:34.940 was
01:11:35.060 trying
01:11:35.240 to
01:11:35.380 address
01:11:35.700 in
01:11:35.860 that
01:11:36.000 writing
01:11:36.280 what
01:11:36.500 is
01:11:36.660 it
01:11:36.760 that
01:11:36.900 you're
01:11:37.080 trying
01:11:37.300 to
01:11:37.420 do
01:11:37.600 when
01:11:38.060 you're
01:11:38.160 trying
01:11:38.320 to
01:11:38.460 improve
01:11:38.860 the
01:11:39.080 future
01:11:39.500 we
01:11:40.560 believe
01:11:40.880 that
01:11:41.080 the
01:11:41.220 future
01:11:41.460 can
01:11:41.660 be
01:11:41.800 improved
01:11:42.220 we
01:11:42.440 believe
01:11:42.760 that
01:11:42.920 it
01:11:43.000 can
01:11:43.140 be
01:11:43.300 improved
01:11:43.680 as
01:11:44.120 a
01:11:44.240 consequence
01:11:44.620 of
01:11:44.900 our
01:11:45.060 sacrificial
01:11:45.620 work
01:11:46.060 and
01:11:46.520 so
01:11:46.780 once
01:11:47.120 again
01:11:47.400 what
01:11:47.660 are
01:11:47.820 the
01:11:47.960 limitations
01:11:48.480 what
01:11:48.960 are
01:11:49.060 the
01:11:49.180 limits
01:11:49.480 to
01:11:49.640 that
01:11:49.780 what
01:11:49.920 are
01:11:49.980 the
01:11:50.100 necessary
01:11:50.660 limits
01:11:50.960 to
01:11:51.100 that
01:11:51.220 I
01:11:51.320 would
01:11:51.460 say
01:11:51.620 we
01:11:51.760 don't
01:11:52.020 know
01:11:52.320 I
01:11:52.740 would
01:11:52.860 say
01:11:53.040 as
01:11:53.180 well
01:11:53.400 that
01:11:53.580 that
01:11:53.600 the
01:11:55.200 entire
01:11:55.560 corpus
01:11:56.000 of
01:11:56.160 biblical
01:11:56.500 stories
01:11:56.880 is
01:11:57.040 trying
01:11:57.300 desperately
01:11:58.080 to
01:11:58.400 articulate
01:11:59.000 to
01:11:59.640 figure
01:11:59.880 out
01:12:00.100 and
01:12:00.220 articulate
01:12:00.740 right
01:12:01.700 we
01:12:01.960 conjured up
01:12:03.600 this
01:12:03.780 remarkable
01:12:04.280 idea
01:12:04.780 the
01:12:05.200 future
01:12:05.560 exists
01:12:06.220 we
01:12:06.720 can
01:12:06.880 see
01:12:07.100 it
01:12:07.240 even
01:12:07.400 though
01:12:07.580 it's
01:12:07.740 only
01:12:08.060 potential
01:12:08.640 we
01:12:09.140 can
01:12:09.280 adjust
01:12:09.660 our
01:12:09.900 behavior
01:12:10.300 in
01:12:10.500 the
01:12:10.620 present
01:12:11.000 in order
01:12:11.700 to
01:12:11.920 maximize
01:12:12.360 our
01:12:12.640 probability
01:12:13.140 of
01:12:13.380 success
01:12:13.720 in
01:12:13.900 the
01:12:14.020 future
01:12:14.340 how
01:12:14.980 best
01:12:15.540 to
01:12:15.840 do
01:12:16.060 that
01:12:16.480 well
01:12:17.840 the
01:12:17.960 idea
01:12:18.180 is
01:12:18.340 something
01:12:18.600 like
01:12:19.020 don't
01:12:21.100 hesitate
01:12:21.940 to
01:12:22.660 offer
01:12:23.120 the
01:12:23.760 ultimate
01:12:24.120 sacrifice
01:12:24.740 if
01:12:26.640 you
01:12:26.760 want
01:12:27.060 the
01:12:27.420 future
01:12:27.760 to
01:12:28.000 turn
01:12:28.240 out
01:12:28.460 ultimately
01:12:29.200 well
01:12:29.700 now
01:12:30.720 obviously
01:12:31.280 that
01:12:32.060 idea
01:12:33.000 is
01:12:33.640 clothed
01:12:34.220 in
01:12:34.400 metaphysical
01:12:35.080 speculation
01:12:36.160 and
01:12:36.620 religious
01:12:36.980 imagery
01:12:37.400 but
01:12:37.960 it
01:12:38.100 still
01:12:38.360 remains
01:12:38.820 an
01:12:39.000 intensely
01:12:39.420 practical
01:12:40.040 issue
01:12:40.560 right
01:12:41.380 what
01:12:45.140 is it
01:12:45.480 that
01:12:45.660 you
01:12:45.860 could
01:12:46.180 contract
01:12:48.740 for
01:12:49.400 let's
01:12:50.020 say
01:12:50.260 if
01:12:51.940 you
01:12:52.080 were
01:12:52.220 willing
01:12:52.460 to
01:12:52.660 give
01:12:52.840 up
01:12:53.020 everything
01:12:53.320 about
01:12:53.660 you
01:12:53.820 that's
01:12:54.080 weak
01:12:54.400 and
01:12:54.840 unworthy
01:12:55.320 there's
01:13:06.620 a
01:13:06.960 continual
01:13:10.040 hints
01:13:10.400 of that
01:13:10.780 in the
01:13:11.000 Old
01:13:11.160 Testament
01:13:11.560 right
01:13:11.920 because
01:13:12.240 what
01:13:12.560 happens
01:13:12.900 with
01:13:13.100 Noah
01:13:13.400 of
01:13:13.660 course
01:13:13.860 is
01:13:14.060 that
01:13:14.260 he
01:13:16.680 establishes
01:13:17.360 the
01:13:17.500 proper
01:13:17.860 covenant
01:13:18.440 with
01:13:18.860 God
01:13:19.380 the
01:13:19.880 proper
01:13:20.400 contract
01:13:21.160 with
01:13:21.420 being
01:13:22.080 let's
01:13:22.460 say
01:13:22.680 and
01:13:22.900 thrives
01:13:23.940 as a
01:13:24.240 consequence
01:13:24.660 and
01:13:24.840 then
01:13:24.960 Abraham
01:13:25.220 does
01:13:25.520 the
01:13:25.680 same
01:13:25.880 thing
01:13:26.200 there's
01:13:26.800 a
01:13:26.940 strong
01:13:27.260 intimation
01:13:27.880 that
01:13:28.140 that's
01:13:28.440 how
01:13:28.540 the
01:13:28.700 world
01:13:28.920 is
01:13:29.100 set
01:13:29.300 right
01:13:29.600 that
01:13:30.320 that
01:13:30.840 idea
01:13:31.140 develops
01:13:31.620 and
01:13:31.920 magnifies
01:13:32.780 as
01:13:33.180 the
01:13:33.400 stories
01:13:33.700 progress
01:13:34.240 into
01:13:34.480 something
01:13:34.800 like
01:13:35.140 into
01:13:39.040 something
01:13:39.420 like
01:13:39.700 the
01:13:39.880 concept
01:13:40.320 of
01:13:40.520 heaven
01:13:40.760 on
01:13:41.000 earth
01:13:41.320 the
01:13:43.700 notion
01:13:44.000 being
01:13:44.340 that
01:13:44.660 the
01:13:45.360 proper
01:13:45.860 sacrificial
01:13:47.540 attitude
01:13:47.980 produces
01:13:49.840 a
01:13:50.900 psychological
01:13:51.460 state
01:13:52.080 and
01:13:53.820 then
01:13:53.940 a
01:13:54.100 social
01:13:54.400 state
01:13:54.840 that's
01:13:55.200 a
01:13:55.340 manifestation
01:13:55.820 of
01:13:56.240 that
01:13:56.460 attitude
01:13:56.840 that
01:13:58.540 decreases
01:13:59.660 the
01:13:59.980 probability
01:14:00.560 that the
01:14:01.040 world
01:14:01.320 will
01:14:01.560 careen
01:14:02.020 into
01:14:02.260 hell
01:14:02.660 and
01:14:03.840 increases
01:14:04.280 the
01:14:04.560 probability
01:14:05.080 that
01:14:05.840 people
01:14:06.120 will
01:14:06.360 live
01:14:06.720 high
01:14:07.340 quality
01:14:07.880 meaningful
01:14:09.320 private
01:14:10.040 lives
01:14:10.520 in a
01:14:11.280 society
01:14:11.760 that's
01:14:12.200 balanced
01:14:12.640 and
01:14:13.000 capable
01:14:13.440 of
01:14:13.700 supporting
01:14:14.100 that
01:14:14.400 and
01:14:15.300 none
01:14:15.580 of
01:14:15.720 that
01:14:15.960 seems
01:14:16.280 to
01:14:16.460 me
01:14:16.600 to
01:14:16.760 be
01:14:17.020 questionable
01:14:19.720 really
01:14:21.120 I also
01:14:22.560 don't
01:14:22.800 think
01:14:23.000 it's
01:14:23.180 anything
01:14:23.460 that
01:14:23.700 people
01:14:24.020 don't
01:14:24.340 actually
01:14:24.740 know
01:14:25.180 you know
01:14:26.700 people
01:14:27.000 have
01:14:27.200 told me
01:14:27.560 many
01:14:27.800 times
01:14:28.280 that
01:14:29.040 when
01:14:30.060 they
01:14:30.180 listen
01:14:30.440 to
01:14:30.620 me
01:14:30.780 talk
01:14:31.180 they're
01:14:32.240 hearing
01:14:32.520 things
01:14:32.880 that
01:14:33.060 they
01:14:33.220 already
01:14:33.600 knew
01:14:34.040 but
01:14:34.760 didn't
01:14:35.020 know
01:14:35.160 how
01:14:35.280 to
01:14:35.440 say
01:14:35.740 it's
01:14:35.980 something
01:14:36.200 like
01:14:36.460 that
01:14:36.700 and
01:14:36.880 this
01:14:37.300 is
01:14:37.420 one
01:14:37.540 of
01:14:37.640 those
01:14:37.800 things
01:14:38.080 that
01:14:38.340 I
01:14:38.480 think
01:14:38.680 is
01:14:38.840 exactly
01:14:39.260 like
01:14:39.580 that
01:14:39.820 I
01:14:39.940 mean
01:14:40.060 I
01:14:40.600 think
01:14:40.780 it's
01:14:40.940 at
01:14:41.060 the
01:14:41.180 very
01:14:41.340 core
01:14:41.620 of
01:14:41.760 our
01:14:41.900 moral
01:14:42.180 knowledge
01:14:42.700 which
01:14:43.080 is
01:14:43.200 our
01:14:43.340 behavioral
01:14:43.780 knowledge
01:14:44.220 and
01:14:44.420 our
01:14:44.560 perceptual
01:14:45.140 knowledge
01:14:45.420 I mean
01:14:45.560 let's
01:14:45.760 get
01:14:45.900 this
01:14:46.100 straight
01:14:46.500 moral
01:14:47.060 knowledge
01:14:47.400 is
01:14:47.540 no
01:14:47.680 trivial
01:14:48.020 matter
01:14:48.380 it's
01:14:48.620 knowledge
01:14:48.960 about
01:14:49.180 how
01:14:49.400 it
01:14:49.520 is
01:14:49.660 that
01:14:49.780 you
01:14:49.920 orient
01:14:50.240 yourself
01:14:50.600 in
01:14:50.740 the
01:14:50.840 world
01:14:51.060 there's
01:14:51.500 no
01:14:51.620 more
01:14:51.900 profoundly
01:14:52.540 necessary
01:14:53.180 form
01:14:53.580 of
01:14:53.720 knowledge
01:14:54.080 well
01:14:54.520 it's
01:14:54.660 predicated
01:14:55.140 on
01:14:55.400 something
01:14:56.180 that's
01:14:56.460 exactly
01:14:56.840 like
01:14:57.140 this
01:14:57.380 we
01:14:57.800 know
01:14:58.040 that
01:14:58.220 we
01:14:58.340 have
01:14:58.500 to
01:14:58.600 make
01:14:58.760 sacrifices
01:14:59.300 we
01:14:59.540 know
01:14:59.740 that
01:14:59.900 we
01:15:00.040 have
01:15:00.240 to
01:15:00.360 aim
01:15:00.520 at
01:15:00.640 what's
01:15:00.900 good
01:15:01.200 so
01:15:01.820 then
01:15:02.000 why
01:15:02.240 isn't
01:15:02.520 that
01:15:02.660 we
01:15:02.780 don't
01:15:03.000 aim
01:15:03.220 at
01:15:03.360 what's
01:15:03.640 best
01:15:03.940 and
01:15:04.120 make
01:15:04.340 the
01:15:04.540 sacrifices
01:15:05.040 that
01:15:05.320 are
01:15:05.420 necessary
01:15:05.860 in
01:15:06.080 order
01:15:06.240 to
01:15:06.440 bring
01:15:06.680 that
01:15:06.860 into
01:15:07.040 play
01:15:07.360 I
01:15:09.160 think
01:15:09.380 it
01:15:10.460 seems
01:15:10.700 to me
01:15:10.980 that
01:15:11.160 in
01:15:11.280 some
01:15:11.480 sense
01:15:11.740 that's
01:15:12.040 self-evident
01:15:12.660 the question
01:15:13.500 is why
01:15:13.880 we don't
01:15:14.240 do it
01:15:14.560 but
01:15:14.700 there's
01:15:14.920 answers
01:15:15.220 to
01:15:15.420 that
01:15:15.620 too
01:15:15.820 already
01:15:16.160 in
01:15:16.340 the
01:15:16.440 material
01:15:16.760 that
01:15:16.940 we've
01:15:17.140 covered
01:15:17.380 life
01:15:17.640 is
01:15:17.820 hard
01:15:18.160 and
01:15:18.820 it
01:15:18.940 hurts
01:15:19.260 people
01:15:19.700 it's
01:15:20.620 rife
01:15:21.000 with
01:15:21.180 limitation
01:15:21.760 and
01:15:22.720 some
01:15:22.940 of
01:15:23.080 it's
01:15:23.240 arbitrary
01:15:23.760 and
01:15:24.300 it's
01:15:24.440 no
01:15:24.600 wonder
01:15:24.920 and
01:15:26.040 some
01:15:26.260 of
01:15:26.380 it's
01:15:26.520 unjust
01:15:26.940 and
01:15:27.120 some
01:15:27.300 of
01:15:27.420 it's
01:15:27.580 worse
01:15:27.820 some
01:15:28.060 of
01:15:28.180 it's
01:15:28.380 malevolent
01:15:29.020 which
01:15:29.220 is
01:15:29.360 even
01:15:29.560 worse
01:15:29.880 and
01:15:30.020 something
01:15:30.280 I
01:15:30.460 haven't
01:15:30.720 talked
01:15:30.940 about
01:15:31.140 at
01:15:31.260 all
01:15:31.460 in
01:15:31.580 this
01:15:31.760 lecture
01:15:32.100 it's
01:15:32.760 not
01:15:32.900 surprising
01:15:33.340 that
01:15:33.580 that
01:15:33.760 combination
01:15:34.180 of
01:15:34.620 vicissitude
01:15:35.200 can
01:15:35.560 turn
01:15:35.780 people
01:15:36.080 against
01:15:36.400 being
01:15:36.820 but
01:15:37.540 I
01:15:37.660 think
01:15:37.860 even
01:15:38.060 when
01:15:38.260 that
01:15:38.420 happens
01:15:38.840 and
01:15:39.040 even
01:15:39.220 when
01:15:39.400 people
01:15:39.700 have
01:15:40.080 the
01:15:40.680 kind
01:15:40.960 of
01:15:41.100 history
01:15:41.560 that
01:15:42.720 if
01:15:43.000 they
01:15:43.320 revealed
01:15:44.380 to
01:15:44.620 you
01:15:44.940 you
01:15:45.460 would
01:15:45.680 say
01:15:46.100 well
01:15:46.580 it's
01:15:46.820 no
01:15:47.000 wonder
01:15:47.360 you
01:15:47.580 turned
01:15:47.860 out
01:15:48.060 that
01:15:48.340 way
01:15:48.700 the
01:15:50.060 people
01:15:50.360 who
01:15:50.540 turn
01:15:50.780 out
01:15:50.980 that
01:15:51.200 way
01:15:51.380 still
01:15:51.660 know
01:15:51.940 that
01:15:52.140 it's
01:15:52.300 wrong
01:15:52.680 they
01:15:53.180 still
01:15:53.420 know
01:15:53.680 that
01:15:53.900 however
01:15:54.260 deep
01:15:54.700 their
01:15:54.940 own
01:15:55.160 suffering
01:15:55.580 however
01:15:55.900 arbitrary
01:15:56.560 their
01:15:56.820 own
01:15:57.000 suffering
01:15:57.400 however
01:15:57.980 much
01:15:58.520 that's
01:15:58.860 caused
01:15:59.200 by
01:15:59.400 the
01:15:59.600 malevolence
01:16:00.200 of
01:16:00.340 others
01:16:00.620 as
01:16:01.040 well
01:16:01.220 as
01:16:01.360 the
01:16:01.520 tragedy
01:16:01.920 of
01:16:02.120 existence
01:16:02.560 that
01:16:03.460 that
01:16:03.880 does
01:16:04.160 not
01:16:04.420 in
01:16:04.580 any
01:16:04.860 way
01:16:05.020 justify
01:16:05.640 their
01:16:05.960 turning
01:16:06.280 away
01:16:06.560 from
01:16:06.780 the
01:16:06.960 good
01:16:07.220 and
01:16:08.840 I
01:16:08.960 believe
01:16:09.220 everyone
01:16:09.560 knows
01:16:09.920 that
01:16:10.220 I
01:16:11.960 believe
01:16:12.280 that
01:16:12.560 they
01:16:13.800 know
01:16:13.980 it
01:16:14.120 implicitly
01:16:14.840 even
01:16:15.080 if
01:16:15.280 they
01:16:15.440 don't
01:16:15.780 allow
01:16:16.060 themselves
01:16:16.480 to
01:16:16.680 know
01:16:16.820 it
01:16:16.940 explicitly
01:16:17.420 and
01:16:18.160 I
01:16:18.300 believe
01:16:18.560 that
01:16:18.740 if
01:16:18.880 they
01:16:19.040 violate
01:16:19.540 that
01:16:19.920 idea
01:16:20.260 then
01:16:20.520 they
01:16:20.700 violate
01:16:21.100 themselves
01:16:21.680 and
01:16:22.040 that
01:16:22.220 they
01:16:22.600 end
01:16:22.800 up
01:16:22.980 in
01:16:23.140 Cain's
01:16:23.460 position
01:16:23.900 which
01:16:24.200 is
01:16:24.340 the
01:16:24.480 position
01:16:24.820 of
01:16:25.000 the
01:16:25.120 man
01:16:25.380 who's
01:16:25.700 been
01:16:26.180 given
01:16:26.400 a
01:16:26.580 punishment
01:16:26.900 that
01:16:27.140 is
01:16:27.280 too
01:16:27.440 great
01:16:27.700 to
01:16:27.880 bear
01:16:28.100 an
01:16:31.460 angel
01:16:31.800 said
01:16:32.220 lay
01:16:40.700 not
01:16:41.020 thine
01:16:41.280 hand
01:16:41.600 upon
01:16:41.900 the
01:16:42.100 lad
01:16:42.380 neither
01:16:42.680 do
01:16:42.900 thou
01:16:43.200 anything
01:16:43.700 unto
01:16:44.020 him
01:16:44.300 for
01:16:45.380 now
01:16:45.620 I
01:16:45.780 know
01:16:45.940 that
01:16:46.140 thou
01:16:46.340 fearest
01:16:46.780 God
01:16:47.220 seeing
01:16:51.060 thou
01:16:51.280 hast
01:16:51.540 not
01:16:51.800 withheld
01:16:52.220 thy
01:16:52.480 son
01:16:52.800 thine
01:16:53.100 only
01:16:53.380 son
01:16:53.740 from
01:16:54.940 me
01:16:55.200 and
01:16:56.480 Abraham
01:16:56.760 lifted
01:16:57.160 up
01:16:57.360 his
01:16:57.500 eyes
01:16:57.720 and
01:16:57.900 looked
01:16:58.200 and
01:16:59.360 behold
01:16:59.840 behind
01:17:00.560 him
01:17:00.900 a
01:17:01.720 ram
01:17:01.980 caught
01:17:02.300 in
01:17:02.440 a
01:17:02.580 thicket
01:17:02.820 by
01:17:03.000 his
01:17:03.200 thorns
01:17:03.620 by
01:17:04.160 his
01:17:04.340 horns
01:17:04.620 and
01:17:06.000 Abraham
01:17:06.240 went
01:17:06.540 and
01:17:06.700 took
01:17:06.840 the
01:17:07.020 ram
01:17:07.280 and
01:17:08.400 offered
01:17:08.660 him
01:17:08.800 up
01:17:08.940 for
01:17:09.080 a
01:17:09.180 burnt
01:17:09.380 offering
01:17:09.800 in
01:17:11.780 the
01:17:11.940 stead
01:17:12.120 of
01:17:12.260 his
01:17:12.420 son
01:17:12.660 and
01:17:15.020 Abraham
01:17:15.300 called
01:17:15.660 the name
01:17:15.940 of
01:17:16.060 that
01:17:16.200 place
01:17:16.580 Jehovah
01:17:17.940 Jireh
01:17:18.520 as
01:17:19.560 it
01:17:19.680 is
01:17:19.880 said
01:17:20.080 to
01:17:20.220 this
01:17:20.420 day
01:17:20.700 in
01:17:21.920 the
01:17:22.040 mount
01:17:22.280 of
01:17:22.420 the
01:17:22.560 Lord
01:17:22.820 it
01:17:23.560 shall
01:17:23.720 be
01:17:23.920 seen
01:17:24.200 and
01:17:27.360 the
01:17:27.480 angel
01:17:27.720 of
01:17:27.880 the
01:17:27.980 Lord
01:17:28.180 called
01:17:28.560 unto
01:17:28.780 Abraham
01:17:29.100 out
01:17:29.420 of
01:17:29.540 heaven
01:17:29.740 the
01:17:29.940 second
01:17:31.720 by
01:17:33.500 myself
01:17:33.980 have
01:17:34.240 I
01:17:34.400 sworn
01:17:34.740 saith
01:17:35.120 the
01:17:35.320 Lord
01:17:35.580 for
01:17:35.800 because
01:17:36.160 thou
01:17:36.360 hast
01:17:36.620 done
01:17:36.840 this
01:17:37.060 thing
01:17:37.320 and
01:17:37.480 has
01:17:37.700 not
01:17:38.000 withheld
01:17:38.800 thy
01:17:39.060 son
01:17:39.400 thine
01:17:39.900 only
01:17:40.260 son
01:17:40.620 that
01:17:42.260 in
01:17:42.460 blessing
01:17:42.880 I
01:17:43.300 will
01:17:43.460 bless
01:17:43.780 thee
01:17:44.060 and
01:17:45.280 in
01:17:45.440 multiplying
01:17:46.040 I
01:17:46.700 will
01:17:46.840 multiply
01:17:47.320 thy
01:17:47.600 seed
01:17:47.980 as
01:17:48.200 the
01:17:48.360 stars
01:17:48.700 of
01:17:48.900 the
01:17:49.040 heaven
01:17:49.300 and
01:17:49.640 as
01:17:49.800 the
01:17:50.000 sand
01:17:50.380 which
01:17:50.580 is
01:17:50.720 upon
01:17:51.000 the
01:17:51.220 seashore
01:17:51.700 and
01:17:52.320 thy
01:17:52.500 seed
01:17:52.740 shall
01:17:52.940 possess
01:17:53.300 the
01:17:53.560 gate
01:17:53.800 of
01:17:53.960 his
01:17:54.100 enemies
01:17:54.980 and
01:17:56.480 in
01:17:56.620 thy
01:17:56.840 seed
01:17:57.060 shall
01:17:57.300 all
01:17:57.540 the
01:17:57.720 nations
01:17:58.040 of
01:17:58.260 the
01:17:58.400 earth
01:17:58.580 be
01:17:58.820 blessed
01:17:59.220 because
01:18:00.160 thou
01:18:00.400 hast
01:18:00.860 obeyed
01:18:01.900 my
01:18:02.200 voice
01:18:02.600 so
01:18:11.280 Abraham
01:18:11.560 returned
01:18:12.020 unto
01:18:12.220 his
01:18:12.420 young
01:18:12.640 men
01:18:12.860 and
01:18:12.980 they
01:18:13.120 rose
01:18:13.360 up
01:18:13.580 and
01:18:13.700 went
01:18:13.880 together
01:18:14.240 to
01:18:14.440 Beersheba
01:18:14.980 and
01:18:15.520 Abraham
01:18:15.840 dwelt
01:18:16.360 at
01:18:16.560 Beersheba
01:18:17.120 and
01:18:19.180 it
01:18:19.280 came
01:18:19.440 to
01:18:19.600 pass
01:18:19.880 after
01:18:20.180 these
01:18:20.420 things
01:18:20.780 that
01:18:21.500 it
01:18:21.600 was
01:18:21.720 told
01:18:21.980 Abraham
01:18:22.380 saying
01:18:23.800 behold
01:18:25.020 Milcah
01:18:25.660 she
01:18:25.940 hath
01:18:26.140 also
01:18:26.420 born
01:18:26.660 children
01:18:27.000 unto
01:18:27.260 thy
01:18:27.540 brother
01:18:27.880 Nahor
01:18:28.340 and
01:18:30.460 Sarah
01:18:30.700 was
01:18:30.920 107
01:18:31.660 and
01:18:31.820 20
01:18:32.020 years
01:18:32.320 old
01:18:32.620 those
01:18:33.860 were
01:18:34.000 the
01:18:34.140 years
01:18:34.380 of
01:18:34.540 the
01:18:34.640 life
01:18:34.860 of
01:18:35.060 Sarah
01:18:35.340 and
01:18:35.840 Sarah
01:18:36.080 died
01:18:36.460 in
01:18:36.680 Kershah
01:18:37.040 Tharba
01:18:37.420 the
01:18:38.360 same
01:18:38.580 as
01:18:38.740 Hebron
01:18:39.220 in
01:18:39.460 the
01:18:39.580 land
01:18:39.800 of
01:18:39.980 Canaan
01:18:40.300 and
01:18:41.140 Abraham
01:18:41.400 came
01:18:41.780 to
01:18:41.960 mourn
01:18:42.200 for
01:18:42.400 Sarah
01:18:42.720 and
01:18:44.100 to
01:18:44.220 weep
01:18:44.400 for
01:18:44.560 her
01:18:44.780 for
01:19:00.280 m
01:19:02.080 and
01:19:02.820 for
01:19:03.340 me
01:19:03.540 to
01:19:04.340 Well, I don't exactly know what to do now.
01:19:24.300 Because that...
01:19:34.340 I'll review what we've covered.
01:19:46.320 And then I'll bring this to a close.
01:19:48.340 We can have some more questions than would be usual tonight.
01:19:52.600 So, what have we established by this point?
01:19:58.540 And the stories that have been revealed so far are something like...
01:20:08.540 They contain the idea that there's something...
01:20:12.540 Divine.
01:20:15.700 That's analogous to the human capacity for communication and attention.
01:20:21.620 That's at the...
01:20:23.980 That operates at the genesis of being itself.
01:20:28.540 That's the initial account in the Old Testament.
01:20:33.060 It's an account that places the role of spirit centrally in the nature of being.
01:20:42.800 Now, I'm not exactly sure what to make of that.
01:20:45.580 Because in some ways I'm as materialistically oriented as modern people typically are.
01:20:52.360 But the stories make sense to me in many ways.
01:20:55.820 The idea that there's something world creating about human consciousness.
01:21:03.940 And that that's akin in some sense to the divine force that called order out of chaos at the beginning of time.
01:21:11.300 Seems to me to be a very powerful metaphysical idea.
01:21:15.000 And it also seems to me to be an idea that is immovably at the foundation of Western culture.
01:21:23.120 Because our entire legal system, our society, our mutual expectations, all of that are conditioned to the final degree.
01:21:33.500 By our presupposition that each of us has an intrinsic value that transcends the local conditions of our being.
01:21:44.560 And it's with that presupposition that we've been able to establish the society that functions.
01:21:52.180 A society that functions and functions well.
01:21:54.660 And it has its current characterization.
01:21:56.880 And that's a non...
01:21:58.880 It's an unlikely occurrence and it's a non-trivial reality.
01:22:03.960 And I don't see any way out of that.
01:22:07.860 Way out of that conclusion.
01:22:09.220 I don't see anything that that can easily be replaced with.
01:22:12.720 And so God calls being into, order into being out of chaos at the beginning of time.
01:22:21.520 And attributes to human beings the same essential capacity.
01:22:24.760 Then we turn to Adam and Eve in the garden.
01:22:26.840 And they're unconscious by all appearances.
01:22:30.440 Allied tightly with God.
01:22:31.880 But unconscious.
01:22:32.680 They don't seem aware of the future.
01:22:34.280 They don't seem aware of themselves.
01:22:35.800 They don't seem aware of their own vulnerability.
01:22:37.400 They make the fatal error of having their eyes open.
01:22:43.760 They discover their own vulnerability.
01:22:46.000 They also discover their capacity for evil.
01:22:48.680 We reviewed that to some degree.
01:22:51.620 What's the association?
01:22:52.780 Because it's the tree of the knowledge of good and evil.
01:22:56.800 The fruit of which they eat.
01:22:59.280 What's the association between the discovery of vulnerability and the emergence of moral knowledge?
01:23:04.720 It's something like, as far as I can tell.
01:23:06.860 That you actually don't know how to be evil.
01:23:10.000 Or to be good.
01:23:11.080 Until you're actually aware, consciously, of your own vulnerability.
01:23:13.980 Because the essence of evil is the exploitation of vulnerability.
01:23:18.640 Perhaps for the sake of that exploitation.
01:23:21.480 And I can't understand how to hurt someone.
01:23:25.140 Until I know exactly how I can be hurt myself.
01:23:28.600 And I can't understand how I can be hurt myself.
01:23:31.620 Until I become cognizant of my mortal limitations.
01:23:34.720 Until I understand what brings me pain.
01:23:36.540 Until I understand the suffering that goes along with my mortal limitations.
01:23:41.260 My inevitable death.
01:23:43.140 And the suffering that goes along with that.
01:23:45.760 And with the accrual of the knowledge of mortality and good and evil.
01:23:51.760 Adam and Eve are cast out of paradise.
01:23:53.560 And history begins.
01:23:54.440 And that seems right to me.
01:23:56.180 Because I don't think that history did begin before human beings became self-conscious.
01:24:00.440 So there's something about that that's right.
01:24:03.120 Because history doesn't really begin until people become aware of the future.
01:24:06.800 History doesn't really begin until people work and start to build.
01:24:10.540 Right?
01:24:10.680 We still live.
01:24:12.100 We would still be ensconced in essentially an animal existence.
01:24:15.620 Until we're aware of the future.
01:24:17.520 And start to buttress ourself against it.
01:24:19.820 Start to wear clothing.
01:24:20.900 Start to build buildings.
01:24:21.920 Start to make cities.
01:24:23.120 All in consequence of having become aware of the fact that we're fragile.
01:24:28.580 And that the future is a dangerous place.
01:24:30.740 So that seems to me to be existentially correct.
01:24:32.840 And then we have the story of Cain and Abel.
01:24:35.500 Brilliantly placed immediately afterwards.
01:24:37.540 And so those are the first two people in history.
01:24:40.640 Essentially.
01:24:41.900 And they make sacrifices.
01:24:43.500 So that goes along with the idea of the discovery of work.
01:24:46.000 The necessity of work.
01:24:46.940 And the discovery of the future.
01:24:49.040 And then exactly what you'd expect would happen.
01:24:52.580 One segment of mankind, let's say, makes the sacrifices properly and prevails.
01:24:58.700 And the other segment makes the sacrifices improperly and fails.
01:25:02.840 And that's perfectly reasonable given what you see around you.
01:25:06.040 Because that's what seems to happen all the time.
01:25:08.560 And then more interestingly, I would say that the sacrificial failure produces embitterment.
01:25:16.220 Right?
01:25:17.700 And that embitterment produces a hatred for being.
01:25:22.700 And a desire for revenge.
01:25:24.700 That seems perfectly appropriate.
01:25:26.780 When I look at people who are bitter and who want revenge.
01:25:30.400 It's generally because their sacrificial efforts.
01:25:32.840 Have failed.
01:25:34.100 Now I'm loath to say that that's a matter of their own doing.
01:25:37.380 Although sometimes it clearly is.
01:25:42.420 The embittered and vengeful complain to God.
01:25:48.540 And blame him for the structure of existence.
01:25:51.220 You know, I read about the Columbine Massacre.
01:25:55.760 And the kids who undertook it.
01:26:00.280 That'll make your hair stand on end if you want to read something that will really disturb you.
01:26:06.200 Reading Eric Harris' writings will really disturb you.
01:26:09.240 No matter how much you know about human beings.
01:26:11.820 Reading Eric Harris' writings will disturb you.
01:26:15.340 And Harris is a cane, you know.
01:26:17.700 He says it straightforwardly.
01:26:19.960 He hates human beings.
01:26:21.660 He hates being itself.
01:26:23.340 He would destroy everything if it was within his power to do that.
01:26:27.020 And of course, him and his colleague were motivated to produce far more carnage than they managed that day.
01:26:34.440 What was successful was only a fraction of what they had planned.
01:26:38.540 And Harris said very straightforwardly that he had set himself up as the judge of being.
01:26:43.460 And that it lacked all utility in his eyes.
01:26:46.400 Human beings, certainly, should all be removed from the face of existence.
01:26:52.460 Because of their pathology and the fundamental horrors of being itself.
01:26:59.220 So there's nothing in the Cain and Abel story that isn't real.
01:27:02.240 It's real.
01:27:02.980 And Cain complains to God, as people will, when their dreams are dashed.
01:27:06.900 And that goes for people who don't believe in God, too.
01:27:10.040 It doesn't really matter, you know.
01:27:12.320 It's harder, I suppose, if you're atheistic, to figure out who to blame.
01:27:15.720 But that doesn't mean that the sentiment...
01:27:17.660 Well...
01:27:18.460 It doesn't mean that the sentiment is any different.
01:27:22.800 Right?
01:27:23.300 The same drama is being enacted.
01:27:25.380 You shake your fist at the structure of being, rather than at God himself.
01:27:29.140 But it doesn't make any difference, except in the details.
01:27:32.200 So God responds to Cain and tells him that he's got no right to judge being before he gets his sacrificial house in order.
01:27:44.620 And even worse, he says that Cain is the architect of his own downfall.
01:27:51.560 And he invited catastrophe into his own house, willingly.
01:27:58.320 And entered into a creative union with it.
01:28:00.800 And therefore brought about his own demise.
01:28:03.340 And it's that additional self-knowledge.
01:28:05.460 And you can imagine, too.
01:28:06.400 You know, imagine that you're in...
01:28:08.480 You're facing your life.
01:28:09.420 You're facing the failures of your life.
01:28:10.900 And let's say that you've had a failed life.
01:28:13.100 And you're bitter about that.
01:28:15.700 And then you meditate upon it.
01:28:17.500 And you think, why has this come about?
01:28:19.680 And then you think...
01:28:21.700 Well, perhaps I did something wrong.
01:28:24.380 You know, when Alexander Solzhenitsyn wrote the Gulag Archipelago.
01:28:27.620 Which is the book that detailed the catastrophes of the Soviet Union.
01:28:31.500 And helped bring it down.
01:28:34.040 There's one part of that book that just struck me so...
01:28:36.800 So viciously when I read it.
01:28:38.940 He was in the Gulag.
01:28:41.100 And he was there for a very long time.
01:28:43.160 And he said that he observed a variety of people in the camps.
01:28:48.260 Who he really admired.
01:28:49.480 They were rare.
01:28:50.420 They were usually religious believers.
01:28:51.960 In his experience.
01:28:54.080 Who were not participating in the pathology of the camps.
01:28:58.240 At all.
01:28:59.200 Period.
01:29:00.020 No matter what.
01:29:01.220 He said he learned a lot from watching those people.
01:29:03.340 He had a hard time believing that they even existed.
01:29:05.400 That they could even exist.
01:29:06.680 But he said that one of the things that he was brought to.
01:29:10.400 As a consequence of watching those people live their contract with goodness out.
01:29:16.860 Even under the most horrifying of conditions.
01:29:18.980 Was that it was possible that he himself was responsible for his position in the camp.
01:29:27.060 Now it's a very dangerous line of argumentation.
01:29:30.360 You know.
01:29:30.540 Because who wants to be the one who blames the victim for the catastrophe.
01:29:35.000 You know.
01:29:35.440 You have to be very careful when you walk down that road.
01:29:38.280 But Solzhenitsyn was speaking about himself.
01:29:40.960 And he said.
01:29:41.740 Well he was a communist.
01:29:43.060 You know.
01:29:43.380 And he arrogantly and forthrightly moved the movement out into the world.
01:29:50.980 And had not fully gone over his life with a fine tooth comb.
01:29:56.500 To find out what mistakes he had made that brought him so low.
01:30:01.220 But his contention eventually was that part of the reason that he ended up where he ended up.
01:30:06.400 Was because he and many others had completely forfeited their relationship with the truth.
01:30:11.520 And allowed their society to degenerate into deceit and tyrannical catastrophe without mounting sufficient opposition.
01:30:21.640 And so he decided when he was in the camps to straighten himself out bit by bit.
01:30:28.420 And that culminated in the production of the Gulag Archipelago.
01:30:31.720 And that book really demolished once and for all any moral credibility that the communist totalitarian systems had left.
01:30:39.920 And so one man in the depths of catastrophe.
01:30:44.220 Who determined through good example at least in part.
01:30:47.700 To stop lying.
01:30:49.140 Produced a book eventually.
01:30:51.420 That demolished the foundation of the very system that had imprisoned him.
01:30:55.860 And that is really worth thinking about.
01:30:58.000 That's one example of the absolute grandeur of the human soul.
01:31:03.440 And the capacity for transformation that it has when let loose properly on the world.
01:31:09.920 So let's say you're conceptualizing your own failure.
01:31:13.420 You know.
01:31:13.760 And you meditated on it.
01:31:14.920 And you come to the conclusion that God forced Cain to.
01:31:18.260 Hey not only have things not been going very well for you.
01:31:21.780 But it's actually your fault.
01:31:24.000 And not only that you brought it on yourself.
01:31:26.640 And not only that you knew it all the time.
01:31:29.320 Well then you might think you'll wake up and fly right.
01:31:32.040 Right.
01:31:32.200 You'll get your wings in order and fly right.
01:31:33.780 But there's no reason to assume that at all.
01:31:35.720 And that's not what happens to Cain.
01:31:37.700 That just makes him more bitter.
01:31:39.720 Right.
01:31:40.040 And you can understand that if you think about it.
01:31:42.000 Just for a second.
01:31:42.880 It's like bad enough when something horrible happens to you.
01:31:45.200 But then to have to swallow the additional pill.
01:31:48.240 Right.
01:31:48.560 To have to take in the information that you could have done something different.
01:31:52.660 It was avoidable.
01:31:53.660 And you knew it at the time.
01:31:54.920 And you decided to do it anyways.
01:31:56.940 And I think people are in that situation a lot more often than anyone is willing to admit.
01:32:01.740 You know you have that little voice in the back of your head that says.
01:32:05.720 Don't do it.
01:32:08.180 And you override it.
01:32:09.800 And you know it's arrogance that makes you override it.
01:32:12.520 It's always arrogance you know.
01:32:13.940 It always warns you.
01:32:14.900 It's always arrogance.
01:32:15.660 Yeah.
01:32:16.380 I can get away with it.
01:32:17.360 It's like no you can't.
01:32:19.400 I don't think you ever get away with anything.
01:32:21.980 So and maybe your experience has taught you different.
01:32:24.160 But my suspicions are it hasn't.
01:32:25.740 And if you think it has.
01:32:27.280 Well the other shoe hasn't yet dropped.
01:32:30.400 So Cain doesn't take the opportunity to let God's wisdom reorient his character.
01:32:38.680 And that could have been the outcome.
01:32:41.240 He could have got down on his knees so to speak.
01:32:43.820 And said oh my God.
01:32:46.020 I've been wrong all along.
01:32:47.360 I've been living improperly.
01:32:48.600 I've been making the wrong sacrifices.
01:32:50.340 Abel deserves everything he has.
01:32:52.520 I got exactly what was coming to me.
01:32:54.420 You know could I possibly now straighten myself out.
01:32:57.700 And live in repentance.
01:33:01.400 And improve my position.
01:33:02.640 But that's not what he did at all.
01:33:04.120 He said all right.
01:33:05.360 Fair enough.
01:33:06.740 I get it.
01:33:08.340 It's like.
01:33:08.940 I'm going to go after the thing I most admire.
01:33:12.720 And I'm going to destroy it.
01:33:14.280 And I'm going to do that despite its cost to me.
01:33:16.740 And I'm going to do that just to spite the creator of being.
01:33:21.600 That's exactly what Harris did.
01:33:24.400 At Columbine.
01:33:25.320 It's exactly what he says in fact.
01:33:27.460 In his uncanny writings.
01:33:30.040 It's why the mass murderers always shoot themselves afterwards.
01:33:33.460 Not before.
01:33:34.760 Because you might wonder if you're so upset with the structure of being.
01:33:38.320 Why you don't just commit suicide in your basement.
01:33:40.420 Why do you have to go out and mass murder before you top it off with a gun to your forehead.
01:33:46.580 Well you don't make the point as effectively if you just commit suicide in your basement.
01:33:50.600 It's like.
01:33:51.520 Well I'm.
01:33:52.220 My life means nothing to me.
01:33:54.420 But neither does anyone else's.
01:33:56.380 And neither does the structure of being itself.
01:33:58.480 And I'll take all my revenge as much as I possibly can.
01:34:01.240 And then just to show you how little I care.
01:34:03.800 I'll cap myself off at the end.
01:34:05.600 And I would say also.
01:34:07.420 People say all the time.
01:34:09.400 I don't understand how that could happen.
01:34:12.460 It's like.
01:34:12.980 I don't believe that.
01:34:14.920 I think.
01:34:15.700 An hour of thought.
01:34:18.280 Of real thought.
01:34:20.240 Real thought about your darkest feelings about existence itself.
01:34:25.400 Illuminates the pathway to that sort of behavior quite clearly.
01:34:29.740 And I think if you.
01:34:30.680 I mean I might be wrong.
01:34:31.820 I might be a darker person than most.
01:34:33.900 And it's certain.
01:34:34.400 Okay.
01:34:38.640 Okay.
01:34:45.060 Well at least I think there are plenty of people out there.
01:34:48.020 Who are sufficiently dark to know exactly what I mean.
01:34:50.360 What I'm saying these things.
01:34:51.480 And I would also say.
01:34:52.560 That if.
01:34:53.320 It doesn't leap to your understanding.
01:34:55.460 How that pathway might be illuminated.
01:34:57.440 Then you need to know a lot more about yourself.
01:34:59.860 Than you actually know now.
01:35:01.980 Because whatever you might say about someone like Eric.
01:35:04.340 Harris.
01:35:04.800 He was a human being too.
01:35:06.440 You know.
01:35:07.080 There's this idea in the New Testament.
01:35:09.000 That Christ was he who took the sins of the world unto himself.
01:35:12.340 It's a very complicated idea.
01:35:13.800 But part of it.
01:35:15.520 Part of it.
01:35:16.820 Part of it is associated with the idea.
01:35:18.960 That he met the devil in the desert as well.
01:35:20.800 To take the sins of mankind unto yourself.
01:35:23.960 Is to understand that within you dwells exactly the same spirit that commit the atrocities at Columbine.
01:35:30.140 Or that ran the camps at Auschwitz.
01:35:32.520 And to actually understand that that's part and parcel of your makeup.
01:35:35.740 And then to take responsibility for it.
01:35:37.800 And I think that in the aftermath of the terrible 20th century.
01:35:41.700 That's what we're left with.
01:35:42.840 We're left with the necessity to take responsibility for the most terrible aspects of ourselves.
01:35:48.380 And that way perhaps we can stop those terrible things from happening again.
01:35:52.840 That's all.
01:36:00.680 And that also means you know that you don't look for the.
01:36:03.940 You don't look for the.
01:36:05.780 What would you call it?
01:36:06.860 The purveyor of malevolence outside yourself.
01:36:10.160 Right?
01:36:10.900 It isn't someone else.
01:36:12.200 Even though sometimes it's someone else.
01:36:14.040 You know what I mean.
01:36:15.040 It's like there are identifiable perpetrators.
01:36:17.520 But that's not precisely the point.
01:36:18.980 The point is something more like that the proper place for the encapsulation of that malevolence.
01:36:24.460 At least the proper place to start is within the confines of your own existence.
01:36:29.500 And then perhaps within the confines of your family.
01:36:33.020 And that way you're not a danger to those that you misapprehend as malevolent and evil.
01:36:38.900 Because you won't get your aim right to begin with.
01:36:41.460 You'll identify them improperly.
01:36:43.660 And you'll take your revenge in a manner that allows you to omit your own responsibility.
01:36:51.340 To act out your unconscious desire for revenge.
01:36:54.860 And to move the world just that much closer to hell.
01:36:57.920 Well so Cain kills Abel.
01:37:05.880 And then Cain gives rise to his descendants.
01:37:07.940 One of whom is the person who's the first artificer in weapons of war.
01:37:11.900 And then comes the flood.
01:37:13.420 Right?
01:37:14.400 Which seems perfectly miraculously reasonable to me.
01:37:18.180 Because what those stories do.
01:37:19.740 It's so amazing that the story of Cain and Abel segues into the story of the flood.
01:37:24.480 Because it is the case that the catastrophes that beset society can best be conceptualized as the spread of individual pathology into the social world.
01:37:35.840 And the, what would you call, the magnification of that pathology to the point where everything comes apart.
01:37:43.220 And I truly believe that if you familiarize yourself with the last hundred years of history.
01:37:47.460 That that's the conclusion that you would derive.
01:37:49.140 And the people who are most wise that I've read who commented on that say the same thing over and over.
01:37:54.760 Which is the, the key to the prevention of the horrors of Auschwitz and the Gulag in the future.
01:38:06.960 Is the reconstruction of the individual soul at the level of each individual.
01:38:13.140 And that's a terrible message because it puts the burden on you.
01:38:19.160 But it's an amazing message because it also means that you could be the source of the process.
01:38:25.560 That stops that catastrophe and malevolence from ever emerging again.
01:38:31.640 And you know, it's hard for me to imagine that you have anything that could possibly be better to do with the time that you have left.
01:38:39.880 Well, then we see Noah who walks with God and whose generations are in order, right?
01:38:47.300 Which means that he's entered this contract with the good, let's say.
01:38:51.900 That has the protective function of the ark.
01:38:55.800 He's put his family together and he can ride out the worst catastrophe.
01:38:59.500 And he's actually our ancestor, right?
01:39:01.120 It's so interesting.
01:39:01.920 It's that these people who get their act together properly and make a contract with the good are constantly presented as the genuine ancestors of mankind.
01:39:11.820 And that's a really positive element of the story as well.
01:39:15.080 And it's one I believe because, well, it hasn't been easy for us to get here, you know?
01:39:19.300 We are the descendants of the great heroes of the past.
01:39:21.960 And if you took all those heroes and you told their stories and you distilled their stories into a single story,
01:39:30.380 maybe you'd have a story like the story of Noah or the story of Abraham.
01:39:34.420 You know, the story of the successful, the story of our forefathers, you know?
01:39:38.820 And not the cancer on the planet that certain people tend to think that we are.
01:39:43.620 And so the goal is to be one of the people like that.
01:39:46.840 And there isn't anything better that can possibly be done.
01:39:49.640 And the alternative is something like hell.
01:39:52.520 And so Noah rides out the storm.
01:39:53.960 And that's what everyone wants.
01:39:55.100 Because you want to ride out the storm.
01:39:56.680 You don't want to be happy.
01:39:58.340 Because that'll just happen.
01:39:59.760 If it does or if it doesn't.
01:40:01.240 But you definitely want to constitute yourself so that you can ride out the storm.
01:40:05.260 Because the storm is always coming.
01:40:07.280 And so then you're fortified against the worst.
01:40:09.220 And that's what you want.
01:40:10.120 Because, well, the best you can handle.
01:40:14.220 The worst you have to prepare yourself for.
01:40:16.840 And then we see the same thing repeated in the story of Abraham, essentially.
01:40:20.600 Right?
01:40:20.800 Abraham makes this contract with the good.
01:40:23.200 And constantly renews it.
01:40:24.700 That's his sacrifice and his worship.
01:40:26.540 He constantly renews it.
01:40:27.920 And he has the adventures that are sufficiently typical of the adventures of a human being who's alive and engaging in the world.
01:40:36.080 Right?
01:40:36.320 He bumps himself up against all the horrors of existence.
01:40:40.220 And yet the story is told in such a manner that reveals that his primary ethical commitment to the overarching good is sufficient to protect him against the vicissitudes of existence.
01:40:54.540 Well, that's an optimistic story.
01:40:57.700 And as a pessimistic person, I appreciate an optimistic story that's believable.
01:41:04.540 And there's great demands placed on Abraham.
01:41:07.180 It's not as if this just comes to him as a gift.
01:41:10.140 He has to be willing to sacrifice whatever is necessary in order to maintain that contract.
01:41:14.640 And so that seems to me to be realistic.
01:41:16.580 There's no reason to assume that life isn't so difficult that it actually demands the best from you.
01:41:22.480 That it's actually structured in that manner.
01:41:24.940 And that if you were willing to reveal the best in you, in response to the vicissitudes of life, that you might actually prevail.
01:41:33.040 And you might actually set things straight around you.
01:41:36.540 And, well, and what if that was true?
01:41:42.360 That would be a remarkable thing.
01:41:43.980 And I can't see how it can not be true.
01:41:48.380 And I can't see that it's not stamped on the soul of everyone who's conscious.
01:41:53.060 I think we all know this perfectly well.
01:41:55.720 Although the stories remind us, you know, Plato, Socrates believed that all knowledge was remembering.
01:42:06.200 You know, he believed that the soul before birth had all knowledge and lost it at birth.
01:42:12.220 And then experience reminded the soul of what it already knew.
01:42:16.720 And there's something about that that's really true.
01:42:20.560 Because you're not just a creature that emerged 30 years ago or 40 years ago.
01:42:27.740 You're the inheritor of 3.5 billion years worth of biological engineering, right?
01:42:34.000 You have your nature stamped deeply inside of you.
01:42:37.760 Far more deeply than any of us realize.
01:42:40.820 And when you come across these great stories, these reminders, they're a reminder of how to be properly.
01:42:46.720 And they echo in your soul because the structure's already there.
01:42:49.760 The external stories are manifestations of the internal reality.
01:42:56.820 And then they're a call to that internal reality to reveal itself.
01:43:00.600 Well, and then we come to the end of the Abrahamic stories, at least this section of them, with Sarah's death.
01:43:12.280 And Abraham is called upon to make the supreme sacrifice.
01:43:15.660 And interestingly enough, because he's willing to make the supreme sacrifice, he actually doesn't have to.
01:43:20.760 And that's an interesting thing as well, because I believe that it's reasonable from a psychological perspective to point out that the more willing you are, for example, to face death, perhaps,
01:43:37.220 the less likely it is that you're going to have to face it, at least in an ignoble manner.
01:43:43.520 And so with that, then we'll bring this 12-part series to a close.
01:43:58.760 You know, I think that applause is for everyone.
01:44:01.480 And I hate to say that because it sounds so new-agey.
01:44:06.960 But, you know, it really does seem to me that this is a participatory exercise, you know.
01:44:13.520 And that it would not be possible for me to go through these stories without having you here to listen.
01:44:19.440 And so, and I always think, when talking to a crowd, that it's a dialogue, you know.
01:44:23.340 It's a dialogue.
01:44:24.900 You sit and you listen, and you've all listened.
01:44:27.500 And thank God for that, you know.
01:44:30.100 And that gives me a chance to think, and it gives me a chance to watch, and it gives me a chance to interact.
01:44:34.860 Because, you know, you're emblematic of humanity at large, I suppose.
01:44:39.040 That's one way of thinking about it.
01:44:40.400 And for me to be able to craft what I'm saying so that it has an impact on all of you here also means that I can simultaneously craft it so that it has an impact that, in principle, can reach far beyond this place.
01:44:51.620 And so, you know, I'm hoping that, I'm really hoping that one of the things that can start to happen with this, at least, is that we can put our culture back on its firm foundation.
01:45:01.620 Because it's something that's desperately needed.
01:45:03.740 And in order to do that, we have to understand both the evil and the nobility of the human soul.
01:45:10.060 And that's, like, that's a fundamental truth, you know.
01:45:13.020 And I don't think you can get to the nobility without a sojourn through the evil.
01:45:17.160 I really don't believe that at all.
01:45:18.680 It's no place for the naive to go, that's for sure.
01:45:22.140 But, anyways, I would like to thank you, as you thank me, for your close and careful attention and your support during all of this.
01:45:30.140 It's been really a remarkable experience.
01:45:32.360 It's certainly sort of developed beyond my dreams.
01:45:39.900 So, thank you.
01:45:54.700 On to the questions.
01:46:02.360 Hi, Dr. Peterson.
01:46:04.160 It appears to me from this series and from the biblical stories themselves that the emphasis of the stories is the utmost importance of the fool for the maintenance and adaptation of being or society.
01:46:15.040 The figure who will lunge headfirst into uncharted territory, explicitly aware of the danger and risk of loss in confronting what cannot be understood, but unafraid and with zeal.
01:46:23.420 And that the dangers of ideological possession are just as much of a concern as that individuals are unwilling and perhaps unable to form an opinion and take a stance one way or another when confronted with a fork in the road or a decision that must be made.
01:46:38.980 You've seen this apathy throughout the universities, as I have, too, in the public schooling system.
01:46:44.080 My question is, how can one model being the fool to plunge into the unknown and publicly fall on your face in pursuit of learning in a way that clearly demonstrates the urgency and utility of the fool?
01:46:55.120 Well, there isn't any difference between the fool and someone who's courageous, right, from an archetypal perspective.
01:47:05.100 And, I mean, Abraham is a fool, obviously, when he starts his adventures.
01:47:09.840 I mean, the story lays it out in that manner.
01:47:12.080 He's far too old to be leaving home, for example.
01:47:15.180 He's a late bloomer.
01:47:16.960 You know, and then he has a lot of catastrophic adventures along the way.
01:47:21.300 And certainly, you could imagine that had you encountered him when he first encountered the famine in the land of strangers when he first went out, that the idea that he had followed his misguided intuitions would have been self-evident.
01:47:36.660 But in the Abrahamic stories, there is this call to get out and do.
01:47:42.260 And that's it.
01:47:43.240 And the thing is, is that, you know, one of the things I've learned, to put it, to make it concretely, is that, like, I've done a lot of different things in my life.
01:47:49.640 And every time I did a new thing, I was a fool.
01:47:51.860 I did it badly.
01:47:52.720 I was an imposter, right?
01:47:54.460 And, and, and, because when you first start to do something, you don't know what you're doing.
01:48:00.260 But that, that's okay.
01:48:01.560 That's an acceptance of your vulnerability, right?
01:48:04.080 And your ignorance.
01:48:04.900 That's humility, in some sense.
01:48:06.380 The willingness to be a fool in a new, in the land of strangers.
01:48:09.420 That's it.
01:48:10.280 The willingness to be a fool in the land of strangers.
01:48:13.120 And that's an act of courage.
01:48:14.940 Because you also reveal your vulnerability to the world by stumbling around.
01:48:18.520 But as long as you're stumbling forward, then you're going to move forward.
01:48:22.560 Now, how do you do that more concretely?
01:48:24.560 You aim at an ideal, right?
01:48:26.460 And you aim at an ideal that's beyond you.
01:48:29.420 Now, maybe you don't aim to begin with at an ideal that's so beyond you that you're crushed by its magnificence, you know?
01:48:37.620 Maybe that's, that's, that's too demotivating to move you.
01:48:41.820 But you could at least conceptualize yourself as the you that you are with fewer of the faults that you know of.
01:48:49.760 And that's a good start.
01:48:51.060 And I also think that's associated with the idea of humility.
01:48:54.500 Take stock.
01:48:56.080 Figure out how it is that you're not who you could be.
01:48:59.400 And then move in that direction.
01:49:03.000 And accept the consequences.
01:49:05.340 You know, you're, you're going to get slapped a lot.
01:49:08.720 But maybe with each slap, you'll straighten up a little bit.
01:49:11.900 Especially if you listen, even to the people who are slapping you.
01:49:15.280 Because sometimes they're the ones who can reveal for you very quickly where it is that you're weak and insufficient.
01:49:22.060 So that you won't have to be that way in the future.
01:49:25.120 So, yeah.
01:49:27.040 Thank you.
01:49:34.000 Hello.
01:49:36.120 Hello.
01:49:37.540 Dr. Peterson, I have no questions for you.
01:49:40.760 All I ever wanted to do is just stand in front of you and be able to thank you for everything you've done for me.
01:49:49.140 My pleasure.
01:49:50.100 Thank you.
01:49:54.200 Uh-oh.
01:50:02.040 Good morning, Citizen Peterson.
01:50:05.120 You got a short one?
01:50:06.820 Yeah, I do.
01:50:07.480 I mean a question?
01:50:08.260 I saved the best question for last.
01:50:10.720 Trust me, this one's good.
01:50:12.440 But first, I'll break the ice.
01:50:14.680 Many people have said, no, no icebreaker.
01:50:18.320 You want me to get right into the real question?
01:50:19.920 I want you to get right into the question.
01:50:21.540 All right.
01:50:22.820 So this question is about hypercritical thinking?
01:50:26.740 Yep.
01:50:27.220 Now, everyone knows that critical thinking is a great thing to develop.
01:50:30.280 You have to be able to, I guess, think about your ideas.
01:50:35.200 If information is presented to you, you have to decide if it's legitimate or if there's some sort of deceit behind it.
01:50:40.640 But when it's taken to its extreme, no matter how great or noble somebody is, you can always find a crack in the armor and try to figure out how they're covering up something that's not great about them.
01:50:54.440 And you might then discredit everything they do as just a facade.
01:50:59.420 Okay.
01:50:59.640 So let me stop you there for a sec because I want to address two of the issues that you already brought up.
01:51:04.560 So there's the issue of hypercritical thinking partly in relationship to yourself and partly in relationship to others.
01:51:11.880 So I'd like to address the issue with regards to yourself to begin with.
01:51:16.840 So there's this idea that Carl Jung developed.
01:51:19.740 He extracted it, I don't know from where, from some ancient writings that he was familiar with.
01:51:24.980 I believe they were Jewish writings.
01:51:26.920 He said that classically speaking, traditionally speaking, God was viewed to rule being with two hands.
01:51:34.160 It's the right hand and the left hand.
01:51:35.640 And the right hand was justice.
01:51:38.140 And that was, you're going to get what's coming to you.
01:51:40.960 But the left hand was mercy.
01:51:43.520 And the idea, essentially, was that the cosmos could not exist without the proper combination of justice and mercy.
01:51:49.260 You should get what's coming to you.
01:51:51.080 But people are fallible and they make mistakes.
01:51:54.020 And so it's reasonable to apply that to yourself.
01:51:56.900 You know, there's an idea that's been developed by psychologists over the last few decades that people are basically narcissistic and that they generally feel that they're better at most things than other people.
01:52:09.060 I don't buy that.
01:52:10.540 I don't think the experimental evidence for that is very strong.
01:52:13.180 And I certainly haven't seen that, for example, in my clinical practice where I've seen that people are generally far harder on themselves than they are on other people.
01:52:20.480 One example of that, I've written about this in my new book, too, is that, you know, if you have a pet that's sick and you take it to the vet and you get medication, you're very likely to give the pet the entire course of medication.
01:52:32.620 To go to the pharmacy to get the prescription filled, to give the pet the medication, to follow it through.
01:52:38.900 But if you are the person who has the problem, yeah, you all laugh because you know the story.
01:52:43.620 It's like, a third of you won't even go fill the prescription and of the remaining two-thirds of you, half won't take it to completion.
01:52:51.580 And you think, well, why are people like that?
01:52:53.600 And I think it's because they know themselves, they have contempt for themselves because of their flaws, and then they come to despise themselves.
01:53:02.680 And I think that's a big mistake.
01:53:04.120 That's lack, that's too much justice and not enough mercy.
01:53:06.960 And, you know, Jung wrote about the biblical injunction that you should treat your neighbor as if he were yourself, essentially.
01:53:15.720 But he talked about that as an equation, which was quite interesting.
01:53:18.920 So, because it's often read as something like, you should be nice to people, which is not what it means at all.
01:53:24.940 Because first, nice is a very low-end virtue.
01:53:27.420 But it isn't what it means.
01:53:29.540 What it means is that you should, you should treat your neighbor as if he or she is someone that you wish to encourage and develop.
01:53:38.220 But that you should also have exactly the same attitude towards yourself, which is sort of, in some sense, regardless of what your opinion is of yourself.
01:53:46.500 Critical, let's say.
01:53:47.980 Hypercritical, even.
01:53:48.980 Which is often the case with people who are anxious.
01:53:51.480 Or perhaps who are hyper-conscientious.
01:53:53.560 You have to put forward to yourself the same sympathy, we could say, that you would extend to someone else that you cared for.
01:54:03.300 That's the thing, is that you have to come to treat yourself as if you're someone that you care for.
01:54:08.640 And I mean that technically.
01:54:10.460 You know, you detach yourself from yourself.
01:54:12.640 And you think, okay, well, if I was going to construct a mode of being that was optimal for this person that I happen to be, what would that look like?
01:54:22.980 And that's sort of independent of whether or not you think you deserve it.
01:54:26.540 It's like, maybe you deserve it, maybe you don't.
01:54:28.740 Innocent until proven guilty, that's a pretty good policy.
01:54:32.000 But you should come to lay out a mode of being for yourself that gives you some credit.
01:54:38.760 You know, and that will also help you in your dealings with other people.
01:54:42.220 But it's often very difficult for people to do that to themselves.
01:54:44.980 Okay, so that's the first part of that.
01:54:49.340 Perfect.
01:54:51.320 So it starts out with this hypercritical thinking.
01:54:54.600 And you talk a lot about Nietzsche's assertion about the death of God.
01:54:59.300 But I see it sort of more like a willful destruction of the heroic ideal.
01:55:05.040 And I guess several months ago, I had occasion to look up a definition or explanation for the zeitgeist of modern victimhood outrage culture.
01:55:17.000 And I saw it in this particular case, and I found.
01:55:20.700 And this paragraph, okay, this has what you call the rhythmic cadence that just made my hair stand up on its ends.
01:55:28.080 And if you could look at it and read this, this is better than the last one.
01:55:37.200 The image of man that dominates in modern literature, in visual arts, cinema, and theater is primarily a gloomy image.
01:55:44.060 The great and the noble are suspect from the outset.
01:55:47.060 They must be torn from their pedestals so that one can see through them.
01:55:50.700 Morality counts as hypocrisy, and joy as self-deception.
01:55:53.780 Anyone who simply puts trust in the beautiful and the good is either inexcusably ingenuous or acting with evil intent.
01:56:01.520 The truly moral attitude is suspicion, and its greatest success is in exposing.
01:56:06.640 Criticism of society is obligatory.
01:56:09.200 It is impossible to find words lurid and brutal enough to describe the dangers that threaten us.
01:56:14.720 This delight in the negative is not, however, unlimited.
01:56:17.740 There exists at the same time an obligation to be optimistic, and the failure to observe this obligation does not go unpunished.
01:56:26.160 For example, anyone who expresses the view that not everything in the intellectual development of the modern period has been correct,
01:56:32.280 that it is necessary in some essential areas to reflect on the shared wisdom of the great cultures,
01:56:37.240 has chosen to make the wrong kind of criticism.
01:56:39.440 He finds himself suddenly confronted with a resolute apologia for the fundamental decisions of the modern age.
01:56:46.700 No matter how much delight one may take in negation,
01:56:49.360 he is not permitted to call into question the view that the fundamental trajectory of historical development is progress,
01:56:55.000 and that the good lies in the future and nowhere else.
01:56:57.240 You know, I thought a lot about nihilism, let's say, and its justification.
01:57:05.680 And I think that a very powerful justification for nihilism can be found in the mere observation that life is rife with tragedy and malevolence,
01:57:15.820 of which there is no doubt.
01:57:17.380 But then I've got suspicious of that rationale for nihilism over the years,
01:57:24.780 because a counterposition to it emerged.
01:57:28.000 And this is something Nietzsche, of course, concentrated on as well, that had more to do with resentment.
01:57:32.660 It's like, you can imagine negation of the heroic ideal from despair.
01:57:38.780 From the despair, say, produced by tragedy and by exposure to malevolence.
01:57:42.500 But it's also, it's completely and delightfully irresponsible to negate the heroic ideal.
01:57:49.800 Because it means that you don't have any responsibility.
01:57:53.040 And it seems to me that if you're nihilistic,
01:57:56.720 and prone to criticize the heroic foundation of, let's say, Western culture,
01:58:02.640 that one of the first questions that you could ask yourself is,
01:58:05.660 what makes you so sure that you're appropriately cynical, suspicious, and critical,
01:58:10.460 and not just running away as fast as you possibly can,
01:58:13.780 from every bit of responsibility that you could possibly adopt.
01:58:17.600 And I think that that's a perfectly reasonable perspective.
01:58:20.380 And I think that that is reflected to some degree in what the person who wrote this paragraph was attempting to...
01:58:25.640 Can you guess who it was who wrote that paragraph?
01:58:27.160 No, I can't.
01:58:28.680 Really?
01:58:29.420 No.
01:58:30.920 I left you a hint at the...
01:58:33.060 Who was it?
01:58:34.540 Cardinal Ratzinger.
01:58:35.760 Come on.
01:58:35.960 Ah.
01:58:36.520 There it is.
01:58:37.620 All right.
01:58:38.160 I'm going to take another question.
01:58:39.600 Well done.
01:58:46.440 Hello.
01:58:47.700 Hello.
01:58:48.620 How are you doing?
01:58:49.660 I'm doing good, Dr. Peterson.
01:58:51.400 It's been a pleasure.
01:58:52.620 Twelve weeks.
01:58:53.860 Twelve moments, let's say.
01:58:56.920 Okay.
01:58:57.780 So, two weeks ago, we talked about your mischievous suggestion, I might say,
01:59:04.040 to cut the university's funding by 25% and how that might have influenced that sort of language in Andrew Scheer's platform, right?
01:59:14.500 Yeah.
01:59:14.680 And so, and then you discussed how you're not exactly sure what your role is in all of this and that you don't want to be in a war and you don't want to be using war-like language.
01:59:26.400 And I think what you want to be doing is you're trying to restore order but not have conflict.
01:59:40.660 And so, after the lecture two weeks ago, I asked you, like, maybe I should do some sales work for your postmodern lexicon website.
01:59:56.140 But I think I've found a better niche for someone of my temperament to help this cause.
02:00:04.860 So, I think I, so I go to Dalhousie University and because so many students are dropping out, especially men and especially ethnic minorities,
02:00:17.500 they've created this team called the Student Success Team or something, or Student Success Advisors.
02:00:25.540 Yeah.
02:00:25.840 And you've been incredibly successful crowdfunding for your research and on your Patreon.
02:00:35.740 And I think, like, how much does it cost for a single person to do the self-authoring program?
02:00:43.280 Well, it's two for one, so it's about $15.
02:00:45.840 Okay, so, okay, so nothing then, basically.
02:00:50.360 But I was thinking that we could, somehow we could incorporate the self-authoring program into this, into this new advisor committee at Dalhousie so that students can figure it.
02:01:04.180 Knock yourself out, man.
02:01:05.660 Do it.
02:01:06.720 That's what, that's, that's.
02:01:07.940 Like, the data for the future authoring program is quite clear.
02:01:10.940 If students even do it for an hour before they go to university, they have a 30, about a 30% less chance of dropping out in the first semester.
02:01:19.460 So, you know, and, and it would really be nice to see some student organizations that were seriously devoted to facilitating student success.
02:01:27.280 You might think that's what student organizations should do, in fact.
02:01:31.420 Well, it seems rather self-evident when you think about it.
02:01:34.300 But, you know, so I would say, like, if you're oriented in that direction, get at her.
02:01:38.720 So, it's a fine plan and it's, I like the emphasis of it because you're directing yourself towards the facilitation of individual accomplishment.
02:01:48.240 And you're at least going to do very little harm that way.
02:01:52.080 And that's a really good start, man, you know.
02:01:54.060 That's, that, because that's, that's what you should think about when you're setting out to make things better.
02:01:59.260 The first thing you should think is, I'm not so sure I know what I'm doing.
02:02:03.420 So, why don't I first attempt to do the least amount of harm possible?
02:02:08.460 And by concentrating on helping someone develop their own plan and, and, and implement that into the future.
02:02:14.180 And encouraging them with regards to whatever success they would like defined their way.
02:02:19.520 There's a pretty low probability that you're going to act the tyrant and, and, and play a detrimental role.
02:02:26.340 So, good luck.
02:02:28.040 Maybe we can communicate about it in the future.
02:02:30.120 Thank you, thank you.
02:02:30.540 Yes, I'm going to send you an email.
02:02:31.920 Thank you very much.
02:02:35.620 Hi, Dr. Peterson.
02:02:37.200 This is the first of these lectures that I've been here to listen to, but I've listened to all of them on YouTube so far.
02:02:42.840 I'm going to get you to move a bit.
02:02:43.740 Oh, sorry, am I not close enough?
02:02:44.860 Not quite, that's good.
02:02:46.020 Okay.
02:02:46.540 Yeah.
02:02:48.160 And I've been trying to think up this question since basically the first lecture because I'm a seminary student at an evangelical seminary.
02:02:58.380 And a lot of what you've been saying has really been resonating and it's, and it's really been fascinating to listen to.
02:03:05.620 And, you know, there's been many people who've been asking you questions like, what do you believe about the resurrection?
02:03:10.640 Do you believe in God?
02:03:11.500 Are you a Christian?
02:03:12.240 And all these sorts of things.
02:03:13.180 And, you know, I've been listening very closely to all your answers and have groups of friends on Facebook who are following very closely saying, oh, you hear what Peterson said this time?
02:03:21.400 Maybe he's one of us finally or something like that.
02:03:23.440 But at the same time, other ways that you explain some of the stories sound very close to what we call theological liberalism.
02:03:33.220 You know, in the 19th century, the idea that, you know, using historical critical methods of reading and interpreting the Bible and understanding Jesus more as a moral figure than as a literal historical figure whose atonement provides satisfaction for man.
02:03:46.280 So, I tried to figure out what the question was because I could interpret what some of your answers were.
02:03:52.240 So, I'm going to put it in a more of a general way.
02:03:54.400 Where exactly do you see yourself differing from traditional, orthodox, evangelical Christianity and why would you differ there given how much you seem to understand the importance of the biblical stories in Western history?
02:04:11.780 Okay, okay.
02:04:12.660 Well, that's a good question.
02:04:14.800 Well, obviously I have to answer in a general way.
02:04:19.360 I mean, I think that one of the things that makes me different is that I take the idea that things are 14 billion years old seriously.
02:04:27.900 You know, and the idea of evolution seriously.
02:04:31.140 I mean, as does the Catholic Church, by the way.
02:04:34.240 And so, but I don't see that as an impediment to the pursuit that I'm undertaking.
02:04:39.440 Now, I don't know how to bridge that gap precisely.
02:04:42.960 But I'm not that worried about it.
02:04:44.560 I mean, you can't bridge every gap.
02:04:46.380 It's just not possible.
02:04:47.260 It would require infinite knowledge.
02:04:49.360 Okay, and how, so, that's one major, because I'm coming at this from a scientific, I really am coming at this from a scientific perspective.
02:04:56.540 You know, like I try to make sure that everything that I talk about is commensurate with current scientific knowledge.
02:05:02.780 Now, current scientific knowledge, no doubt, is erring in all sorts of ways.
02:05:05.800 Like, I think our notion about exactly how evolution progresses is flawed in many, many ways.
02:05:10.920 And the recent discoveries in the field of epigenetics, which show that you can actually transmit acquired characteristics, you know, has really put a whole, real serious stick in the spokes of the evolutionary bicycle, let's say.
02:05:24.580 But, but then, I also think the question is mis-asked in some sense, because I gave this lecture series a specific title for a specific reason.
02:05:35.680 And the lecture series is the psychological significance of the biblical stories.
02:05:39.920 Now, I'm not claiming that my psychological analysis exhausts the significance of the biblical stories.
02:05:46.960 You know, they, they have multitudes, let's say, layers of meaning.
02:05:52.460 And some of those layers are metaphysical, and some of them are more specifically religious.
02:05:56.200 And I'm trying the best I can not to wander into those domains like I do, because it's impossible to keep yourself bounded, you know, when you're a discursive speaker, let's say.
02:06:06.400 But I'm trying to, what I'm trying to do is the sort of thing that Jung did, essentially, is to take a look at these old stories and say,
02:06:12.480 okay, well, let's look at this from the perspective of the human psyche, and let's see what the significance can be.
02:06:19.960 And not to say, that's all the significance there is.
02:06:23.360 Who knows what significance there is?
02:06:25.540 One thing I have learned about the biblical stories is that, no matter how deep you go into them, you are not at the bottom.
02:06:32.080 And so, that's been very, very interesting to me.
02:06:34.680 And God only knows about the metaphysical substructure of reality, because human beings certainly don't.
02:06:40.880 So, I don't, I don't want to claim that what I'm doing is a religious interpretation, although, you know, it drifts into that direction.
02:06:49.400 I want to stay within the purview of my expertise, such as it is, and to say, well, if you look at this psychologically, here's what you can extract as, as pragmatically, existentially, and clinically meaningful.
02:07:02.960 And the rest of it, well, the rest of it has to be left in abeyance, and, because I don't have the capacity to investigate claims that go beyond that.
02:07:14.960 That does not mean that I'm saying that what I'm doing is reducing these stories to their psychological significance, even though the psyche is a grand thing.
02:07:24.780 I'm not trying to do that.
02:07:26.220 It's not reductionistic.
02:07:27.900 It's a take on it.
02:07:29.700 So, people can make up their own minds metaphysically.
02:07:32.960 And they also have to make up their own minds about how they're going to act, which is really the crucial issue, as far as I'm concerned.
02:07:38.600 So, you bet.
02:07:48.620 Hi.
02:07:49.280 Hi.
02:07:49.880 I had a question with respect to data that you presented, I believe, two weeks ago.
02:07:54.180 Sorry, a question with respect to?
02:07:55.520 To data that you presented, I believe, two lectures ago, regarding the use of psilocybin in treatment of mental illness.
02:08:03.120 Yes.
02:08:03.420 Yeah, so, subsequently, I looked up some of the recently published literature, and one of the studies I found extremely striking was one that was published less than a year ago in the Lancet, which is a very high-impact, well-respected journal.
02:08:17.280 Yeah.
02:08:17.380 And what they looked at was efficacy in patients with severe treatment-resistant depression, and what they found is that in 11 out of 12 of the patients, they showed significant remittance following just a single dose of the substance up to three months following the single dose without additional dosing.
02:08:40.200 So, this not only substantiates, I suppose, my own experiences, but when you read some of the commentary or review articles surrounding these types of topics, not with respects to depression, but things like post-traumatic stress disorder, addiction, they'll unequivocally state that these types of results are completely unprecedented in the realm of psychiatric medicine.
02:09:07.980 Yes.
02:09:08.540 So, I was wondering if you could comment as to whether or not that type of, I guess, rhetoric is overblown, and if not, do you see these being more mainstream in the near future, or suspect that they'll fall victim to something along the lines of regulatory capture?
02:09:23.540 No, I don't, well, I don't think they're overstatements, and I know some of the people who are engaged in this research, and they're actually very conservative people.
02:09:31.980 Like, they're brave people, but I mean conservative in the best sense, you know, they're not, they're not Timothy Leary, and I'm not trying to put down Timothy Leary, I'm really not.
02:09:40.320 But, you know, some caution would have been a good thing, although, you know, when something like, when the psychedelics burst onto the scene, no one had any idea what to do with them, right?
02:09:53.160 So, and we still really don't, but the new research is being conducted very, very carefully, but it is really remarkable that those epithets are used, or those terms are used to describe the results,
02:10:04.240 because those are, the Lancet, for example, it's one of the top-end medical journals, you don't see grand claims in the Lancet, right?
02:10:11.820 Scientists don't write that way, they're trained from the very beginning to downplay their results, but they're quite struck by the fact that these effects occur with single doses.
02:10:22.500 Now, I think that what we don't know about psychedelics could fill many, many, many thick volumes, and they're absolutely mysterious in their function, purpose,
02:10:33.440 effect, consequence, all of that, and I've always thought that it was really appalling that we stopped investigating them back in the 1960s, although it's not been that long, you know,
02:10:43.560 20 years, historically speaking, it's really nothing, but, and no, I don't think that there'll be, that the research will be stopped by regulatory capture,
02:10:54.420 because the people who are doing it now, I think, learned their lesson from what happened in the 60s, and are doing it pretty damn carefully,
02:11:01.580 so we can hope that more results like this are produced, and that they're replicable, and that perhaps they'll prove helpful, with any luck.
02:11:12.760 Yep.
02:11:20.020 Hi, Dr. Peterson, I've found this lecture series really, really enthralling, and it, it occurred to me.
02:11:25.880 Why?
02:11:25.960 No, it's such a strange thing to say.
02:11:28.740 If I try to explain that, I don't have time for the question.
02:11:30.780 Yeah, well, that's okay, I'll let you get to the question, but I'm curious, like, what, why do you think that is?
02:11:37.460 Because it's a strange thing to have happen, like, it's a lecture on the Bible, for God's sake, you know, it's like, it's not something you'd go to a venture capitalist with a business plan for.
02:11:48.400 So, like, what, what, what is it about it, do you think, that's been, that, that's had that effect on you?
02:11:55.640 Ha, I asked you a question instead.
02:12:01.420 Look, I don't want to, I don't want to put you on the spot, if you want to just move to your question, that's fine,
02:12:05.720 but if you have an answer to that, I would be very interested in knowing what it is.
02:12:11.180 Well, I, it's, it's a thrill to encounter a kind of means to a metaphysical system that's so persuasive and potent,
02:12:25.200 and I hadn't really experienced that a whole lot in my life.
02:12:29.580 Ha, that's what universities are supposed to do for people, eh?
02:12:33.480 That's what universities are supposed to do for people.
02:12:35.840 They're not supposed to take people who are barely hanging together and break them and make them weak.
02:12:41.460 They're supposed to equate them with the heroic, the heroic substructure of the human psyche,
02:12:48.400 so that they can move out into the world and thrive.
02:12:51.620 And it's an absolute crime that that isn't what's happening.
02:12:55.200 So, hooray for that, man.
02:13:04.160 It occurred to me that the kind of tradition and genre that you are working in here is that of the sermon.
02:13:12.960 Now, are you comfortable with that categorization and why?
02:13:15.760 So far.
02:13:16.860 We'll see where you go with it.
02:13:19.540 Well, that's, that's the essence of my question.
02:13:21.320 Are these sermons and might one then call you a preacher?
02:13:26.640 I don't know, you know.
02:13:27.800 Sorry, what was the last part?
02:13:28.860 Might one call you a preacher?
02:13:31.000 Well, you could certainly call me one.
02:13:32.660 And, you know, I think that there, there, there's a certain overlap.
02:13:38.860 And the overlap, but this has been characteristic of my approach to education right from the beginning.
02:13:43.420 Because I have some rules about what I lecture.
02:13:46.380 What about the topics that I lecture about and the way that I deal with it.
02:13:50.040 So, the first rule is, I don't want to tell you anything that isn't useful.
02:13:54.540 I'm a pragmatist, you know.
02:13:56.000 Like, I'm an American pragmatist.
02:13:57.440 That's part of my philosophical grounding.
02:13:59.300 And I believe that knowledge is tool-like.
02:14:03.200 And that the proper thing to do is to, to equip people with the tools to move effectively in the world.
02:14:09.620 And so, I want to make sure that if I offer a story or a fact for that matter, I also say,
02:14:16.020 Well, here, here's why you need to know this fact.
02:14:18.500 It will actually improve your life.
02:14:20.720 Or it'll stop you from wandering into a pit, which is approximately the same thing.
02:14:24.180 And then, it will also, knowing this will also make you a more effective actor in the social world.
02:14:29.940 And that will improve the social world, right?
02:14:32.080 And hopefully, that will improve the environmental world, etc, etc.
02:14:35.380 And so, I would say, to the degree that those who produce sermons are concerned with producing alterations in behavior,
02:14:42.840 which are moral alterations, say, then I share the same territory with them.
02:14:47.640 But, I wouldn't say that that's something that should be only relegated to the domain of the sermon.
02:14:52.060 Because, I believe that it is the job of the universities, for example,
02:14:55.660 especially in the damned humanities, to ennoble people and to enable them to adopt the mantle of proper citizenship.
02:15:05.340 And that we've forgotten that.
02:15:07.220 We've forgotten that.
02:15:08.200 Or, we're avoiding it.
02:15:09.440 Or, we're refusing it.
02:15:10.680 Or, something like that.
02:15:12.300 You know?
02:15:12.640 And, I think we're using the death of God as an excuse.
02:15:16.280 So, I think that to the degree that I'm a preacher, I'm making an error.
02:15:20.740 You know?
02:15:21.400 And also, to the degree that I'm politicized, I'm making an error.
02:15:25.180 I'm wandering out of my proper territory when that's the domain that I'm in.
02:15:29.360 But, when I'm attempting to assemble multiple layers of facts towards a practical end,
02:15:36.220 which is what I'm trying to do.
02:15:37.420 And the end is the ennoblement of the individual, right?
02:15:40.340 That's my goal.
02:15:41.880 Then, I'm in my proper domain.
02:15:43.700 I'm going to make mistakes.
02:15:45.320 You know?
02:15:45.460 I'm going to wander out of my territory.
02:15:47.180 And, I try not to do that.
02:15:48.620 But, you know, it's...
02:15:50.580 Well, it's part of being a fool.
02:15:52.000 You're going to make mistakes.
02:15:53.420 So, yeah.
02:15:54.820 Thanks very much.
02:15:55.660 No problem.
02:16:01.900 Hi, Doc.
02:16:03.080 Thanks for continuing to do all the cool stuff that makes everyone love you.
02:16:06.620 It's great.
02:16:07.660 Not everyone.
02:16:08.700 Well, yeah, yeah, yeah.
02:16:09.800 That's a generalization.
02:16:10.740 There's lots of people that seem not to love me.
02:16:13.800 Yeah.
02:16:14.160 And, I can't blame them, really.
02:16:17.300 Anyway, yeah, I'm going to lead into a question here.
02:16:19.560 So, in your book, Maps of...
02:16:21.600 The book, Maps of Meaning, you got that quote from Dostoevsky about how humankind, mankind,
02:16:31.260 if you give them all the cakes in the world...
02:16:33.220 Oh, my God.
02:16:34.480 So, yeah, if you give...
02:16:35.360 Yeah, oh, my God is right, man.
02:16:36.740 That's one killer quote.
02:16:38.320 That's from Notes from the Underground, eh?
02:16:40.080 Hey, everyone should read that, because everyone's underground.
02:16:43.120 And it's a great little journey through that.
02:16:46.620 Yeah.
02:16:47.140 So, it's basically, yeah, if you give...
02:16:49.160 If you have the perfect utopia, I often use...
02:16:52.040 Basically, if you have the most perfect utopia, humans will find a way to screw it up.
02:16:58.860 Yeah.
02:16:59.000 And they'll go out of the way to do it.
02:16:59.960 Purposefully.
02:17:00.360 Yeah, because we like chaos and the unknown.
02:17:02.800 Yeah.
02:17:02.940 You've talked about this.
02:17:04.080 Yeah, well, that's the thing is, is that we're heroic adventurers, right?
02:17:07.200 We're not, we're not Sybarites laying on a beach.
02:17:10.460 Although, when you get the opportunity to do that, like, make sure you take it.
02:17:13.660 But that's, that's not what, that's not, that's not the proper calling of the human soul, right?
02:17:18.300 We're, we're out there to conquer chaos and the unknown.
02:17:21.360 And it's in that we find meaning.
02:17:22.960 And that's better than the utopia.
02:17:24.460 That's what Dostoevsky, you know, God bless his soul.
02:17:27.340 Dostoevsky had that, he was such a genius.
02:17:30.260 He had everything that was wrong with communism figured out even before it started.
02:17:35.700 Amazing.
02:17:36.520 Really, like, if you read The Possessed or The Devils, which I would highly recommend.
02:17:41.040 Although, it's a hard book to get into.
02:17:42.420 It takes about a hundred pages to really get, get, get, get moving.
02:17:47.040 But Dostoevsky talks, his main character in that novel is a person who's, again, a very powerful person.
02:17:54.000 Who's completely possessed by what's essentially the communist ideology.
02:17:57.380 And he's very effective at moving it forward.
02:17:59.740 And Dostoevsky lays out brilliantly exactly the catastrophic consequences of that, both personally and socially.
02:18:05.420 And he did this, like, 30 years before the Russian Revolution.
02:18:08.040 It's just, it's uncanny.
02:18:10.420 I don't know where the hell that guy was from.
02:18:12.800 Must have been his epilepsy, you know?
02:18:14.440 So, yeah.
02:18:15.860 I'm glad I got you all excited.
02:18:17.180 I'm just going to keep going here.
02:18:19.500 Basically, I used to use that, you know, to kind of deflate a lot of the, it comes from the left wing.
02:18:24.460 This utopia we're going towards with the universal income and there's going to be AI and suddenly the whole population is going to become insanely creative and with no incentive.
02:18:33.740 But it's not, the utopia is not there.
02:18:35.900 It's not like this thing that hasn't happened yet.
02:18:37.680 We're in it.
02:18:38.640 We're in it.
02:18:39.580 This is the best thing ever in, like, all of humanity.
02:18:42.180 The Western civilization, like, oh, my God, in a material sense.
02:18:46.780 I mean, ugh.
02:18:48.020 It just, toilet paper.
02:18:49.280 Toilet paper just happened.
02:18:50.820 Anyway, that's, so what I'm trying to say is, seriously.
02:18:55.380 Seriously.
02:18:55.480 So, we have this beautiful thing and people are trying to take it down at all costs and now we go into the dark phase of my, into my question here, which is, and it actually goes into, Charlottesville had, you know, with the initial purpose of protecting the statue was a good thing.
02:19:22.300 I don't, I'm not, I'm not, I don't know about confederacy except for the big thing, but honestly, it's a, it's a slippery, slippery slope and the confused souls who, and the bad, like, just darkened souls for sure, not good.
02:19:38.000 They screwed it up big time because the purpose behind it is so important because it's going to be founding fathers next.
02:19:45.340 Anyone who ever contributed anything to Western civilization as we know it is already being, it's already being done.
02:19:50.560 James Madison High School in the States is getting renamed because some girl, some random, one student felt unsafe.
02:19:58.100 And so, yeah, this is a serious issue and I want to, like, I feel like we're really up against the wall now because now they found their Nazis, man.
02:20:06.480 The Nazis are flooding the streets now, so how do we, how do we possibly, you know, kind of save our cakes?
02:20:23.540 You had to bring it up, didn't you?
02:20:25.080 Well, having the right degenerate into identity politics does not seem to be a positive solution.
02:20:39.460 So one of the things I would say is that, like, I understand why the identity politics that has been practiced so assiduously and so devastatingly by the left has been co-opted by the right.
02:20:52.140 I understand that, but then here's what I would say to the people on the right who are playing that game.
02:20:59.100 If you play the game of your enemies and you win, you win their game.
02:21:05.160 You don't win.
02:21:06.540 That's not victory.
02:21:08.000 You just become the most successful exponent of their pathology.
02:21:12.460 How is that a good thing?
02:21:14.040 It's a bad thing.
02:21:16.920 So what does that leave people as an alternative?
02:21:19.660 Well, I don't think that the Caucasians, let's say, should revert to being white.
02:21:28.480 I think that's a bad idea.
02:21:30.680 It's a dangerous idea.
02:21:32.280 And it's coming fast.
02:21:34.200 And I don't like to see that.
02:21:36.560 I think the whole group identity thing is seriously pathological.
02:21:41.900 I think we've made big mistakes in Canada.
02:21:44.800 I understand why, at least to some degree in that respect.
02:21:48.500 And that large mistakes are being made all over the Western world.
02:21:51.720 Where we're making your group identity the most important thing about you.
02:21:57.460 I think that's reprehensible.
02:22:00.120 I think it's devastating.
02:22:01.980 I think it's genocidal in its ultimate expression.
02:22:05.540 I think it will bring down our civilization if we pursue it.
02:22:10.080 We shouldn't be playing that game.
02:22:12.880 So what's the alternative?
02:22:14.500 You know, I've thought for a long time about a political career.
02:22:17.680 Really, forever.
02:22:18.920 Since I was like 12.
02:22:20.400 Really, for a long time.
02:22:22.420 And I've always decided against it.
02:22:24.340 Because it seemed to me that the proper level of analysis.
02:22:28.460 With regards to the solution of the problem that we're facing.
02:22:31.460 Isn't political.
02:22:32.660 And that's why I think it's a mistake when what I'm doing gets politicized.
02:22:36.440 Either by me or others.
02:22:37.880 I think that the way that you deal with this is to put yourself together.
02:22:42.880 I really believe that.
02:22:44.320 Is that because I think that individual people are far more powerful.
02:22:47.480 They're certainly far more evil than they're willing to consider.
02:22:49.980 But that's also a sign of their unbelievable power.
02:22:53.760 So, I think that what you do is you aim high.
02:22:58.620 And put yourself together.
02:23:00.260 And stay the hell away from the ideologues.
02:23:03.240 Because they're hiding.
02:23:04.700 They're hiding behind a wall.
02:23:06.180 They're not able to come out and fight on their own behalf.
02:23:09.960 And so, the way forward through the ideological mess.
02:23:13.140 And that's the lesson of Western culture.
02:23:14.880 Is to place the individual at the place of paramount importance.
02:23:18.920 And to make the group identity emerge only when necessary.
02:23:23.880 And secondarily, if ever.
02:23:27.000 And so, you can do that.
02:23:28.180 You can do that now.
02:23:29.240 You can do that tomorrow.
02:23:30.300 Like, you can put your life together.
02:23:31.660 And again, as I mentioned to the other young man who asked the question is.
02:23:35.420 You won't hurt anyone doing that.
02:23:37.860 Right?
02:23:38.440 Pick up your goddamn responsibility.
02:23:40.880 Sort yourself out.
02:23:42.080 Fix up your family.
02:23:43.460 Right?
02:23:43.700 And then you can be a force for good in the culture.
02:23:46.400 And if enough people do that, the ideological mess will just evaporate.
02:23:50.260 It'll just disappear.
02:23:51.400 I think that's the way you show people the right path forward, too.
02:23:54.860 Is that you say, well, look.
02:23:56.440 We would like it so much if you could thrive as an individual.
02:24:00.940 Drop your cult-like affiliation.
02:24:03.440 Right?
02:24:03.620 Step out of the shadows.
02:24:05.360 The demonic shadows.
02:24:07.020 Your ideological possession.
02:24:08.960 And step forward as a fully developed person into the light.
02:24:13.440 Do it by example.
02:24:15.000 That's your best bet, man.
02:24:18.180 So, that's what it looks like to me.
02:24:19.960 I'm going to take one more question.
02:24:32.900 And then I'm going to...
02:24:33.740 There is a young man from Kentucky here.
02:24:37.340 Brian.
02:24:38.500 It's Brian here.
02:24:40.620 Okay.
02:24:41.120 So, I'm going to answer one more question.
02:24:43.080 And then I'm going to let you take the mic.
02:24:44.640 Okay?
02:24:45.640 All right.
02:24:47.180 Good evening, Dr. Peterson.
02:24:48.860 Good evening, everybody.
02:24:49.680 I also want to thank you first for your lectures that I've been following on YouTube mainly.
02:24:55.840 And to say that they have been, well, life-changing wouldn't be an overstatement.
02:25:01.580 Great, man.
02:25:02.360 And I'm one of the crazy people increasing your views on YouTube because I flew in from Belgium last night to be here.
02:25:14.320 And it's like 3 a.m. for me right now.
02:25:18.260 And English is not my first language.
02:25:20.040 So, bear with me.
02:25:21.880 I would have many burning questions to ask you.
02:25:27.840 But I thought it was fair and necessary to pick one.
02:25:31.000 And it would be this one.
02:25:33.180 There are concepts that recur in your lectures.
02:25:35.960 But this one, you only mentioned once in your early videos on Bill C-16 about self-esteem.
02:25:43.480 You said you said you don't believe in the existence of self-esteem.
02:25:46.940 When you teach children they're all special.
02:25:49.060 You think you boost their confidence.
02:25:51.460 But the only result is that some get narcissistic.
02:25:55.020 The reason why I'm interested in that is about standing up for yourself.
02:25:59.160 And it is, when I try to, you know, do it, I see that rational arguments, faith in rationality doesn't get the best results in negotiations.
02:26:17.640 That's why you learn how to be socialized by playing rough and tumble.
02:26:23.920 It's not an intellectual conversation that gets you socialized.
02:26:28.360 So, I'm also reading that book suggested by Stephen Hicks explaining postmodernism.
02:26:34.420 Yeah.
02:26:34.520 Because I wasn't really familiar and I've been listening to a lot from you.
02:26:37.480 I'm going to talk to him later this week so that might be fun.
02:26:39.800 And I'm trying to read with fresh eyes because I've been indoctrinated by you, of course, so I'm very critical.
02:26:47.340 And there's one more point that I have to agree with the postmodernists and that is the world seems to me, as I observe it, a place where powers are at play.
02:27:00.620 It's not rationality that leads that.
02:27:02.640 So, when I'm in a weak position and I want to fight back, not to get resentful, I find that it's not a rational argument that will get me there.
02:27:12.680 There's something else that I don't do and that I should be doing and I don't know what it is.
02:27:17.580 So, you see the relation with self-esteem.
02:27:20.000 Yeah.
02:27:20.240 It seems to me that people who think of themselves start in a better position in this game.
02:27:26.620 Okay.
02:27:27.020 So, okay.
02:27:27.760 Okay.
02:27:28.200 Great.
02:27:28.700 Yeah.
02:27:28.840 All right.
02:27:29.500 So, there's a lot in that question.
02:27:30.800 So, the first thing is, is there's a problem with the measurement of self-esteem and that actually matters because self-esteem is a psychological concept, a scientific concept, if you like, and you have to get the measurement right.
02:27:43.640 And you can predict self-esteem almost perfectly by measuring someone's extroversion and subtracting from that their negative emotionality or neuroticism.
02:27:52.780 So, it's actually just a combination of big five traits.
02:27:55.100 And so, people who are extroverted, who feel a lot of positive emotion, and who are, and who don't feel a lot of negative emotion, score high on scales of self-esteem.
02:28:05.800 Okay.
02:28:06.260 So, conceptually, it's a non-starter.
02:28:10.020 Because you're not going to move people's levels of neuroticism, let's say, by trying to get them to feel good about themselves.
02:28:18.640 Okay.
02:28:19.080 Now, having said that, that doesn't mean that you shouldn't encourage people.
02:28:24.560 Right?
02:28:24.900 Now, there's this psychologist named Jerome Kagan, who's quite a great psychologist, developmental psychologist.
02:28:32.100 I think he's an emeritus at Harvard at the moment.
02:28:35.440 He studied temperamentally inhibited children.
02:28:40.000 You can, so they're basically kids who are high in neuroticism, probably low in extroversion.
02:28:44.880 And he found that if those children, and you can identify them as early as six months, right?
02:28:49.540 Very, very inculcated in their temperament.
02:28:53.020 He found that if you encouraged them in the world, you could shift them into a more stable personality configuration.
02:28:59.520 And what you basically did was, when they were manifesting signs of distress, instead of encouraging them to withdraw and retreat, which is what they might be attempting to do, you encourage them to go out and explore.
02:29:13.320 So, for example, if you have a temperamentally inhibited child, and you go to a playground, and there's kids out there.
02:29:18.060 Like, if you have an extroverted, emotionally stable kid, three years old, as you put them on the ground, their feet are already moving, right?
02:29:26.280 Like a puppy over water, and you let them go, and they just run to the kids.
02:29:30.720 And they're there.
02:29:31.420 And then you have to drag them away.
02:29:32.960 But if you have a temperamentally inhibited child, the child will sort of stand around your legs and sort of peek out.
02:29:38.040 You know?
02:29:38.440 And then what you do is, wait it out.
02:29:42.080 Let them watch.
02:29:43.400 Encourage them to move a little bit forward.
02:29:45.200 Encourage them to take their steps out into the unknown and the strange land.
02:29:49.860 And don't let them withdraw.
02:29:52.060 Like, you can do it, they're slower to warm up.
02:29:54.280 They'll warm up.
02:29:54.900 They'll habituate.
02:29:56.000 And if you continually expose your inhibited child to the things that make them anxious in measured doses, then you can transform their psychophysiological temperament.
02:30:06.260 Now, you're probably not going to shift them way the hell out onto the extroverted, emotionally stable end.
02:30:11.800 But you can make a big difference.
02:30:13.020 That's very different than making them feel good about themselves.
02:30:16.820 Which is such a...
02:30:17.560 You need to curse.
02:30:19.960 You need to curse when you discuss that concept.
02:30:23.280 Right?
02:30:23.800 So, it isn't improve their self-esteem.
02:30:27.160 It isn't how you feel about yourself.
02:30:29.200 Right?
02:30:29.400 It's how you act effectively in the world and how you're trained to do that.
02:30:33.880 So, okay.
02:30:34.780 Now, then you were talking about negotiation.
02:30:37.480 Right?
02:30:37.780 And you said, well, don't...
02:30:38.860 You said something like, don't people who feel good about themselves, aren't they able to negotiate better?
02:30:43.520 And it's...
02:30:44.440 I know that's a poor paraphrase.
02:30:46.180 Excuse me.
02:30:46.680 But negotiation is actually a practical issue to some degree.
02:30:51.700 Like, the first thing is that you have to figure out what you want.
02:30:54.960 Because you were saying, well, it's not merely rational.
02:30:56.880 It's like, yeah, yeah.
02:30:57.560 That's for sure.
02:30:58.380 You have to bargain from a position of authority, let's say.
02:31:01.320 Not power.
02:31:02.840 Authority is a better word.
02:31:03.800 But you don't have authority unless you know what you're talking about.
02:31:06.800 And unless you can bring some...
02:31:09.380 Unless you can bring some, let's say, force.
02:31:12.280 It's not...
02:31:12.640 That's not the right word.
02:31:15.520 You can't negotiate with anyone unless you can say no.
02:31:19.820 And you can't say no unless you've set yourself up with alternatives.
02:31:23.300 So, when you go to your boss and you negotiate for a raise,
02:31:26.560 you need to have this sort of CV that enables you to go find another job.
02:31:29.960 And you have to have your CV prepared.
02:31:31.680 And you have to have looked for another job.
02:31:33.860 And you have to be able to get one.
02:31:35.960 Because then you can go in there and say,
02:31:38.220 I'm not as productive as I could be at my current level of remuneration.
02:31:42.960 It's not reflective of what I'm able to do.
02:31:45.460 And I want this.
02:31:46.760 And this is what will happen if you give me this.
02:31:48.640 This will be the good things that will happen.
02:31:50.320 And what do you think of that?
02:31:51.600 And the person is going to know,
02:31:54.360 even by the way that you hold yourself while you're having the discussion,
02:31:58.060 whether or not you're someone with options.
02:32:00.120 And you can't fake that.
02:32:01.680 Well, you can.
02:32:02.800 But it's not helpful.
02:32:03.760 Like, it just doesn't work for very many iterations.
02:32:06.500 You have to.
02:32:07.300 It's not rational.
02:32:08.980 You're preparing yourself for battle.
02:32:11.080 That's what you're doing.
02:32:12.300 And you can't be weak when you prepare yourself for battle.
02:32:15.660 Because if the person says,
02:32:17.020 No, I'm not giving you a raise.
02:32:19.520 Which is exactly what they should say.
02:32:20.900 Because what are they going to do?
02:32:21.800 Just like sprinkle the money around?
02:32:23.180 You need to be able to say,
02:32:25.140 Okay, then.
02:32:26.100 There will be consequences that you don't like.
02:32:30.060 And that's what it means to say no to someone.
02:32:32.280 No means, if you continue to push this,
02:32:35.100 things will happen that you don't like.
02:32:36.960 Now, in that case, it will be,
02:32:38.020 I'll depart and take my talents with me.
02:32:40.460 And if they don't care,
02:32:41.540 Well, then you're in the wrong business.
02:32:42.740 Or you don't have any talents to begin with.
02:32:44.620 Right?
02:32:45.080 Which is,
02:32:45.720 So,
02:32:46.660 In order to negotiate properly,
02:32:48.920 And this is more difficult for people who are agreeable,
02:32:51.280 For example,
02:32:51.940 Because there tend to be more conflict-averse.
02:32:53.960 You have to put yourself in a position
02:32:55.980 Where you can push back as hard as you're going to be pushed on.
02:33:01.540 And that means you have to open your,
02:33:03.520 You have to open up your space of available options.
02:33:06.000 Because otherwise,
02:33:07.240 The person says no,
02:33:08.540 And that's it.
02:33:10.140 You're done.
02:33:11.320 Well, you'll lose then.
02:33:13.040 It's as straightforward as that.
02:33:15.160 Now,
02:33:16.300 With regards to the self-esteem part,
02:33:18.240 Is practice on small things.
02:33:20.740 Because you build the skills.
02:33:21.840 Forget about the self-esteem.
02:33:22.960 It isn't about being confident,
02:33:24.320 Or feeling confident,
02:33:25.220 Or any of that.
02:33:25.960 It's about knowing bloody well how to negotiate.
02:33:28.300 Start with small things.
02:33:30.100 You know?
02:33:30.360 So you'll notice that there are things in your relationships,
02:33:33.180 In particular,
02:33:33.740 That aren't the way you want them to be.
02:33:35.740 And that you could see how it could be improved.
02:33:37.900 It's like,
02:33:38.700 Figure out how they can be improved.
02:33:40.320 Negotiate with your partner.
02:33:41.780 Make the incremental improvement.
02:33:43.300 Keep doing that.
02:33:44.000 You'll get better and better at it.
02:33:45.440 And then you'll be able to go out,
02:33:46.720 And have a harder negotiation in the world.
02:33:49.360 So,
02:33:50.260 It's a set of skills.
02:33:51.720 There's an attitude behind it,
02:33:53.020 You know?
02:33:53.180 And it's easier for some people than others.
02:33:55.320 But,
02:33:56.140 Fundamentally,
02:33:56.740 It's a set of skills.
02:33:59.400 No problem.
02:34:00.360 All right.
02:34:06.240 So now we have something interesting and unexpected to close this off with.
02:34:12.400 The floor is yours.
02:34:13.440 Dr. Peterson,
02:34:15.100 I'd like to say thank you for making your videos available online.
02:34:21.500 They've had a great effect on me over the last year.
02:34:24.580 I actually found them a few years ago,
02:34:26.860 But sometime around July or August of last year,
02:34:29.940 I got hooked.
02:34:30.740 I would wake up at like 5 a.m. in the morning to watch your maps of meaning releases,
02:34:38.740 The new ones,
02:34:39.480 The old ones,
02:34:39.920 Et cetera.
02:34:40.620 I found myself inspired by both the academic and technical material as well as what I might term the more fatherly directives or wisdom.
02:34:52.820 I shared this with my family and my friends as well as my girlfriend.
02:34:57.200 She's here tonight as well.
02:34:58.860 She's been following the biblical series.
02:35:00.580 But what I'd like to say is thank you for inspiring me to stand up and face something that I've been afraid of all my adult life.
02:35:12.180 And thank you for granting me the permission to ask this question here.
02:35:17.160 It's actually for my girlfriend.
02:35:19.940 Will you please stand up?
02:35:27.720 So some might say,
02:35:29.280 Given that we are a couple of primates full of snakes,
02:35:32.900 It's pretty miraculous that we haven't killed each other.
02:35:39.260 But I think you're pretty great.
02:35:42.180 And we've been talking about commitment.
02:35:44.580 And I think I am ready.
02:35:46.940 I know I am ready to commit to a life with you of sorting ourselves out.
02:35:54.100 I'd like to clean some rooms with you.
02:36:07.140 And even as scary as the shackles of marriage,
02:36:12.180 Have been made to seem to us.
02:36:16.900 I'm thinking about forever.
02:36:18.500 And simply in my words,
02:36:20.900 I love you dearly.
02:36:23.380 You feel like home.
02:36:25.080 I never want to lose that.
02:36:26.600 Will you marry me?
02:36:27.620 And if you want to come here.
02:36:28.640 So you're saying you're going to shackle yourself to me and never run away?
02:36:53.260 Then I shall suffer the rest of my life with you.
02:36:59.460 Yeah.
02:37:00.740 I love you.
02:37:04.700 Thank you for having me.
02:37:05.180 I love you.
02:37:05.460 Thank you for having me.
02:37:06.500 Thank you for having me.
02:37:07.360 Thank you for having me.
02:37:07.960 Thank you for having me.
02:37:08.400 Thank you for having me.
02:37:10.180 Thank you.
02:37:40.180 Thank you.