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00:00:38.940Here at the King's Hall, we talk a lot about family, about making the kind of men and the kind of women who will make the kind of households that would make the kind of nations that we would all want to call our own.
00:00:49.900And the line between those two points really is that straight between the course of nations and history and the household.
00:00:56.600the family. When you think of the family, when you think even of your own family,
00:01:01.480what is it exactly that you're thinking of? Is it just a man and a woman and their children?
00:01:06.620Just you and your wife and your kids? Now, it's certainly not less than that, but is it more?
00:01:11.960When you set your mind to thinking about your name, your house, your generations,
00:01:17.120do you ever lift your sight higher than just the daily work it seems to keep things going?
00:01:24.040You should because William Gouge was right when he said that the family is a little church and a little nation.
00:01:29.360Where do we think these things come from anyway?
00:01:31.480What are churches but households of Christians coming together into households of faith?
00:01:36.160And what are nations but families and clans and tribes multiplying into towns and cities and countries?
00:01:42.160The household, your household, is more than a career and a 401k and a house and some chores.
00:01:48.800If you treat it with the weight it deserves, you'd be astonished at what the Lord might do with it, with your family name, over a generation or ten.
00:01:58.680The House of Orange Nassau is the current reigning royal house in the Kingdom of the Netherlands,
00:02:03.880with King Willem Alexander serving as the head of state since his inauguration on April 30, 2013.
00:02:10.600The history of the House of Orange dates back some 400 years to its founder, William, who is considered the father of the nation.
00:02:18.800The dynasty, which originated from the medieval principality of Orange in southern France,
00:02:23.360is closely tied to Dutch national identity.
00:02:27.080The House of Orange, led by William the Silent, also known as William of Orange,
00:04:08.800making the Dutch Reformed Church the public religion of the emerging republic.
00:04:12.800The revolt fused nationalism, opposition to foreign oppression of Spain, and Protestant resistance, leading to the Union of Utrecht in 1579, the Act of Abjuration in 1581, which was a Declaration of Independence, and a Calvinist-led republic that brought us the International Reformed Synod of Dort, and the famous TULIP acronym for Calvinist soteriology, by the way.
00:04:36.320now tragically William was assassinated by a Roman Catholic fanatic in 1584 he was the first
00:04:43.680head of state actually to be killed by a handgun and died whispering Psalm 130 leaving his sons to
00:04:49.520carry on the sacred cause King Philip II of Spain had placed a 25,000 crown bounty which is roughly
00:04:56.0402,490 troy ounces which would by the way be more than seven million dollars in gold to buy from
00:05:02.960alpine gold today, on him in his head in 1580 for leading the revolt and defending the Protestant
00:05:09.100cause. Balthazar Girard, a fanatical French Catholic, took up the task. Posing as a Protestant
00:05:15.620nobleman going by the name François Guillon, he infiltrated William's household in the Prinzenhof
00:05:21.780using forged papers. Girard approached William in the Prinzenhof dining hall and asked for charity
00:05:27.060money, claiming he was a destitute Protestant nobleman needing shoes to attend church. William
00:05:32.880generously gave him 10 to 12 crowns from his own purse. Gerard used part of that charity money
00:05:38.160William gave him to buy two wheel lock pistols. As William descended the stairs of his house after
00:05:44.160dinner on July the 10th, Gerard shot him at close range with the two wheel lock pistols in the
00:05:50.000chest. William reportedly said, my God, have mercy on my soul and on this poor people and died shortly
00:05:56.680after, murdered by a pair of pistols purchased through his own kindness and charity. Gerard
00:06:02.140fled, but he was captured and tortured horribly and executed on July 14th, just four days
00:06:07.460later, 1584. Talk about speedy justice. He was quartered alive, disemboweled, and beheaded.
00:06:14.860However, the assassination didn't have the effect that King Philip II had in mind. William's
00:06:20.520death galvanized the Dutch cause, leading not to the downfall of the Dutch Christians,
00:07:30.760which referred to freedom and the true gospel.
00:07:33.440From 1648 to 1672, the Dutch Golden Age would break forth.
00:07:38.520Amsterdam would replace Antwerp as Europe's financial capital,
00:07:42.040Reformed churches would dominate public life,
00:07:44.240and the Dutch East India Company would plant Protestant colonies worldwide.
00:07:49.080In God's providence, the Republic would become the Ark of the Reformation.
00:07:53.640Sadly, a failure to remove idolatry from the land would result in a plague for future generations.
00:08:00.180In 1672, Catholic France and England would invade,
00:08:03.760which led the Dutch to flood their own dikes in order to save the Protestant state.
00:08:08.260William III, great-grandson of William the Silent, then only 22 years old, would be made steadholder.
00:08:14.040He vowed not to yield one inch of reformed ground during the conflict.
00:08:18.300From 1672 to 1688, William III would wage holy war,
00:08:22.700having wed Mary Stuart, Protestant heir to the English throne in 1677.
00:08:27.480It was a dynastic union of Orange and the Old English Protestant line
00:08:31.760that would help build a European alliance against Catholic King Louis XIV.
00:08:36.700Now, to complicate matters, James II, Mary's father,
00:08:40.480would turn England Roman Catholic, or at least try to.
00:08:43.500James, who had converted to Roman Catholicism from Protestantism in the 1660s,
00:08:48.780was nonetheless permitted to take the English throne in 1685,
00:08:52.480having basically promised to maintain the Protestant character of the nation despite his personal faith.
00:08:58.380But his subjects were quickly alarmed by his policies once crowned king.
00:09:02.860James appointed Roman Catholics to key positions in the armies and universities and judiciary and the government.
00:09:09.100He issued the Declaration of Indulgence in 1687, reissued in 1688, which suspended penal laws against Roman Catholics and Protestant dissenters, nonconformists, aiming for broader religious toleration, an act many saw as a backdoor for increased political and social power for Roman Catholicism in the nation.
00:09:30.000He clashed with the Church of England, even prosecuting the seven bishops for opposing his policies.
00:09:35.320The last straw in the matter concerned the heirs to the throne.
00:09:39.100Initially, many tolerated James because his heirs were his two Protestant daughters,
00:09:44.440Mary, married to the Protestant Dutch steadholder William of Orange, and Anne.
00:09:49.500The throne was expected to pass to a Protestant.
00:09:52.680But in June 1688, James' second wife, Mary of Medina, a Catholic,
00:09:56.980gave birth to a son, James Francis Edward Stuart, later known as the Old Pretender.
00:10:03.440This created a Roman Catholic male heir,
00:10:05.800raising the prospect of a permanent Catholic dynasty rather than just a temporary Catholic king.
00:10:12.280This event, combined with James' pro-Roman Catholic actions and fears of absolutism
00:10:16.980modeled partly on his Catholic cousin Louis XIV of France,
00:10:20.380united opposition from Anglicans, Tories, and Whigs.
00:10:24.340History remembers what followed from 1688 to 1689 as the Glorious Revolution.
00:10:30.540English Protestants welcomed William to save the Reformation in Britain,
00:10:34.340and on November 5th, 1688, William would land at Torbay with an army flying the Orange Banner
00:10:40.500for the Protestant religion and liberty. James II would ultimately flee, and Parliament would
00:10:46.540offer the crown jointly to William and Mary in February of 1689. Think about what you just heard.
00:10:52.860In one century, the House of Orange would rise from a German princely family to joint sovereigns
00:10:59.000of England, Scotland, and the Dutch Republic, the mightiest Protestant power block in Europe,
00:11:05.000directly thwarting Roman Catholic absolutism and securing the Reformed faith across the North Sea.
00:11:11.300What was planted in faith by William the Silent would grow into a mighty oak, a glorious story
00:11:17.020of faith, blood, floodwaters, and divine providence. The Netherlands and Britain delivered from
00:11:23.220popish tyranny through the steadfast courage of the House of Orange. Much could be said about this
00:11:28.640noble house, but a few things stand out as lessons for us today. First, it took great wealth
00:11:33.980and great stewardship of that great wealth to accomplish great things in the Netherlands and
00:11:39.240in Europe. Protestant Christendom was built not merely by preaching, but also by generous financial
00:11:45.580backing, all of which had to come from somewhere. William the Silent inherited much, including lands
00:11:51.200and wealth, and added more through marriage to Anna von Egmond, and yet he spent it not on lavish
00:11:57.380vacations or a luxurious lifestyle, but on financing the Dutch revolt. By the 1580s, he was
00:12:03.260bankrupt. He put it all on the line. And while it wouldn't end there for his family, as you just
00:12:07.940heard, it didn't make it any easier in the years of financial trial that followed. Second, the
00:12:14.040House of Orange teaches us the power of multi-generational wealth building in seeking
00:12:18.520the good of your nation and people. William's son Maurice was industrious, spending his time
00:12:24.060recovering lost estates, building investments in the Dutch East West India companies, and building
00:12:29.720small fortunes through military endeavors as well. He lived much more modestly than his father even
00:12:34.860did, rebuilding the foundations of the family wealth. Frederick also became more wealthy due
00:12:39.980to marriage and military success and made large loans to the state to fund the war effort.
00:12:45.700Carrying on his work, William's sons were able to rebuild the treasury, restore wealth, and ensure
00:12:51.360the victory of the protestant cause in europe if we are to restore christendom in america today
00:12:57.020if christendom in the west is to rise again and not breathe its last it will require such boldness
00:13:03.260such vision and yes wealth building as we find in the story of the house of orange yes it of course
00:13:09.720require gospel preaching and true reformation of households and true piety but this must include
00:13:15.940serious thought by some of our best men in building wealth, building businesses, legacies,
00:13:21.660estates, and the earthly means of power and blessing. But join us in this episode of the
00:13:26.900King's Hall podcast as we discuss William and the House of Orange and how we might implement
00:13:31.660his strategies for rebuilding a Christian nation even today with a special guest. The
00:13:37.280King's Hall podcast exists to make self-ruled men who rule well and win the world.
00:13:45.940you've worked hard worn every hat and now you're ready to expand your business the only problem is
00:13:54.400that now you're stuck doing tedious bookkeeping that's why we here at new christendom press use
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00:27:32.960I read that story, and we read the cold open,
00:27:35.720and I think no Christian should use this for the good of their people.
00:27:39.880So how would you bring kind of those things to bear in our current times?
00:27:44.360Yeah, I think when you think of power as evil,
00:27:46.120you're basically just saying that Christians shouldn't apply the law of God to money or to
00:27:52.980political power. And, you know, the response that was given, you know, to Roman soldiers during the
00:27:59.540lifetime of Jesus that, you know, when they're asking, what should we do? The response was not
00:28:03.700to say, you need to immediately leave in the military. It was instead, be content with your
00:28:07.940wages and don't, you know, don't extort people, right? This idea of do justly in your position
00:28:12.880of civil authority. So the Christian magistrates are absolutely necessary. In fact, the Reformed
00:28:18.820have always said, you don't really have a settled condition for the church until you have
00:28:23.920Christian individuals who are pious and applying the law of God, households that are in good order,
00:28:29.500whether they're seeing that as like the seminary for the church and the state. And then you have
00:28:33.600churches that are in good order and established in the land, and you have a Christian magistrate.
00:28:38.640And so that was the Reformed ideal. All the Reformed confessions written in the Reformation era addressed this. Protestants have been working through the need to resist power and to establish Christian power in the whole of that time and the serious engagement with the Bible.
00:28:53.600I mean, Martin Luther, in the beginning of the Reformation, one of his, he had three major treatises that were meant to call people to action at the beginning of the Reformation.
00:29:01.320One of them was the letter to the Christian nobility of the German nation, where he said, the corruption of the church is so great, you must intervene as emergency bishops.
00:29:09.960That call, that's right at the beginning of the Reformation, is the freedom of the Christian man that he puts out, which calls the individuals to refuse to do what evil powers say and to obey God despite tyrants.
00:29:20.860And then you also have the Babylonian captivity of the church where he says the church is so corrupt in this situation that we have to be willing to resist its courts and its hierarchies and to see the church well established, right?
00:29:31.900These three manifestos of the Reformation are all about resist tyrannical power and see proper order put into place.
00:29:44.100So I think that the Bible itself is full of examples from the institution of the civil magistrate in Genesis 9 with Noah where he's given the sword by God.
00:29:54.700You have this example of Abraham resisting and raising his army to go save Lot.
00:30:02.720You have David and the thing is like David commits adultery because he didn't go out to war at the time that kings go to war when he was supposed to go out with his troops.
00:30:11.020The problem was that he wasn't doing what he needed to do, which involved the exercise of the sword, right?
00:30:17.020So you see all throughout the scriptures, all throughout Protestant history, this need for being able to resist evil, whether it's higher up, whether it's below, whether it's a lateral thing.
00:30:26.660The call to exercise power according to God's law is a mandate from God.
00:30:30.800I think one of the reasons this gets so difficult for people is because the context of applying these principles varies so widely, situationally and circumstantially, that people sometimes want a one-to-one.
00:31:16.300Christians have to be able to read the times and know what would obedience to God look like not in the 1400s or the, you know, in Abraham's day.
00:31:28.440What, what does it look like today? And then having the courage to actually follow those principles because they, they can lead to some unsettling places. Yeah. I mean, genuinely, it's a different, difficult conversation when you have, we've talked quite a bit here in Ogden about like, what is the read of the land today? Like, where is Christian power today? And in some ways, America is like a bastion on paper of Christian power.
00:31:52.640If you just look at what is the professed Christianity of the Senate or the
00:31:55.540Congress or our presidents and like the record of that, well, it's pretty,
00:31:58.560you'd look, Oh, it's, this is a wildly Christian country,
00:32:01.060but in other ways we were talking about this this week,
00:32:05.480we almost seem more to be in a situation where the cave of a doulum is like
00:32:09.740the best, like how many Christians are there in the nation that are really
00:32:14.460like that really get it and are trying to build Protestant Christian power to
00:32:19.900seek the earthly and heavenly good of the people.
00:32:22.080it's it's a pretty small it can feel like it's a bad a band of discontents and malcontents in a
00:32:27.800cave all flocking to you know david who's in exile and not you know promised the crown and
00:32:34.360the only difference is that at least david was promised the crown at that point and we don't
00:32:37.700have a god hasn't promised anybody in our sphere to be the president i guess so right so it's we're
00:32:43.020maybe even lower than the cave of a duel yeah i think that's part of the point aaron ren has even
00:32:48.880pointed this out, that we kind of need to understand where we are, that Christians for
00:32:53.600the last century have been like slowly ceding any political power because, you know, separation of
00:32:59.400church and state means that Christians shouldn't exercise power. It means whatever the Warren
00:33:02.600court said it means. Yeah, exactly. So I think it's recognizing the situation, but I also think
00:33:07.400from history, you know, you sort of get the dispensationalist vibe today, common among
00:33:12.500Christians where they would say something like, you know, it's never been worse than it is now.
00:33:16.400and i'm reading some of these stories and i'm like how many huguenots were killed it seems like
00:33:21.280things are better now yeah yeah actually things have been really terrible and the thing i love
00:33:26.420about it there's this masculine energy about somebody like william and then really his son's
00:33:30.500after him yeah because we'll get to that it takes a legacy yeah uh you know your sons have to carry
00:33:36.860on the work but he just has the masculine energy to to say no we're actually going to do something
00:33:41.700about this right yeah that that willingness to act right this like you're not just like oh here's
00:33:47.020a bunch of hypothetical things and maybe if this line got crossed and whatever else is like lines
00:33:50.460have been crossed action must be taken right and so that willingness to say that so i think you know
00:33:54.840when we get when we deal with if we want to be decisive we have to have clear thinking right so
00:33:59.960so the law of god here we have the two big commandments right love god love neighbor right
00:34:03.740then you got underneath that the ten commandments or here's the first four they teach us how to love
00:34:06.640god here's the last six they just had a love neighbor that's the organizing set for the law
00:34:11.380of god and then we have if then statements right the case laws that fit underneath each of those
00:34:15.620and then you've got the approved and disapproved examples and if you organize the law in that way
00:34:19.900and study it i mean that's how like calvin's commentary on like the harmony of the law
00:34:23.800was written right he's just organizing him under the ten commandments and stuff when you do that
00:34:27.900when you study the reform view of the law and go read like the larger catechism on the ten
00:34:31.120commandments you start to organize your thoughts and you see like oh here are the exception things
00:34:35.560like don't kill but also you're guiltless if you kill somebody who breaks into your home right this
00:34:40.840this idea that there are there are things that help you to understand the general rules and the
00:34:44.760exception clauses submit to authority unless it commands you to do things that god forbids or
00:34:49.900forbid you from doing stuff that god commands or or there's a persecution of the church that needs
00:34:53.880to be resisted like jesus actually gave there's interesting instruction that we have on on how to
00:34:58.400deal with persecution right there's there's okay first you need to prophetically speak against it
00:35:01.940you pray then there's this idea of the need to um if they persecute you in one town flee to the
00:35:07.040other if you don't have the power to resist. And that fleeing is actually what allows for
00:35:10.480concentration. So much of what's happening at your church is people going, hey, there's problems
00:35:14.600over here. We don't have the power to fix it. Let's go where we can consolidate with people
00:35:18.280who can. And so that work of consolidation is one of the principles in the book of Proverbs
00:35:24.140that teaches you how to grow in power when you're weak. And so that idea of this prophesy and pray,
00:35:31.440then flee when you're persecuted and you can't resist. And then if you have sufficient power,
00:35:36.100you consider can we defeat the enemy when they have 20 000 troops and we have 10 right and so
00:35:41.480there's the just war thing and this whole negotiation and so the prudence of like deciding
00:35:45.500about the circumstances when you have the law order in place all you have to do is just the facts
00:35:50.500what do we have the power to actually do now and what strategies do we apply given our current
00:35:56.000circumstances and i think you're trying to help people to understand the the situation like what's
00:36:00.160the times like being in a vissachar right yeah and so i think that understanding of like the you
00:36:04.220the cave of Adullam, but I want to encourage people that we have a better condition in that
00:36:08.540we have a promise that Jesus is going to take over the nations, including this one. Right. And so
00:36:13.620that's, that's, that's how, you know, we have encouragement. Yeah. Yes. Yeah. We should be
00:36:18.160inspired by that for sure. Um, as you look at William, I want to talk about the sons because
00:36:24.120he actually goes bankrupt, you know, financing this whole thing, which is just wild when you
00:36:28.880think about it. Um, but then they, they pick up the torch and they sort of have to do this
00:36:33.240rebuilding work. So it's not like they were just handed a silver spoon. I mean, they had power,
00:36:38.960they had, they had stuff like that, but they had to do a lot of rebuilding. So talk a little bit
00:36:42.060about that work and why it's so important for sons and fathers to be on this legacy mission
00:36:47.580together. Yeah. So I have the honor of having my two oldest sons working for me right now,
00:36:51.860full time. So Logan and Ethan. And so I get to see them grow in strength and do all this.
00:36:56.480And I think the inspiration of the past, seeing what Christian men have done to try to raise up
00:37:00.380sons, have them be strong, have them be competent, uh, made me really want to see that, you know,
00:37:04.780with Christian homeschooling and encouraging Christian businesses and the opportunity to
00:37:08.420work together, I get to see that. But so with William of Orange, you know, uh, Maurits or
00:37:13.020Maurice, depending on him. Yeah. I just said Maurice because.
00:37:18.100You know, when you look, when you look at like non-English spelling, they're always like
00:37:20.720Maurits or whatever. So, I mean, I, so forgive me, I'm going to, I'm going to try to suppress
00:37:24.420my non-english way of saying that but anyway so so but anyway so maurice um is uh he comes in right
00:37:31.880and he's a he's a military genius and he also reorganizes the estates he basically goes in
00:37:37.620has to fire a bunch of people tries to like send them off with like some severance and figure out
00:37:41.340how to like make things happen he gets the the estates to all to all cash flow again right
00:37:46.940figures out how to make them run efficiently and this like logistical thinking that he's been taught
00:37:51.700by his father but the thing is his father had to maintain this appearance of being a statesman and
00:37:56.680so he had to like employ a number of cooks and stuff to make sure that he could constantly be
00:38:00.060you know as an ambassador and also as a statesman doing this stuff so so malitz comes in and he's
00:38:06.280just like look we got to cash flow this thing we got a war to fight we got to deal with this stuff
00:38:11.080like i'm gonna have you know like like a like an army camp cook and we're gonna just deal with this
00:38:15.300and if ambassadors want to talk to me it's gonna be in a tent in the field right and so so he like
00:38:20.280he like just cuts all the expenses to the absolute bare bone and stops a lot of the statesman stuff
00:38:24.960and just says you want to talk to me you know get on a saddle and so that that like willingness to
00:38:29.560really properly to to cut off some of the niceties that were necessary in order to go hey this is a
00:38:37.240time of war um so so he has this decisiveness that's built in and he doesn't have any of the
00:38:42.820hangovers of of the prior generation and the need to keep up the appearances he's just like this is
00:38:47.360the reality yeah so there's sort of like a reinventing too of what you're trying to do
00:38:52.260right yeah and so his his creativity coming in he looks at warfare and warfare had previously
00:38:57.800been focused upon um you know the the the hand-to-hand sort of elements you know swords
00:39:03.360and spears and and shields and all that and you have the firearm coming in and he's beginning to
00:39:08.180sort of recreate what's happening the spanish had this unit called the tercio which was this
00:39:12.120extraordinary fighting force that was fearsome they had these powerful formations that could
00:39:16.680could do things and the dutch are going how do we economically deal with this and there's so many
00:39:21.580towns it would start to happen is walls became the thing so all these towns get fortified it
00:39:26.860there's town town town it's very small spaces in between them difficult deal with some so maurits
00:39:32.040looks at all this and goes we got to design the warfare to be effective to make it so there's
00:39:37.200there's man efficiency and he starts to look at the firearm and goes as opposed to large blocks
00:39:41.800of men we're going to have these like thin lines we're going to use that in conjunction with you
00:39:46.620massed pikes to be able to control the movement of the enemy but he goes field battles are
00:39:52.040expensive people die the death of people we're going to preserve them and so he's trying to
00:39:55.580apply the sixth commandment in warfare to intelligently avoid loss of life so he focuses
00:40:00.360on building out how to besiege the enemy and do it efficiently so the sieges are short and so this
00:40:06.600whole like economical life-saving but swift victory view yeah where he's maneuvering around
00:40:11.520and he starts to do all these like things where he sends small teams in to try to like break open
00:40:15.920gates and get troops through. And so you have all this amazing stuff where he just goes,
00:40:20.060we have to try to win. We're outnumbered. They have more money. We have to do creative things.
00:40:25.220We have to be swift and we have to find ways of accelerating the ability to take towns.
00:40:29.500And so this young man coming in, having received all the learning of his father and being committed
00:40:35.180covenantally to uphold the reformed faith, comes in and goes, I'm going to fight to maintain the
00:40:40.140God of my father and to maintain the cause of his people and to see that we have a Christian state
00:40:45.880that survives in the midst of this horrible condition.
00:40:48.900And so to be able to take that position of bankruptcy
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00:53:50.360And so you have this sort of – this significant time period where there's this dealing with the expansion of France and there's the famous Cardinal Richelieu and all that stuff, three musketeers.
00:54:03.120I mean it's basically all just total fact, three musketeers, every line of the book.
00:54:07.500So anyway, so you get to this and you have sort of this situation where there's this question of Protestant power on the continent.
00:54:14.520And will Rome, even after the peace of Westphalia and the peace of Munster, will they end up coming back and swallow up all the Protestant nations?
00:54:23.980And so the Netherlands and England are sort of the cornerstones of Protestant power.
00:54:29.440and and when you end up with in england with james ii that you talked about you know he is
00:54:34.840going to try to he's roman catholic you know charles ii was a crypto roman catholic a convert
00:54:39.680on his deathbed and your puritans were like you know we knew it the whole time yeah you didn't
00:54:46.100fool us and so and so you have this uh you have this like effort to to kind of destroy those
00:54:53.180protestant bastions of power and so william coming in he's married to charles ii's daughter
00:54:59.880uh mary and so she's like the the second or the second line to the throne and he
00:55:05.240is like third in line to the throne and she refuses to take the throne because she's like
00:55:09.780i'm a woman i don't want to rule the nation you have to make my husband king or i won't accept
00:55:14.240based right and so and so i'm just saying she was a king's hall listener she listened to that song
00:55:20.480you're about to put out it was that's right yeah she fell mighty high with that college degree no
00:55:24.780not her if you know you know so this this results in um basically the protestant the protestant
00:55:32.820powers there go okay look william third not yet william the third but you know or you guys william
00:55:38.760the third but not yet the king william uh he they go you you come over and we'll support you so
00:55:43.340there's a a the archbishop that had been appointed by charles ii was armenian so he meets william
00:55:49.380the third on the beach when they land there and all this crazy stuff happens
00:55:52.920where like the English fleet doesn't intercept them and all these other
01:03:37.280Then you have Mary dies, and she's childless.
01:03:40.680She marries the king of Spain, or the prince of Spain, the heir to the throne.
01:03:44.420And so everybody's like, ah, we're going to turn into this Catholic empire thing, be a part of this whole thing.
01:03:49.640So then, so Mary dies, Elizabeth I comes in, she kind of tries to do this middle way between Protestantism and Roman Catholicism, and the Puritans sort of get built up during that time.
01:04:00.480So Puritan power, the base of it gets established there.
01:04:03.020When she dies, James I, who is James VI of Scotland, becomes king.