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00:00:45.400you could delay two mortgage payments. Call American Finance today, 866-569-4711. That's
00:00:51.140866-569-4711 or visit americanfinancing.net slash walsh. If you've spent a lot of time traveling
00:00:59.680in America, you may have noticed that people are starting to sound the same regardless of
00:01:04.900where you go. A bus driver in Charlotte has roughly the same accent as a guy at a Brooklyn
00:01:10.600beer hall who in turn sounds the same as a salesman at a car dealership in Boston or a
00:01:15.620cashier in Grand Rapids. Now, of course, anyone over 35 years old knows that it wasn't always
00:01:21.000this way. Until recently, there was a huge difference in how people talked, and it was not
00:01:26.240always regional in nature. Accents were also class distinguishers. People would adopt accents to
00:01:31.860seem more sophisticated, including famous TV personalities. One of the most elite mid-century
00:01:37.160accents was Locust Valley Lockjaw, named after an extremely wealthy wasp enclave in Long Island,
00:01:43.820in New York, which sounded something like this. Listen. We counted it up the other day. We had
00:01:49.34016 live-in help in this house. Not counting the chauffeurs.
00:01:56.260Not counting the chauffeurs. Aside from all the help we had in the Tuxedo Park house and the
00:02:02.800Southampton house as well. But those days are going forever. If you recognize that accent,
00:02:09.340And it might be because so many mid-century public intellectuals used it, like Gore Vidal and William F. Buckley Jr. debating in this clip.
00:03:27.940By and large, these accents have been totally replaced on TV by a certain kind of fake newscaster voice that no one would use, of course, in real life.
00:03:39.960From ABC News World Headquarters in New York, this is World News Tonight with David Muir.
00:03:47.840Good evening. We begin tonight here with several breaking stories.
00:03:50.680Tonight, the East Coast struggles to recover from Hurricane Sandy.
00:03:54.840Before we go tonight, a word about me.
00:03:57.940So what we see is that the way that Americans talk, for the most part, has been homogenized.
00:04:03.420The monoculture is dead, as we've discussed at length, and yet we all speak the same way,
00:04:10.320ironically enough, paradoxically enough. The most common explanation is that regional accents died
00:04:15.700because of the proliferation of TV and the internet, and that's true, but it's only part
00:04:20.580of the story. We'll show throughout this video that there are other more complicated reasons
00:04:25.600as well. Of course, some people still have accents, and there are holdouts, like whether you call your
00:04:31.200soft drink pop, soda, or Coke. It often depends on what part of the country you grew up in,
00:04:36.280though that's starting to fade also. But people with strong accents today have accents that
00:04:41.580would have been considered very weak accents just a few decades ago, and for the most part,
00:04:46.560there is a pervasive increasing sameness in how we talk. Surprisingly enough, there's a large
00:04:52.820volume of data on these shifts. Researchers who study linguistics at major universities have
00:04:58.440devoted a substantial amount of time to the topic. And what's remarkable is that, as far as I can
00:05:03.680tell, this is the only major area of social science research that isn't totally corrupted
00:05:09.300by politics. Normally, when you ask college professors to explain the decline of any aspect
00:05:14.980of American culture, they'll talk about white supremacy and police brutality, and they'll say,
00:05:20.480you know, we had it coming. But when it comes to the disappearance of American dialects and
00:05:24.840accents, for whatever reason, academics are generally honest about what's happening, which
00:05:29.840is rare, and honest about the reason why it's happening. So with that in mind, we'll start
00:05:35.500with an excerpt from a 2005 documentary called Do You Speak American, which is about a major
00:05:42.020exception to this trend. This is a segment about something called the Northern Cities
00:05:47.320vowel shift, which was first documented in the late 1960s. It's a rare case of the American
00:05:53.320language becoming less concentrated and more regional from the last 50 years. And it happened
00:05:58.660in cities in the Great Lakes region. All the experts, including researchers who had been
00:06:04.720spending decades studying American accents, were shocked by what they were seeing. And to understand
00:06:09.920their findings, first you might need a quick refresher on the vocabulary. So a long vowel is
00:06:16.040a vowel that sounds exactly like the letter. So, for example, the A in cake is a long vowel because
00:06:21.440it sounds exactly like the letter A. Another example of a long vowel would be the E in tree.
00:06:26.300Sounds exactly like the letter E, so it's a long vowel. On the other hand, a short vowel is a vowel
00:06:30.600that doesn't sound like the name of the letter. So, for example, the A in cat is a short vowel,
00:06:36.680so is the I in pig. Now, the really big finding from researchers was that around 1969, for the
00:06:43.180first time in a thousand years, people stopped pronouncing short vowels in the same way. As a
00:06:49.240species, we've been pretty consistent on how we pronounce short vowels. Until one day, everything
00:06:54.000changed. So this is from the documentary's interview with a linguist named William Labov.
00:06:59.720Watch. What we'll be looking at is this mass of cities around the Great Lakes.
00:07:05.040uh here we have syracuse rochester buffalo and cleveland detroit how many people is that
00:07:14.400it's about 34 million people this area used to be the closest to network pronunciation it was what
00:07:21.760the nbc standard was based on and today uh it is moving further and further away this is
00:07:28.240spectacular. Bosses. Everybody writes down what? Bosses. Right. The guy. Yeah. The bosses with
00:07:35.940the antennas. Now you begin to wonder what are these? The bosses with the antennas. I can remember
00:07:42.600vaguely when we had the bosses with the antennas on the top. So buses has become bosses. Right.
00:07:48.540Yeah. So black became block and buses became bosses. The vowel in the word cat raises and
00:07:57.260becomes keyat. The vowel in the word cot then moves and starts sounding like the A in cat used
00:08:03.620to sound and on and on and on. It's like a game of musical chairs. The short vowels are getting
00:08:07.260shifted around. Once one vowel changes, then by necessity, the other vowels have to change as well
00:08:12.120so that people can tell them apart from one another. This emerging accent became so ubiquitous
00:08:18.220that SNL created a skit mocking it. Take a look. I'm Bob Swirsky and I want to thank everyone for
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00:08:43.480This phenomenon was isolated to a very specific area of the country.
00:08:48.400By 2005, this particular linguist had mapped out the geographic boundaries of the shift.
00:08:52.920encompass cities like Chicago, Detroit, Cleveland, Buffalo, and Syracuse, and there was no clear
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00:11:13.060One place to start, of course, is to look at what was happening in the 1960s.
00:11:16.680Millions of black people were moving to northern cities, bringing their own dialect with them.
00:11:21.260So there's a theory from one sociologist that white people, as a subconscious way to distinguish themselves from the new black arrivals in their cities, began slightly altering how they spoke.
00:11:31.060As we discussed in our Real History documentary, white people were leaving urban areas in large numbers during this period as a way of avoiding rampant black crime violence.
00:11:39.600or as michelle obama puts it to avoid black culture and the wonders of diversity so maybe
00:11:45.120as white people were trying to distance themselves physically from black people their brains were
00:11:49.140rewiring themselves to avoid speaking like black people as well that's the theory now admittedly
00:11:55.340i'm no linguist uh i'm no expert in linguistics but it seems like a stretch you know kind of a
00:12:00.500way to shoehorn racial politics into a topic where it doesn't belong another theory which makes a lot
00:12:05.620more sense, is that the shift had been going on for quite some time, increasing from one generation
00:12:10.620to the next, and was only noticed by researchers beginning in the 1960s, when American universities
00:12:15.800were exploding and becoming far larger and much more numerous. On this theory, as I understand it,
00:12:21.200thousands of people in the early 1800s traveled west from New England and settled along the Erie
00:12:26.040Canal Corridor, which was an isolated area. Plenty of immigrants arrived to help build the Erie
00:12:31.600Canal and over time separated from the rest of the country. They came up with a unique way of
00:12:37.220pronouncing a single vowel and then every other vowel changed accordingly. Whatever the case,
00:12:41.880the Northern City's vowel shift, the great linguistic quirk that perplexed researchers
00:12:46.120for a very long time and a counterpoint to the great homogenization of American English
00:12:51.200and which gave millions of Americans a unique way of speaking, is now coming to an end. This
00:12:56.980is research from Indiana University, and to understand this quote, you need to understand
00:13:02.240the word trap. In this context, trap refers to the short A vowel in words like cat, and realization
00:13:09.720just means how a person actually says it. As we've already covered, people in northern cities had a
00:13:14.800unique raised way of pronouncing this vowel. So with that in mind, here's the latest finding.
00:13:19.360Quote, recent acoustic analyses examining English in the northern American Great Lakes region
00:13:25.420show that the area's characteristic vowel chain shift, the northern city shift, NCS, is waning.
00:13:32.160Attitudinal analyses suggest that the NCS has lost prestige in some NCS cities such that it is no
00:13:40.260longer regarded as standard American English. Results show that trap realization is conditioned
00:13:45.660by gender and birth years such that women led the change toward NCS realizations into the middle of
00:13:51.400the 20th century and then away from them thereafter. These findings reflect the backdrop
00:13:55.680of de-industrialization during this time of linguistic reorganization in Lansing and shows
00:14:01.020that as the regional industry auto manufacturing loses prestige, so does the regional variant
00:14:07.200raised trap. So this particular finding states that as the automobile manufacturing industry
00:14:14.220declined in the Great Lakes, the unique accents started to disappear as well. People, particularly
00:14:18.020women, who were very attuned to their perceived social status, didn't want to be associated with
00:14:23.720a dying blue-collar industry anymore. It stopped being prestigious to talk like the auto workers.
00:14:30.920Additionally, for workers, particularly young people who were trying to get an office job,
00:14:35.360it didn't help to sound like a factory worker. There were all kinds of prejudice against hiring
00:14:39.860somebody like that, as you might imagine. So young people on the job market began talking more like
00:14:44.600people from other parts of the country, subconsciously or not. And when they had kids,
00:14:50.120they taught them to speak in the new way, not the shifted way of speaking. Instead,
00:14:54.960Midwesterners are now talking more like Canadians and Californians. It was class, not just TV and
00:15:01.740YouTube, that killed an emergent regional accent. That's the point. Now, did you have any idea that
00:15:08.720this was going on? Have you drawn a connection between the decline of the auto industry and the
00:15:13.180way millions of Americans speak. It's extraordinary to think about for several reasons. How we speak
00:15:19.400is a direct reflection of how we think. You know, it really matters. It's one of the first things
00:15:24.260we notice about a person. In addition to their appearance, we pay very close attention to what
00:15:28.480they say and how they say it. And while we tend to think that accents and dialects originate in
00:15:34.620mostly random and unpredictable ways, that's simply not true. Government policy can have a
00:15:40.660major impact. Economic events can have a major impact. And I've only talked about one case
00:15:46.840study so far. There are many other examples of similar changes in language all over the United
00:15:51.160States. It's not just happening in the so-called northern cities. So let's take a look at an
00:15:56.080island in the Outer Banks of North Carolina, about 20 miles off the mainland. This was
00:16:02.100historically a very isolated area. The island didn't have electricity until 1938 or a ferry
00:16:07.600service until 1957. And because of their isolation, the locals started speaking in a distinctive
00:16:13.440manner. Their dialect is called Hoyteuter, which got its name because that's how these people
00:16:19.060pronounce High Tide. So this High Tider dialect has roots in early modern English dialects that
00:16:25.360were spoken in Britain in the late 1600s through the mid-18th century. It's not strictly confined
00:16:31.600to North Carolina. It's been observed on Smith Island in Maryland, although as far as I can tell,
00:16:36.500it hasn't traveled to any other state.
00:16:38.940This is a recent BBC segment from the region
00:16:41.400just to give you an idea of how these people talk.
00:18:08.600Oh, that means when somebody gets you playing and they get hold of you and they're mad at you about something in the game and they, you know, try to shake you up a little bit.
00:23:53.420But in real life, experts say that iconic Southern drawl marked by elongated vowels and a slower pace is actually disappearing.
00:24:01.420Y'all, what happened to Southern accents?
00:24:04.420Accents. Research shows a diminishing accent in regions across the south from Georgia, which saw the biggest shift between baby boomers and Gen X and cities like Raleigh and New Orleans. The reason increased migration to the south, which in the 2020s alone is already more than four times greater than the other three U.S. regions combined, causing younger generations to lose that distinctive southern twang. Looks like two pigs fighting on the blanket.
00:24:33.160The southern accent doesn't sound like that today.
00:24:35.520There are still people who speak with these very, very strong accents.
00:24:39.360They'll tend to be much more isolated places or they'll be much older speakers.
00:24:43.320But yeah, the younger generation, it's shifted.
00:24:45.840This is a study published in the summer of 2023 out of Georgia Tech.
00:24:50.080There's a decent amount of technical jargon here, but the takeaway is clear.
00:24:53.960Quote, the late 20th century in the United States marks the decline of regional vowel
00:24:58.080systems like the northern city shift and the southern vowel shift or SVS.
00:25:03.160Replaced by supra-local systems like the low-back merger shift, the SVS is most advanced among
00:25:10.240Georgians. Born in the mid-20th century, in Generation X, retraction of front-lax vowels
00:25:17.020begins, leading toward the LBMS. These results, which hold across genders and education levels,
00:25:22.560support finding that regional vowel systems decline precipitously following a Gen X cliff,
00:25:29.220raising questions about how such language changes are rooted in the demographic transformations
00:25:33.380of that time period. So in other words, the accent that the boomers had,
00:25:38.820the Southern vowel shift, is dying out because Georgia has become much more urban and less
00:25:43.980rural. There's a much larger black population and white people are coming into the state from
00:25:48.360very far away. So previously, Southerners might pronounce ride as ra, as I guess rod,
00:25:54.180or time is Tom. Basically, they would flatten words so they sounded like one big syllable.
00:26:01.500And now that's changing. They're starting to sound exactly like everybody else.
00:26:06.420This is from the website Big Think, summarizing the findings from the same researchers, quote,
00:26:12.080linguists at University of Georgia, Georgia Tech, and Brigham Young University reported that
00:26:16.720white Georgians seem to be losing their classic Southern accent, analyzing vocal recordings of
00:26:22.840135 native Georgians born between 1887 and 2003, they found that a few of the distinct
00:26:29.380vowel pronunciations that define the southern accent have been disappearing over the generations.
00:26:35.020For example, words like prize and fit, once pronounced pros and fiat, are now more often
00:26:44.140spoken as prize and fight, fit, I don't know. The shift was greatest between baby boomers and
00:26:50.780Gen Xers and has continued with millennials and Gen Zers. NPR spoke to a linguistic professor
00:26:58.100at the University of Georgia named Margaret Renwick about the reasons for the change.
00:27:03.700And here's what they reported, quote, major driver of this phenomenon is demographic change in
00:27:08.980Georgia and throughout the South. Before World War II, Georgia received very little migration
00:27:13.120into the state. But beginning in the 1960s, Georgia saw increasing migration from other
00:27:18.060areas of the U.S. And by the 1980s, it was one of the top destinations for interstate migration.
00:27:23.820And the Atlanta metro is still one of the fastest growing in the U.S. So these population movements
00:27:28.080mean that Georgia speakers growing up after the 1960s were in a very different linguistic
00:27:33.020environment than speakers from earlier generations. Little kids don't learn language from social media.
00:27:38.280Kids acquire language from their parents, from their caregivers. And so that is our earliest
00:27:43.280linguistic input that helps us learn our native language. Then once kids get into school,
00:27:47.160that enter adolescence, they emulate their peer group. And so we think that's where language
00:27:51.560change from generation to generation really takes hold. In the Today Show report, you heard that
00:27:57.980people are even losing their accents in New Orleans, which historically has been one of the
00:28:02.900most distinctive accents in the entire country. Elsewhere in Louisiana, the distinctive Cajun
00:28:08.500dialect is also dying out. One of the biggest mistakes people make is assuming that just
00:28:13.040because something has always been done a certain way, it's the only way to do it. Healthcare is
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00:29:13.520The people who change communities rarely start by trying to change the world.
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00:29:41.780but they're not stuck in the past. 75% of GCU's programs and facilities have been built in just
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00:30:16.000something you pursue. Grand Canyon University, help students do exactly that. Grand Canyon
00:30:20.560University, private, Christian, affordable, non-profit. Learn more at gcu.edu. This is from
00:30:27.400the Stuyvesant Spectator. It says, quote, most young people increasingly speak in amalgamation
00:30:33.040of American dialects that lack regional nuances. In much of Louisiana, Cajun French was once spoken
00:30:39.280in nearly every household, even when it was illegal to teach in schools. Today, Cajun is
00:30:43.500faced with a slow, painful death as the majority of its native speakers reach the end of their
00:30:48.840lives. This is a pattern that pretty much everyone is noticing in their own communities. It's not
00:30:55.080limited to the Detroit or Atlanta or the Outer Banks or North Carolina or Louisiana areas. It's
00:31:03.040the single most widespread, least talked about change in our culture, and it's tracking a much
00:31:08.140broader transformation, which is that regional culture in general, is starting to disappear.
00:31:14.940Just like our speech patterns are becoming homogenous, so is everything else. Local newspapers
00:31:20.920have, of course, been closing, so we all get our news from the same place, no matter where we live.
00:31:28.040Major cities like Pittsburgh, Atlanta, New Orleans, and Youngstown no longer have a daily print
00:31:33.000newspaper at all. Local radio stations are dying out, certainly. Just a couple of weeks ago in
00:31:39.140Hermiston, Oregon, the radio station KOHU and its sister station KQFM went dark. They've been on
00:31:46.140the air since 1956, broadcasting high school sporting events and local news to a mostly rural
00:31:52.780area. Now they're gone. Then there's the remarkable collapse of KGO in San Francisco. They were a
00:31:59.440well-known talk radio station in the Bay Area for more than 80 years. And then just a couple of
00:32:04.340years ago, they fired their staff and made a pivot to full-time sports betting coverage instead.
00:32:10.800In fact, in the middle of a broadcast, they abruptly signed off and immediately began airing
00:32:16.000ads for their upcoming gambling shows, along with various songs centered around the theme of money,
00:32:21.640including Pink Floyd's Money and Lady Gaga's Poker Face. And these songs and promos continued
00:32:27.560to loop for three days straight until the new sports betting coverage began on that Monday.
00:32:34.720Listeners and the broadcasters themselves had no idea what was going on.
00:32:39.360This is pretty surreal audio, but it's all real. Listen.
00:32:44.340It's also National Doodle Day, so you can combine those two into some garlic noodle love.
00:33:52.500It's the biggest gamble in Bay Area radio history.
00:34:22.500Now, what happened here, according to the L.A.
00:34:42.120Times, is that on the morning of October 5th, all of the station's employees, including
00:34:47.600the hosts, were summoned to a meeting where they were told that, quote, KGO as we know it will cease
00:34:54.040to exist. And they were informed that the station had lost more than $20 million since it was
00:34:58.820acquired by Cumulus and that changes would be coming. But there was no indication of what
00:35:04.480exactly those changes would be. Mark Thompson, who hosted a show on weekdays from 10 a.m. to noon,
00:35:10.760was told to go on the air, deliver the station's ID at 10, 15 a.m. and leave the booth. He wanted
00:35:16.840it tells listeners what was going on, but the station's executives refused. I said, don't you
00:35:20.880think we owe the audience an explanation of what's happening? There are a lot of people who count on
00:35:25.080the station. They said, nope, this is the way we want to do it. Well, the gambling promos and
00:35:30.860songs about money continued until the new sports betting station debuted on Monday to replace the
00:35:36.920old KGO. And the listeners, as you would expect, didn't take it well. This is from the LA Times,
00:35:42.640Quote, listeners of San Francisco's KGO radio station woke up to a shock on Monday.
00:35:48.140The iconic AM station's all-talk format was gone, supplanted by a sports gambling format and a branding change to The Spread, with the slogan, The Bay's Best Bet on Sports.
00:35:59.780Listeners had nowhere to go to express their dismay in public except the station's Facebook page.
00:36:04.940Corporate greed at its finest, wrote one listener.
00:36:07.640There's no sense of community anymore.
00:36:10.020The station's host, their voices suddenly cut off,
00:36:12.420fielded questions and comments from their audience members