The Jordan B. Peterson Podcast - The Necessity of Aim

00:00:00.960 Hey everyone, real quick before you skip, I want to talk to you about something serious and important.

00:00:06.480 Dr. Jordan Peterson has created a new series that could be a lifeline for those battling depression and anxiety.

00:00:12.740 We know how isolating and overwhelming these conditions can be, and we wanted to take a moment to reach out to those listening who may be struggling.

00:00:20.100 With decades of experience helping patients, Dr. Peterson offers a unique understanding of why you might be feeling this way in his new series.

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00:00:41.780 Go to Daily Wire Plus now and start watching Dr. Jordan B. Peterson on depression and anxiety.

00:00:47.460 Let this be the first step towards the brighter future you deserve.

00:00:57.420 Welcome to Season 2, Episode 39 of the Jordan B. Peterson Podcast.

00:01:04.080 I'm Mikayla Peterson, Dad's daughter and collaborator, mother of a toddler who is continually infecting her with a cold.

00:01:11.220 This podcast is a 12 Rules for Life podcast, recorded in Riverside on January 24th, 2019, called The Necessity of Aim.

00:01:20.120 Updates on the Peterson fam? Not a lot. I'm swamped.

00:01:24.440 But Dad is still taking a break. A much-needed break.

00:01:27.480 If you guys haven't checked out Dad's very first e-course, Discovering Personality with Dr. Jordan B. Peterson, I helped design the course.

00:01:34.880 I love the topic of personality and think everyone would be helped if they learned about the Big 5 personality traits.

00:01:40.600 It comes with a code to understandmyself.com for Dad's scientifically-backed personality quiz.

00:01:45.380 We're currently offering a pre-sale for a 15% discount on the course at $120.

00:01:50.980 If you're interested, this is a great opportunity to get it at a lower price or buy it for someone for Christmas.

00:01:56.820 Check it out at jordanbpeterson.com slash personality.

00:02:00.780 What else?

00:02:01.660 I survived my 8-day fast. It was supposed to be longer, but I couldn't do it.

00:02:05.780 I do not recommend fasting that long unless you have a lot of weight to lose.

00:02:09.460 And even then, I find the sweet spot is 36 hours.

00:02:12.180 I'm doing one of those fasts weekly from Sunday night to Tuesday morning if you want to join.

00:02:17.240 I comment on it mainly on Instagram, Michaela Peterson.

00:02:20.800 There are a lot of health benefits to letting your body go hungry.

00:02:23.620 It's a serious way to clean up damaged tissue with autophagy, which I probably have enough of.

00:02:28.940 So, weekly 36-hour fasts for me, intermittent fasting, which is basically skipping breakfast,

00:02:34.620 but no more super long ones.

00:02:36.580 Enjoy the podcast.

00:02:37.260 The Necessity of Aim, a Jordan B. Peterson 12 Rules for Life Lecture.

00:02:49.620 Thank you very much.

00:02:51.980 Now, I just have to take a few seconds and remind myself what a privilege it is to come here and talk to all of you.

00:03:00.000 So, it's much appreciated that you take time out and come and listen to this.

00:03:07.120 So, I was thinking backstage about what I'm doing tonight, and I want to talk about values.

00:03:14.780 And, really, I'm going to produce a set of variations, I would say, on rule one, which is stand up straight with your shoulders back,

00:03:28.420 and rule ten, which is to be precise in your speech.

00:03:32.140 I want to dig underneath those and elaborate on them.

00:03:38.620 And, I want to do that, I was thinking about a good metaphor for how I want to do that,

00:03:44.840 because I've been thinking about it all day.

00:03:46.620 I've got this complicated problem that I'm trying to solve.

00:03:50.460 And, it's like, there's a target that I'm aiming at, and I want to send, like, seven armies marching toward the target all at the same time.

00:03:58.560 And, so, I'm going to line them up, and, hopefully, I'll be able to pull that all together.

00:04:03.780 That's the plan.

00:04:05.520 And, something will emerge out of it that will take my thinking farther than it's gone along these lines.

00:04:14.040 It's a very important issue, the issue of value.

00:04:17.640 So, I'll tell you, first, a little story, I think.

00:04:28.560 No, I'll do something else.

00:04:33.660 So, in rule ten, I talk about the necessity for precision in speech.

00:04:41.000 And, partly, the reason for that is to discuss the importance of precision, of aim,

00:04:47.280 or, even more fundamentally, to discuss the necessity of aim.

00:04:51.320 You have to aim at something.

00:04:53.700 And, the question might be, well, why do you have to aim at something?

00:04:57.240 And, there's a variety of ways to answer that.

00:04:59.500 But, I like to answer it biologically, to begin with.

00:05:03.240 Because, it's solid.

00:05:05.100 It's a good, solid answer.

00:05:06.860 And, it's, what would you say?

00:05:10.540 It's useful knowledge.

00:05:12.540 It helps you understand what you're like.

00:05:15.620 And, how you have to function in the world.

00:05:18.180 And, you can learn a lot, very quickly, about yourself, and about human psychology, by knowing this.

00:05:25.640 I derived most of this knowledge from a book by a man named Jeffrey Gray.

00:05:31.980 And, the book is called Neuropsychology of Anxiety.

00:05:34.640 And, it's a really, really difficult book.

00:05:37.380 I read it when I was in graduate school.

00:05:39.260 And, it took me, like, eight months to read it.

00:05:41.260 And, he cited, like, 2,000 papers, something like that.

00:05:45.720 And, he read all of them.

00:05:46.780 And, he understood all of them.

00:05:48.060 And, a lot of it was hard-going neuroscience, psychobiology, neuropsychopharmacology, animal behavioral psychology.

00:05:57.560 The animal behaviors were very good psychologists.

00:05:59.880 And, it was also heavily influenced by early thinking about computation.

00:06:09.400 That was derived by a man named Norbert Wiener, who wrote a book called, a book on cybernetics.

00:06:17.300 He was the founder of cybernetics.

00:06:19.020 And, so, it tangled all of that together.

00:06:21.920 It's a brilliant book.

00:06:22.880 It's, I think, the best book on neuroscience written in the 20th century.

00:06:27.780 There's one other contender.

00:06:29.040 But, it's, I think it's the best.

00:06:31.880 And, so, reading that book helped me understand the relationship between perception and emotion.

00:06:39.740 And, at a really fundamental level.

00:06:42.260 And, so, here's how it works, essentially.

00:06:44.620 So, when you are yourself in any sort of landscape, wherever you happen to be,

00:06:50.600 in order to act in any coherent manner, you have to orient yourself towards a destination.

00:07:04.220 So, that's the first thing to know.

00:07:06.160 That's the first thing to know, is that in order to respond coherently to the world,

00:07:11.520 you have to orient yourself to a destination.

00:07:14.520 And, so, there's some, there's, there's, there's, that has implications.

00:07:24.120 One, one implication is that the question of what your destination needs to be arises.

00:07:30.160 If you have to orient yourself towards a destination, what should your destination be?

00:07:35.480 And, then, the second consequence is, well, what, or the second question that arises might be,

00:07:44.520 well, what happens if you don't orient yourself towards anything?

00:07:49.120 And, and the third question might be, well, what happens if you do?

00:07:52.980 So, we can look at it simply.

00:07:54.340 So, this is how you're, this is how you, your, your brain works biologically.

00:08:01.760 And, you can experience that.

00:08:04.280 I'd say that I want to do something simple.

00:08:06.380 I orient myself towards a direction.

00:08:08.320 I just want to walk across the stage.

00:08:11.040 And, so, I, I've made a decision of value.

00:08:14.740 That's another emergent consequence of this.

00:08:18.500 I've made a decision of value.

00:08:19.780 And, the decision is that get, going across the stage is better than staying where I am.

00:08:24.960 So, that's the answer to the old question about the chicken.

00:08:27.860 You know, why did the chicken cross the road?

00:08:30.000 And, the reason was, well, the chicken thought the other side of the road was better.

00:08:33.660 Because, well, like, why else would you cross the road?

00:08:36.280 Right?

00:08:37.680 So, now you know.

00:08:38.880 That's why the chicken crossed the road.

00:08:41.360 And, so.

00:08:42.000 So, one of the things this implies is that if you, if you, if you establish a destination,

00:08:52.820 you've already established something like a hierarchy of value.

00:08:56.180 It's a very simple hierarchy.

00:08:57.560 But, you, you're acting out the presupposition that where you're headed is better than where you are.

00:09:02.940 Because, otherwise, why would you put in the time and effort necessary to transform your current situation into that hypothetical future situation?

00:09:12.000 Right?

00:09:12.280 You've instantly entered a world of value where one thing is more important than another.

00:09:18.060 And, you can't act without that.

00:09:19.780 And, without, and you can't orient yourself in the world without that.

00:09:23.140 So, there's no orienting yourself in the world without establishing a hierarchy of value.

00:09:27.260 That's a really useful thing to know.

00:09:29.920 So, now you decide that you're going to walk across the stage.

00:09:32.940 And, then your emotions kick in.

00:09:35.340 And, they kick in right away.

00:09:36.500 They kick in right, right with the very active perception.

00:09:39.440 So, for example, if I stand here, a little bit backstage, and I look across, there's a clear vista.

00:09:47.780 There's nothing in the way.

00:09:49.400 And, that actually produces a little bit of positive emotion on my part.

00:09:53.880 Because, I'm, I see a destination that I'd like to pursue.

00:09:59.080 And, there's nothing in my way.

00:10:01.360 And, the fact that there's nothing but clear sailing in front of me produces a little bit of positive emotion.

00:10:06.600 If I stand here, by contrast, and then I look at the same, if I look at this, look, if I look at myself in the same direction, then, that chair's, or that stool's in the way.

00:10:16.700 And, like, that's not a catastrophe, you know.

00:10:19.400 And, that's because I know how to walk around a stool.

00:10:22.340 But, it's not, but that's the only reason.

00:10:24.500 Because, otherwise, you know, it would be in the way.

00:10:26.280 And, and, and, and, whenever you observe a pathway, and it's, it's cluttered with, it's cluttered in a manner that would interfere with your movement forward.

00:10:45.080 Then, that produces negative emotion.

00:10:48.320 And, so that's, and that's part of the reason why it's so useful.

00:10:50.540 It's useful, it's useful to know this if you're thinking about how to set up your house.

00:10:55.160 It's part of the reason that I've suggested to people that they clean up their rooms.

00:10:58.940 Because, your, your room is a place of pathways.

00:11:03.200 And, if it's cluttered, then, you experience chaos and negative emotion in relationship to your goals.

00:11:09.520 It's not a, it's not a clearly laid out vista.

00:11:12.200 And, if it's clearly laid out, then you look at it, and you experience positive emotion, and it's cluttered, and, and, and, and, and the, and the traveling is difficult, then you experience negative emotion.

00:11:24.420 And, it's logical that that would be the case, because, if your pathway forward is cluttered, then it's more difficult to get where you want to go.

00:11:33.260 And, if it's more difficult, that takes more time and energy.

00:11:35.500 And, that should be signaled by something, biological.

00:11:39.440 Because, it's costly.

00:11:40.540 And, so, that's exactly what happens.

00:11:43.540 And, that's actually how we look at the world.

00:11:45.560 That's how the world manifests itself to us, not only emotionally, but also even perceptually.

00:11:52.000 Because, we don't exactly appear to perceive objects that, that, you know, the way we think about how we think is, we think we look at the world, and we see objects, and then we evaluate the, we think about the objects, and we evaluate them, and then we make decisions about them.

00:12:07.400 But, that isn't actually how you perceive the world at all.

00:12:10.000 Well, that's just wrong.

00:12:12.220 The way you perceive your world is, is a place of, of obstacles, and, and obstacles, things that get in your way, and, and things that move you forward.

00:12:22.380 And, you want things that move you forward, and they produce positive emotion.

00:12:26.260 And, you don't want things that get in the way, and they produce negative emotion.

00:12:29.000 And, you don't look at the, you don't look at the, you don't look at the objects, and then decide if they're obstacles, or facilitators, let's say, is that, you see obstacles and facilitators.

00:12:41.000 That's how your brain is set up.

00:12:44.440 And so, that emotional perception is part of direct perception.

00:12:47.960 It's not a secondary consequence of thinking.

00:12:50.040 So, when you, you orient yourself towards some aim, and then you start to implement the actions necessary to undertake that aim, to make it manifest itself in the world.

00:13:03.660 And then, you observe the consequences of that, and if the consequences are that, you, as you implement your plan, you move towards the goal, then that produces positive emotion.

00:13:16.000 And, that positive emotion is of a very particular type.

00:13:20.200 We, we understand this very well, that the neurological, the neurology of this is laid out very well.

00:13:26.380 The, the system that produces positive emotion, when you're moving towards a valued goal, runs on a neurochemical known as dopamine.

00:13:35.520 And, it's technically known as the incentive reward system.

00:13:39.200 It's, it's different, often people think of a reward as, you know, you're, you're hungry, and you have Thanksgiving dinner, and then you're, sort of, complacent, and satiated after that, and that's the reward.

00:13:49.340 That's consumatory reward.

00:13:51.280 You actually aren't that motivated by consumatory reward.

00:13:54.620 It actually shuts you down, right?

00:13:56.400 If you're hungry, and you eat, then you're no longer hungry.

00:13:59.180 Incentive reward is a different thing.

00:14:01.260 Incentive reward is what pulls you along towards a goal.

00:14:03.740 And, almost all the positive emotion that people really value in their lives is incentive reward.

00:14:10.700 That's the feeling that you're engaged in something important.

00:14:13.920 And, it's so important, it's so vital, that incentive reward system, that it can be hijacked by different kinds of chemicals.

00:14:21.520 And, so, almost all the drugs that people abuse, like cocaine, and methamphetamine, and opiates, all the really, all the drugs that really hook people, hook people because they activate the incentive reward system.

00:14:34.140 And, so, they produce the facsimile of purposeful engagement.

00:14:39.980 And, they can do that in a very, very potent way, in an exaggerated way.

00:14:45.400 But, the reason that people experience them as positive is because the drugs hijack the system that actually does indicate what constitutes positive.

00:14:58.960 And, so, you need an aim in order to experience what's positive.

00:15:03.120 That's really, really an incredible thing to know, you know, is that, that, that there's a direct relationship between having an aim and experiencing the sort of positive emotion that engages you meaningfully in life.

00:15:20.300 And, there's more to it than that, too, because the neurochemical system that's activated as a consequence of the observation that you're moving towards a valued goal, also is analgesic.

00:15:34.280 And, so, cocaine is an incentive reward drug, and it's also analgesic.

00:15:38.240 It's something useful to know.

00:15:39.580 If you ever know somebody who's suffering from intractable cancer pain, for example, you can use a drug like an opiate, which is a direct analgesic.

00:15:47.220 You can, you can use a drug, a psychomotor stimulant, a cocaine analogue, to increase the potency of the opiate.

00:15:54.460 So, if you ever know someone who can't have their pain managed, it's a very useful thing to know if someone's approaching the end of their life.

00:16:00.740 If you give them a combination of Ritalin and opiates, that's much more effective than just opiates, and it also helps people be alert.

00:16:08.560 So, that's a, you know, a useful side effect of knowing something about, well, it's a useful side effect of knowing something about the underlying neurochemistry.

00:16:17.240 So, in any case, in order to activate the systems that produces the sense of positive and meaningful engagement in life, you have to be pursuing an aim.

00:16:31.580 You have to have an aim, and you have to be pursuing it.

00:16:33.620 And then I would also say, at least to some degree, you have to be pursuing it successfully, because otherwise it just gets too, it gets too complicated and too chaotic.

00:16:41.900 So, no aim, no purpose, no meaning, no positive emotion.

00:16:48.580 And so, that's a good thing.

00:16:50.040 Now, part of the reason for that, there's a bunch of reasons for it, but one reason is that we're actually active creatures, right?

00:16:55.620 We have to make our way through the world.

00:16:57.580 We don't just stand there.

00:16:58.520 We're not rooted in one spot like plants.

00:17:01.240 We have to negotiate our way through the world.

00:17:05.200 We have to navigate.

00:17:07.140 We're navigating creatures, you know.

00:17:09.720 And we're also hunting creatures.

00:17:11.600 We specify targets and lock on them, and we throw things at the targets, and we chase the targets.

00:17:16.480 And we're very, very much goal-oriented.

00:17:18.940 And you can't even look at the world without a goal, because you can't focus your eyes unless you pick something out as the thing that you're aiming your perception at.

00:17:27.900 You literally can't see the world without having an aim in mind.

00:17:32.140 And so, you're nested inside a system of aims.

00:17:36.180 And the question is, well, what do you aim at?

00:17:38.220 Well, maybe you want to walk across the stage.

00:17:40.100 I was talking to a friend of mine the other night, and he's trying to restructure a big company that isn't doing very well.

00:17:48.640 And he's quite a deep thinker, and he's done this before.

00:17:54.100 He's restructured other companies, and that's worked.

00:17:56.120 He's a very honest person, and the way he restructures companies is he tries to figure out what it is that they should be doing,

00:18:02.200 and then tries to figure out why they're not doing it, and then tries to set that right.

00:18:08.160 And he sort of starts at the bottom to find out why things aren't working,

00:18:12.700 and he gets obstacles out of the way of the people who want to be productive,

00:18:16.300 and he establishes a set of goals, and he puts in a system of rewards and punishments that are commensurate with those goals,

00:18:23.740 and he gets everybody pointed in the same direction.

00:18:26.560 And so, he said to me, well, this particular company said,

00:18:30.280 well, we make computers that are going to change the world.

00:18:32.640 We're going to change the lives of billions of people, and that's what we're doing.

00:18:35.820 That's what this company does.

00:18:36.980 And so, that means that if that's communicated properly within the company,

00:18:41.700 then the secretary who's doing nothing in principle but shuffling paper isn't exactly just doing nothing in principle but shuffling paper.

00:18:51.960 She's part of a process that's got as a name, the creation of computational technology that can transform the world.

00:19:00.740 And it's always an open question what you're doing.

00:19:02.960 So, we're talking about that.

00:19:05.380 I remember watching this video a while back.

00:19:10.040 I can't remember the name of the guy who made it, but he's some guy who goes out in the bush,

00:19:14.880 and he makes houses out of nothing.

00:19:17.480 He just goes out there with nothing, shorts on.

00:19:20.400 And he, this is literally true.

00:19:22.520 And then he, like, he tears down a tree, and he ties it to a sharp rock, and now he has an axe,

00:19:26.740 and then he goes and cuts down a bunch of other little trees, and then he makes a little wall out of the trees,

00:19:32.920 and he takes mud, and he makes a foundation, and then he bakes it, and then he has this nice hut,

00:19:37.500 and he makes little bricks for the top of it.

00:19:40.160 And it's just absolutely amazing watching him to create out of nothing.

00:19:44.320 It's, it's, it's really something to watch someone create out of nothing.

00:19:48.680 There's something absolutely profound about it.

00:19:50.560 And so I was thinking about that.

00:19:52.100 I watched him make bricks, and so he'd go dig in the mud, in the clay,

00:19:55.920 and come up with a, like a mass of clay,

00:19:58.320 and then he made this little frame out of sticks that was rectangular,

00:20:03.060 and he'd pack the clay in the frame, and then pull the frame off,

00:20:07.140 and then he'd have a nice square brick, and then he'd do that over and over,

00:20:10.100 and then he was baking the bricks, and so it's interesting to watch him do that.

00:20:15.480 And so I was thinking about bricklayers, and I was thinking of talking to that,

00:20:20.400 talking to my friend about that, and he was thinking about bricklayers in medieval Europe.

00:20:28.320 You say, well, you know, you might get kind of nihilistic about making bricks,

00:20:33.440 because it's kind of a local activity, and you might get kind of nihilistic about laying bricks,

00:20:38.580 and you might wonder what it is that you're up to, and why that's worthwhile,

00:20:42.220 and what place that has in the world.

00:20:44.680 But imagine that you're making bricks, and the bricks make a wall,

00:20:47.820 and the wall is part of a great building, and the building is a cathedral,

00:20:51.420 and the purpose of the cathedral is the glorification of God, let's say.

00:20:56.320 So you have a hierarchy of aims there, right?

00:20:59.600 It's the local is attached to the transcendent,

00:21:02.780 and that means that the local activity partakes in the transcendent,

00:21:06.840 and that there's a justification for the action,

00:21:10.920 in some sense, at every relevant level of the,

00:21:14.240 what would you say, of every,

00:21:16.780 at every relevant layer of the world.

00:21:19.520 And so, if someone's a brick layer,

00:21:24.780 and they're working on a medieval cathedral,

00:21:27.460 the question, the real question might be,

00:21:29.960 well, what exactly are they doing?

00:21:31.420 Are they laying bricks?

00:21:32.340 Are they building a cathedral?

00:21:33.600 And if they're building a cathedral,

00:21:35.680 well, what then are they doing?

00:21:37.700 What are they participating in by building that cathedral?

00:21:41.280 And I think it's a good question.

00:21:42.720 You know, I've been in Europe a lot,

00:21:44.320 and lots of people go to Europe.

00:21:46.120 It's unbelievably packed with tourists,

00:21:48.220 and the reason they go there is because

00:21:49.580 there's an unbelievable amount of beauty in Europe, you know?

00:21:54.400 There's these amazing central cities,

00:21:56.580 and they usually surround a cathedral,

00:21:58.520 and there was something,

00:21:59.520 there was something deeply aesthetic going on in Europe

00:22:02.500 for hundreds of years

00:22:03.480 that produced this absolute outpouring of staggering beauty,

00:22:07.380 and all the people who worked hard for hundreds of years

00:22:10.660 building those buildings,

00:22:11.740 because some of the cathedrals took hundreds of years to build,

00:22:14.280 were all participating in whatever that was, right?

00:22:17.540 And so they had their local activity,

00:22:19.340 their trivial activity,

00:22:20.660 their day-to-day activity,

00:22:21.740 but it was associated with something transcendent,

00:22:24.400 and it gave everything,

00:22:26.240 it imbued everything with deep meaning,

00:22:28.380 and the reason it did that,

00:22:29.500 because there was a deep aim,

00:22:31.740 and having a deep aim imbues things with a deep meaning.

00:22:35.620 That's how it works.

00:22:36.700 It works that way technically.

00:22:39.580 And then you don't need to substitute,

00:22:41.100 you know?

00:22:42.080 I was writing about this a little bit today,

00:22:45.760 and it's something I cut out, I think,

00:22:48.120 of what I was writing,

00:22:48.920 but it's relevant.

00:22:50.140 You know, I studied addictive drugs for a long time

00:22:53.380 when I was a graduate student,

00:22:54.560 and learned some of the things that I was telling you tonight,

00:22:57.820 and, you know,

00:22:59.660 animal experimentalists who studied addictive drugs,

00:23:03.120 the psychomotor stimulants that I was talking about

00:23:05.340 that affect the system

00:23:07.080 that produces engaged,

00:23:09.780 engagement with the world,

00:23:11.320 positive emotion engagement with the world.

00:23:14.680 You can study the effects of those drugs on animals,

00:23:19.360 on rats, say,

00:23:20.360 and rats are a typical laboratory animal.

00:23:23.460 It actually turns out that those drugs are so addictive,

00:23:26.840 and the addictive process

00:23:28.620 that's associated with those positive emotion circuits

00:23:31.620 is so deep

00:23:32.680 that you can get

00:23:34.060 animals as

00:23:35.760 primordial as crustaceans

00:23:38.600 addicted to the same drugs

00:23:40.160 that human beings get addicted to.

00:23:42.320 That's interesting,

00:23:43.280 because it tells you how deep

00:23:44.500 those systems of meaning are, right?

00:23:46.340 They're hundreds of millions of years old.

00:23:48.860 They're unbelievable,

00:23:50.560 unbelievably profound

00:23:52.140 in ancient systems

00:23:53.220 that manifest themselves within you

00:23:55.780 as emotions

00:23:56.880 and grip you.

00:23:58.540 You know,

00:23:58.660 so it's not a trivial thing

00:23:59.820 to talk about the relationship

00:24:00.940 between aim and emotion.

00:24:04.220 In any case,

00:24:05.120 if you want to get a rat addicted to cocaine,

00:24:08.460 you have to,

00:24:09.400 well,

00:24:09.660 that's your goal

00:24:11.200 as you're a behavioral scientist.

00:24:13.020 I know,

00:24:13.520 I know,

00:24:13.780 it's pretty weird.

00:24:15.100 It's like,

00:24:15.460 what do you do?

00:24:16.080 I get rats addicted to drugs.

00:24:18.740 It's like,

00:24:19.240 well,

00:24:19.400 how do you get a rat addicted to drugs?

00:24:21.260 Well,

00:24:21.480 you have to be rather mean to the rat

00:24:23.580 as it turns out.

00:24:25.080 So,

00:24:26.180 imagine there's two ways

00:24:28.920 that you can have rats

00:24:31.180 in your lab.

00:24:33.680 You can have rats one by one

00:24:35.700 inside a cage.

00:24:37.540 Or you can have rats

00:24:39.000 in a sort of naturalistic rat environment.

00:24:42.560 Rats are actually pretty social.

00:24:44.100 They have rat families

00:24:45.100 and they have little rat communities.

00:24:46.660 They have rat hierarchies.

00:24:48.000 And, you know,

00:24:48.620 they communicate with one another

00:24:49.920 and they're quite social.

00:24:51.120 They play.

00:24:51.980 They actually laugh.

00:24:53.880 Yak Panksepp,

00:24:54.820 who's a great,

00:24:55.640 who recently died,

00:24:56.980 unfortunately,

00:24:57.620 a great emotional neuroscientist,

00:24:59.500 he discovered that rats laugh

00:25:01.000 if you tickle them

00:25:01.820 with an eraser

00:25:02.540 at the end of a pencil.

00:25:04.180 You can get them to laugh,

00:25:05.520 but you can't tell

00:25:06.320 because they laugh

00:25:07.360 ultrasonically like bats.

00:25:10.280 And so,

00:25:10.820 you have to slow down

00:25:12.040 the recording

00:25:13.020 in order to hear them.

00:25:14.700 And so,

00:25:15.980 now you know that too.

00:25:18.960 You know,

00:25:21.420 you know,

00:25:22.740 and it's funny

00:25:23.360 because you think,

00:25:24.060 really,

00:25:24.600 we're paying scientists

00:25:25.380 to tickle rats with racers?

00:25:27.180 It's like,

00:25:27.900 yeah,

00:25:28.100 but I'll tell you

00:25:28.680 something that came out of that.

00:25:30.300 It's not trivial.

00:25:31.300 You know,

00:25:31.680 if you take a rat pup,

00:25:32.560 this is a bit of a sideways venture,

00:25:34.200 but whatever.

00:25:34.860 If you take a rat pup away,

00:25:36.560 rat pup away from its mother,

00:25:38.480 it'll just die.

00:25:39.840 Even if you feed it

00:25:40.720 and you give it water,

00:25:41.660 it'll just die.

00:25:42.960 It's the same with human infants,

00:25:44.240 by the way.

00:25:45.000 And,

00:25:45.400 like,

00:25:47.560 nourishment and shelter

00:25:50.140 is not enough.

00:25:51.200 You need tactile stimulation.

00:25:53.060 It's a primary need.

00:25:54.520 It's,

00:25:54.900 without it,

00:25:56.100 small mammals die.

00:25:57.980 And with baby rats,

00:25:59.520 if you massage them

00:26:00.780 with the end of a pencil eraser,

00:26:02.220 which is kind of soft,

00:26:03.240 but firm,

00:26:04.140 then they'll live.

00:26:05.060 But you have to do that massaging.

00:26:06.900 And they enjoy that

00:26:08.040 and will giggle away

00:26:08.900 while you're doing that,

00:26:09.760 but you have to

00:26:10.700 tape them ultrasonically.

00:26:13.040 And anyways,

00:26:14.100 so it turns out

00:26:15.780 to be of crucial importance.

00:26:17.040 One of the derivations of that

00:26:19.060 was a woman named Tiffany Fields

00:26:20.620 took Jak Panksepp's work

00:26:23.200 on massaging baby rats

00:26:26.420 and transformed it

00:26:29.080 into massaging premature infants

00:26:30.860 in incubators in hospitals.

00:26:33.800 You know,

00:26:34.080 because what happens

00:26:34.620 if you have a premature infant

00:26:35.740 is you put it in an incubator.

00:26:36.880 It usually loses weight for a while,

00:26:38.360 which is not good

00:26:39.360 because a baby,

00:26:40.820 especially one that shouldn't be born yet,

00:26:42.480 should be gaining weight like mad.

00:26:43.860 And so any weight loss

00:26:44.960 is not good.

00:26:46.280 If you take a premature infant

00:26:48.020 and you massage it

00:26:49.220 three times a day

00:26:50.040 for ten minutes,

00:26:51.020 then it gains weight

00:26:52.140 as fast as it does in utero.

00:26:53.740 And you can detect

00:26:54.880 the positive effects of that

00:26:56.140 six months later,

00:26:57.120 which is a very long time,

00:26:58.340 right,

00:26:58.500 in human developmental terms.

00:26:59.700 So that's just a good example

00:27:01.660 of how basic biological science

00:27:05.700 can echo upward

00:27:06.620 and have very practical consequences.

00:27:10.680 In any case,

00:27:11.740 back to the aim idea.

00:27:16.980 And so my friend

00:27:19.140 who's trying to restructure this company

00:27:20.800 is trying to get the story straight.

00:27:22.760 It's like,

00:27:23.040 well, what are we doing?

00:27:24.840 We're providing the computers

00:27:26.360 that will change the world.

00:27:27.400 Well, how are we going to do that?

00:27:28.340 Well, we're going to do it

00:27:28.920 in a way that will make the world

00:27:29.800 a better place.

00:27:30.780 And he's actually serious about that,

00:27:32.400 partly because he's dead paranoid

00:27:33.700 about how computers might be used

00:27:36.320 to make the world

00:27:37.580 a really not better place.

00:27:40.120 And he's very, very cognizant of that.

00:27:42.560 And so it's an important issue.

00:27:43.880 And, you know,

00:27:44.780 if you get that story right,

00:27:45.840 then you can talk to everybody

00:27:46.740 in the company and say,

00:27:47.400 look, you've got important things

00:27:48.440 to do here.

00:27:49.140 You know,

00:27:49.300 you've got your little part in it

00:27:50.440 and maybe, you know,

00:27:51.360 it just seems like a tiny fraction

00:27:53.700 of the whole,

00:27:54.320 but it's integrally associated

00:27:55.700 with the whole.

00:27:56.500 And how you do your job,

00:27:58.580 how you do your job

00:27:59.720 in your local environment there

00:28:01.760 is going to have an effect

00:28:03.080 on the total function of the system

00:28:05.780 in a non-trivial way

00:28:07.320 and in a way that's more important

00:28:08.600 than you think.

00:28:09.860 I think that's exactly right.

00:28:12.220 That's exactly,

00:28:13.320 that's a very important thing to know.

00:28:15.440 Okay, so that's a bunch of armies

00:28:16.780 marching towards one destination.

00:28:18.620 Here's another one.

00:28:20.440 I built this program a while back

00:28:22.760 called the Future Authoring Program

00:28:24.180 and I built that partly

00:28:26.400 because I had been working

00:28:28.360 with my students

00:28:29.440 and in this class

00:28:31.440 called Maps of Meaning

00:28:32.520 and some of you might have watched

00:28:33.740 some of the Maps of Meaning lectures

00:28:35.120 and it's the first book I wrote

00:28:37.060 and it's out in audio,

00:28:38.420 by the way,

00:28:38.900 which makes it more accessible.

00:28:40.500 It's a very hard book,

00:28:41.660 but if you're interested

00:28:44.540 in 12 Rules for Life

00:28:45.780 and you'd like to know more,

00:28:47.080 then you could read Maps of Meaning

00:28:48.320 because it goes way underneath

00:28:50.100 and much deeper

00:28:52.660 and that's more difficult

00:28:55.260 but potentially more worthwhile.

00:28:57.980 Anyways, Maps of Meaning

00:28:59.800 is a book about

00:29:00.920 the importance of aim

00:29:02.480 and the importance of direction

00:29:04.720 and the importance of value

00:29:05.960 among other things

00:29:06.920 and the importance of stories

00:29:09.780 because stories lay out

00:29:11.100 a pathway and an aim.

00:29:13.380 They're actually a form

00:29:14.260 of communication

00:29:14.780 that we use

00:29:15.620 to describe the world

00:29:18.340 in terms of value

00:29:20.600 and I had my students

00:29:23.260 do some practical exercises

00:29:25.020 while they were

00:29:25.840 studying Maps of Meaning

00:29:27.720 and learning about stories

00:29:28.940 and how they orient us

00:29:29.980 in the world

00:29:30.460 and I had them write

00:29:32.720 an autobiography.

00:29:36.000 So there's kind of a rule,

00:29:37.240 this is a good rule to know too,

00:29:38.760 if you have a memory

00:29:39.820 that's more than about

00:29:40.840 18 months old

00:29:41.960 and when the memory

00:29:43.360 comes to mind

00:29:44.120 it still produces

00:29:44.980 negative emotion.

00:29:46.500 It means that

00:29:47.340 you haven't fully

00:29:49.100 delved into

00:29:51.180 or understood

00:29:52.020 all the significance

00:29:54.200 of the events

00:29:55.420 that are encapsulated

00:29:56.620 in that emotion

00:29:57.500 for reconstructing

00:29:59.620 the aims of your life

00:30:01.700 and so,

00:30:03.400 something bad happened to you

00:30:04.680 and it froze you,

00:30:06.040 you know,

00:30:06.260 it turned you into

00:30:07.160 a prey animal

00:30:08.000 and produced

00:30:08.820 a powerful emotional response

00:30:10.500 and the emotional response

00:30:11.620 is to freeze

00:30:12.320 and to avoid

00:30:13.120 and to not go there again

00:30:15.140 but that's not

00:30:16.880 a very sophisticated response.

00:30:18.700 Really what you want to do

00:30:20.040 if something terrible

00:30:20.880 happens to you

00:30:21.540 is you want to figure out

00:30:22.360 exactly why

00:30:23.520 that terrible thing happened,

00:30:25.140 right?

00:30:25.560 You want to figure out

00:30:26.360 how you conducted yourself

00:30:28.820 such that

00:30:29.740 you increased

00:30:30.680 your susceptibility

00:30:32.020 to that terrible event.

00:30:33.280 That has nothing to do

00:30:34.320 with whether or not

00:30:34.900 it's your fault.

00:30:35.900 That's not the issue.

00:30:36.860 The issue is

00:30:37.480 if something terrible

00:30:39.060 happened to you,

00:30:39.640 you do not want it

00:30:40.880 to happen again,

00:30:42.600 right?

00:30:42.860 And so what you want to do

00:30:43.920 is you want to untangle

00:30:45.020 the terrible event

00:30:46.040 until you reconstitute

00:30:47.780 the way that you map

00:30:49.180 the world

00:30:49.760 so that you don't walk

00:30:51.100 down that path again

00:30:52.540 and the reason for that

00:30:54.280 at least in part

00:30:55.080 is because

00:30:55.560 the purpose of memory

00:30:56.920 isn't to remember the past.

00:30:59.140 The purpose of memory

00:31:00.140 is to,

00:31:01.280 at least in part,

00:31:02.440 so that you don't repeat

00:31:03.740 the same errors

00:31:04.900 that you repeated

00:31:05.660 in the past

00:31:06.300 going forward,

00:31:07.240 right?

00:31:07.420 You learn from the past

00:31:08.800 so you don't repeat it.

00:31:10.380 That's the purpose of memory.

00:31:11.740 It's very, very practical.

00:31:13.280 Now, it also might be

00:31:14.540 that the purpose of memory

00:31:16.640 is to remember things

00:31:18.540 that you did

00:31:19.360 that worked

00:31:20.100 and do them again.

00:31:21.460 That's fine.

00:31:22.560 But that,

00:31:23.120 you know,

00:31:23.740 that doesn't cause

00:31:24.560 undue suffering.

00:31:25.780 Undue suffering occurs

00:31:27.020 when something terrible

00:31:28.040 happened to you

00:31:28.580 and you don't understand why.

00:31:30.440 So I had students

00:31:31.360 write an autobiography

00:31:32.500 to bring themselves

00:31:33.360 up to date,

00:31:34.280 you know,

00:31:34.580 to think about everything

00:31:35.600 that had happened

00:31:36.220 in their life

00:31:36.800 and they're trying

00:31:37.600 to map their way forward

00:31:38.960 and if you want

00:31:39.740 to map your way forward,

00:31:40.980 you need to know

00:31:41.620 two things, right?

00:31:42.760 You need to know

00:31:43.660 where you are

00:31:44.560 and you need to know

00:31:45.740 where you're going.

00:31:46.480 If you're using a map

00:31:48.660 to get from one place

00:31:50.060 to another

00:31:50.480 in an automobile

00:31:51.220 and you don't know

00:31:52.520 where you are,

00:31:53.380 you can't figure out

00:31:54.400 where you're going

00:31:55.140 and likewise,

00:31:56.380 if you don't know

00:31:56.900 where you're going,

00:31:57.620 well, then you're directionless

00:31:58.820 and so you need

00:31:59.480 those two points

00:32:00.260 of orientation.

00:32:01.300 Where are you?

00:32:02.320 You want to collect yourself

00:32:03.560 and be in that place

00:32:05.320 and then you want

00:32:06.940 to figure out

00:32:07.460 where you're headed

00:32:08.160 and it's the case

00:32:10.060 that we really don't

00:32:10.860 help our students.

00:32:12.360 It's quite a remarkable thing.

00:32:14.380 We don't do a good job

00:32:15.600 in our education systems

00:32:16.920 of helping our students

00:32:18.720 figure out

00:32:19.240 where they want to go.

00:32:20.580 Strangely enough,

00:32:21.960 you know,

00:32:22.360 one of the things

00:32:23.240 I realized

00:32:23.880 over a number of years

00:32:25.500 when I was teaching

00:32:26.320 was that students,

00:32:28.500 the students in my classes

00:32:29.660 would have spent

00:32:30.840 a certain amount of time

00:32:32.560 writing essays

00:32:33.800 about a variety of topics,

00:32:35.820 mostly abstractions

00:32:37.360 of one form or another,

00:32:38.540 but almost never,

00:32:40.280 never,

00:32:41.360 not almost,

00:32:42.440 just purely never,

00:32:43.900 they never were sat down

00:32:45.280 by someone

00:32:46.020 who said,

00:32:47.020 look,

00:32:47.260 I want you to spend,

00:32:48.240 I want you to write

00:32:49.640 five pages

00:32:50.660 about what in the world

00:32:51.980 you're going to do

00:32:52.620 with your life

00:32:53.340 and why.

00:32:54.360 Like it's important,

00:32:55.620 you know,

00:32:55.840 it's like,

00:32:56.700 what are you aiming at

00:32:58.660 exactly?

00:33:00.220 What sort of character

00:33:01.200 do you want to develop?

00:33:02.740 And how about

00:33:03.300 some justification

00:33:04.160 for it,

00:33:05.140 right?

00:33:05.460 And how about

00:33:06.180 some thought

00:33:06.720 about how you're going

00:33:07.540 to strategically

00:33:08.720 approach that aim?

00:33:10.120 And how about

00:33:10.780 some strategizing

00:33:12.980 about what will happen

00:33:14.120 if obstacles

00:33:14.800 get in your way?

00:33:15.740 How are you going

00:33:16.100 to overcome them?

00:33:17.320 And that just

00:33:18.000 never happens.

00:33:19.460 And that,

00:33:20.220 well I've still

00:33:20.700 not really recovered

00:33:21.620 from that realization

00:33:22.720 because it's so

00:33:23.580 absolutely absurd

00:33:24.620 that we can educate

00:33:25.540 people for 16 years,

00:33:27.480 let's say,

00:33:28.040 and never,

00:33:28.880 ever have them

00:33:29.960 face the problem

00:33:31.340 of their aim

00:33:32.620 and their character

00:33:33.460 in any rigorous manner.

00:33:35.140 It's just beyond

00:33:36.220 comprehension

00:33:37.000 that that's the case.

00:33:38.660 In any case,

00:33:39.540 we built this program

00:33:40.920 to help people

00:33:42.520 do that.

00:33:43.100 And it was first

00:33:43.700 a workbook

00:33:44.300 in this class

00:33:45.600 and then

00:33:46.060 we put it online

00:33:47.880 and so that people

00:33:48.680 could do it

00:33:49.280 so that there was

00:33:51.480 a bit of

00:33:51.900 computational technology

00:33:53.420 behind it

00:33:54.040 to make it

00:33:54.440 a little bit

00:33:54.760 more sophisticated.

00:33:56.240 And so basically

00:33:57.040 what it does

00:33:57.640 is this.

00:33:58.380 It says,

00:33:58.680 well look,

00:33:59.320 first thing is,

00:34:00.860 well,

00:34:01.140 well,

00:34:01.200 what do you want

00:34:04.980 to do with your life?

00:34:06.640 Well,

00:34:06.800 that's a hard question,

00:34:08.120 right?

00:34:08.360 It's too big,

00:34:09.400 that question.

00:34:10.760 And so it can just

00:34:11.560 freeze you.

00:34:12.940 And the reason

00:34:13.420 it freezes you

00:34:14.160 is because there's

00:34:14.620 just too much to it.

00:34:15.780 There's too many choices.

00:34:17.560 And so you can't

00:34:18.320 compute all that

00:34:19.180 and so you freeze

00:34:20.480 and you avoid

00:34:21.320 and it's difficult

00:34:22.480 and so you can

00:34:23.340 break it down.

00:34:24.240 It's what you do

00:34:24.760 as a good

00:34:25.160 behavioral psychologist,

00:34:26.540 you know.

00:34:27.080 If someone's got a problem

00:34:28.200 and they can't solve it,

00:34:29.400 then you break it down

00:34:30.120 into subordinate problems.

00:34:31.800 You know,

00:34:32.020 like let's say

00:34:32.600 someone's really shy.

00:34:34.200 Say,

00:34:34.420 well,

00:34:34.520 I'm really shy,

00:34:35.240 I can't talk to people.

00:34:36.300 It's like,

00:34:36.740 well,

00:34:37.420 what do you mean

00:34:37.780 you can't talk to people?

00:34:39.180 That's pretty global.

00:34:40.940 You can't talk to anyone

00:34:42.180 ever?

00:34:43.220 You know?

00:34:44.000 It's like,

00:34:44.600 well,

00:34:44.840 if I go to a party,

00:34:45.760 I freeze up.

00:34:46.420 It's like,

00:34:46.800 well,

00:34:46.900 do you know

00:34:47.160 how to introduce yourself?

00:34:48.540 You have no idea

00:34:49.420 how many people

00:34:50.080 don't know

00:34:50.420 how to introduce themselves.

00:34:52.340 You know,

00:34:52.620 you have to know

00:34:53.100 how to shake hands.

00:34:54.100 You have to know

00:34:54.420 how to put out your hand.

00:34:55.660 You have to know

00:34:56.000 how to take someone else's hand

00:34:57.260 without like offering them

00:34:58.640 something approximating

00:34:59.820 a dead carp.

00:35:01.740 And,

00:35:02.240 you know,

00:35:03.740 and you have to

00:35:04.340 kind of shake their hand

00:35:05.640 in a friendly way

00:35:06.400 but not too friendly

00:35:07.680 and you don't pull them

00:35:08.680 towards you

00:35:09.260 like a certain person

00:35:10.260 that we know.

00:35:10.760 You know,

00:35:18.020 and you have to tell them

00:35:18.880 your name

00:35:19.480 and you have to do that

00:35:20.420 in a sort of sophisticated way

00:35:21.720 and you have to do it loud enough

00:35:22.780 so they can hear you

00:35:23.720 and then

00:35:24.020 they have to tell you

00:35:25.560 their name

00:35:26.180 and hopefully

00:35:26.960 those two things

00:35:27.900 don't happen

00:35:28.420 at exactly the same time.

00:35:30.060 You know,

00:35:30.320 there's a bit of sophisticated

00:35:31.400 and then you kind of have to

00:35:32.300 remember the other person's name

00:35:33.700 and you have to look at them.

00:35:35.240 That's helpful

00:35:35.880 instead of looking at your shoes.

00:35:37.580 And so there's,

00:35:39.200 you know,

00:35:39.740 there's a variety of

00:35:41.460 important

00:35:43.040 behavioral strategies

00:35:45.260 that have to be implemented

00:35:46.740 so that you can

00:35:47.740 introduce yourself

00:35:49.020 and then maybe

00:35:49.560 once you introduce yourself

00:35:50.620 well you've said something

00:35:51.740 to someone

00:35:52.300 and now they know

00:35:53.500 who you are

00:35:54.180 and so maybe you can get

00:35:55.140 the ball rolling

00:35:55.780 with the conversation.

00:35:56.980 Point is,

00:35:57.700 is if you have

00:35:58.260 a complicated problem

00:35:59.500 you can break it down

00:36:00.900 into simple problems

00:36:02.040 until you find a problem

00:36:03.920 that's so simple

00:36:04.920 that even someone

00:36:05.960 as incompetent

00:36:07.000 as you

00:36:07.600 has a reasonable shot

00:36:08.920 at solving it

00:36:09.920 and that's exactly

00:36:11.260 what you do

00:36:11.980 as a behavioral psychologist.

00:36:13.820 You take the big problem

00:36:14.860 and you say

00:36:15.320 well let's just

00:36:15.980 figure out

00:36:16.760 how you could make

00:36:17.460 some progress

00:36:18.160 and we'll just

00:36:19.200 make the progress

00:36:20.200 small enough

00:36:21.100 so that at some point

00:36:22.260 you'll say

00:36:23.080 well I could do that

00:36:24.100 and then away you go.

00:36:26.340 And so,

00:36:27.240 well that's kind of

00:36:27.960 what we did

00:36:28.340 with the Future Authoring Program.

00:36:29.620 We said well okay

00:36:30.340 first thing is

00:36:31.160 imagine that

00:36:31.820 imagine that you could have

00:36:33.420 the life

00:36:34.220 that would be good for you

00:36:35.640 just out of

00:36:36.880 just hypothetically

00:36:38.540 or at least one

00:36:39.540 that's better

00:36:40.260 that would be something

00:36:41.440 but you could go

00:36:42.360 all the way

00:36:42.880 and think that

00:36:43.580 you could have the life

00:36:44.460 that would be good for you

00:36:45.380 if you were taking care

00:36:46.460 of yourself.

00:36:47.160 That's rule two

00:36:48.100 by the way

00:36:48.660 in 12 Rules for Life

00:36:50.180 that you should treat yourself

00:36:51.360 as if you're someone

00:36:52.260 responsible for helping.

00:36:54.720 Right?

00:36:55.120 It doesn't mean

00:36:55.600 to be nice to yourself.

00:36:57.400 It doesn't mean

00:36:57.940 to have self-esteem.

00:36:59.660 It's none of that nonsense.

00:37:01.600 It means that

00:37:02.380 you take responsibility

00:37:03.280 for yourself

00:37:04.100 like you have some value

00:37:05.360 and then you try

00:37:06.200 to construct a pathway

00:37:07.380 that would be appropriate

00:37:08.420 for someone

00:37:09.420 that has value

00:37:10.280 that you would be

00:37:10.960 taking care of

00:37:11.600 and so we ask people

00:37:12.840 questions like

00:37:13.700 well if you could have

00:37:15.420 what you wanted

00:37:16.100 from your family

00:37:17.080 what would that look like

00:37:19.320 hypothetically?

00:37:20.800 You know?

00:37:21.140 And everybody knows

00:37:22.180 because at least you know

00:37:23.100 what you don't want

00:37:24.100 from your family.

00:37:25.220 Right?

00:37:26.040 So a fair bit of that

00:37:27.600 is still indicated

00:37:28.420 with negative emotion.

00:37:29.600 Well I don't want this

00:37:30.560 and I don't want that.

00:37:31.440 I don't want to fight

00:37:32.180 all the time.

00:37:33.100 I don't want everybody

00:37:33.680 drinking and causing

00:37:35.700 mischief and grief

00:37:36.880 constantly and I don't

00:37:38.420 want to have the same

00:37:39.140 old stupid

00:37:39.780 counterproductive

00:37:40.580 conversations about

00:37:41.540 what happened 15 years

00:37:42.740 ago you know

00:37:43.860 repeated constantly.

00:37:45.320 I don't want Christmas

00:37:46.000 to be never ending

00:37:47.420 miserable concatenation

00:37:49.140 of the foolishness

00:37:50.820 that we've encountered

00:37:51.560 for the last 10 years.

00:37:53.180 You know?

00:37:54.340 You have some sense

00:37:55.400 of what you don't want

00:37:56.220 and from that

00:37:56.780 you can derive

00:37:57.580 some sense of what

00:37:58.780 you might want

00:37:59.560 if you could have

00:38:00.240 what you wanted.

00:38:00.920 and so

00:38:02.060 what do you want

00:38:03.400 from your family?

00:38:05.340 What do you want

00:38:06.080 from your friends?

00:38:07.880 If you could have

00:38:08.560 what you wanted

00:38:09.280 and you thought it

00:38:11.740 through so that

00:38:12.540 it wasn't just

00:38:13.240 a random sequence

00:38:14.360 of events.

00:38:15.460 How might you plot

00:38:16.540 your career

00:38:17.160 or your job?

00:38:18.740 Because not everybody

00:38:19.480 has a career

00:38:20.100 but almost everybody

00:38:20.920 has a job

00:38:21.700 and you know

00:38:22.480 jobs can be worth

00:38:23.420 doing even if

00:38:24.180 they're not careers.

00:38:25.040 How do you educate

00:38:26.080 yourself so that

00:38:26.920 you're a little smarter

00:38:27.760 tomorrow than you

00:38:28.680 were yesterday?

00:38:29.380 How might you take

00:38:30.460 care of yourself

00:38:31.120 physically and mentally?

00:38:32.660 What could you do

00:38:33.260 with your time

00:38:33.880 outside of work

00:38:34.680 that would be

00:38:35.160 valuable and productive?

00:38:36.700 That's not bad.

00:38:37.700 Seven questions

00:38:38.520 like maybe it could

00:38:39.340 be 20

00:38:39.820 but seven's not bad

00:38:41.400 and maybe that

00:38:42.220 could get the ball

00:38:42.840 rolling.

00:38:43.500 And I tell my students

00:38:44.900 don't get all

00:38:46.400 perfectionistic about this.

00:38:47.900 You're not going to

00:38:48.340 do a very good job

00:38:49.280 of making your plan

00:38:50.260 because what the hell

00:38:51.060 do you know?

00:38:51.780 And as you move

00:38:52.980 well exactly

00:38:53.900 and as you move

00:38:54.780 towards your goal

00:38:55.680 the way that you

00:38:57.100 look at what you

00:38:57.940 want is going to

00:38:58.760 change.

00:39:00.020 And that's okay

00:39:00.720 because you know

00:39:01.580 as you move

00:39:02.320 forward through

00:39:03.820 a landscape

00:39:04.540 then your view

00:39:06.580 of the landscape

00:39:07.280 changes and

00:39:08.340 your plot

00:39:09.580 and your trajectory

00:39:10.620 has to shift

00:39:11.580 but you still

00:39:12.500 have to

00:39:13.000 you have to

00:39:13.920 get started

00:39:14.660 and having a

00:39:16.900 bad map

00:39:17.580 is way better

00:39:18.220 than having

00:39:18.680 no map at all.

00:39:20.100 And if you have

00:39:20.640 a bad map

00:39:21.400 and you start

00:39:21.980 to use it

00:39:22.740 and you learn

00:39:23.800 more detail

00:39:25.380 as you move

00:39:26.400 forward

00:39:26.900 in your sort

00:39:27.600 of low resolution

00:39:28.300 way

00:39:28.780 then you can

00:39:29.320 improve the map

00:39:30.360 and you can

00:39:30.860 upgrade your plans

00:39:31.940 and you know

00:39:33.320 and so

00:39:34.700 and that's fine

00:39:35.980 because part of

00:39:36.960 having a good plan

00:39:37.840 is to plan

00:39:38.680 on having a better plan

00:39:40.140 but you have to

00:39:41.420 at least implement

00:39:42.200 the stupid plan

00:39:43.140 that you have

00:39:43.800 before you're going

00:39:44.480 to move to a better plan.

00:39:45.820 And this is also

00:39:46.560 an important thing

00:39:47.280 to know

00:39:47.540 because people

00:39:48.160 tell me all the time

00:39:49.060 especially young people

00:39:49.980 well I don't know

00:39:50.720 what to do.

00:39:51.880 Well so

00:39:52.240 you ask

00:39:53.080 well what are you doing?

00:39:53.700 Well nothing.

00:39:54.900 Well that's a stupid plan

00:39:56.700 because all that happens

00:39:58.360 is that you do nothing

00:39:59.520 and then you get old

00:40:00.700 and the problem

00:40:02.660 with getting old

00:40:03.420 is that you're old

00:40:04.320 when you get old.

00:40:05.940 You know

00:40:06.100 so doing nothing

00:40:07.500 doesn't work

00:40:08.200 because you can't do nothing

00:40:09.540 because the best you can do

00:40:10.780 is sit there

00:40:11.480 and degenerate

00:40:12.600 and so that's not helpful

00:40:15.480 and so it's better

00:40:16.460 to make a bad plan

00:40:18.100 and implement it

00:40:18.920 and take the risk

00:40:19.840 that's associated with it

00:40:21.140 because at least

00:40:22.040 you learn something

00:40:22.880 and so anyways

00:40:23.620 people answer

00:40:25.040 these seven questions

00:40:26.220 and then we have them

00:40:27.700 write for 15 minutes

00:40:28.860 about what their life

00:40:30.740 could be like

00:40:31.320 three to five years

00:40:32.240 down the road

00:40:32.940 if they got

00:40:34.500 what they needed

00:40:35.340 like they were

00:40:36.100 taking care of themselves

00:40:37.020 so that's kind of cool

00:40:38.800 and then we have them

00:40:39.780 do a couple of other things

00:40:40.740 we have them do

00:40:41.340 the reverse

00:40:41.960 which is

00:40:42.460 because you know

00:40:43.320 it's

00:40:43.600 here's another thing

00:40:44.740 about rats

00:40:45.480 that's kind of interesting

00:40:46.700 so you've already learned

00:40:48.460 how to get them

00:40:49.040 addicted to cocaine

00:40:50.100 you gotta isolate them

00:40:51.820 in a cage

00:40:52.460 right

00:40:52.760 because if they're

00:40:53.440 isolated in a cage

00:40:54.440 you can get them

00:40:55.060 addicted to cocaine

00:40:55.840 but if they're

00:40:56.540 in their families

00:40:57.320 doing like rat things

00:40:58.600 you can't get them

00:40:59.380 addicted to cocaine

00:41:00.280 because they have

00:41:01.140 better things to do

00:41:02.180 and so that's a useful

00:41:04.000 thing to know

00:41:04.700 you know

00:41:05.120 is that one of the ways

00:41:06.420 that you stop people

00:41:07.380 from being susceptible

00:41:08.700 to things that can

00:41:10.540 addict them

00:41:11.120 is by ensuring

00:41:12.060 that they have

00:41:12.740 better things to do

00:41:14.200 so

00:41:15.480 how do you motivate

00:41:19.580 a rat

00:41:20.140 well let's say

00:41:20.940 you've taught a rat

00:41:21.880 to run

00:41:22.440 you get them hungry

00:41:23.580 and you teach them

00:41:26.540 that there's food

00:41:27.420 at the end of a

00:41:28.340 of a runway

00:41:29.680 and

00:41:30.760 you lift up

00:41:31.900 the little door

00:41:32.780 that stops them

00:41:33.540 from getting to the food

00:41:34.880 so soon

00:41:35.460 too soon

00:41:36.000 and he runs down

00:41:37.200 the runway

00:41:37.700 sort of in proportionate

00:41:39.780 the speed is proportionate

00:41:41.080 to how hungry he is

00:41:42.020 so a hungry rat

00:41:43.420 well if he's too hungry

00:41:44.620 he doesn't run at all

00:41:45.440 he just lays there

00:41:46.340 and dies

00:41:46.920 so that's not

00:41:47.620 that's the limit

00:41:48.860 part of the experiment

00:41:49.940 so

00:41:50.680 but you know

00:41:51.500 if he's still

00:41:52.160 a functional rat

00:41:53.040 he'll zip down there

00:41:53.860 pretty quick

00:41:54.320 to get the cheese

00:41:55.220 and so

00:41:56.100 you can tell

00:41:57.280 the rat's motivated

00:41:58.260 by the hope of the food

00:41:59.360 but you can make him

00:42:00.400 run even faster

00:42:01.400 if you do something else

00:42:02.560 so rats don't like

00:42:03.960 the smell of cats

00:42:05.180 it's instinctual

00:42:07.180 it's like

00:42:07.920 rats don't like cats

00:42:09.500 we don't like snakes

00:42:11.120 rats don't like

00:42:11.920 cats

00:42:12.240 it's a very similar thing

00:42:13.300 and so

00:42:14.040 if you

00:42:15.300 have your hungry rat

00:42:16.900 and you want to really

00:42:17.540 get him zipping down

00:42:18.360 the cage

00:42:18.860 you want to waft

00:42:20.020 a little cat odor

00:42:20.940 over him

00:42:21.580 at the same time

00:42:22.720 because then he runs

00:42:23.800 really fast down

00:42:24.760 the runway

00:42:26.080 because he gets

00:42:27.480 to get the food

00:42:28.080 and get the hell

00:42:28.700 away from the cat

00:42:29.580 and so

00:42:30.500 it's good to be

00:42:31.460 running away

00:42:31.960 from something

00:42:32.440 you don't want

00:42:33.200 at the same time

00:42:34.040 that you're running

00:42:34.560 towards something

00:42:35.220 you do want

00:42:35.920 and so we also

00:42:36.620 have people write

00:42:37.520 a little counter narrative

00:42:38.540 which is

00:42:39.120 well imagine

00:42:40.560 you took stock

00:42:41.560 of your bad habits

00:42:42.560 and then they augured

00:42:44.240 you into the ground

00:42:45.200 over about a three

00:42:46.180 to five year period

00:42:47.260 and everyone kind of

00:42:48.360 has a vision of that

00:42:49.260 because all of you know

00:42:50.340 which hand basket

00:42:52.780 you would use

00:42:54.660 to go to hell in

00:42:55.740 if you had your option

00:42:57.000 right

00:42:57.320 some of you

00:42:58.240 it would be martyrdom

00:42:59.340 and some of you

00:43:00.040 it would be addiction

00:43:00.760 and some of it

00:43:01.580 would be obesity

00:43:02.320 and some of it

00:43:02.960 would be bad

00:43:03.420 physical health

00:43:04.200 and some of you

00:43:04.980 would be killed

00:43:05.620 by relatives

00:43:06.660 you know

00:43:07.620 and so

00:43:08.480 and probably

00:43:09.700 justly so

00:43:10.740 and

00:43:11.400 and so you know

00:43:13.900 how you would

00:43:14.720 degenerate

00:43:15.480 if you allowed

00:43:16.500 that to happen

00:43:17.260 and it's actually

00:43:18.280 unbelievably useful

00:43:19.560 to sit down

00:43:20.580 once in your life

00:43:21.640 and think

00:43:22.020 okay

00:43:22.380 if I let

00:43:23.640 the things

00:43:24.140 that I'm

00:43:24.580 that

00:43:25.040 if I let

00:43:26.240 the temptations

00:43:27.220 that I

00:43:27.800 am prone

00:43:28.940 to succumb

00:43:29.780 to

00:43:30.140 have the upper hand

00:43:32.180 just exactly

00:43:33.520 what sort of hell

00:43:34.600 would I inhabit

00:43:35.620 in three to five years

00:43:37.020 it's really worth

00:43:38.600 thinking that through

00:43:39.960 because then

00:43:41.060 on those days

00:43:42.320 when

00:43:42.700 the thought of the cheese

00:43:44.320 at the end of the runway

00:43:45.500 isn't enough

00:43:46.260 to get you

00:43:47.000 out of bed

00:43:48.040 then the thought of the hell

00:43:49.520 that you might be

00:43:50.460 degenerating into

00:43:52.800 if you just lay there

00:43:54.000 might be enough impetus

00:43:55.480 to get you moving

00:43:56.540 and to have both of those

00:43:58.060 working for you

00:43:58.860 is a big deal

00:43:59.760 and so anyways

00:44:01.160 with this future

00:44:01.980 authoring program

00:44:02.820 we tested it out

00:44:03.940 and we found

00:44:06.220 we did this mostly

00:44:07.380 with college

00:44:08.180 and university students

00:44:09.300 but we found

00:44:09.940 that people

00:44:10.440 who

00:44:10.820 who completed

00:44:12.160 this program

00:44:12.800 even if they did it badly

00:44:14.080 even if they only spent

00:44:15.220 an hour doing it

00:44:16.500 the day

00:44:17.960 that they came

00:44:18.700 into the college

00:44:19.620 for orientation

00:44:20.420 in the summer

00:44:21.400 so just an hour

00:44:22.400 right

00:44:22.720 it's nothing man

00:44:23.680 to think about

00:44:24.300 your future

00:44:24.840 it increased

00:44:25.860 the probability

00:44:26.540 that they would

00:44:27.420 stay in university

00:44:28.400 by almost 30%

00:44:30.020 and had a very

00:44:31.180 salutary effect

00:44:32.360 on grades

00:44:33.040 and that was

00:44:33.720 particularly true

00:44:35.060 for men

00:44:36.260 it was particularly

00:44:37.320 true for ethnic

00:44:38.340 minority men

00:44:39.220 and it was particularly

00:44:40.020 true for men

00:44:41.080 who had done

00:44:42.220 badly in high school

00:44:43.520 and who weren't

00:44:44.420 aiming

00:44:45.480 in college

00:44:46.640 or university

00:44:47.440 at something

00:44:48.060 that was specifically

00:44:49.040 associated with a career

00:44:50.620 so that was quite cool

00:44:52.060 because it had

00:44:52.700 it's best effect

00:44:53.640 on people

00:44:55.000 who were doing

00:44:55.560 the worst

00:44:56.120 which is the opposite

00:44:57.000 of most psychological

00:44:58.080 interventions

00:44:59.080 because what they

00:45:00.080 usually do is

00:45:00.820 help the people

00:45:01.800 who are doing well

00:45:02.580 do even better

00:45:03.420 so

00:45:04.400 so what

00:45:05.300 why am I telling you

00:45:06.180 all this

00:45:06.580 well it's because

00:45:07.360 in order to be

00:45:09.260 properly motivated

00:45:10.300 you have to have

00:45:12.480 an aim

00:45:12.940 and maybe

00:45:15.160 and maybe

00:45:16.320 the deeper the aim

00:45:17.500 the more well

00:45:18.720 elaborated the aim

00:45:19.780 the more articulated

00:45:20.600 the aim

00:45:21.240 the more justifiable

00:45:22.380 the aim

00:45:22.900 the more you've

00:45:23.740 thought about the aim

00:45:24.740 the more comprehensive

00:45:26.120 the aim

00:45:26.760 the more motivation

00:45:28.000 is associated with it

00:45:29.400 and so

00:45:29.760 you know

00:45:30.460 if you have to ask

00:45:31.900 why you're doing

00:45:32.480 something difficult

00:45:33.300 and the answer is

00:45:34.160 well

00:45:34.420 if I pursue this property

00:45:36.000 then I'm going to have

00:45:36.680 the friends I want

00:45:37.540 and I'm going to have

00:45:38.080 the family I want

00:45:39.080 and I'm going to take

00:45:39.720 care of myself properly

00:45:41.020 I'm going to have

00:45:41.780 the career I want

00:45:42.620 I'm going to educate

00:45:43.260 myself properly

00:45:44.180 and I'm not going to

00:45:45.280 degenerate into

00:45:46.320 the particular hell

00:45:47.580 that would otherwise

00:45:48.320 be waiting for me

00:45:49.460 that's actually not

00:45:50.880 a bad set of

00:45:51.800 rationalizations

00:45:52.800 to chase away

00:45:54.100 the doubt

00:45:54.620 that might otherwise

00:45:55.520 be associated

00:45:56.320 with what you're doing

00:45:57.380 and so that's

00:45:58.960 that's pretty useful

00:46:00.640 and pretty interesting

00:46:02.540 to know

00:46:03.060 and so then

00:46:04.720 the next issue

00:46:05.520 might be

00:46:06.080 well

00:46:06.860 you should aim

00:46:07.900 at something

00:46:08.460 and then the question

00:46:09.840 is

00:46:10.160 well what is it

00:46:11.320 that you should

00:46:12.120 aim at

00:46:12.840 and this is a

00:46:14.740 profound question

00:46:15.640 in my estimation

00:46:16.560 because

00:46:17.020 that's really

00:46:18.380 the question

00:46:18.920 that's really

00:46:19.540 that question

00:46:20.240 is really

00:46:20.680 something like

00:46:21.460 what's the purpose

00:46:22.560 of life

00:46:23.240 that's the question

00:46:24.920 what should you

00:46:25.480 be aiming at

00:46:26.260 you know

00:46:27.040 and one question

00:46:28.620 might be

00:46:29.180 that arises

00:46:30.360 from that

00:46:30.800 is that

00:46:31.080 is it even

00:46:31.860 reasonable to posit

00:46:32.840 that there is

00:46:33.580 something that you

00:46:34.280 should be aiming at

00:46:35.400 that's kind of

00:46:37.400 that's the question

00:46:38.320 that a moral

00:46:38.840 relativist

00:46:40.020 might put forward

00:46:40.860 or maybe a

00:46:41.760 post-modernist

00:46:42.540 might put that forward

00:46:43.820 say something like

00:46:44.640 well there's a lot

00:46:45.320 of ways of looking

00:46:45.980 at the world

00:46:46.540 you know

00:46:46.860 and who's to say

00:46:48.100 that any way

00:46:48.800 is better than

00:46:49.420 any other way

00:46:50.220 it's like

00:46:51.180 well that's

00:46:53.040 that's not

00:46:54.260 helpful

00:46:55.640 in my estimation

00:46:57.520 and

00:46:58.620 and

00:46:59.020 I think it's not

00:47:00.420 helpful because

00:47:01.080 it's actually

00:47:01.880 it's actually

00:47:03.320 it's actually

00:47:04.780 wrong

00:47:05.320 you know

00:47:06.460 the post-modern

00:47:08.100 claim

00:47:08.520 there's a

00:47:09.720 there's an element

00:47:10.660 of validity to it

00:47:11.600 because

00:47:11.900 the element of

00:47:12.860 validity is that

00:47:13.760 there is a very

00:47:14.640 large number of

00:47:15.300 ways of looking

00:47:15.860 at the world

00:47:16.420 that's the element

00:47:17.700 of validity

00:47:18.160 that characterizes

00:47:19.120 the moral relativist

00:47:20.140 position as well

00:47:20.960 there's a very

00:47:21.620 large number of

00:47:22.240 ways of work

00:47:22.740 of looking at

00:47:23.400 the world

00:47:23.800 and then the

00:47:25.100 question arises

00:47:25.840 well how can

00:47:26.400 you be sure

00:47:27.000 that

00:47:27.280 one way of

00:47:29.580 looking at the

00:47:30.040 world is preferable

00:47:30.800 to another

00:47:31.340 turns out to be

00:47:33.380 a difficult

00:47:33.780 problem

00:47:34.320 however

00:47:34.920 if you're not

00:47:36.100 sure that

00:47:37.500 one way of

00:47:38.500 looking at the

00:47:39.140 world is better

00:47:39.840 than another

00:47:40.720 well then you

00:47:41.600 don't have an

00:47:42.080 aim and if you

00:47:42.660 don't have an

00:47:43.020 aim you don't

00:47:43.420 have a goal

00:47:43.980 and if you

00:47:44.340 don't have a

00:47:44.640 goal then you

00:47:45.060 don't have any

00:47:45.520 positive emotion

00:47:46.360 and that turns out

00:47:47.800 to be a really

00:47:48.340 bad thing

00:47:49.120 and part of

00:47:49.920 the reason for

00:47:50.400 that is

00:47:50.840 you don't have

00:47:53.240 any positive

00:47:53.760 emotion if you

00:47:54.460 don't have a

00:47:54.840 goal but you've

00:47:55.420 got plenty of

00:47:56.280 negative emotion

00:47:57.120 so this is

00:48:00.460 partly why I've

00:48:01.140 laid emphasis to

00:48:02.140 a large degree in

00:48:02.980 12 rules for life

00:48:04.140 on suffering

00:48:04.960 because you got

00:48:07.140 to know what's

00:48:07.740 real

00:48:08.080 and I mean I

00:48:10.520 think there's a

00:48:11.520 variety of things

00:48:12.120 that are real but

00:48:12.840 there are two

00:48:14.060 things that really

00:48:14.740 stand out as real

00:48:15.780 for me

00:48:16.320 experientially

00:48:17.620 one is pain

00:48:19.160 it's damn

00:48:20.780 hard to argue

00:48:21.500 yourself out of

00:48:22.440 pain

00:48:22.860 another is

00:48:24.420 malevolence

00:48:25.240 I think

00:48:26.640 malevolence is

00:48:27.540 the willingness

00:48:29.020 or the desire

00:48:29.940 to produce pain

00:48:30.960 when that's

00:48:31.780 unnecessary

00:48:32.380 and it's very

00:48:33.900 difficult for me

00:48:34.760 to

00:48:34.980 I've never met

00:48:38.900 anybody successfully

00:48:40.080 anybody who

00:48:40.900 could successfully

00:48:42.040 argue themselves

00:48:43.620 out of a

00:48:44.840 belief in those

00:48:45.940 things

00:48:46.340 malevolence is a

00:48:47.280 bit different

00:48:47.720 because not

00:48:48.240 everybody's

00:48:48.800 encountered it

00:48:49.920 but let me tell

00:48:50.980 you if you've

00:48:51.620 actually encountered

00:48:52.480 it you can't

00:48:53.820 argue your way

00:48:54.640 out of its

00:48:55.120 existence because

00:48:56.420 it will damage

00:48:57.280 you that's what

00:48:58.280 happens to people

00:48:58.940 who have post

00:48:59.480 traumatic stress

00:49:00.180 disorder and

00:49:01.120 they can't think

00:49:02.100 their way out of

00:49:03.060 it it's too

00:49:04.160 deep and we all

00:49:05.800 suffer we're all

00:49:06.740 susceptible to

00:49:07.660 pain we're

00:49:08.860 susceptible to

00:49:09.860 misery and to

00:49:10.680 death all of

00:49:11.460 that life is

00:49:12.320 very very

00:49:12.780 difficult and

00:49:13.600 and so what

00:49:15.760 happens to you

00:49:16.660 if you adopt a

00:49:18.400 viewpoint that

00:49:19.200 deprives your

00:49:20.200 life of any

00:49:20.980 transcendent or

00:49:22.500 superordinate

00:49:23.120 meaning is that

00:49:23.980 all the positive

00:49:24.760 elements go away

00:49:25.840 all the all the

00:49:27.120 me all the all

00:49:28.200 the engagement

00:49:29.000 meaning vanishes

00:49:30.260 you can destroy

00:49:31.060 that rationally

00:49:31.920 but the pain and

00:49:33.240 the misery and

00:49:33.980 the malevolence

00:49:34.760 remains and then

00:49:36.500 what happens is

00:49:37.320 that you suffer

00:49:38.300 without hope of

00:49:39.460 respite and that

00:49:40.840 makes you cruel

00:49:41.880 and bitter and

00:49:42.780 vengeful and

00:49:44.240 none of that

00:49:45.000 seems to be good

00:49:46.040 unless you think

00:49:47.580 that where you

00:49:48.920 head when you

00:49:49.940 are possessed by

00:49:50.860 that sort of

00:49:51.640 motivation is

00:49:52.720 something that's

00:49:53.980 desirable and

00:49:54.980 you know you

00:49:56.120 have to have

00:49:57.300 gone a long

00:49:59.000 ways towards the

00:50:00.160 abyss before you

00:50:02.160 start to think

00:50:02.960 that and so

00:50:04.980 a higher order

00:50:07.160 purpose in some

00:50:08.080 sense isn't

00:50:08.860 optional the

00:50:10.240 discovery of

00:50:10.800 that's not

00:50:11.280 optional because

00:50:12.660 the alternative

00:50:13.400 is that

00:50:14.600 degeneration that

00:50:15.740 comes along with

00:50:16.780 being susceptible

00:50:18.080 to pointless

00:50:18.800 suffering and

00:50:20.760 so you know

00:50:23.400 we talked about

00:50:24.660 the chicken who

00:50:26.240 decided that

00:50:26.960 crossing the road

00:50:27.780 was a good idea

00:50:28.560 because the other

00:50:29.240 side of the road

00:50:29.940 was better at

00:50:30.760 least as far as

00:50:31.420 the chicken was

00:50:32.040 concerned and

00:50:33.280 then of course

00:50:34.280 you might question

00:50:35.340 the chicken's

00:50:36.660 moral knowledge

00:50:38.120 and wonder

00:50:39.800 philosophically why

00:50:41.380 the other side of

00:50:42.420 the road would be

00:50:43.400 better than the

00:50:44.120 side that you're

00:50:44.740 already on and

00:50:47.360 and that's that's

00:50:48.880 a very profound

00:50:51.280 and difficult

00:50:52.260 question but I

00:50:54.860 actually think I

00:50:56.260 believe that that

00:50:57.140 question is

00:50:57.780 answerable so I

00:51:00.380 think that the

00:51:01.100 reason that so

00:51:02.680 the post-modern

00:51:03.440 types who

00:51:05.180 posit that

00:51:05.980 that there's a

00:51:06.980 very large number

00:51:07.740 of ways of

00:51:08.260 looking at the

00:51:08.840 world are

00:51:10.300 correct but

00:51:12.120 when they

00:51:12.640 stretch that

00:51:14.000 and say

00:51:14.480 there's no way

00:51:16.160 of determining

00:51:16.840 there's no way

00:51:18.160 of rank ordering

00:51:19.240 ways of looking

00:51:20.800 at the world in

00:51:21.620 terms of their

00:51:22.260 validity then

00:51:23.660 they've made a

00:51:24.520 mistake now

00:51:25.780 it's not like

00:51:27.080 it's a conundrum

00:51:28.660 that's easy to

00:51:29.420 solve what's

00:51:30.560 worth doing

00:51:31.600 well that's a

00:51:35.120 very difficult

00:51:35.680 question but

00:51:36.860 it's worthwhile

00:51:38.180 attempting to

00:51:39.280 answer it so

00:51:40.120 that's the next

00:51:40.800 thing we're going

00:51:41.380 to do is we're

00:51:42.100 going to attempt

00:51:42.820 to answer it

00:51:43.660 so I'll get

00:51:45.880 another army in

00:51:46.760 motion here so

00:51:47.800 I want to tell

00:51:49.880 you something first

00:51:50.720 about consciousness

00:51:51.700 that's quite

00:51:53.700 interesting and

00:51:55.160 it's an argument

00:51:55.760 against determinism

00:51:57.140 and I have to

00:51:57.980 make this argument

00:51:58.700 before I can make

00:51:59.480 the next argument

00:52:00.200 that I want to

00:52:00.820 make so we

00:52:06.160 know we don't

00:52:06.860 know that much

00:52:07.420 about consciousness

00:52:08.200 like it's a real

00:52:09.820 mystery it's

00:52:11.400 it's probably the

00:52:12.280 ultimate mystery as

00:52:13.340 far as I can tell

00:52:14.220 because we don't

00:52:15.360 understand how it

00:52:16.280 is that we can be

00:52:17.020 aware or even what

00:52:18.100 awareness means that

00:52:19.000 we don't understand

00:52:19.940 the relationship

00:52:21.980 between the

00:52:22.660 existence of

00:52:23.620 things and the

00:52:25.020 fact that there

00:52:26.180 is something that's

00:52:27.640 aware of those

00:52:28.620 things because it's

00:52:29.720 not obvious what it

00:52:30.600 would mean for

00:52:31.160 things to exist if

00:52:32.200 nothing was aware

00:52:33.220 of them so the

00:52:35.020 problem of

00:52:35.860 consciousness isn't

00:52:36.740 merely the problem

00:52:37.920 of awareness it's

00:52:38.840 even in some sense

00:52:39.840 the problem of

00:52:40.540 being because being

00:52:42.500 without awareness

00:52:43.480 seems well it's

00:52:45.460 incomprehensible in

00:52:46.560 some sense there's

00:52:47.400 something but no one

00:52:48.620 registers it well

00:52:49.780 what sense is there

00:52:51.280 something then in any

00:52:54.720 case consciousness is

00:52:56.400 a mystery but one of

00:52:57.620 the things we do know

00:52:58.500 about it is that

00:52:59.260 you're more likely to

00:53:00.020 be conscious when you

00:53:00.840 do things that you

00:53:01.520 don't know how to do

00:53:02.360 so for example if

00:53:06.480 you if you take a

00:53:09.120 native language

00:53:09.780 speaker danish would

00:53:11.560 that was the language

00:53:12.460 that was used for this

00:53:13.400 study and you you put

00:53:14.880 someone in a scanning

00:53:16.600 machine and you and

00:53:18.100 you compute how much

00:53:19.600 glucose their brain is

00:53:21.000 using and how many

00:53:22.220 areas are active if you

00:53:23.560 play danish forward to

00:53:25.780 them like in its proper

00:53:26.880 order they very small

00:53:29.060 part of their brain is

00:53:30.100 active and they don't

00:53:30.920 use much glucose but if

00:53:32.060 you play danish backward

00:53:33.780 which is equivalent in

00:53:35.900 in in in phonic

00:53:38.060 complexity let's say

00:53:39.460 then huge parts of their

00:53:40.880 brain light up it's a

00:53:42.740 way harder to listen to

00:53:43.720 danish backwards than it

00:53:44.920 is to listen to danish

00:53:46.060 forward and it turns out

00:53:48.480 that under most

00:53:49.940 circumstances when you're

00:53:51.080 doing something that you

00:53:51.980 don't know how to do then

00:53:53.900 your brain is very very

00:53:55.780 active and then as you

00:53:59.020 practice what happens is

00:54:00.540 that smaller and smaller

00:54:02.020 part of your brain is

00:54:03.100 activated until and it

00:54:04.920 kind of shifts like this

00:54:06.140 it's like your right and

00:54:07.040 left hemispheres are

00:54:07.960 activated when you're

00:54:08.860 trying something new and

00:54:09.780 then then the activity

00:54:11.680 shifts over to the left

00:54:12.860 as you practice and the

00:54:14.520 amount of your brain

00:54:15.280 that's active gets

00:54:16.060 smaller and that

00:54:16.760 continues to shrink until

00:54:18.060 there's a small machine

00:54:20.480 let's say that's

00:54:21.740 formulated in the back

00:54:22.900 part of the left part in

00:54:24.280 the left side of your

00:54:25.140 brain and it's specialized

00:54:26.740 for that particular

00:54:27.700 activity and then you've

00:54:29.140 become expert at it

00:54:30.340 you've built the machinery

00:54:31.860 that enables you to

00:54:32.960 undertake that task in a

00:54:34.360 rather deterministic

00:54:35.340 manner and now you don't

00:54:36.640 have to be conscious and

00:54:37.960 so when you drive to work

00:54:39.140 you know you're thinking

00:54:40.440 about what you're going to

00:54:41.060 do at work you're not

00:54:41.860 paying much I mean you're

00:54:43.140 watching the road and all

00:54:44.060 that but you're not you're

00:54:45.120 not thinking about the road

00:54:46.260 the same way you were when

00:54:47.320 you first gripped the

00:54:48.220 steering wheel when you

00:54:49.000 were 14 and you were

00:54:49.960 learning to drive right

00:54:51.520 and that was absolutely

00:54:52.400 exhausting after 10

00:54:53.640 minutes because you've

00:54:54.700 got all the circuitry

00:54:55.680 built you're looking 300

00:54:56.980 yards down the road you

00:54:58.400 know exactly when to push

00:54:59.520 the brake you know

00:55:00.220 exactly how much you

00:55:01.640 need to turn the wheel

00:55:02.400 that's all automatized and

00:55:04.020 you've turned into

00:55:04.660 something approximating a

00:55:06.000 deterministic organism but

00:55:07.980 that doesn't happen when

00:55:09.060 you don't know what you're

00:55:09.860 doing and so that's what

00:55:11.000 consciousness seems to

00:55:12.120 be that's what

00:55:13.120 consciousness seems to be

00:55:14.260 for in some sense it

00:55:15.520 seems to be the mechanism

00:55:17.280 that's operative when you

00:55:18.400 don't know what you're

00:55:19.100 doing and it can't be

00:55:20.660 deterministic and I think

00:55:22.860 the reason for that is

00:55:23.820 that in order for you to

00:55:26.840 operate as a

00:55:27.620 deterministic organism all

00:55:29.660 of the biological

00:55:31.320 substructures that enable

00:55:33.100 you to undertake the

00:55:34.080 activity have to be built

00:55:35.820 and you build them through

00:55:37.360 practice and then once

00:55:38.420 they're built they can run

00:55:39.600 in an automated

00:55:40.900 manner and that is

00:55:42.900 exactly how it works I

00:55:44.060 mean you don't have to

00:55:44.840 think much when you walk

00:55:46.120 that's automated you don't

00:55:47.260 have to think much when

00:55:47.940 you ride a bike you don't

00:55:48.940 have to think much when

00:55:50.060 you're playing the piano if

00:55:51.100 you're playing a piece that

00:55:51.900 you've practiced a

00:55:52.740 tremendous amount but if

00:55:53.880 you stumble over a phrase

00:55:55.460 then you get conscious of

00:55:57.760 where you stumbled and then

00:55:58.860 you go back and you

00:55:59.520 practice and you practice

00:56:00.380 and you practice and you

00:56:01.180 practice and you build

00:56:02.620 yourself a new automatic

00:56:04.620 circuit that will run

00:56:05.900 automatically and then you

00:56:06.980 can continue with the

00:56:08.320 music and maybe your

00:56:09.640 consciousness when you're

00:56:10.700 playing the music is you

00:56:12.220 know it's it's bounced up

00:56:13.400 above what you've

00:56:14.220 practiced and you can

00:56:15.860 concentrate consciously on

00:56:17.520 how you phrase the music

00:56:18.920 and how you twist it and

00:56:20.220 turn it and and and on the

00:56:22.000 higher order elements of

00:56:23.560 their performance

00:56:24.240 consciousness is still

00:56:25.440 operating but a lot of

00:56:26.920 it's running on automatic

00:56:27.920 and so consciousness is

00:56:29.680 there when you can't run

00:56:31.480 on automatic

00:56:32.200 consciousness is what

00:56:33.980 confronts the the novel or

00:56:35.960 what confronts the unknown

00:56:37.640 as such and I think that's

00:56:40.160 right that's what

00:56:40.740 consciousness does and so

00:56:42.720 you're a deterministic

00:56:44.800 organism in some ways when

00:56:46.100 you're running through your

00:56:47.240 practiced and habitual

00:56:48.260 routines but when you're

00:56:49.720 facing what you've never

00:56:51.240 encountered before then

00:56:52.500 consciousness is operating

00:56:54.340 and it it's the thing that

00:56:56.140 faces the unknown and

00:56:57.800 builds new structure all

00:57:00.320 right so so that's worth

00:57:01.640 thinking about and it's a

00:57:03.160 good good way of thinking

00:57:04.420 about what a human being is

00:57:05.580 like and so okay so now

00:57:07.920 let's let's let's play that

00:57:09.880 out a little bit so

00:57:10.580 imagine we're trying to

00:57:12.820 figure out how it is that

00:57:13.720 you're interacting with the

00:57:14.720 world and what and what

00:57:16.040 constitutes your mode of

00:57:17.440 interacting with the world

00:57:18.460 and so you wake up in the

00:57:20.040 morning and what do you

00:57:22.220 face consciously now you're

00:57:23.720 conscious you weren't

00:57:24.740 because you were asleep but

00:57:25.600 now you're conscious and

00:57:27.320 what you seem to face in the

00:57:29.080 world in the morning are the

00:57:30.400 possibilities of the

00:57:31.480 world right you wake up

00:57:33.620 and you think about all the

00:57:34.580 things that you could do that

00:57:35.720 day and you could think

00:57:37.160 well there's there's a very

00:57:38.620 large number of pathways

00:57:39.940 that lie there in front of

00:57:41.300 you that you could

00:57:41.920 conceivably walk down and

00:57:43.460 maybe you're worried about

00:57:44.520 it because well there's too

00:57:45.760 much on your plate right

00:57:47.080 there's too many decisions

00:57:48.000 to make and that's kind of

00:57:49.020 overwhelming or maybe you're

00:57:50.420 excited about it because you

00:57:51.980 know there's a there's a

00:57:53.100 landscape of new potential

00:57:54.320 that you can explore maybe

00:57:55.480 there's some balance there

00:57:56.600 but in any case you wake up

00:57:58.260 in the morning and you

00:57:59.320 confront what's coming at

00:58:01.820 you that you have not yet

00:58:03.460 mastered and that's the role

00:58:05.680 of your conscience of your

00:58:07.160 consciousness is to confront

00:58:09.600 what's novel all right so

00:58:14.580 you think about that for a

00:58:17.260 minute you see if you think

00:58:18.340 so that that's the world that

00:58:19.620 you confront as a conscious

00:58:20.700 being it's the world of

00:58:21.680 possibility and potential it's

00:58:23.940 those things that you could

00:58:25.320 do you know and you might you

00:58:27.020 might play with that in your

00:58:28.080 imagination well here's some

00:58:29.940 things I need to do and here's

00:58:31.180 some things I could do and

00:58:32.160 here's what might happen if I

00:58:34.060 don't do the things that I

00:58:35.580 know I should today for

00:58:37.640 example there's various cliffs

00:58:39.520 that you might fall off if

00:58:40.940 you don't manifest your

00:58:42.720 responsibilities and and so

00:58:44.600 you're toying with that field

00:58:46.620 of potential that's in front

00:58:48.000 of you and I think that's a

00:58:49.380 good way of thinking about the

00:58:50.940 reality that human beings that

00:58:54.320 human beings occupy we're not we

00:58:56.480 are in some sense deterministic

00:58:58.000 creatures but only once we've

00:58:59.540 been transformed into only once

00:59:01.880 we've established our habits and

00:59:03.280 only then in an environment

00:59:04.980 that's stable but what we

00:59:06.980 confront with the conscious

00:59:08.180 part of our being is that

00:59:10.460 territory which is as of yet

00:59:12.860 unmapped and consciousness is

00:59:15.680 the attempt to map that

00:59:16.980 territory and to plot our way

00:59:18.400 through it and to establish the

00:59:19.740 proper aims and then maybe to

00:59:21.140 become expert at it across time

00:59:22.820 but the consciousness is

00:59:24.440 confronting the potential that's

00:59:27.400 what we do we're we're we're

00:59:29.340 we're the consciousness that

00:59:30.620 confronts the potential all

00:59:33.080 right now I'm going to put

00:59:34.840 another army in operation here

00:59:36.660 to talk about the first part of

00:59:38.480 Genesis so there's this and the

00:59:41.940 reason for this is well I'm very

00:59:44.240 interested in stories I think

00:59:45.620 they sit at the basis of our

00:59:47.340 cognitive structure in fact I

00:59:49.240 think the evidence for that is

00:59:51.080 overwhelming that we really look at

00:59:53.200 the world through stories and

00:59:55.240 there's hierarchies of stories some

00:59:56.840 stories are more fundamental than

00:59:58.320 others some stories are deeper than

00:59:59.840 others and you know that because

01:00:01.100 you know that there's great

01:00:02.440 literature and there's cheap

01:00:03.900 novels and you know there's a

01:00:05.180 difference between them and the

01:00:06.340 great literature is deep whatever

01:00:07.920 the hell that means and the cheap

01:00:09.980 novels are art they're shallow

01:00:12.100 right and we understand that

01:00:14.500 metaphor and deep means affecting

01:00:17.020 many things simultaneously or

01:00:19.020 something like that and and the

01:00:20.940 deepest of narratives are the ones

01:00:23.020 that are at the base of our

01:00:24.320 culture that everything in our

01:00:26.220 culture depends on among those deep

01:00:29.040 narratives is the narrative say

01:00:30.820 that's outlined outlined in

01:00:32.600 Genesis and Genesis posits a

01:00:36.440 particular structure to the world and

01:00:39.140 the structure is this so there's a

01:00:42.320 there's a potential that's the tohu

01:00:45.580 vabohu that's the unformed chaos that

01:00:49.660 exists that coexists with God that's

01:00:53.020 one way of looking at it and that word

01:00:56.680 tohu vabohu that comes from an older

01:00:58.740 word from a Mesopotamian word

01:01:00.580 Tiamat and Tiamat was a particular kind

01:01:03.940 of Mesopotamian goddess and she was the

01:01:07.140 goddess of chaos and and the

01:01:09.220 originator of part of the part of the

01:01:12.260 structure that gave rise to the to the

01:01:14.920 to the to the to the to the phenomenal

01:01:17.020 world and so the tohu vabohu isn't

01:01:21.720 nothingness exactly it's not the right

01:01:24.560 way to think about it it's potential

01:01:26.740 and so there's this hypothesis in

01:01:29.500 Genesis about the nature of well about

01:01:34.480 the nature of reality that reality

01:01:37.020 manifests itself in part as potential

01:01:41.280 and part as the structure that

01:01:44.900 confronts potential and that's that's

01:01:47.900 laid out in Genesis as God it's laid out

01:01:50.300 as God the Father actually and the idea

01:01:52.340 there is that it's it's it's it's the

01:01:55.400 same idea that I just laid out with

01:01:57.680 regards to how you're operating in the

01:01:59.660 morning you wake up and the potential of

01:02:01.760 the world is sitting there in front of

01:02:03.200 you and and the question is how do you

01:02:05.360 encounter that potential and the answer

01:02:07.520 is well not with nothing I mean there you

01:02:10.160 are and you're a deeply structured thing now

01:02:14.420 you're not structured enough so that that

01:02:15.980 structure can just operate

01:02:17.300 deterministically and and transform the

01:02:19.860 potential into actuality you still have

01:02:22.400 to make decisions whatever that means you

01:02:24.560 have to make choices you have to contend and

01:02:27.120 wrestle with the potential before it

01:02:29.360 manifests itself as reality but it does do

01:02:32.840 that I mean that at least that's how we seem to

01:02:35.660 treat ourselves right you you get up in the

01:02:37.760 morning you know that there's decisions you

01:02:39.380 have to make and and why does it matter

01:02:41.640 whether you make those decisions and the

01:02:43.760 answer is well the way the world lays

01:02:46.580 itself out actually depends on the

01:02:48.860 decisions that you make and you know

01:02:50.780 you're not omniscient enough to know with

01:02:52.760 perfect certainty that if you make

01:02:54.440 decision X that event Y is going to

01:02:57.260 occur but you know you're not a com you're

01:02:59.360 not completely blind and stumbling about

01:03:01.460 either and you often know perfectly well

01:03:03.860 that if there's something important that

01:03:06.140 needs to be done that you don't do that

01:03:08.820 some little bit of hellish chaos will

01:03:10.980 definitely manifest itself right you're

01:03:13.480 certain enough of that and so you do

01:03:16.440 react to yourself and treat yourself like

01:03:19.560 you're a structure of a structure what

01:03:24.380 would you say you're you're you're a

01:03:26.940 dynamic structure of ability something

01:03:29.260 like that that can contend with potential

01:03:31.680 and transform it into reality and that's

01:03:34.900 exactly what's laid out sort of writ large

01:03:38.020 in Genesis you have God who's the

01:03:40.300 representation of the structure that

01:03:42.480 interacts with potential that's two

01:03:44.220 things and then there's a third factor

01:03:46.420 which is the process that mediates the

01:03:50.460 interaction so the way that story is told

01:03:54.220 in Genesis is that what God uses to

01:03:57.040 confront potential and to transform it

01:03:59.700 into habitable order is the word and it's

01:04:04.040 a separate thing it's a process well it's

01:04:07.220 the same thing it's it's akin as far as I

01:04:09.620 can tell it's akin to your communicative

01:04:12.400 consciousness it again but it's it's on

01:04:15.960 the large scale it's something like that

01:04:18.160 and you use that to form the chaos into

01:04:25.620 the world now there's an ethical dimension

01:04:28.740 to that too which is quite cool so

01:04:31.240 as the biblical corpus developed conceptually

01:04:39.300 across time the word was associated with

01:04:43.240 the word is logos and it was associated

01:04:46.360 with a variety of virtues let's say and I

01:04:48.600 would say the primary virtue that it's

01:04:50.940 associated with is truth and so there's

01:04:55.060 this notion in the in Genesis that God

01:04:59.300 uses truth to encounter potential and the

01:05:02.620 consequences the the consequence of the

01:05:04.960 emerge the consequence of that is the

01:05:06.860 emergence of habitable order and so what

01:05:10.160 happens God does that uses the word

01:05:12.780 creates things out of the potential and

01:05:16.220 then says repeatedly and it was good and

01:05:19.640 so there's a moral hypothesis there too

01:05:22.040 which is absolutely crucial and the moral

01:05:25.760 hypothesis is that which is extracted out of

01:05:30.340 potential with truth is good and that's a

01:05:35.820 hypothesis and so then you might think

01:05:38.640 well what do you do when you're lying there

01:05:40.100 in the morning trying to figure out how

01:05:43.120 you're going to wrestle with the potential

01:05:44.760 that constitutes the day that confronts you

01:05:47.660 and part of the answer is well you make

01:05:49.960 ethical decisions about how it is that you're

01:05:51.940 going to interact with what's in front of

01:05:54.660 you you know like maybe you didn't do

01:05:57.000 something at work that you should have

01:05:58.540 done and so you're going to go give your

01:06:00.060 boss a story about that isn't true about

01:06:02.400 why it is that you didn't do it and you

01:06:05.360 think well that'll that'll set things

01:06:07.700 right and of course you know you don't

01:06:10.220 believe that you know perfectly well it

01:06:11.900 won't set things right but maybe it will

01:06:17.180 stop you from being in trouble in that day

01:06:20.620 and maybe you feel guilty and ashamed

01:06:23.160 about it if you have any bloody sense

01:06:24.960 and you know that the the world that

01:06:29.760 you're pulling into being as a consequence

01:06:32.980 of your refusal to engage forthrightly

01:06:38.020 with what's in front of you is damaging

01:06:41.200 to you and it's damaging to the people

01:06:43.740 around you and it undermines the integrity

01:06:46.360 of the fabric of being itself and you

01:06:49.780 still might be inclined to do it because

01:06:51.900 maybe you're deluded enough to think that

01:06:54.420 you can get away with it but I can tell

01:06:56.580 you one thing this is my opinion but it's

01:07:00.860 something that I've derived as a consequence

01:07:02.940 of my thousands of hours of practice as a

01:07:05.660 clinical psychologist and one thing I've

01:07:07.920 learned which I'm not necessarily that

01:07:09.660 happy to have learned is that no one ever

01:07:12.000 gets away with anything ever it always

01:07:15.500 comes back to haunt you and so if you

01:07:18.060 take the easy way out while you're

01:07:19.920 contemplating how you're going to

01:07:21.720 interact with the potential that's in

01:07:23.360 front of you and you decide that you can

01:07:25.140 warp part of the structure and you can

01:07:27.540 hide something that's happened that's

01:07:30.920 actually happened you can hide it and

01:07:32.700 you can deceive yourself about it and you

01:07:34.660 can twist the structure of the world

01:07:36.200 around so that that somehow no longer

01:07:38.160 exists it's like that's not a strategy

01:07:41.700 that's going anywhere that is not going

01:07:43.900 to work and all you have to do is think

01:07:46.480 it through to know that because first of

01:07:48.820 all you do know that when you do it

01:07:50.960 because you wouldn't feel guilty and

01:07:52.420 ashamed and low about it if you didn't

01:07:54.840 know that and second really you think

01:07:58.300 that you're capable of manipulating the

01:08:01.300 structure of reality and transforming it

01:08:03.940 into something that's false and that

01:08:06.040 that's going to work you think you can do

01:08:09.520 that it's like there's an arrogance in

01:08:11.880 that that's well it's satanic fundamentally

01:08:14.620 well I mean that technically by the way

01:08:17.580 but it's it's it's it's not it's it's a

01:08:21.760 non-starter so anyways in the in the book

01:08:25.700 of Genesis the notion is that well God

01:08:29.820 uses the word something roughly akin to

01:08:33.780 consciousness sort of what would you say

01:08:38.340 something contemplated or conceptualized

01:08:43.180 on the cosmic scale to interact with

01:08:45.780 potential to produce habitable order and

01:08:50.000 repeats the observation that it's good

01:08:53.780 that's something seriously worth thinking

01:08:56.500 about for for the rest of your life it's

01:09:00.420 it's it's it's a it's the fundamental element

01:09:03.100 of a certain kind of faith and the faith

01:09:05.720 is this that whatever it is that you bring

01:09:08.900 into being as a consequence of participating

01:09:11.700 in the truth is by definition good and

01:09:16.140 that's a hell of a thing to know now you

01:09:17.980 can ask yourself and maybe you should if

01:09:19.760 you if you believe that to be true and

01:09:21.580 maybe you don't but if you do believe it

01:09:24.660 to be true if you believe that there's some

01:09:26.500 possibility that it can be true it's

01:09:28.300 very it puts a rock underneath you you

01:09:32.280 know it puts a foundation underneath you

01:09:34.500 because you can think well what what do I

01:09:36.740 have to do in order to interact with this

01:09:38.800 potential properly and the answer is we

01:09:40.920 just have to tell the truth and yet you

01:09:43.500 know things will happen as a consequence

01:09:45.700 of telling the truth and some of them

01:09:47.260 will be a little hard to bear in the

01:09:49.520 short term which is obviously why people

01:09:51.660 lie right why do you lie so that you can

01:09:54.140 reduce the short-term consequences of

01:09:56.720 your actions obviously that's why you do

01:09:59.560 it and so sometimes if you tell the

01:10:01.320 truth there's going to be some rough

01:10:03.220 going in the near future but that

01:10:06.320 doesn't mean that it's a bad medium to

01:10:08.340 long-term strategy and everybody knows

01:10:10.040 that anyways because if you have

01:10:11.400 children or if you have people around

01:10:13.360 you that you love you don't tell them

01:10:15.600 look here's a good strategy kid it's

01:10:18.500 like whenever you're in trouble just

01:10:19.860 lie your way out of it that's what

01:10:21.560 everybody else does if everybody did

01:10:23.240 that properly the whole world would

01:10:24.780 function perfectly it's like no one

01:10:27.680 believes that and no one ever uses it

01:10:29.980 as advice so I'll close with this

01:10:34.580 so I made this diagram once I've not

01:10:39.580 written about it but I've been I haven't

01:10:42.020 published it I've been writing about it

01:10:43.480 for a very long time I was trying to

01:10:45.080 decompose the idea of ethical conduct

01:10:48.900 into something that was fully

01:10:51.980 differentiated and so I drew this

01:10:54.140 diagram said well imagine that what

01:10:56.240 one of the things you wanted you want

01:10:57.680 to be a good person so what does it

01:11:00.620 mean to be a good person I was

01:11:01.720 thinking about this as a behavioral

01:11:02.880 psychologist what might be might mean

01:11:05.220 being a good parent that's not all it

01:11:08.660 means because it might be being a good

01:11:10.180 husband or might be being a good wife

01:11:11.900 might be being a good employee you know

01:11:13.960 it might be being a good good sibling

01:11:16.160 there's there's lots of sub elements to

01:11:18.580 being a good person but being a good

01:11:21.360 parent is a subset of being a good

01:11:23.800 person so it's a little more focal and

01:11:25.560 say well what what do you have to do to

01:11:26.840 be a good parent well you might be a

01:11:28.240 good father and what do you have to do

01:11:30.000 to be a good father it's like maybe you

01:11:31.400 have to cook now and then and hopefully

01:11:34.860 something edible and so not not poisoned

01:11:38.240 with hate and bitterness that you happen

01:11:40.200 to be stuck in the kitchen and and so

01:11:45.620 well let's say you're going to make a

01:11:47.760 good meal well you can decompose that

01:11:49.680 what do you have to do to make a good

01:11:50.880 meal well you have to you have to set

01:11:53.900 the table and you have to and you have

01:11:56.680 to cut up the vegetables and you have to

01:11:59.520 saute the sausage and and so that's

01:12:02.160 getting pretty focal right though that's

01:12:04.240 short-term rather practical procedure and

01:12:09.240 and and you can decompose that even you

01:12:11.300 can say well you have to slice up the

01:12:12.620 vegetables how do you do that well you

01:12:14.040 move your hands back and forth right and

01:12:16.180 at that point it's no longer

01:12:17.920 conceptual right and so it's an

01:12:20.060 interesting way of thinking about it

01:12:21.680 ethics because you can take something

01:12:23.800 abstract like be a good person which is

01:12:26.300 up in the air right it's it's a it's an

01:12:29.320 abstract virtue it's an abstract

01:12:31.000 conceptualization but then you can

01:12:32.620 decompose it and you find out that it's

01:12:34.260 actually a sequence of actions and

01:12:36.620 that's how the mind meets the body and

01:12:39.460 so you you you cut up the vegetables

01:12:42.340 properly and you do that properly so

01:12:44.180 that you can make a good meal and you

01:12:45.540 do that make the good meal so you can be

01:12:47.380 a good father so you can be a good

01:12:48.840 parent so you can be a good person and

01:12:50.460 so the reason that you're cutting up the

01:12:52.160 vegetables is so that you can be a good

01:12:53.860 person is the local partakes in the

01:12:56.340 higher it's just like the bricklayer

01:12:58.640 who's who's doing something locally but

01:13:02.560 participating in the higher at the same

01:13:04.660 time and and you need that participation in

01:13:07.680 the higher because what imbues that the

01:13:10.980 quotidian things you do the things that

01:13:13.580 you do day to day with a deep meaning is

01:13:16.060 their association with the whole

01:13:18.360 hierarchy of value right all the way up

01:13:20.160 the chain you want to be a good person

01:13:22.800 let's say and that's why you're cutting

01:13:24.940 up the vegetables carefully and properly

01:13:26.680 and and you know if you know about the

01:13:29.180 connection between cutting up the

01:13:32.220 vegetables and being a good person then

01:13:33.820 you're going to cut them up carefully and

01:13:35.800 you're going to cook them carefully and

01:13:37.560 you're going to make a meal that's good and

01:13:39.620 if you do that every day well then you

01:13:41.640 have a whole lifetime of pleasurable high

01:13:44.180 quality meals that you share with people

01:13:46.120 that you love it's a non-trivial component

01:13:48.440 of being a good person so so so even as you

01:13:54.900 decompose virtues down into their

01:13:56.840 practicalities you don't lose the

01:13:58.660 importance of what's being of what's being

01:14:01.100 done well what is it that's at the top of

01:14:04.160 that hierarchy the good person well what

01:14:07.700 does that mean well it can be decomposed

01:14:09.580 into these practical processes a myriad of

01:14:14.100 them and you want to practice all them so

01:14:15.560 you're good at them you want to aggregate

01:14:17.560 them into the stage levels of your being

01:14:21.200 but there's something at the top that

01:14:22.720 beckons I'll give you a little example of

01:14:27.420 that in the movie in the movie Pinocchio

01:14:30.180 Geppetto who's God for all intents and

01:14:34.980 purposes makes this puppet and the puppets

01:14:38.480 a wooden-headed marionette with no

01:14:40.760 experience something else is pulling its

01:14:42.640 strings and but there's a hope and a

01:14:45.920 wish that's embedded in Geppetto's

01:14:49.280 motivations and that is that the thing he

01:14:52.520 creates can be autonomous and genuine and

01:14:57.000 what happens is that to catalyze that

01:14:59.240 process he lifts his eyes above the

01:15:01.840 horizon right and he he wishes on a star

01:15:05.940 very strange thing to do but it's a

01:15:08.180 symbolic thing a star is a light that

01:15:09.940 beckons in the darkness and it's

01:15:11.280 something that's it's a it's a

01:15:13.200 transcendent object above the horizon and

01:15:15.660 so there's this idea that in order to

01:15:17.420 catalyze the development of something

01:15:19.520 autonomous and real you have to lift your

01:15:21.380 eyes above the horizon and establish a

01:15:23.600 relationship with a transcendent goal and

01:15:25.760 that catalyzes the development of

01:15:28.400 something that's autonomous and genuine

01:15:30.140 and Pinocchio has to learn well he has to

01:15:32.480 learn not to be a victim that's part of

01:15:34.340 that's part of what he learns and he has

01:15:36.320 to learn not to be a crook and he has

01:15:38.180 to learn not to be a showman and he has

01:15:40.580 to learn to tell the truth all of that and

01:15:42.560 then he has to learn to rescue his father

01:15:44.840 from the belly of the whale right to

01:15:46.700 become completely enculturated to face his

01:15:48.980 darkest fears and to discover

01:15:51.200 within the structure of his darkest fears

01:15:53.420 what it is that he could be in potential

01:15:55.580 and so there's courage associated with

01:15:57.680 that as well but it's the truth element

01:16:00.960 that I wanted to concentrate on it's like

01:16:03.420 there's this deep idea and and it's an

01:16:06.980 idea that's that's correct and it has to

01:16:12.200 do with the with the reality of value it's

01:16:15.620 it's like the other thing that's stressed

01:16:18.440 in Genesis after the description of how

01:16:22.660 reality lays itself out and the proposition

01:16:25.620 that that which is engendered out of

01:16:28.940 potential by the truth is good is the

01:16:31.800 final proposition which is that men and

01:16:34.880 women alike are made in the image of God

01:16:37.300 which is staggering and miraculous claim

01:16:40.540 especially for that time partly because of

01:16:43.460 its unlikelihood let's say that that would

01:16:48.640 be posited that something as lowly as a

01:16:51.860 human being and fragile and vulnerable and

01:16:54.540 and and and and and what would you say

01:16:57.700 fatally corrupted could still have that

01:17:00.880 transcendent value and then equally that it

01:17:03.200 would be shared between men and women alike it's

01:17:06.360 remarkable that that that emerged as a concept so

01:17:10.320 long ago it's so absolutely well I think

01:17:15.720 miraculous is exactly the right way to think

01:17:17.980 about it and it seems to be that that the

01:17:21.920 insistence that men and women are made in the

01:17:24.180 image of God has something to do with the

01:17:26.280 capacity of human beings to engage in the

01:17:30.020 process of generating the world out of the

01:17:33.300 potential that confronts them and that they

01:17:36.280 can do that properly by using truth as the

01:17:42.480 fundamental tool of engagement and it's that

01:17:47.980 realization I think that constitutes the

01:17:50.740 proper transcendent value that grounds our

01:17:57.000 entire ethical systems oh you're you're

01:18:00.680 performing your mundane activities well they

01:18:03.460 scale upwards towards some transcendent goal

01:18:06.040 well what's the transcendent goal was to

01:18:08.500 live in the truth so that you can so that

01:18:12.640 you can confront the potential that is not

01:18:15.360 yet realized as the world and to transform it

01:18:20.640 into the habitable order that is good

01:18:24.300 and and I'll close with this and you can think

01:18:39.420 about this it's look we already accept this is

01:18:43.200 true like our culture is predicated on the

01:18:47.480 idea that this is true and and this is why

01:18:51.000 like you're all granted inalienable rights

01:18:53.720 right no you all possess inalienable rights

01:18:56.080 you're not granted them they're intrinsic to

01:18:58.960 you right even the state has to stay away from

01:19:02.040 you because of your inalienable value that's

01:19:04.600 the predicate of your culture particularly true

01:19:07.940 of the United States why well because there's

01:19:12.000 some realization that you bring something to

01:19:14.760 bear on the world right in your sovereign

01:19:16.920 individuality you you you're the bearer of the

01:19:22.020 capacity to transform potential into actuality

01:19:25.380 right there's something that's sufficiently

01:19:27.940 divine about that to to be the source of what

01:19:33.260 is the source of the inalienable rights that

01:19:37.280 even bound the authority of the state and the

01:19:40.220 story is that not only is this authority of the

01:19:43.780 state bounded by that recognition and necessarily

01:19:46.560 bounded and we bloody well know what sort of hell

01:19:49.180 is produced when states forget that right that's

01:19:52.600 clearly evident is that the story is is that the

01:19:55.980 integrity of the state itself depends on that which

01:19:58.760 is partly why you have the responsibility as the

01:20:02.260 sovereign citizen to to choose the people that

01:20:06.300 hypothetically lead you right or more accurately

01:20:10.640 follow you properly and so our entire culture is

01:20:14.440 predicated on the idea that the inalienable value that

01:20:18.400 characterizes you constitutes the foundation of the of

01:20:22.140 the free and just and productive and autonomous state and

01:20:26.300 we all act that out it's like so do we believe it and if

01:20:30.180 and if we don't believe it well then what and if we do

01:20:33.580 believe it well maybe we should take it seriously it seems like a

01:20:38.260 serious thing and i mean it is the case you know it's been

01:20:41.640 and i'll close with this it's been so interesting

01:20:44.120 for me over the last year doing what i'm doing because i've

01:20:49.380 talked to so many people and and and so many people have told me

01:20:53.120 the same story you know they they've been listening to what i've

01:20:56.360 been they've been listening to my youtube lectures or they've been

01:20:59.620 listening to my podcast or they've been reading this book and

01:21:01.920 the book says well you know take some bloody responsibility

01:21:06.060 as much as you can bear and see if you can tell the truth

01:21:09.540 because that's the pathway to a proper life and so people come and tell me and

01:21:14.960 they say look i've been trying to sort out my life i've been trying some of

01:21:17.980 these things i've been trying to just tell the truth

01:21:19.940 or at least not to lie and i've been taking more responsibility

01:21:23.440 you know i've been trying to set things right with my family and you know

01:21:27.040 what

01:21:27.320 it's really working

01:21:29.360 and so that's what's motivated me to continue traveling around like this and

01:21:35.280 talking to everyone and something's motivating you all to come out and

01:21:38.260 listen

01:21:38.560 it's not so obvious it's not so easy to put your finger on that you know

01:21:42.580 but i

01:21:43.220 but this works

01:21:46.940 it works because it's true

01:21:49.500 you know you are

01:21:51.500 made in the image of god

01:21:53.740 for what that's worth

01:21:55.220 you know

01:21:55.760 it isn't obvious what that means

01:21:57.920 none of us are

01:21:59.340 deep enough to fully comprehend that idea

01:22:02.880 you know and it's easy for us to lose it because it seems

01:22:06.180 well it's it's not something that you can grip so straightforwardly

01:22:11.400 but i don't see

01:22:14.160 i don't see a flaw in the idea

01:22:17.380 that

01:22:18.040 your consciousness confronts the potential that's not yet manifested itself

01:22:23.240 and that

01:22:23.660 the manner in which that potential transforms itself into your world and

01:22:27.820 your family's world

01:22:28.640 and your community's world

01:22:30.000 is directly

01:22:31.100 a consequence

01:22:32.320 of the quality

01:22:33.840 of the ethical choices that you make while you're

01:22:37.100 interacting

01:22:38.480 with what

01:22:39.500 has not yet come to be

01:22:41.420 and so that means that the structure of the world

01:22:44.160 whether or not it's habitable

01:22:45.560 or

01:22:46.600 uninhabitable

01:22:48.100 right

01:22:48.460 heaven-like or hell-like

01:22:50.320 is dependent on

01:22:51.380 the ethics of the choices that you make in that encounter

01:22:55.220 and i think if you

01:22:57.640 i think we all know that

01:22:59.000 and i think we judge each other

01:23:00.420 and ourselves on that basis

01:23:02.460 and that if we knew it consciously

01:23:05.080 and we acted it out properly

01:23:06.880 with intent

01:23:08.360 that things would be much better than they would otherwise be

01:23:11.680 and if we didn't they would be much worse

01:23:13.740 and so

01:23:15.200 i'm hoping that

01:23:17.320 we can become more conscious of

01:23:20.020 what these sorts of things mean

01:23:23.740 we can understand them more deeply

01:23:25.440 and that

01:23:25.900 as a consequence

01:23:27.160 we're more motivated to take ourselves seriously

01:23:29.840 and to

01:23:30.420 and to bear the burden of transforming

01:23:33.440 the potential that surrounds us into

01:23:35.980 the order that we would like to see

01:23:38.600 and that

01:23:39.380 within that we could

01:23:40.780 see and act out

01:23:43.360 the destiny that

01:23:44.740 what would you say

01:23:46.160 the destinies that sustains us properly

01:23:49.180 through the difficulties of our lives

01:23:51.340 thank you very much

01:23:53.640 going online without expressvpn

01:24:03.500 is like not paying attention

01:24:04.680 to the safety demonstration on a flight

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01:26:45.780 well my friend

01:26:49.120 you were not

01:26:49.880 messing around tonight

01:26:50.920 not that you ever do

01:26:52.300 but you really

01:26:53.100 I mean I could feel it

01:26:54.020 before the show back there

01:26:55.360 you were ready

01:26:56.000 to bring it tonight

01:26:57.140 good night everybody

01:27:01.600 that's it

01:27:03.060 all right here we go

01:27:05.160 there's a ton of questions

01:27:06.200 and there's a lot

01:27:06.840 about this first one

01:27:07.720 you guys left Patreon

01:27:09.980 when and what

01:27:11.720 can we expect

01:27:12.740 from the new platform

01:27:14.100 well

01:27:15.960 what

01:27:20.600 is the first question

01:27:22.240 we're going to try

01:27:28.980 to run it

01:27:29.460 by rule of law

01:27:30.600 I guess

01:27:32.900 which means that

01:27:33.740 if you don't break a law

01:27:35.040 you don't get kicked off

01:27:36.480 right

01:27:38.460 what we hope

01:27:47.260 to offer as well

01:27:48.320 is

01:27:48.560 a more comprehensive

01:27:51.580 and civilized way

01:27:52.800 of interacting online

01:27:54.820 and

01:27:56.100 perhaps a more mature way

01:27:58.580 we're trying to work out

01:28:00.260 how to

01:28:01.020 reward

01:28:05.520 productive and civilized

01:28:08.600 discussion

01:28:09.260 I mean

01:28:10.780 whenever you produce

01:28:11.800 a new

01:28:12.200 you know

01:28:14.240 these

01:28:14.520 internet

01:28:16.220 systems

01:28:18.380 are new

01:28:18.940 societies

01:28:19.620 right

01:28:20.100 and

01:28:20.460 they're kind of

01:28:21.260 anarchic

01:28:21.880 and

01:28:22.220 frontier like

01:28:24.420 to begin with

01:28:25.260 and

01:28:26.200 the problem

01:28:27.040 with that

01:28:27.600 there's great

01:28:28.520 freedom that goes

01:28:29.260 along with that

01:28:29.860 but the problem

01:28:30.460 is that

01:28:30.980 they can be

01:28:33.400 inhabited by

01:28:34.460 people who

01:28:35.940 misuse them

01:28:36.740 and

01:28:37.600 they're a game

01:28:38.880 in some sense

01:28:39.540 that starts to

01:28:40.200 become unplayable

01:28:41.200 because people

01:28:42.000 break the

01:28:42.640 explicit and

01:28:43.480 implicit rules

01:28:44.260 and cheat

01:28:44.840 and so

01:28:46.280 we're trying to

01:28:46.860 figure out

01:28:47.320 how we can

01:28:48.000 create a system

01:28:49.320 that will

01:28:50.540 allow for

01:28:52.120 maximal freedom

01:28:53.160 while maintaining

01:28:54.920 the minimal

01:28:55.580 requirements for

01:28:56.580 civilized discourse

01:28:57.640 and it isn't

01:28:59.040 obvious that

01:28:59.940 we'll be able

01:29:00.380 to manage that

01:29:01.240 but at least

01:29:02.040 one of the rules

01:29:02.900 is going to be

01:29:03.740 we're not going

01:29:06.380 to arbitrarily

01:29:07.460 dispense with

01:29:08.640 your right

01:29:09.140 to communicate

01:29:09.840 because your

01:29:10.840 views don't

01:29:11.540 align with

01:29:12.100 ours politically

01:29:12.920 so

01:29:14.500 got anything

01:29:21.100 to add to

01:29:21.680 that

01:29:22.000 we got our

01:29:23.760 work cut out

01:29:24.280 for us

01:29:24.660 that's it

01:29:25.160 right

01:29:25.360 I mean we're

01:29:26.160 actually we're

01:29:27.040 trying to make

01:29:27.760 internet too

01:29:29.140 and a mature

01:29:30.360 level of it

01:29:31.100 and it ain't

01:29:31.780 going to be

01:29:32.040 easy

01:29:32.360 so you know

01:29:35.600 Dave and I

01:29:36.460 put up

01:29:37.220 it's tough

01:29:38.800 because it

01:29:39.320 isn't

01:29:39.880 the underlying

01:29:41.160 technology

01:29:41.900 shifts so damn

01:29:42.740 fast that

01:29:43.460 the problem

01:29:44.540 that you're

01:29:44.900 trying to solve

01:29:45.560 might vanish

01:29:46.240 as a problem

01:29:47.000 by the time

01:29:47.620 you move

01:29:47.980 towards a

01:29:48.500 solution

01:29:48.900 and you know

01:29:49.880 Dave and I

01:29:50.540 when we went

01:29:51.080 off Patreon

01:29:51.680 we set up

01:29:52.480 just simpler

01:29:54.320 funding

01:29:55.820 services

01:29:57.240 and they

01:29:58.340 actually work

01:29:59.120 quite well

01:29:59.900 and so one

01:30:00.960 of the

01:30:01.500 conundrums

01:30:02.440 that we're

01:30:02.740 facing now

01:30:03.460 is like

01:30:03.880 it isn't

01:30:04.480 it isn't

01:30:05.360 obvious that

01:30:06.120 you can

01:30:06.500 group a

01:30:07.320 large number

01:30:08.000 of creators

01:30:08.720 together

01:30:09.320 in a group

01:30:11.020 without running

01:30:12.380 into the

01:30:12.960 sorts of

01:30:13.360 problems

01:30:13.820 that Patreon

01:30:15.100 either ran

01:30:16.240 into or

01:30:16.780 produced

01:30:17.400 you know

01:30:18.420 and maybe

01:30:18.780 the solution

01:30:19.360 is that

01:30:20.020 we don't

01:30:20.940 need Patreon

01:30:21.660 anymore

01:30:22.080 because there's

01:30:22.760 other ways

01:30:23.320 that creators

01:30:24.300 can arrange

01:30:26.060 for public

01:30:26.800 funding

01:30:27.260 that makes

01:30:28.180 each of

01:30:28.640 them

01:30:28.820 independent

01:30:29.420 and much

01:30:30.220 more difficult

01:30:30.840 to take

01:30:31.440 out as

01:30:31.980 independent

01:30:32.540 entities

01:30:33.120 but yeah

01:30:35.360 well I

01:30:36.660 use Bitcoin

01:30:37.380 on my own

01:30:38.740 service

01:30:39.340 just more

01:30:40.780 out of

01:30:41.100 curiosity

01:30:41.660 than anything

01:30:42.300 else

01:30:42.700 but we're

01:30:45.100 trying to

01:30:45.660 make a

01:30:46.000 collective

01:30:46.400 platform

01:30:46.940 and we've

01:30:48.240 got a long

01:30:48.780 ways on it

01:30:49.460 we have a

01:30:49.900 good team

01:30:50.380 working on

01:30:50.960 it and we

01:30:51.480 have the

01:30:51.920 same vision

01:30:52.580 but you

01:30:53.540 know

01:30:53.740 software

01:30:54.980 projects

01:30:56.800 are mostly

01:30:57.460 doomed to

01:30:58.060 failure

01:30:58.400 and this

01:30:59.080 is a

01:30:59.400 very big

01:30:59.980 problem

01:31:00.360 to solve

01:31:01.020 but we're

01:31:02.620 going to

01:31:02.820 give it a

01:31:03.240 crack

01:31:03.640 anyway

01:31:03.980 so

01:31:04.440 well we've

01:31:11.220 never gotten

01:31:11.620 this one

01:31:12.040 before

01:31:12.500 have you

01:31:13.480 ever played

01:31:14.180 Dungeons and

01:31:14.920 Dragons

01:31:15.320 no

01:31:19.260 I tried

01:31:22.560 to play it

01:31:23.060 once when I

01:31:23.600 was a kid

01:31:24.200 like you

01:31:24.720 know 40

01:31:25.400 years ago

01:31:26.100 but we

01:31:28.460 just had a

01:31:28.980 rule book

01:31:29.380 and we

01:31:29.640 didn't know

01:31:30.060 this was in

01:31:30.660 this little

01:31:31.000 town I grew

01:31:31.580 up in in

01:31:32.260 northern Alberta

01:31:32.780 and we

01:31:33.040 didn't know

01:31:33.340 anybody that

01:31:33.900 knew how to

01:31:34.300 play it

01:31:34.780 and we

01:31:36.180 couldn't figure

01:31:36.860 out how to

01:31:37.260 play it

01:31:37.660 just by

01:31:38.180 looking at

01:31:38.580 the rules

01:31:39.020 and so we

01:31:39.920 got bored

01:31:40.420 and I

01:31:41.040 don't know

01:31:41.240 went and

01:31:41.560 drank like

01:31:42.340 ice cold

01:31:42.800 vodka in

01:31:43.360 the alley

01:31:43.940 instead

01:31:44.580 you're

01:31:49.220 getting

01:31:49.440 Peterson

01:31:49.940 unplugged

01:31:50.660 tonight

01:31:51.000 I have

01:31:54.700 four teenage

01:31:55.300 boys with

01:31:56.020 me here

01:31:56.520 tonight

01:31:57.000 what is

01:31:57.660 the best

01:31:58.080 piece of

01:31:58.540 advice you

01:31:59.180 can give

01:31:59.580 them to

01:32:00.120 get through

01:32:00.540 the struggles

01:32:01.160 they are

01:32:01.620 going to

01:32:02.020 face I

01:32:02.480 guess that

01:32:02.820 was actually

01:32:03.360 sort of the

01:32:04.260 theme of

01:32:04.620 what you

01:32:04.820 did here

01:32:05.100 tonight

01:32:05.420 where are

01:32:07.720 these guys

01:32:08.220 right here

01:32:10.560 don't

01:32:16.880 underestimate

01:32:17.340 yourself

01:32:18.200 that's the

01:32:19.780 first thing

01:32:20.360 don't shy

01:32:21.760 away from

01:32:22.320 responsibility

01:32:23.200 that'd be

01:32:24.100 that's a

01:32:24.740 tough one

01:32:25.160 to figure

01:32:25.540 out you

01:32:25.960 know

01:32:26.080 because

01:32:26.480 it's easy

01:32:28.700 to consider

01:32:29.400 responsibility

01:32:30.600 a burden

01:32:31.240 that you

01:32:31.900 and that's

01:32:34.880 that kind

01:32:35.260 of premature

01:32:35.720 cynicism

01:32:36.440 that often

01:32:37.000 does teenagers

01:32:37.800 in and it's

01:32:38.620 really not

01:32:39.220 good

01:32:39.540 that

01:32:40.620 responsibility

01:32:41.520 civic

01:32:42.360 responsibility

01:32:43.240 familial

01:32:43.960 responsibility

01:32:44.820 responsibility

01:32:45.520 to yourself

01:32:46.540 responsibility

01:32:47.220 to the

01:32:47.780 people that

01:32:48.260 you date

01:32:48.840 it's easy

01:32:50.420 to get

01:32:50.720 cynical

01:32:51.040 about that

01:32:51.880 and that's

01:32:52.680 a big

01:32:52.920 mistake

01:32:53.360 because

01:32:53.820 in that

01:32:54.600 responsibility

01:32:55.260 is your

01:32:56.040 destiny

01:32:56.520 and so

01:32:57.260 if you

01:32:57.560 get cynical

01:32:58.060 about that

01:32:58.700 you corrupt

01:32:59.260 yourself

01:32:59.720 prematurely

01:33:00.540 and that's

01:33:01.340 a terrible

01:33:01.780 situation

01:33:02.400 for someone

01:33:02.940 young to

01:33:03.400 be in

01:33:03.720 I've seen

01:33:04.440 lots of

01:33:04.920 young people

01:33:05.440 who were

01:33:05.960 prematurely

01:33:07.800 cynical

01:33:08.200 about

01:33:08.700 participating

01:33:09.780 properly

01:33:10.520 in life

01:33:11.720 and they're

01:33:12.780 like

01:33:13.060 they're

01:33:14.040 old

01:33:14.740 and worn

01:33:15.500 out

01:33:15.780 way before

01:33:16.480 their time

01:33:17.220 so

01:33:18.820 so aim

01:33:22.180 at something

01:33:22.700 and aim

01:33:23.140 high

01:33:23.600 and don't

01:33:26.060 underestimate

01:33:26.660 your possibilities

01:33:28.440 you know

01:33:29.240 if you're

01:33:30.120 forthright

01:33:31.900 and you're

01:33:32.500 dedicated

01:33:32.880 and you're

01:33:33.780 honest

01:33:34.280 which is

01:33:34.960 a very

01:33:35.220 difficult

01:33:35.540 thing

01:33:35.900 to

01:33:36.080 manage

01:33:36.500 then

01:33:37.320 the

01:33:38.940 problems

01:33:39.500 in the

01:33:39.860 world

01:33:40.160 will

01:33:40.540 disappear

01:33:41.840 as you

01:33:42.740 confront

01:33:43.360 them

01:33:43.660 you can

01:33:44.600 do that

01:33:45.200 you know

01:33:46.460 people can

01:33:47.500 really be

01:33:47.940 something

01:33:48.300 and you

01:33:49.120 could be

01:33:49.400 one of

01:33:49.720 those

01:33:49.920 people

01:33:50.280 and you

01:33:51.500 don't have

01:33:51.880 anything

01:33:52.140 better to

01:33:52.680 do

01:33:52.900 so you

01:33:53.940 might as

01:33:54.300 well give

01:33:54.680 it a

01:33:54.960 shot

01:33:55.400 this is a

01:34:03.420 terrible

01:34:03.780 segue but

01:34:04.600 if I

01:34:05.800 throw a

01:34:06.260 blunt

01:34:06.540 on stage

01:34:07.340 will you

01:34:07.720 two

01:34:07.940 smoke

01:34:08.340 it

01:34:08.660 I didn't

01:34:19.240 know a

01:34:19.620 lot of

01:34:19.680 us was

01:34:20.020 here

01:34:20.340 it's a

01:34:20.740 highly

01:34:21.040 tempting

01:34:21.640 offer

01:34:22.180 what

01:34:28.660 advice

01:34:29.000 would

01:34:29.180 you

01:34:29.300 offer

01:34:29.580 the

01:34:29.800 citizens

01:34:30.200 of

01:34:30.580 Venezuela

01:34:31.100 we

01:34:37.320 probably

01:34:37.560 should

01:34:37.760 have

01:34:37.860 smoked

01:34:38.080 the

01:34:38.260 blunt

01:34:38.480 what

01:34:44.080 what

01:34:44.480 happened

01:34:44.860 today

01:34:45.300 I

01:34:45.660 didn't

01:34:45.920 I

01:34:46.100 didn't

01:34:46.340 look

01:34:46.540 at

01:34:46.660 the

01:34:46.800 news

01:34:47.020 today

01:34:47.360 what

01:34:47.640 happened

01:34:48.100 are

01:34:48.300 they

01:34:48.500 what

01:34:48.920 what's

01:34:49.300 going

01:34:49.520 on

01:34:49.720 in

01:34:49.860 Venezuela

01:34:50.240 are

01:34:50.560 they

01:34:50.720 is

01:34:51.100 it

01:34:51.260 degenerating

01:34:51.940 into

01:34:52.160 conflict

01:34:52.660 so

01:34:52.880 did

01:34:53.040 anything

01:34:53.300 new

01:34:53.560 actually

01:34:53.860 happen

01:34:54.080 today

01:34:54.300 I

01:34:54.420 was

01:34:54.560 traveling

01:34:54.880 most

01:34:55.140 of

01:34:55.280 the

01:34:55.360 day

01:34:55.560 but

01:34:55.780 yeah

01:35:00.120 I

01:35:00.320 know

01:35:00.460 there's

01:35:00.720 two

01:35:00.880 competing

01:35:01.300 presidents

01:35:01.800 no I

01:35:02.220 just

01:35:02.580 wondered

01:35:02.900 if that

01:35:03.360 had

01:35:03.560 degenerated

01:35:04.300 into

01:35:04.500 something

01:35:04.840 closer

01:35:05.280 to

01:35:05.520 civil

01:35:05.800 war

01:35:06.240 seven

01:35:08.420 dead

01:35:08.800 seven

01:35:09.620 dead

01:35:09.980 yeah

01:35:10.420 well

01:35:11.700 I hope

01:35:14.680 they hold

01:35:15.140 their ground

01:35:15.680 man

01:35:16.040 because

01:35:16.760 Venezuela

01:35:17.500 has been

01:35:17.880 a rough

01:35:18.180 place

01:35:18.560 for a

01:35:18.900 long

01:35:19.100 time

01:35:19.500 and

01:35:19.780 I

01:35:22.640 don't

01:35:22.760 know

01:35:23.020 when

01:35:23.720 it's

01:35:24.300 very

01:35:24.520 difficult

01:35:24.900 to

01:35:25.640 give

01:35:25.840 advice

01:35:26.320 when

01:35:26.820 you

01:35:26.960 see

01:35:27.140 people

01:35:27.520 trapped

01:35:28.040 in

01:35:28.220 a

01:35:28.340 situation

01:35:28.860 that's

01:35:29.240 gone

01:35:29.420 so

01:35:29.660 far

01:35:29.900 that

01:35:30.100 it's

01:35:30.280 almost

01:35:30.640 it

01:35:32.020 can't

01:35:32.680 it

01:35:32.900 can't

01:35:33.220 be

01:35:33.380 straightforwardly

01:35:34.180 fixed

01:35:34.560 the

01:35:35.560 right

01:35:35.780 advice

01:35:36.120 is

01:35:36.300 to

01:35:36.440 not

01:35:36.620 get

01:35:36.800 yourself

01:35:37.160 in

01:35:37.320 a

01:35:37.420 situation

01:35:37.880 like

01:35:38.200 that

01:35:38.500 right

01:35:38.800 and

01:35:39.060 I'm

01:35:39.440 not

01:35:39.600 trying

01:35:39.860 to

01:35:40.000 be

01:35:40.160 flippant

01:35:40.560 about

01:35:40.840 that

01:35:41.140 is

01:35:41.340 that

01:35:41.580 what

01:35:42.160 Leonard

01:35:42.540 Cone

01:35:42.940 what did

01:35:43.320 he say

01:35:43.800 the poet

01:35:44.660 there's

01:35:45.600 no decent

01:35:46.100 place to

01:35:46.640 stand

01:35:47.020 in a

01:35:47.320 massacre

01:35:47.780 like

01:35:49.080 sometimes

01:35:49.540 you're

01:35:49.820 somewhere

01:35:50.140 where

01:35:50.440 there

01:35:50.620 isn't

01:35:50.880 anything

01:35:51.180 but

01:35:51.400 bad

01:35:51.760 options

01:35:52.360 that's

01:35:53.380 not

01:35:53.560 a

01:35:53.700 good

01:35:53.860 thing

01:35:54.260 and

01:35:54.540 Venezuela

01:35:55.020 might

01:35:55.380 be

01:35:55.540 one

01:35:55.700 of

01:35:55.800 those

01:35:55.960 places

01:35:56.440 hopefully

01:35:58.460 the

01:36:00.020 current

01:36:00.320 president

01:36:00.780 will

01:36:01.220 let

01:36:03.260 go

01:36:03.600 and

01:36:03.980 disappear

01:36:04.480 but

01:36:04.780 that

01:36:05.000 seems

01:36:05.240 highly

01:36:05.540 unlikely

01:36:05.960 to

01:36:06.200 me

01:36:06.420 because

01:36:06.800 he's

01:36:07.080 not

01:36:07.280 the

01:36:07.460 sort

01:36:07.620 of

01:36:07.740 person

01:36:08.080 who's

01:36:08.420 likely

01:36:08.700 to

01:36:08.920 do

01:36:09.080 that

01:36:09.440 so

01:36:10.620 best

01:36:13.380 of

01:36:13.580 luck

01:36:13.780 to

01:36:13.960 them

01:36:14.140 that's

01:36:14.520 all

01:36:14.700 I

01:36:14.860 can

01:36:15.000 say

01:36:15.280 I

01:36:15.460 don't

01:36:15.620 have

01:36:15.840 any

01:36:16.000 real

01:36:16.260 advice

01:36:16.780 all

01:36:19.380 right

01:36:19.460 well

01:36:19.640 let's

01:36:20.020 go

01:36:20.640 with

01:36:20.780 another

01:36:21.020 sort

01:36:21.280 of

01:36:21.380 topical

01:36:21.740 one

01:36:22.000 what

01:36:22.300 are

01:36:22.400 your

01:36:22.520 thoughts

01:36:22.860 on

01:36:23.260 the

01:36:23.460 Coventry

01:36:23.940 Catholic

01:36:24.360 High

01:36:24.640 School

01:36:25.000 media

01:36:25.480 debacle

01:36:26.040 well

01:36:30.220 I

01:36:30.360 think

01:36:30.600 part

01:36:30.900 of

01:36:31.000 it

01:36:31.200 you

01:36:32.400 know

01:36:32.700 what

01:36:32.900 you

01:36:37.540 could

01:36:37.740 say

01:36:38.040 that

01:36:38.360 those

01:36:39.700 who

01:36:39.900 criticize

01:36:40.380 the

01:36:41.020 kids

01:36:41.460 jump

01:36:41.920 to

01:36:42.160 moral

01:36:42.400 conclusions

01:36:43.020 but

01:36:44.340 then

01:36:44.560 you

01:36:44.740 could

01:36:44.900 say

01:36:45.160 that

01:36:45.360 those

01:36:45.640 who

01:36:45.820 criticize

01:36:46.280 the

01:36:47.760 kids

01:36:48.020 jump

01:36:48.380 to

01:36:48.600 moral

01:36:48.880 conclusions

01:36:49.500 and

01:36:50.820 look

01:36:51.180 here's

01:36:51.660 something

01:36:51.960 you

01:36:52.160 learn

01:36:52.460 as

01:36:52.700 a

01:36:52.860 social

01:36:53.140 scientist

01:36:53.680 as

01:36:54.000 a

01:36:54.160 psychologist

01:36:54.640 if

01:36:55.020 you're

01:36:55.240 if

01:36:55.540 you're

01:36:55.740 a

01:36:55.840 good

01:36:56.020 psychologist

01:36:56.660 you

01:36:57.700 learn

01:36:58.080 that

01:36:58.400 a lot

01:36:59.140 of

01:36:59.300 things

01:36:59.840 that

01:37:00.140 look

01:37:00.380 psychological

01:37:01.040 aren't

01:37:01.760 they're

01:37:02.860 situational

01:37:03.680 and I

01:37:05.040 would

01:37:05.220 say

01:37:05.560 what

01:37:07.160 happened

01:37:07.760 in that

01:37:09.040 situation

01:37:09.640 and what

01:37:10.240 happens

01:37:10.620 a lot

01:37:11.100 online

01:37:11.660 is

01:37:11.920 actually

01:37:12.380 a

01:37:12.620 secondary

01:37:13.120 consequence

01:37:13.860 of

01:37:14.300 the

01:37:14.640 operation

01:37:15.160 of

01:37:15.420 technologies

01:37:16.060 that

01:37:16.400 we

01:37:16.540 don't

01:37:16.780 understand

01:37:17.420 right

01:37:18.980 I mean

01:37:19.380 why

01:37:20.400 is there

01:37:20.900 so much

01:37:21.380 online

01:37:21.940 mobbing

01:37:22.600 well

01:37:23.420 do you

01:37:23.700 think

01:37:24.180 human

01:37:24.460 nature

01:37:24.760 has

01:37:24.960 changed

01:37:25.320 fundamentally

01:37:25.900 in the

01:37:26.240 last

01:37:26.460 five

01:37:26.780 years

01:37:27.060 or

01:37:27.260 do

01:37:27.420 you

01:37:27.520 think

01:37:27.720 there's

01:37:27.960 something

01:37:28.240 about

01:37:28.560 the

01:37:28.760 online

01:37:29.120 technology

01:37:29.760 that

01:37:30.100 lends

01:37:30.440 itself

01:37:30.860 to

01:37:31.100 online

01:37:31.540 mobbing

01:37:32.000 because

01:37:32.260 we

01:37:32.480 haven't

01:37:32.740 figured

01:37:32.960 out

01:37:33.120 how

01:37:33.260 to

01:37:33.400 regulate

01:37:33.720 it

01:37:34.060 appropriately

01:37:35.420 that's

01:37:36.560 a much

01:37:36.860 wiser

01:37:37.380 suggestion

01:37:39.120 I mean

01:37:39.620 who knows

01:37:40.840 how the

01:37:41.140 hell

01:37:41.340 Twitter

01:37:41.720 works

01:37:42.240 I mean

01:37:42.520 all of a

01:37:42.900 sudden

01:37:43.120 you know

01:37:44.020 100

01:37:44.380 million

01:37:44.720 people can

01:37:45.300 communicate

01:37:45.780 with each

01:37:46.320 other

01:37:46.500 but only

01:37:46.960 with 140

01:37:47.940 or 280

01:37:48.780 characters

01:37:49.440 well

01:37:50.200 that's a

01:37:51.400 biological

01:37:51.920 revolution

01:37:52.660 we have

01:37:53.160 no idea

01:37:53.560 what that's

01:37:54.040 going to

01:37:54.280 cause

01:37:54.620 well we

01:37:55.140 know

01:37:55.340 if you

01:37:55.620 go look

01:37:55.960 at

01:37:56.100 Twitter

01:37:56.420 and it's

01:37:57.280 kind of

01:37:57.620 ugly

01:37:58.000 you know

01:37:59.080 because

01:37:59.520 Twitter

01:37:59.820 seems to

01:38:00.340 reward

01:38:00.700 impulsivity

01:38:01.480 and it

01:38:02.140 can move

01:38:02.540 impulsivity

01:38:03.180 around very

01:38:03.720 quickly

01:38:04.020 and people

01:38:04.840 are more

01:38:05.240 likely to

01:38:05.900 retweet

01:38:06.740 things

01:38:07.360 they're

01:38:07.680 outraged

01:38:08.300 by

01:38:08.600 and outrage

01:38:09.360 makes you

01:38:09.940 impulsive

01:38:10.500 you know

01:38:11.440 and I mean

01:38:11.900 I've used

01:38:12.860 Twitter

01:38:13.160 lots

01:38:13.640 and I can

01:38:14.420 see

01:38:14.820 in my

01:38:16.360 reflected

01:38:16.960 in my

01:38:17.320 own

01:38:17.520 behavior

01:38:17.960 the

01:38:18.680 propensity

01:38:19.840 for it

01:38:20.480 to

01:38:20.700 magnify

01:38:21.500 outrage

01:38:22.160 well

01:38:23.460 you know

01:38:24.520 people

01:38:25.420 it would

01:38:25.940 have been

01:38:26.220 better

01:38:26.500 had people

01:38:27.040 not

01:38:27.320 jumped

01:38:27.660 to

01:38:27.900 conclusions

01:38:29.020 and

01:38:29.620 reviewed

01:38:30.500 all the

01:38:30.980 evidence

01:38:31.360 at hand

01:38:31.960 but

01:38:32.260 but

01:38:33.640 these

01:38:34.420 new

01:38:34.720 media

01:38:35.100 forms

01:38:35.800 mitigate

01:38:38.660 against

01:38:39.180 that

01:38:39.440 in many

01:38:39.880 circumstances

01:38:40.740 right

01:38:41.160 and

01:38:41.400 outrage

01:38:42.140 can

01:38:42.360 spread

01:38:43.000 in a

01:38:43.760 flash

01:38:44.400 and so

01:38:46.560 and people

01:38:48.280 get caught

01:38:48.740 up in

01:38:49.060 that

01:38:49.240 you can

01:38:49.520 say

01:38:49.700 well

01:38:50.000 you know

01:38:50.340 that's

01:38:50.660 also

01:38:50.900 motivated

01:38:51.360 by the

01:38:51.780 desire

01:38:52.160 to

01:38:52.400 morally

01:38:52.760 posture

01:38:53.300 and to

01:38:53.740 be

01:38:54.020 to adopt

01:38:57.580 the

01:38:58.120 position

01:38:58.780 of

01:38:59.020 superordinate

01:38:59.760 virtue

01:39:00.320 and all

01:39:00.800 of that

01:39:01.100 and that's

01:39:01.760 a contributor

01:39:02.280 but

01:39:02.620 I do

01:39:03.460 think

01:39:03.740 so much

01:39:04.220 of this

01:39:04.580 including

01:39:05.020 the

01:39:05.260 polarization

01:39:05.720 that

01:39:06.260 characterizes

01:39:06.980 our current

01:39:07.980 political

01:39:08.420 discourse

01:39:08.920 I really

01:39:09.480 think

01:39:09.800 a tremendous

01:39:10.500 amount

01:39:11.520 of that

01:39:11.940 is a

01:39:12.260 consequence

01:39:12.740 of

01:39:13.240 technological

01:39:14.940 change

01:39:15.580 that's so

01:39:16.320 rapid

01:39:16.840 that we

01:39:17.340 can't

01:39:17.820 keep up

01:39:18.480 you know

01:39:19.620 like

01:39:19.880 you see

01:39:21.300 that

01:39:21.580 traditional

01:39:22.980 media

01:39:23.400 degenerating

01:39:24.400 very rapidly

01:39:25.240 and I'm

01:39:26.260 talking about

01:39:26.940 the

01:39:27.560 degeneration

01:39:28.100 as viable

01:39:29.260 financial

01:39:30.460 enterprises

01:39:31.240 right

01:39:32.320 TV stations

01:39:33.420 are threatened

01:39:34.200 they're dead

01:39:35.040 because of

01:39:35.680 YouTube

01:39:36.140 radio's

01:39:37.140 dead

01:39:37.580 because of

01:39:38.100 podcasts

01:39:38.760 print journalism

01:39:39.540 is dead

01:39:40.240 because of

01:39:40.800 blogs

01:39:41.380 and those

01:39:42.680 are massive

01:39:43.440 technological

01:39:44.100 changes

01:39:44.600 but these

01:39:45.120 old entities

01:39:46.240 the mainstream

01:39:46.840 media entities

01:39:47.860 still exist

01:39:48.660 they're still

01:39:49.160 running on

01:39:49.740 empty

01:39:50.120 they're still

01:39:50.640 running on

01:39:51.120 inertia

01:39:51.480 but as

01:39:52.400 they fall

01:39:52.920 apart

01:39:53.280 under the

01:39:53.820 stress of

01:39:54.360 competition

01:39:54.920 they can't

01:39:55.620 tolerate

01:39:56.000 they're more

01:39:56.880 and more

01:39:57.140 desperate

01:39:57.560 for clicks

01:39:58.400 and so

01:39:59.600 they're more

01:40:00.300 and more

01:40:00.520 desperate

01:40:00.880 and they

01:40:01.200 have fewer

01:40:01.720 and fewer

01:40:02.200 people

01:40:02.680 and they

01:40:03.000 have fewer

01:40:03.380 and fewer

01:40:03.680 fact checkers

01:40:04.440 so it's

01:40:04.780 easier to

01:40:05.400 just chase

01:40:06.000 after the

01:40:06.740 outrage

01:40:07.640 and so

01:40:09.320 they're in a

01:40:09.960 death spiral

01:40:10.680 and it

01:40:11.800 manifests itself

01:40:12.920 in competitive

01:40:13.600 outrage

01:40:14.100 and you know

01:40:15.180 you could say

01:40:15.760 well that's a

01:40:16.320 consequence of

01:40:17.020 the lack of

01:40:19.320 moral rectitude

01:40:20.140 on the part

01:40:20.660 of the

01:40:20.880 journalists

01:40:21.240 but I think

01:40:21.880 that in some

01:40:22.480 sense

01:40:22.780 they're caught

01:40:23.980 up in

01:40:24.360 something

01:40:24.680 bigger

01:40:25.140 and we

01:40:26.740 don't know

01:40:27.040 how to

01:40:27.300 regulate

01:40:27.640 it well

01:40:28.220 and so

01:40:29.520 I think

01:40:29.920 that happened

01:40:30.520 in this

01:40:31.160 situation

01:40:31.680 as well

01:40:32.280 you know

01:40:33.840 it's

01:40:34.220 it's like

01:40:35.600 the whole

01:40:36.260 bloody

01:40:36.680 country

01:40:37.200 is one

01:40:37.880 big

01:40:38.280 junior

01:40:38.780 high

01:40:39.180 school

01:40:39.500 class

01:40:40.280 if only

01:40:49.940 two guys

01:40:50.500 were working

01:40:50.920 on a tech

01:40:51.460 company

01:40:51.900 that might

01:40:52.340 be able

01:40:52.660 to solve

01:40:53.100 some of

01:40:53.500 this

01:40:53.800 yeah

01:40:54.320 well we'll

01:40:55.200 see about

01:40:55.720 that

01:40:56.140 these things

01:40:57.040 are very

01:40:57.400 hard to

01:40:57.920 solve

01:40:58.360 when did

01:41:00.580 you decide

01:41:01.040 to become

01:41:01.420 a middle-aged

01:41:02.080 male fashion

01:41:03.020 icon

01:41:03.700 they love

01:41:08.640 it

01:41:08.820 they love

01:41:09.400 it

01:41:10.440 you never

01:41:16.240 know what

01:41:16.700 you should

01:41:17.080 attend to

01:41:17.780 you know

01:41:18.200 like I

01:41:19.380 would say

01:41:19.860 that I've

01:41:20.880 always worn

01:41:22.140 a suit

01:41:22.680 to lecture

01:41:23.660 with

01:41:24.040 and I

01:41:25.000 experimented

01:41:25.940 with buying

01:41:26.500 relatively

01:41:27.520 high quality

01:41:28.700 suits

01:41:29.140 I didn't

01:41:30.000 know what

01:41:30.300 I was doing

01:41:30.840 really so

01:41:31.360 it took

01:41:31.640 quite a long

01:41:32.120 time to

01:41:32.520 learn

01:41:32.780 I wouldn't

01:41:35.080 say that

01:41:35.580 fashion has

01:41:36.860 been a

01:41:37.240 preoccupation

01:41:38.120 of mine

01:41:38.600 and I

01:41:39.320 probably had

01:41:40.060 the proclivity

01:41:40.820 to consider

01:41:41.600 it something

01:41:42.500 of somewhat

01:41:43.520 lesser

01:41:43.940 importance

01:41:44.660 and I'm

01:41:46.620 not saying

01:41:47.560 that that

01:41:47.900 was justifiable

01:41:48.820 but then

01:41:50.120 when I

01:41:50.520 thought about

01:41:52.140 this tour

01:41:53.300 you know

01:41:54.300 when I

01:41:54.600 became aware

01:41:55.400 that this

01:41:55.960 tour was a

01:41:56.600 possibility

01:41:57.160 I thought

01:41:58.520 well

01:41:58.900 and it was

01:42:00.700 also the

01:42:01.140 case for

01:42:01.680 working on

01:42:02.540 12 rules

01:42:03.220 for life

01:42:03.680 and marketing

01:42:04.240 it

01:42:04.500 I mean

01:42:04.780 my

01:42:05.580 basic

01:42:06.540 attitude

01:42:07.000 and it

01:42:08.000 was the

01:42:08.280 attitude

01:42:08.520 that I

01:42:08.880 shared

01:42:09.160 with my

01:42:09.580 publishers

01:42:09.960 was

01:42:10.440 you know

01:42:11.700 leave no

01:42:12.340 stone

01:42:12.800 unturned

01:42:13.680 I was

01:42:14.580 going to

01:42:14.960 try to

01:42:15.300 make this

01:42:15.740 as

01:42:16.040 I was

01:42:19.240 going to

01:42:19.540 do

01:42:19.680 everything

01:42:20.000 I could

01:42:20.520 to make

01:42:20.960 this work

01:42:21.420 as well

01:42:21.820 as possible

01:42:22.480 and so

01:42:23.920 I thought

01:42:24.320 well I'm

01:42:24.680 going to

01:42:24.860 go talk

01:42:25.240 to you

01:42:25.780 know

01:42:25.980 50,000

01:42:26.860 people

01:42:27.280 or 100,000

01:42:28.080 people

01:42:28.480 I might as

01:42:29.660 well buy

01:42:29.960 a good

01:42:30.300 suit

01:42:30.780 well you

01:42:32.240 know what

01:42:32.500 I mean

01:42:32.880 it didn't

01:42:33.300 seem

01:42:33.600 I was

01:42:34.220 kind of

01:42:34.520 guilty

01:42:34.800 about it

01:42:35.200 because

01:42:35.360 some

01:42:35.540 of the

01:42:35.760 suits

01:42:35.960 I

01:42:36.140 bought

01:42:36.340 were

01:42:36.540 way

01:42:36.760 more

01:42:36.980 expensive

01:42:37.460 than

01:42:37.740 I

01:42:37.880 thought

01:42:38.120 anyone

01:42:38.580 sensible

01:42:39.160 from

01:42:39.500 northern

01:42:39.820 Alberta

01:42:40.160 should

01:42:40.440 ever

01:42:40.660 spend

01:42:41.020 on a

01:42:41.400 suit

01:42:41.640 so I

01:42:43.880 felt bad

01:42:44.440 about it

01:42:44.860 and I

01:42:45.220 thought it

01:42:45.520 was sort

01:42:45.900 of a

01:42:46.200 you know

01:42:46.600 an unwarranted

01:42:47.280 luxury

01:42:47.820 but by the

01:42:48.560 same token

01:42:49.380 I thought

01:42:49.820 well you

01:42:50.520 know I

01:42:50.740 really am

01:42:51.360 as I've

01:42:52.060 indicated

01:42:52.500 when I

01:42:52.920 first came

01:42:53.400 out on

01:42:53.720 stage

01:42:54.120 like I'm

01:42:54.900 very

01:42:55.440 I think

01:42:58.360 it's a

01:42:58.660 great

01:42:58.900 privilege to

01:42:59.740 speak to

01:43:00.220 all of

01:43:00.600 you

01:43:00.820 you know

01:43:01.700 I think

01:43:02.040 this has

01:43:02.380 been an

01:43:02.740 unbelievable

01:43:03.300 gift

01:43:04.240 for me

01:43:05.040 to have

01:43:05.680 this

01:43:05.920 opportunity

01:43:06.460 and I

01:43:07.720 wanted to

01:43:08.200 do everything

01:43:08.640 I possibly

01:43:09.340 could to

01:43:09.980 indicate that

01:43:10.880 you know

01:43:12.040 I was

01:43:12.360 taking it

01:43:12.860 with due

01:43:13.480 seriousness

01:43:14.520 and attending

01:43:15.220 to all the

01:43:15.840 details

01:43:16.300 because

01:43:16.720 it's important

01:43:17.860 if you're

01:43:18.500 doing something

01:43:19.180 that might be

01:43:20.840 of significance

01:43:21.620 to attend

01:43:22.400 to all the

01:43:22.900 details

01:43:23.340 and so

01:43:23.920 and you know

01:43:25.600 maybe it

01:43:26.020 makes me

01:43:26.440 2% more

01:43:27.380 effective

01:43:27.860 or something

01:43:28.400 like that

01:43:28.920 to come

01:43:29.260 out

01:43:29.480 and be

01:43:30.680 clothed

01:43:32.200 properly

01:43:32.740 and that's

01:43:35.080 worth it

01:43:35.540 that extra

01:43:36.180 edge

01:43:36.840 and if

01:43:37.880 there's 50

01:43:38.460 decisions like

01:43:39.260 that then

01:43:39.700 that makes

01:43:40.080 you 100%

01:43:40.860 more effective

01:43:41.640 and you know

01:43:42.640 50 decisions

01:43:43.520 isn't that

01:43:44.000 many

01:43:44.380 and so

01:43:45.740 that's the

01:43:49.040 story of

01:43:49.580 fashion icon

01:43:51.060 you know

01:43:54.520 one of the

01:43:54.980 things that's

01:43:55.560 happened is

01:43:56.200 that lots

01:43:57.060 of people

01:43:57.440 who come

01:43:57.880 to these

01:43:58.280 lectures

01:43:58.660 dress up

01:43:59.500 lots of

01:44:00.560 the young

01:44:00.880 guys that

01:44:01.440 come up

01:44:01.840 when I

01:44:02.140 meet people

01:44:02.680 afterwards

01:44:03.180 you know

01:44:03.660 and lots

01:44:04.140 of them

01:44:04.380 are wearing

01:44:04.880 two piece

01:44:06.020 or three piece

01:44:06.640 suits

01:44:06.920 and they

01:44:07.200 look pretty

01:44:07.640 damn sharp

01:44:08.340 you know

01:44:08.620 it's kind

01:44:08.980 of nice

01:44:09.280 to see

01:44:09.620 young people

01:44:10.240 dress like

01:44:11.280 adults

01:44:11.800 and so

01:44:12.980 I didn't

01:44:13.640 expect that

01:44:14.440 but it's

01:44:15.900 good and

01:44:16.340 they're happy

01:44:16.880 and I say

01:44:17.420 look you're

01:44:17.840 looking good

01:44:18.340 and they

01:44:18.620 smile and

01:44:19.140 they think

01:44:19.400 yeah well

01:44:19.820 I put some

01:44:20.300 effort into

01:44:20.900 it you know

01:44:21.340 and it's

01:44:21.720 nice to

01:44:22.680 have at least

01:44:24.980 one more

01:44:25.480 avenue to

01:44:26.140 encourage

01:44:26.580 people

01:44:27.020 young people

01:44:27.820 to grow

01:44:29.360 the hell up

01:44:30.100 you know

01:44:30.400 because it's

01:44:31.120 better than

01:44:31.660 being an

01:44:32.080 old child

01:44:32.960 so

01:44:34.140 this is

01:44:41.340 interesting

01:44:41.660 can someone

01:44:42.640 find true

01:44:43.480 joy in a

01:44:44.300 career that

01:44:45.020 only provides

01:44:45.820 income

01:44:46.580 and no sense

01:44:47.820 of purpose

01:44:48.480 well I would

01:44:52.580 say there's an

01:44:53.200 internal

01:44:53.620 contradiction in

01:44:54.680 that question

01:44:55.580 you know

01:44:57.160 because

01:44:57.580 the second

01:45:00.060 part of the

01:45:00.540 question sort

01:45:01.160 of negates

01:45:01.840 the first

01:45:02.400 can you

01:45:02.760 find true

01:45:03.440 joy if

01:45:04.220 what's the

01:45:05.080 end of it

01:45:05.440 exactly

01:45:05.880 if the job

01:45:07.820 only provides

01:45:08.420 income and

01:45:09.180 no sense

01:45:09.740 of purpose

01:45:10.460 yes I would

01:45:11.580 say no

01:45:12.460 is the answer

01:45:13.220 to that

01:45:13.500 question but

01:45:14.080 then I would

01:45:14.540 also I'm

01:45:15.700 going to answer

01:45:16.260 it in a

01:45:16.680 different way

01:45:17.160 because I

01:45:17.600 think the

01:45:18.780 question there's

01:45:19.640 something else

01:45:20.260 lurking in the

01:45:20.980 question

01:45:21.440 first of all

01:45:25.680 only income

01:45:26.800 well that's

01:45:27.880 not so only

01:45:28.680 if your family

01:45:29.480 depends on it

01:45:30.360 you know

01:45:31.460 and so

01:45:32.260 sometimes

01:45:32.840 something takes

01:45:34.160 on a meaning

01:45:34.760 because of

01:45:35.300 for a

01:45:35.880 secondary

01:45:36.240 reason

01:45:36.920 you know

01:45:37.680 maybe you're

01:45:38.460 working at a

01:45:39.540 job that

01:45:40.100 isn't as

01:45:41.160 fulfilling for

01:45:42.700 you existentially

01:45:43.920 as it might

01:45:44.540 be but at

01:45:46.080 the moment

01:45:46.500 that's what

01:45:47.440 you have to

01:45:48.320 contend with

01:45:48.920 because there

01:45:49.740 are people

01:45:50.180 depending on

01:45:51.340 you and the

01:45:52.420 fact that they're

01:45:53.120 depending on

01:45:53.740 you and that

01:45:54.120 you're fulfilling

01:45:54.700 that obligation

01:45:55.580 can lend what

01:45:56.860 you're doing

01:45:57.300 meaning and

01:45:57.860 that's a

01:45:58.920 perfectly

01:45:59.240 that's

01:45:59.920 perfectly

01:46:00.260 reasonable

01:46:00.800 that it's

01:46:01.960 lent meaning

01:46:02.500 in that

01:46:02.900 manner

01:46:03.260 so

01:46:04.500 context

01:46:10.380 matters

01:46:11.120 you know

01:46:11.620 and as

01:46:13.200 we discussed

01:46:13.800 in detail

01:46:14.700 tonight

01:46:15.180 and it would

01:46:16.920 be better

01:46:17.380 if you could

01:46:17.880 find something

01:46:18.500 that had a

01:46:19.820 certain amount

01:46:20.320 of intrinsic

01:46:20.860 meaning as

01:46:21.660 well as

01:46:22.280 paying the

01:46:22.800 bills

01:46:23.100 but then I

01:46:24.240 would also

01:46:24.680 say the

01:46:26.940 question's

01:46:27.540 artificial in

01:46:28.280 some sense

01:46:28.840 because there's

01:46:31.080 almost it's

01:46:32.960 very difficult

01:46:33.900 to find a

01:46:34.640 job that's

01:46:35.420 so shallow

01:46:36.380 that you

01:46:37.200 can't derive

01:46:38.140 something profound

01:46:39.380 from it

01:46:40.100 you know and

01:46:41.380 I had lots of

01:46:42.540 working class

01:46:43.180 jobs when I

01:46:44.040 was younger

01:46:44.540 I really liked

01:46:46.280 working in

01:46:46.820 restaurants and

01:46:47.660 I was a

01:46:48.420 dishwasher for a

01:46:49.260 long time and

01:46:49.840 then I was a

01:46:50.360 short order cook

01:46:51.200 and you

01:46:52.840 know those

01:46:53.220 are entry

01:46:54.340 level working

01:46:55.180 class jobs

01:46:55.960 well perhaps

01:46:56.920 not the

01:46:57.340 cook part

01:46:58.200 but the

01:46:58.660 dishwasher part

01:46:59.420 certainly

01:46:59.820 but you

01:47:01.320 know there

01:47:01.900 was some

01:47:02.260 real satisfaction

01:47:03.320 this is something

01:47:04.460 I learned when

01:47:05.080 I was about

01:47:05.540 13 there was

01:47:06.360 some real

01:47:06.700 satisfaction in

01:47:07.740 doing that

01:47:08.200 job properly

01:47:09.100 you know and

01:47:10.200 the consequence

01:47:10.820 of doing it

01:47:11.580 properly I

01:47:12.440 worked with a

01:47:12.980 real hard-ass

01:47:13.900 old German

01:47:14.540 chef and

01:47:15.140 his wife

01:47:15.660 he was a

01:47:16.500 real son of

01:47:17.040 a bitch when

01:47:17.580 I first started

01:47:18.300 working well

01:47:19.740 you know they'd

01:47:20.340 get dishwashers

01:47:21.140 in and they

01:47:21.840 all quit after

01:47:22.980 a couple of

01:47:23.520 days and so

01:47:24.340 you come in

01:47:25.520 as a new

01:47:26.340 employee under

01:47:27.540 those circumstances

01:47:28.240 and you're kind

01:47:29.360 of treated with

01:47:29.960 a bit of

01:47:30.460 content like

01:47:31.800 you're disposable

01:47:32.620 but I and

01:47:34.220 I didn't quit

01:47:35.860 and God I was

01:47:37.340 there till like

01:47:37.840 two in the

01:47:38.280 morning trying to

01:47:38.960 catch up on all

01:47:39.600 the damn dishes

01:47:40.260 because I didn't

01:47:40.900 know what the

01:47:41.260 hell I was

01:47:41.700 doing and I

01:47:43.600 struggled through

01:47:45.060 that for about a

01:47:46.180 week I remember

01:47:46.900 going home and

01:47:47.900 talking to my

01:47:48.380 father I was

01:47:49.020 about 13 or

01:47:49.820 14 I said

01:47:50.420 look I don't

01:47:50.860 know if I can

01:47:51.240 do this damn

01:47:51.880 job I'm

01:47:52.420 working as

01:47:52.800 hard as I

01:47:53.220 can I'm

01:47:53.540 like there

01:47:53.840 five hours

01:47:54.680 after I'm

01:47:55.220 supposed to

01:47:55.700 be and I'm

01:47:56.380 still catching

01:47:56.980 up I said

01:47:57.500 I'm working as

01:47:57.980 hard as I

01:47:58.420 could well

01:47:59.840 after about a

01:48:00.460 week the chef

01:48:01.700 took pity on

01:48:02.560 me because he

01:48:03.140 thought I wasn't

01:48:03.720 gonna run off

01:48:04.800 and he just

01:48:05.560 showed me how

01:48:06.060 to do it how

01:48:06.620 to organize all

01:48:07.340 the dishes and

01:48:08.100 then like I

01:48:08.720 was three hours

01:48:10.380 ahead after that

01:48:11.520 and then I got

01:48:12.360 to know the

01:48:12.820 cooks and I

01:48:13.420 got to know

01:48:13.940 the you know

01:48:15.240 the chef and I

01:48:16.060 got to know the

01:48:16.640 owners and they

01:48:17.320 all treated me like

01:48:18.140 I was an adult

01:48:18.840 and I got to

01:48:20.020 have what were

01:48:21.960 very high quality

01:48:23.080 relationships when I

01:48:25.160 was a teenager that

01:48:26.100 really helped me out

01:48:26.820 a lot like looking

01:48:27.700 back on my teenage

01:48:28.780 life the best thing I

01:48:30.060 did was work and so

01:48:32.460 even in a job that's

01:48:34.320 trivial there are

01:48:35.720 things you can do if

01:48:36.860 you pay attention that

01:48:38.840 elevate it beyond the

01:48:40.400 trivial because you're

01:48:41.540 almost always working

01:48:42.400 with other people and

01:48:43.340 there's things that you

01:48:44.080 can do to make that

01:48:44.860 better or worse and

01:48:45.700 then all of a sudden

01:48:46.280 it's not trivial you

01:48:48.100 know and dishes have

01:48:48.860 to be washed and

01:48:49.820 meals have to be

01:48:50.800 made and then you

01:48:53.200 know if you work as

01:48:53.940 a line cook a short

01:48:56.180 order cook there's a

01:48:57.240 big difference between

01:48:58.080 doing that right and

01:48:59.040 doing it wrong you can

01:49:00.240 make one dismal and

01:49:01.320 wretched meal I had

01:49:02.580 one tonight as a

01:49:03.400 matter of fact at the

01:49:04.300 hotel I'm staying at

01:49:05.460 you know they took

01:49:07.280 this steak and just

01:49:08.400 tortured the bloody

01:49:09.280 thing to death it was

01:49:10.820 it was barely edible and

01:49:12.540 very annoying you know

01:49:13.760 because it could have

01:49:14.440 been decent and you

01:49:15.880 know you can you can

01:49:17.120 contribute your your

01:49:18.460 little hell to the

01:49:19.400 world if you're bitter

01:49:20.380 and resentful as a

01:49:21.440 cook or you can do

01:49:23.280 so I wouldn't you

01:49:30.620 know there's this idea

01:49:32.680 that Alexander Solzhenitsyn

01:49:34.880 talked about it's an

01:49:36.660 old especially an

01:49:38.020 orthodox Christian idea

01:49:39.260 but it's a deep idea

01:49:40.740 and the idea is that you

01:49:42.340 know each of us is the

01:49:43.220 center of the world

01:49:44.300 which I and I believe

01:49:46.100 that to be the case

01:49:47.060 and that wherever you

01:49:49.460 are is at the center

01:49:50.560 and there are things

01:49:51.540 that you can do in

01:49:52.600 that position that are

01:49:53.980 better than you think

01:49:55.520 they could be you're

01:49:57.380 not as powerless in a

01:49:58.620 powerless position as you

01:49:59.820 think you are I mean I

01:50:01.740 know there's there's

01:50:02.640 gradations of power I'm

01:50:04.440 not I'm not trying to be

01:50:05.460 naively optimistic about

01:50:06.720 this but I've seen this

01:50:08.500 time and time again you

01:50:09.660 know that people in

01:50:12.160 menial jobs let's say

01:50:14.340 menial pointless jobs

01:50:15.540 start to do them well

01:50:16.920 and then all of a sudden

01:50:18.160 they're neither menial nor

01:50:19.200 pointless and they're

01:50:20.100 springboards for further

01:50:21.400 movement lots of young

01:50:22.580 people have come up to me

01:50:23.660 often in restaurants it's

01:50:25.280 quite funny because well I

01:50:26.780 go to restaurants and

01:50:27.820 sometimes they recognize

01:50:29.000 me and they say you know

01:50:30.520 I've been I've been putting

01:50:31.820 some of your ideas to in

01:50:34.500 operation at this job and

01:50:36.120 I've had three promotions in

01:50:37.380 the last six months it's

01:50:38.600 like yeah no kidding man

01:50:39.960 you got a trajectory

01:50:40.880 established and so that's

01:50:42.720 not trivial so I think

01:50:44.920 it's a rare job that's so

01:50:46.400 constraining that you

01:50:47.360 can't find something

01:50:48.460 profound and meaningful in

01:50:50.860 it and if it is that job

01:50:52.760 then then you should leave

01:50:54.140 if you know if if you are

01:50:55.320 in a situation where that

01:50:56.320 can't happen then you

01:50:57.280 should leave

01:50:57.780 all right we got time for

01:51:07.280 one more so I want to get

01:51:08.080 the right one here

01:51:09.120 can one of you please ask

01:51:14.060 Shapiro to speak slower

01:51:15.900 that would just ruin it

01:51:22.560 you know I I've had the I've

01:51:26.260 had the great fortune I

01:51:27.540 think of meeting two of the

01:51:29.200 world's fastest talkers

01:51:31.340 right Shapiro being one and

01:51:33.520 Camille Paglia being the

01:51:34.880 other and it's one of my

01:51:36.540 dreams to get them in the

01:51:37.760 same room so I've proposed

01:51:40.780 that you know because it'd be

01:51:42.840 lovely to see because I don't

01:51:44.140 know who would win so because

01:51:47.600 she's a force of nature that

01:51:49.080 woman man it's unbelievable

01:51:50.740 sure she's so fast verbally

01:51:52.860 and Shapiro he's in the same

01:51:54.540 sort of league so yeah no you

01:51:57.000 wouldn't want him to talk

01:51:57.980 slower that would just ruin the

01:51:59.860 fun on that note guys I'm

01:52:03.480 going to get out of the way

01:52:04.460 make some noise for Jordan

01:52:05.920 Peterson everybody thank you

01:52:07.640 guys very much thank you very

01:52:10.500 much it was a great pleasure

01:52:13.260 being here I appreciate you all

01:52:16.020 coming out if you found this

01:52:18.160 conversation meaningful you

01:52:19.620 might think about picking up

01:52:20.680 dad's books maps of meaning the

01:52:22.300 architecture of belief or his

01:52:23.960 newer bestseller 12 rules for

01:52:25.420 life and antidote to chaos both

01:52:27.440 of these works delve much

01:52:28.560 deeper into the topics covered

01:52:29.900 in the Jordan B Peterson

01:52:30.860 podcast see Jordan B

01:52:32.580 Peterson dot com for audio

01:52:34.360 ebook and text links or pick up

01:52:36.800 the books at your favorite

01:52:37.520 bookseller and check out

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01:53:46.120 .

01:53:47.160 .

01:53:49.120 .

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01:54:04.220 .

The Jordan B. Peterson Podcast - December 15, 2019

The Necessity of Aim

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