The Megyn Kelly Show - What World War I Was All About： History Week on The Megyn Kelly Show ｜ Ep. 458

00:00:00.460 Welcome to The Megyn Kelly Show, your home for open, honest, and provocative conversations.

00:00:11.700 Hey everyone, I'm Megyn Kelly. Welcome to The Megyn Kelly Show.

00:00:15.120 History week continues as we focus today on World War I, better known to some as the Great War.

00:00:22.280 The war began in 1914 and brought in global powers from across the world,

00:00:26.400 with the Central Powers facing off against the Allied Powers, which eventually included the United States.

00:00:33.660 By the end of the war, over 20 million lives had been claimed, including more than 100,000 American troops.

00:00:39.840 The impact of the war changed the face of the world, and it's felt even today.

00:00:45.020 But the reasons behind the start of the war, and even the rationale for continuing the fight, are nuanced.

00:00:51.920 Later, we're going to be joined by Doug Brunt. He is my husband. He hosts the podcast Dedicated with Doug Brunt,

00:00:59.320 which is about authors, but he's also a historian, and he is neck deep in a tome he is writing that is amazing on this exact period.

00:01:07.960 So he'll join us for a bit.

00:01:09.680 But first, we start with the historian on this period, American author, professor of history at Bard College, Sean McMeekin.

00:01:17.580 Sean, welcome to the show.

00:01:18.440 Thanks for having me on, Megan. It's really great to be here.

00:01:22.700 My husband, Doug, is a huge fan of yours. He's read your books.

00:01:27.000 He's a self-taught student of World War I, and was very excited to hear that I was going to be speaking to you,

00:01:32.840 so I have to pass along his regards.

00:01:34.680 Great. Thank you.

00:01:35.960 All right. So let's start big picture, because I think a lot of people know a lot about World War II,

00:01:40.220 and maybe a little less about World War I.

00:01:43.880 Describe sort of the world as we approached World War I, turn of the century into the 1900s.

00:01:51.400 And, like, who were the top world powers at that time?

00:01:54.620 Who was waning?

00:01:55.780 Who was strong?

00:01:57.240 Well, the United States was certainly emerging as a world power,

00:02:00.160 but as far as the old world, it was still—I wouldn't say second-rate exactly,

00:02:05.220 but for diplomats, it was not necessarily the prestige post.

00:02:09.040 That is to say, if you were a diplomat and you were ambitious,

00:02:11.700 you probably wouldn't want to get posted to Washington,

00:02:13.540 because a lot of the action was still in Europe.

00:02:15.940 The European powers ruled over something like 85% of the surface of the globe.

00:02:20.600 The Great Empires, Britain's, was the largest and certainly the most diverse and global.

00:02:25.540 It was often said the sun never set, famously, on the British Empire.

00:02:29.040 But France had a pretty enormous empire as well, in both Asia and Africa.

00:02:32.660 Russia, of course, bestrode the continent of Eurasia, 0.95

00:02:35.460 the entire landmass stretching across, as we might put it today,

00:02:39.060 something like 11-odd time zones.

00:02:41.520 Japan was starting to emerge as a power in Asia,

00:02:44.200 already occupying much of Korea,

00:02:46.900 dating back to a series of wars in the 1890s and early 1900s.

00:02:50.580 The U.S. was certainly a power.

00:02:51.760 The U.S. had already begun to emerge as an empire in the Philippines and also in Cuba,

00:02:56.120 with interests stretching beyond her borders.

00:02:58.420 But as far as power politics, the real center of gravity was in Europe.

00:03:03.580 And the alliance system, which you alluded to,

00:03:06.740 we had part of what made things so potentially dangerous

00:03:10.580 was that you had two almost equal power blocs.

00:03:13.740 The core of the blocs were France and Russia,

00:03:16.160 and they were essentially kind of hostile to Germany,

00:03:18.420 ever since Germany had been unified in 1871 at the center of the continent.

00:03:22.960 And then Germany relied mostly on Austria-Hungary or the Habsburg Empire

00:03:26.600 to try to see off the Franco-Russian threat. 0.93

00:03:29.340 Britain was somewhat aloof,

00:03:30.740 although Britain did have agreements with both France and Russia.

00:03:34.240 They were largely colonial agreements.

00:03:36.340 That is to say, they were about spheres of influence,

00:03:39.340 trying to respect each other's zones,

00:03:42.340 where core interests were held, whether in Africa or in Asia.

00:03:46.200 With France, things had gone a little bit further. 0.96

00:03:49.140 Britain had already started joint conversations

00:03:51.000 regarding the possibility of naval cooperation

00:03:53.920 in either the English Channel or possibly the Mediterranean

00:03:56.300 in the case of a war.

00:03:57.940 But Britain liked to remain aloof.

00:03:59.500 The British, they were kind of the top dog, the hegemon. 1.00

00:04:03.120 And they tended to look down their noses just a little bit

00:04:05.920 at some of the other powers.

00:04:07.300 Yes, it was like a lot of people had these alliances

00:04:09.500 where it's like, I'll defend you if you get in trouble,

00:04:11.420 and you defend me.

00:04:12.160 And Great Britain was like, we're good.

00:04:14.120 That's right.

00:04:15.680 The British were a little bit aloof. 1.00

00:04:17.660 But you're right, it was often quite cynical.

00:04:19.700 Bismarck, who had tried to keep France and Russia 0.81

00:04:21.920 from teaming up against Germany

00:04:23.220 until he was sacked in 1890 by Kaiser Wilhelm II.

00:04:26.780 He undid a lot of Bismarck's diplomatic design.

00:04:29.560 He actually came up with something called

00:04:30.960 the Reinsurance Treaty in 1887.

00:04:33.360 So the idea of this was that the reinsurance business

00:04:36.440 being the insurance that insurance companies

00:04:38.400 take out on each other.

00:04:39.420 So what the Germans tried to do 0.80

00:04:40.900 was to give these kind of secret assurances that

00:04:43.400 so long as, let's say, Germany didn't invade France,

00:04:47.840 then Russia more or less had a free hand.

00:04:51.100 But Russia would not cooperate if France invaded Germany.

00:04:53.340 And then the same thing would take place

00:04:55.380 in reverse with Austria-Hungary.

00:04:56.940 There was a lot of secret diplomacy.

00:04:58.400 And this is the kind of thing that the Americans

00:05:00.360 like to rail against.

00:05:01.660 Woodrow Wilson would famously rail against it

00:05:04.200 in some of his speeches.

00:05:05.420 And in the 14 points, that is,

00:05:06.620 the powers were kind of drawing each other in

00:05:09.380 to some extent, their spheres of influence.

00:05:11.740 But they had different interests.

00:05:13.020 And that's the thing.

00:05:13.440 They didn't necessarily see things the same way.

00:05:15.580 So there was a potential for conflict.

00:05:17.780 Let me ask you about, so Great Britain was,

00:05:19.800 I mean, this one, they talk about now

00:05:21.100 on the death of Queen Elizabeth,

00:05:23.100 people talked about, you know,

00:05:24.140 the British Empire and colonialism and all that.

00:05:27.160 This is the timeframe we're talking about it.

00:05:28.980 You know, like this is when they really were

00:05:30.440 the British Empire and that, you know,

00:05:32.220 they controlled India and all these vast land masses. 0.89

00:05:35.260 And they were at the very height of their power.

00:05:38.860 But their isolationism was well-founded, right?

00:05:44.180 As I understand, because they had this huge,

00:05:45.800 really powerful Navy.

00:05:47.740 And that Navy had served them very well.

00:05:49.800 And they were kind of like,

00:05:50.820 we're good as long as we have our big Navy.

00:05:53.080 And as we'll fast forward to in a little while,

00:05:55.540 once Germany started to sort of come at them, right?

00:06:00.960 They were like, okay, hold on a second.

00:06:02.940 Now, if you're going to mess with our shores,

00:06:05.900 with our waters, you're going to do anything

00:06:07.320 to threaten our Navy,

00:06:08.120 and Germany was building up its Navy, it's on.

00:06:10.640 We're talking about a totally different ballgame now.

00:06:13.880 Well, that's right.

00:06:14.400 The British definitely saw the Germans 1.00

00:06:15.900 as an emerging threat.

00:06:16.940 For most of the 19th century,

00:06:18.140 Britain had seen Russia as a greater threat 0.90

00:06:19.900 over land, the various routes to India.

00:06:22.440 There was this kind of almost fantasy

00:06:23.840 that the Russians might eventually crash

00:06:25.580 across the Northwest frontier through Peshawar

00:06:28.220 and into India.

00:06:29.700 But since the turn of the century,

00:06:31.220 the Germans had been building this high seas fleet.

00:06:33.780 And Kaiser Wilhelm II was one of his many 0.75

00:06:36.500 alleged blunders.

00:06:37.680 Again, the Germans get a lot of bad press for this,

00:06:39.640 that he had been reading, apparently,

00:06:41.580 the work of Admiral Mahan,

00:06:43.380 the influence of sea power on history,

00:06:45.260 allegedly kept it next to his bedside table

00:06:47.180 and was kind of obsessed with the idea

00:06:48.580 that Germany, too, should have a high seas fleet,

00:06:51.980 just like the British did. 0.99

00:06:53.280 And there were various aspects to this

00:06:55.240 where they often built these ships

00:06:56.740 without necessarily that much capacity

00:06:59.560 for coal storage, in part because

00:07:01.000 they weren't necessarily going to go around the world.

00:07:02.880 Rather, they were going to go into the North Sea,

00:07:05.220 the English Channel, to fight the British.

00:07:06.700 It was quite provocative.

00:07:08.180 The British, though, 0.90

00:07:08.940 they really had seen off this threat.

00:07:10.300 I mean, the thing is,

00:07:11.040 the newer research on the war,

00:07:13.680 and particularly on spending shows,

00:07:14.700 the British were able to outspend

00:07:15.820 the Germans on the Navy,

00:07:16.780 in part because the Germans 0.99

00:07:17.500 had to field such a large army.

00:07:19.540 By 1911 or 1912,

00:07:20.880 the British really had seen off the German threat. 0.89

00:07:23.160 So I think some of the arguments

00:07:24.620 about the Anglo-German naval race

00:07:26.800 as this prime causative factor

00:07:28.620 of the First World War,

00:07:29.600 and we've heard a lot about that.

00:07:30.820 There are many books about that subject.

00:07:33.060 I think they overdo it just a bit.

00:07:34.600 I think Britain was arrogant enough

00:07:36.300 to see the Germans as a threat,

00:07:38.180 but I think by 1914,

00:07:39.420 the threat had been largely contained,

00:07:40.980 at least the threat

00:07:41.720 to British naval supremacy.

00:07:43.820 All right, so let's go back.

00:07:44.960 So the war breaks out in 1914,

00:07:47.400 the Great War, World War I.

00:07:49.440 And officially we are told

00:07:52.080 it is because some group

00:07:55.240 called the Black Hand,

00:07:56.720 some terrorist group in Serbia,

00:07:58.720 assassinated the Archduke

00:08:01.480 of Austria-Hungary,

00:08:03.020 which is basically an alliance

00:08:04.120 between Austria and Hungary

00:08:05.160 that we refer to as Austria-Hungary.

00:08:07.500 And Austria-Hungary got very mad.

00:08:10.020 This is the official story.

00:08:10.780 They got very angry

00:08:11.420 that their Archduke

00:08:12.320 had been assassinated

00:08:13.140 and went back to Serbia 0.56

00:08:14.760 and wrote this barn burner of a letter.

00:08:17.700 Like, you will do

00:08:18.720 the following things

00:08:19.580 or it's war.

00:08:21.240 And as I understand it,

00:08:22.240 one of everybody's favorite characters,

00:08:23.620 Winston Churchill,

00:08:24.180 read this over in England

00:08:25.100 and was like,

00:08:25.880 oh, it's on.

00:08:26.560 I mean, it's war.

00:08:27.260 I mean, clearly there's no way

00:08:28.620 they're going to meet these conditions.

00:08:30.120 They want war.

00:08:31.300 War is coming.

00:08:32.400 And Germany is over there 0.91

00:08:33.400 behind its friend Austria-Hungary.

00:08:35.360 Like, yes, we want war too. 0.81

00:08:37.300 We got you.

00:08:37.780 We got your back, Austria-Hungary.

00:08:39.320 And the alliances went.

00:08:40.340 This is my,

00:08:40.980 this is the way I talk about history,

00:08:42.800 just to keep it simple.

00:08:44.280 I know you're way above me on this,

00:08:46.000 but like,

00:08:46.500 is that my,

00:08:47.120 is my dumbed-down version

00:08:48.320 essentially correct?

00:08:49.860 No, there's a lot of truth in this.

00:08:51.460 I mean, you're alluding,

00:08:52.100 I assume,

00:08:52.400 to the blank check.

00:08:53.180 That is,

00:08:53.480 the Germans give this assurance 0.95

00:08:54.780 to Austria-Hungary

00:08:55.860 that effectively we have your back

00:08:57.420 in case Russia intervenes

00:08:58.700 and we're ready

00:08:59.720 to back you up to the hilt.

00:09:00.980 And the blank check

00:09:01.520 was certainly important.

00:09:02.520 So was the assassination

00:09:03.380 and so was the

00:09:04.820 Austro-Hungarian response to it.

00:09:06.660 It wasn't just a pretext,

00:09:08.140 though.

00:09:08.360 If you actually look

00:09:09.120 at the details,

00:09:09.800 I'm not going to get

00:09:10.500 into the details

00:09:11.260 of what actually happened

00:09:12.600 in Sarajevo,

00:09:13.380 although I do discuss it

00:09:14.860 in great detail

00:09:15.780 in several of my books.

00:09:17.660 What's fascinating

00:09:18.340 about the dynamics

00:09:19.240 surrounding it

00:09:20.720 is that Franz Ferdinand,

00:09:21.860 you think,

00:09:22.180 okay,

00:09:22.280 he's an archduke,

00:09:23.000 he's the heir

00:09:23.300 to the Austro-Hungarian throne,

00:09:24.660 the Habsburg throne

00:09:25.280 of Austria-Hungary.

00:09:26.180 Okay, fine.

00:09:26.780 So you'd think,

00:09:27.320 he's not even really sovereign,

00:09:29.080 he's not a politician,

00:09:30.000 why would it matter so much?

00:09:30.940 But in fact,

00:09:31.460 he was.

00:09:32.020 He wasn't just heir

00:09:32.700 to the throne,

00:09:33.520 but Franz Joseph,

00:09:34.660 who had been emperor

00:09:35.760 since 1848,

00:09:37.120 was an octogenarian,

00:09:38.320 expected to die

00:09:39.160 almost any day.

00:09:40.680 Yeah, he was.

00:09:41.520 This is the guy

00:09:42.080 he was about to take over.

00:09:43.380 He was staying alive

00:09:43.800 despite his uncle.

00:09:44.820 That's right.

00:09:45.040 He was staying alive

00:09:45.660 just because he didn't

00:09:46.340 like his nephew.

00:09:48.180 But so Franz Ferdinand

00:09:48.980 was actually running

00:09:49.860 military policy.

00:09:50.940 He was basically running

00:09:51.740 almost a shadow government

00:09:52.700 out of the Belvedere.

00:09:53.520 And what was significant

00:09:54.260 about his assassination,

00:09:55.460 aside from the kind

00:09:56.760 of provocation of it,

00:09:58.520 was that he himself

00:09:59.720 had been blocking

00:10:00.460 the war party in Vienna.

00:10:02.700 Conrad von Hitzendorf,

00:10:03.980 the equivalent

00:10:04.640 of the more famous

00:10:05.480 Moltke in Berlin,

00:10:06.840 the chief of staff,

00:10:07.960 effectively in charge

00:10:08.780 of military planning,

00:10:10.240 he had actually

00:10:10.960 advocated going to war

00:10:11.940 with Serbia

00:10:12.380 something like 25 times

00:10:13.820 in 1913 alone.

00:10:15.140 And Franz Ferdinand

00:10:15.860 had blocked him

00:10:16.580 every single time.

00:10:18.080 In addition to this...

00:10:19.140 So wait, let me just stop you.

00:10:19.940 Let me just stop you

00:10:20.400 because I want to keep

00:10:21.120 it nice and simple

00:10:21.640 for our listeners

00:10:23.440 who are not experts.

00:10:24.640 So what you're saying is,

00:10:25.600 I mean, the average person

00:10:27.020 would say,

00:10:27.460 well, why would Serbia 0.99

00:10:28.220 assassinate that guy 0.76

00:10:29.340 if that's the guy

00:10:30.220 who's stopping the war?

00:10:31.900 But the question is,

00:10:32.920 well, did this Serbian 1.00

00:10:35.080 terrorist group

00:10:35.820 have an interest

00:10:36.640 in stopping the war?

00:10:37.460 Certainly sounds like

00:10:38.060 maybe not.

00:10:38.540 And did Serbia itself

00:10:39.860 have an interest

00:10:40.660 in stopping the war?

00:10:41.440 Because there's a real question

00:10:42.200 about whether this terrorist group

00:10:43.400 was the only one behind it

00:10:44.820 or whether Serbia

00:10:45.500 was actually itself

00:10:46.760 behind the assassination.

00:10:48.940 Well, I don't think

00:10:49.540 the terrorists

00:10:50.040 were necessarily pacifists.

00:10:52.140 On the other hand,

00:10:52.700 the people backing them,

00:10:54.120 some of them

00:10:54.740 may well have wanted the war.

00:10:56.440 If you actually look

00:10:57.300 at the organizer

00:10:58.320 of the Black Hand,

00:11:00.540 Colonel Dragutin Dmitrejevic,

00:11:03.820 his codename was APIS,

00:11:05.460 a little simpler

00:11:05.840 to call him APIS.

00:11:06.800 He was actually the head

00:11:07.560 of Serbian military intelligence.

00:11:09.560 Now, he himself

00:11:10.240 was not necessarily in goods

00:11:11.740 with the prime minister

00:11:12.560 of Serbia,

00:11:13.580 but the hardliners

00:11:14.760 definitely wanted war.

00:11:16.840 They thought they might

00:11:17.500 actually win

00:11:18.260 and they were not averse

00:11:19.140 to provoking Austria-Hungary.

00:11:21.080 So a lot of people

00:11:21.700 overlook Serbia in 1914,

00:11:23.160 but in fact,

00:11:24.440 we have very clear evidence

00:11:26.380 that the Serbian government,

00:11:27.540 at least some rogue elements

00:11:28.980 of the Serbian government,

00:11:29.920 were complicit in the plot

00:11:31.340 and that the Serbian prime minister

00:11:32.500 refused to renounce the plot

00:11:33.940 or to warn Austria-Hungary about it

00:11:36.280 and later on that Russia gave

00:11:38.160 effectively her own version

00:11:39.560 of a kind of what we might call

00:11:40.820 a blank check to Serbia.

00:11:42.060 That is to say,

00:11:42.580 we will back you.

00:11:43.700 We got you.

00:11:44.360 Go ahead and reject the ultimate.

00:11:46.660 So if we zoom out,

00:11:48.860 if we zoom out on this region

00:11:50.200 at the time,

00:11:50.600 because I think some of our audience

00:11:51.640 may be like,

00:11:52.080 well, why are they fighting

00:11:53.240 to begin with?

00:11:53.840 Like, why?

00:11:54.520 Why would there be

00:11:55.480 these provocations?

00:11:56.880 I mean, as I understand it,

00:11:57.780 you've got a situation here

00:11:58.800 at the beginning of,

00:11:59.600 you know,

00:12:00.960 the turn of the century there

00:12:01.880 where they're kind of like

00:12:03.780 the Ottoman Empire is weaker

00:12:05.860 and Austria-Hungary is weaker

00:12:08.160 and they're kind of looking

00:12:10.780 at the same territory.

00:12:12.160 All these countries like Russia 0.90

00:12:13.640 and Serbia and Germany

00:12:16.420 and Austria-Hungary,

00:12:17.380 they're all kind of looking

00:12:18.300 at these countries

00:12:19.080 in this region like,

00:12:20.100 well, maybe I would like

00:12:21.080 to take over some of that space,

00:12:22.940 you know,

00:12:23.240 that the Ottoman Empire

00:12:25.020 used to encompass.

00:12:26.300 Maybe I would.

00:12:27.080 Maybe.

00:12:27.180 So everyone's getting

00:12:28.180 like a little provocative

00:12:29.520 and then the Serbians

00:12:31.020 really poked the bear

00:12:31.940 by this assassination

00:12:32.800 and then it's on.

00:12:34.800 Well, I'm glad you brought up

00:12:35.980 the Ottomans, Megan,

00:12:36.920 because in fact,

00:12:37.620 I've been trying to popularize

00:12:38.920 the idea of the First World War

00:12:40.280 as the war of the Ottoman succession.

00:12:42.320 This isn't kind of homage

00:12:43.440 to all those famous wars

00:12:44.660 of the Austrian

00:12:45.380 or Spanish

00:12:46.380 or English succession

00:12:47.380 dating back to early

00:12:48.280 modern history.

00:12:49.040 That really is to me

00:12:50.080 kind of what is centrally

00:12:51.260 an issue.

00:12:51.600 That is to say

00:12:52.260 the decline of Ottoman power,

00:12:54.320 particularly in Ottoman Europe.

00:12:56.060 And then by the end

00:12:56.580 of the war, of course,

00:12:57.400 you have the great powers

00:12:58.340 squabbling over

00:12:59.560 the inheritance

00:13:00.480 of the Ottoman Empire

00:13:01.440 with the Entente powers,

00:13:02.800 Russia, France and Britain 0.70

00:13:03.680 all staking their claims.

00:13:05.820 It's not quite as simple

00:13:07.240 as just to say

00:13:07.800 that everyone went to war

00:13:08.580 in 1914

00:13:09.340 to try to carve up

00:13:10.740 the Ottoman Empire.

00:13:11.500 In fact, the Germans

00:13:12.380 and the Austro-Hungarians

00:13:13.520 ended up taking the side

00:13:14.660 of the Ottomans

00:13:15.300 effectively to try

00:13:16.460 to defend them

00:13:17.240 against the predations

00:13:18.120 of the other powers.

00:13:19.320 It's a little bit like

00:13:20.220 what people say

00:13:20.940 about slavery

00:13:22.220 and the Civil War

00:13:23.020 that you can't exactly say

00:13:24.640 that the war broke out

00:13:25.520 in 1861 specifically

00:13:27.460 because of slavery,

00:13:28.500 but everyone knew

00:13:29.100 that it was somehow

00:13:30.020 the cause of the war.

00:13:31.020 In the same way,

00:13:31.440 you can say that

00:13:31.940 the decline of Ottoman power

00:13:33.440 is somehow the cause

00:13:34.560 of World War I.

00:13:35.740 The precise sequence

00:13:36.840 of events

00:13:37.580 was not necessarily

00:13:39.280 predetermined.

00:13:40.340 Some of it was quite contingent

00:13:41.920 and even accidental

00:13:42.660 like the assassination,

00:13:43.960 but the clash of interest

00:13:45.320 was real.

00:13:46.120 That is to say

00:13:46.560 the neighborhood

00:13:47.860 was getting a little bit more

00:13:48.980 it was getting more complicated

00:13:50.660 and people were starting

00:13:51.580 to get a little bit

00:13:52.240 more territorial

00:13:52.880 and by the way,

00:13:54.500 just so that nobody

00:13:55.440 so the Ottoman Empire

00:13:56.500 is basically Turkey plus 0.96

00:13:58.380 it's Turkey plus 0.84

00:13:59.860 just to put a label

00:14:01.960 on it for people

00:14:02.640 it used to be much bigger

00:14:03.520 than just Turkey.

00:14:05.100 Okay, so they're looking

00:14:06.700 at each other

00:14:07.140 they're nosing around

00:14:08.300 they're looking

00:14:09.120 at the territory around them

00:14:10.200 and then Serbia

00:14:10.760 does this provocative thing

00:14:11.940 or a terrorist group

00:14:12.880 called the Black Hand

00:14:13.680 within Serbia

00:14:14.560 does this thing

00:14:15.200 assassinates the up-and-comer

00:14:17.080 the next leader

00:14:18.100 of Austria-Hungary

00:14:18.980 this Archduke

00:14:19.900 and now everybody

00:14:21.120 starts aligning

00:14:21.820 and it's basically

00:14:22.640 Germany, Austria, Hungary

00:14:24.460 they're like

00:14:25.020 okay, let's go

00:14:25.700 and the rest of Europe

00:14:27.320 as we know it

00:14:28.100 kind of went

00:14:28.940 on the other side

00:14:29.720 but there was a question

00:14:31.720 about whether

00:14:32.280 Great Britain

00:14:33.020 was going to get involved

00:14:34.160 America's way 0.99

00:14:35.380 across the ocean

00:14:36.200 Russia again 0.98

00:14:38.100 is going to back up

00:14:38.780 Serbia at this time

00:14:40.300 but that would change

00:14:41.060 in the middle of the war

00:14:41.820 but what are they

00:14:43.380 officially fighting over?

00:14:45.320 You know, like

00:14:45.640 what are the two demands

00:14:48.000 on their respective sides?

00:14:50.220 It is a bit hard

00:14:50.780 to explain how a war

00:14:52.180 which is sparked

00:14:52.960 by an assassination

00:14:53.820 in Sarajevo

00:14:54.960 seems to start

00:14:55.780 with the Germans

00:14:56.380 invading Belgium

00:14:57.200 it is a little bit

00:14:58.460 hard to explain

00:14:59.240 to be really honest

00:15:00.100 a lot of that

00:15:01.260 had to do with

00:15:01.960 the factors in German

00:15:02.880 military planning

00:15:03.780 that the Germans

00:15:04.500 had to reckon

00:15:05.100 on a two-front war

00:15:06.500 against Russia

00:15:07.000 and France

00:15:07.560 the interesting question

00:15:08.820 about Britain

00:15:09.480 one of the what-ifs

00:15:10.800 of July 1914

00:15:12.000 right before the war

00:15:13.100 breaks out

00:15:13.720 is had Britain 0.72

00:15:14.580 issued a warning

00:15:15.380 sooner to the Germans 1.00

00:15:16.940 that Britain did plan

00:15:18.280 to back France 0.51

00:15:18.980 and Russia

00:15:19.460 might that have

00:15:20.940 stayed the hand

00:15:21.820 of Germany

00:15:22.660 in backing Austria-Hungary

00:15:23.880 there is actually

00:15:25.140 a key moment

00:15:25.940 on July 29th

00:15:27.180 and I won't go

00:15:27.720 into clinical

00:15:28.360 forensic detail

00:15:29.200 about it

00:15:29.740 I'll just say

00:15:30.760 that the British

00:15:31.420 His Majesty's

00:15:32.720 Foreign Secretary

00:15:33.380 Sir Edward Grey

00:15:34.320 who's most famous

00:15:35.160 for his line

00:15:35.840 about the lamps

00:15:36.580 in Europe

00:15:37.000 are all going out

00:15:37.900 and they will not

00:15:38.440 be lit again

00:15:38.980 in our lifetime

00:15:39.620 which is not

00:15:40.820 just metaphorical

00:15:41.580 he was actually

00:15:42.020 losing his eyesight

00:15:42.900 at the time

00:15:43.620 Sir Edward Grey

00:15:45.040 was famously

00:15:46.100 elliptical

00:15:46.760 in the way

00:15:47.240 that he would speak

00:15:48.280 and interact

00:15:48.980 with other diplomats

00:15:49.960 and so it was

00:15:51.080 really hard to read him

00:15:52.260 when the Germans 0.82

00:15:53.380 finally got the first

00:15:54.720 slightly ambiguous

00:15:56.820 warning from Britain

00:15:57.920 this is when

00:15:58.500 Sir Edward Grey

00:15:59.360 again in his

00:15:59.960 elliptical way

00:16:00.740 says that

00:16:01.360 you know

00:16:01.580 if events

00:16:02.620 kind of proceeded

00:16:04.060 towards war

00:16:04.620 on the continent

00:16:05.160 that it would not do

00:16:06.740 to stand aside

00:16:07.960 and wait

00:16:08.880 which implied

00:16:10.780 that Britain

00:16:11.240 might actually intervene

00:16:12.600 this actually

00:16:14.360 forced the German 1.00

00:16:15.440 Chancellor

00:16:16.040 Bethmann Holweg

00:16:16.940 at the last minute

00:16:17.800 to try to send

00:16:18.660 this note

00:16:19.220 to Austria-Hungary

00:16:20.120 rescinding

00:16:20.760 the blank check

00:16:21.920 it was about

00:16:22.980 8 or 10 hours

00:16:23.820 too late

00:16:24.500 because Austria-Hungary

00:16:25.800 had just started

00:16:26.420 shelling Belgrade

00:16:27.420 across the border

00:16:28.260 so effectively

00:16:28.900 hostilities

00:16:29.840 had already broken out

00:16:30.820 so had Grey

00:16:32.020 gotten a warning

00:16:32.700 across sooner

00:16:33.340 some people

00:16:33.820 even will go further

00:16:34.520 and say maybe

00:16:35.020 the US could have

00:16:35.800 done this

00:16:36.180 perhaps if

00:16:36.940 Theodore Roosevelt

00:16:38.420 had been president

00:16:39.240 instead of Woodrow Wilson

00:16:40.180 he was kind of

00:16:40.780 more of

00:16:41.600 an interventionist

00:16:42.720 who was probably

00:16:43.240 more sympathetic

00:16:43.960 to the British

00:16:44.620 and French cause

00:16:45.680 maybe the US

00:16:47.120 could have played a role

00:16:47.780 I think that's

00:16:48.340 less plausible

00:16:49.040 in part because

00:16:49.620 the US

00:16:49.960 wasn't as directly

00:16:51.040 engaged on the scene

00:16:52.020 as Britain

00:16:52.460 but the Germans 0.66

00:16:54.160 again in part

00:16:55.200 because of

00:16:55.740 just the

00:16:56.560 the ineptitude

00:16:57.580 and kind of

00:16:58.280 lack of imagination

00:16:59.560 of their own

00:17:00.020 military planning

00:17:00.760 they really thought

00:17:01.380 they had to secure

00:17:02.400 these towns

00:17:03.580 in Belgium

00:17:04.180 on mobilization

00:17:05.040 day plus three

00:17:06.400 and it turned out

00:17:06.840 they didn't even

00:17:07.260 succeed anyway

00:17:07.960 that's what brought

00:17:08.500 Britain into the war

00:17:09.160 the violation

00:17:09.720 of Belgian neutrality

00:17:10.780 okay wait wait

00:17:11.800 let me jump in

00:17:12.240 let me jump in

00:17:12.740 we're gonna keep

00:17:13.800 I wanna keep it simple

00:17:14.820 so I mean

00:17:16.400 it's one thing

00:17:17.080 to have Austria

00:17:17.840 Hungary

00:17:18.320 slash Germany 0.98

00:17:19.680 messing with France 0.94

00:17:21.320 it's quite another

00:17:22.440 to have them

00:17:23.200 messing with England

00:17:24.320 and Great Britain

00:17:25.740 and Great Britain

00:17:26.960 wasn't yet in

00:17:27.860 and Great Britain

00:17:29.260 and you're saying

00:17:29.920 there's this guy

00:17:31.100 this top

00:17:31.900 Navy guy

00:17:32.700 who is saying

00:17:33.500 maybe this isn't

00:17:34.180 a good idea

00:17:34.680 and the two countries

00:17:35.560 might have done well

00:17:36.600 thanks to the

00:17:37.660 invention of the telephone

00:17:38.860 to have had a conversation

00:17:40.700 Germany

00:17:41.200 and Great Britain

00:17:42.360 and as I understand

00:17:43.720 it too Sean

00:17:44.420 that Germany

00:17:45.680 and Great Britain

00:17:47.140 you know England

00:17:48.340 they had

00:17:48.860 they had a reason

00:17:49.980 to kind of trust each other

00:17:51.800 or to be allies

00:17:52.940 I guess

00:17:53.340 there was

00:17:53.680 there was a familial

00:17:54.660 relationship

00:17:55.300 like everybody's

00:17:55.920 related to Queen

00:17:56.660 Victoria

00:17:57.740 or descended from her

00:17:59.180 and they should have

00:18:00.140 been friends

00:18:00.780 but they

00:18:01.520 they were not friends

00:18:02.520 no you're right

00:18:05.160 and there was a real

00:18:06.080 sense of betrayal

00:18:07.040 on the Germans part

00:18:08.020 I mean when

00:18:08.400 Bettmann Holweg

00:18:09.240 the chancellor

00:18:09.880 is finally told

00:18:10.840 that Britain

00:18:11.260 is

00:18:11.520 has sent an ultimatum

00:18:13.000 is about to

00:18:13.680 go to war 0.60

00:18:14.200 with Germany

00:18:14.800 his own metaphor

00:18:16.240 he said

00:18:16.660 this is a little bit

00:18:17.340 like a man

00:18:18.320 who's already

00:18:18.920 being attacked

00:18:19.500 from two directions

00:18:20.380 in a bar fight

00:18:21.160 and then some other

00:18:21.780 guy comes in

00:18:22.600 and hits him

00:18:22.960 on the head

00:18:23.300 with a bottle

00:18:23.880 you know

00:18:25.060 which is perhaps

00:18:25.700 a self-serving way

00:18:26.620 of describing

00:18:27.520 German foreign policy

00:18:28.660 in July 1914

00:18:29.580 which is foolish

00:18:30.440 in many ways

00:18:31.180 but you made a

00:18:32.280 really interesting point

00:18:33.080 about the telephone

00:18:33.780 because you're right

00:18:34.300 had Sir Edward Gray

00:18:35.280 simply gotten on the phone

00:18:37.340 or really anyone

00:18:38.080 in the cabinet

00:18:38.640 with

00:18:40.000 Bettmann Holweg

00:18:41.500 or someone else

00:18:42.040 in Berlin

00:18:42.420 and simply said

00:18:43.500 you know

00:18:43.700 look you're going

00:18:44.500 too far

00:18:44.980 and you better know

00:18:45.580 that we're serious

00:18:46.400 and we're not messing around

00:18:47.480 maybe Bettmann Holweg

00:18:49.120 would have reigned

00:18:49.680 in the generals

00:18:50.220 interestingly enough

00:18:51.480 this almost happened

00:18:52.380 between Germany

00:18:52.920 and Russia

00:18:53.380 there was another moment

00:18:54.860 it was on that same night

00:18:56.020 July 29th

00:18:57.160 the night I was talking about

00:18:58.280 where Gray finally got

00:18:59.440 his semi-warning

00:19:01.120 across to Berlin

00:19:02.520 that same night

00:19:04.000 the Russian Tsar

00:19:05.580 Nicholas II

00:19:06.960 received what he thought

00:19:09.120 was actually

00:19:09.920 a kind of real-time

00:19:11.640 telegraphic answer

00:19:13.120 to a question

00:19:13.920 that he had just posed

00:19:14.860 to the German Kaiser

00:19:16.400 Wilhelm II

00:19:17.060 in fact it wasn't true

00:19:18.680 in fact because it took

00:19:19.520 so long to transcribe

00:19:21.400 and decode everything

00:19:22.280 he was responding

00:19:22.940 to another message

00:19:23.700 from about 24 hours previously

00:19:25.280 so the Tsar 0.58

00:19:26.480 was completely mistaken

00:19:27.560 but he was so moved

00:19:28.720 he actually called off

00:19:29.660 general mobilization

00:19:30.600 and so it's a really fascinating

00:19:32.280 what if

00:19:32.700 had they simply been able

00:19:33.860 to talk to one another

00:19:34.580 on the phone

00:19:34.900 as you pointed out

00:19:35.560 they were actually related

00:19:37.020 the German Kaiser

00:19:38.600 the Russian Tsar

00:19:39.360 the English King

00:19:40.740 they were all actually related

00:19:42.120 had they simply gotten together

00:19:43.380 on the phone

00:19:43.980 maybe they couldn't

00:19:44.840 and the curious thing

00:19:45.880 is the monarchs

00:19:46.620 were not really the warmongers

00:19:48.360 in nearly every case

00:19:49.640 they were the ones

00:19:50.500 who were at least trying

00:19:52.560 to put the reins on

00:19:55.040 just a little bit

00:19:55.960 the Tsar is the one 1.00

00:19:56.960 who kept trying to tell

00:19:57.940 his generals to back down

00:19:59.360 the Kaiser

00:20:00.260 despite his reputation

00:20:02.260 for bellicosity

00:20:03.500 was actually the one

00:20:04.780 who at the very last minute

00:20:05.780 tried to call it off

00:20:07.140 so it's kind of

00:20:08.600 the monarchs get a bad rap

00:20:09.600 but they were actually

00:20:10.300 probably less guilty

00:20:11.500 than a lot of the generals

00:20:12.600 and politicians were

00:20:13.460 in 1914

00:20:13.880 that is interesting

00:20:15.700 and the monarchies

00:20:17.680 across this region

00:20:19.000 would look very very different

00:20:20.200 at the end of World War 1

00:20:21.860 I mean than they did beforehand

00:20:23.160 they would in many cases

00:20:24.700 be no more

00:20:25.440 soon thereafter

00:20:26.800 so one of the problems

00:20:28.580 that Germany

00:20:29.560 foisted upon itself

00:20:31.080 was it decided

00:20:31.960 to attack France

00:20:32.760 which was weak

00:20:33.680 and they understood

00:20:34.200 that they could

00:20:34.640 take out France 0.95

00:20:35.400 very quickly

00:20:36.040 same as World War 2

00:20:37.020 poor France

00:20:37.640 they were like

00:20:39.220 we got France

00:20:39.820 we're going to go

00:20:40.240 and take France

00:20:41.140 but they went

00:20:42.220 through Belgium

00:20:42.740 and this was a problem

00:20:44.440 for England

00:20:44.940 England was like 1.00

00:20:45.900 oh no

00:20:46.700 you're not going

00:20:47.400 through Belgium

00:20:47.900 because even though

00:20:49.220 we've been very isolationist

00:20:50.460 and we're like

00:20:50.860 hey we're Great Britain

00:20:51.720 we don't need to cut

00:20:52.440 these deals with anybody

00:20:53.340 Belgium was strategically

00:20:54.840 important to England

00:20:56.220 for a whole bunch

00:20:57.680 of reasons

00:20:58.320 and there was a neutrality

00:21:00.060 like they weren't allowed

00:21:00.860 they decided

00:21:01.840 that they would defend Belgium

00:21:03.020 and the Belgians

00:21:03.740 as I understand it

00:21:04.560 really fought too

00:21:05.960 like they put up

00:21:06.680 one hell of a fight

00:21:07.560 when Germany invaded

00:21:08.720 no that's absolutely right

00:21:11.220 and it's a sign of again

00:21:12.600 the ineptitude really

00:21:14.220 of German military planning

00:21:15.400 not understanding

00:21:16.180 the strategic dimension

00:21:17.320 if you can believe it

00:21:18.580 the original

00:21:19.280 so-called Schlieffenplan

00:21:21.200 which was actually

00:21:21.960 significantly modified

00:21:23.000 by Moltke the Younger

00:21:24.160 the original plan

00:21:24.960 had the Germans 0.97

00:21:25.580 invading the Netherlands

00:21:27.060 as well

00:21:27.620 they were actually

00:21:28.280 originally going to violate

00:21:29.520 both the Netherlands

00:21:30.240 and Belgium

00:21:31.080 and it was a little bit

00:21:33.440 of common sense

00:21:34.100 told them that perhaps

00:21:34.920 we should at least

00:21:35.500 keep some country neutral

00:21:36.920 maybe so we can trade

00:21:38.160 in case it turns

00:21:38.900 into a long war

00:21:39.820 but it was so foolish

00:21:41.100 the French on the other hand

00:21:42.400 they originally had

00:21:43.360 looked into the logistics

00:21:44.440 because Belgium after all

00:21:45.700 is kind of the cockpit

00:21:47.000 of Europe

00:21:47.440 the low countries

00:21:48.240 but the French had realized

00:21:49.440 its strategic importance

00:21:50.580 that Britain had 0.58

00:21:51.380 guaranteed Belgium's

00:21:53.200 integrity

00:21:53.740 and independence

00:21:55.100 by treaty

00:21:55.760 and so for the British 0.61

00:21:56.760 this was potentially

00:21:58.000 a cause

00:21:58.820 it's barely a cause

00:21:59.660 for war

00:22:00.100 and so the Germans

00:22:00.920 really brought it

00:22:01.420 to themselves

00:22:01.860 the only thing I would say

00:22:03.000 about this plan though

00:22:03.920 it's not that they

00:22:04.520 necessarily thought

00:22:05.760 that defeating France 0.89

00:22:06.660 would be easy

00:22:07.440 it's that they thought

00:22:08.180 the French were 0.76

00:22:09.020 a more formidable

00:22:10.540 and dangerous opponent

00:22:11.660 that it would take

00:22:12.220 the Russians longer 0.98

00:22:13.060 to mobilize

00:22:13.760 they failed of course

00:22:15.580 they did not actually

00:22:16.540 knock France out 0.95

00:22:17.420 in six weeks

00:22:18.100 as they'd expected to do

00:22:19.360 they never actually

00:22:20.060 did reach Paris

00:22:21.060 and it was the failure

00:22:22.520 of the Germans

00:22:23.240 with this Schlieffen-Molke

00:22:25.500 plan to subdue France 0.94

00:22:26.860 in six weeks

00:22:27.560 that to some extent

00:22:28.700 really turned the war

00:22:29.940 into this horrific war

00:22:30.960 of attrition

00:22:31.500 particularly on the

00:22:32.200 western front

00:22:32.940 so England didn't want

00:22:34.800 Belgium invaded 0.97

00:22:35.620 because if you get

00:22:36.980 if they get control

00:22:37.720 of Belgium

00:22:38.200 then they're really

00:22:39.000 close to England

00:22:39.820 right I mean

00:22:40.240 is that the issue

00:22:40.900 like right

00:22:41.480 we're gonna protect them

00:22:42.660 because that's our skin

00:22:44.120 yeah and and more broadly

00:22:46.460 the English

00:22:46.920 it's not just that

00:22:47.540 they didn't want

00:22:48.080 a hostile power

00:22:48.880 along the English channel

00:22:50.040 on the Belgian coastline

00:22:51.140 but they also didn't want

00:22:52.240 one single power

00:22:53.640 to dominate Europe

00:22:54.540 this kind of traditional

00:22:55.520 precept of British

00:22:56.540 foreign policy

00:22:57.360 you could trace it

00:22:58.500 all the way back

00:22:59.180 to the wars

00:23:00.080 of the Sun King

00:23:00.800 or Napoleon

00:23:01.260 the British never wanted 1.00

00:23:02.380 one single power

00:23:03.320 to dominate the continent

00:23:04.440 because then they would be

00:23:05.220 effectively under its thumb

00:23:06.680 okay so you got England

00:23:08.460 you got France 0.87

00:23:09.700 you got Serbia 0.94

00:23:10.780 you got over on the other side

00:23:12.520 and and ultimately

00:23:13.320 the Russians

00:23:13.880 and then on the other side

00:23:15.780 you got Germany 0.95

00:23:16.280 and Austria-Hungary

00:23:17.040 and it's they're fighting

00:23:18.660 and it's complex

00:23:19.880 now let's spend some time

00:23:21.380 on Russia

00:23:21.800 and then we'll spend some time

00:23:22.720 on the United States

00:23:23.560 because they're also

00:23:24.760 big players in all of this

00:23:26.120 and things change

00:23:27.680 things change for each country

00:23:29.420 in a really profound

00:23:30.320 and important way

00:23:31.100 if you go up to Russia

00:23:32.620 as you pointed out

00:23:33.720 they decided they had

00:23:35.080 that they would back Serbia 0.81

00:23:36.280 so they were going to be opposed

00:23:38.560 to Germany

00:23:39.380 and Austria-Hungary

00:23:40.260 but what was happening

00:23:41.580 in Russia at the time

00:23:42.540 was fascinating

00:23:43.560 and you know

00:23:44.460 my husband's told me

00:23:45.160 a little bit about

00:23:45.900 the Tsar and the Tsarina 0.86

00:23:47.880 at the time

00:23:48.800 who at the beginning

00:23:50.300 of the war

00:23:51.020 were kind of wacky

00:23:52.840 like she was obsessed

00:23:55.160 with Rasputin

00:23:56.200 her kid had hemophilia

00:23:58.260 I'm going off of

00:23:59.500 what Doug has told me

00:24:00.340 forgive me this is memory

00:24:01.220 but they had a kid

00:24:02.620 who had hemophilia

00:24:03.400 and she was convinced

00:24:05.780 that this guy Rasputin

00:24:06.740 was like this charmer

00:24:08.260 who could save the line

00:24:10.820 in any event

00:24:12.000 the Russians started 0.99

00:24:13.660 to question

00:24:14.520 the Tsar and Tsarina

00:24:15.500 as I understand it

00:24:16.300 and before you know it

00:24:17.580 you've got the revolution

00:24:18.480 you've got the Bolsheviks 0.97

00:24:19.420 Lenin coming in 0.87

00:24:20.480 taking over

00:24:21.000 that was a big game changer

00:24:22.380 in World War I

00:24:23.660 and what the Russians

00:24:24.480 were doing

00:24:24.960 so what was happening

00:24:25.980 under the Tsar

00:24:26.660 and the Tsarina

00:24:27.300 the first couple of years

00:24:28.620 of World War I

00:24:29.420 well it's fascinating

00:24:31.600 about Rasputin

00:24:32.400 the reason he was important

00:24:33.600 is just as you said

00:24:34.680 that it wasn't just

00:24:35.720 any child

00:24:36.520 it was the sole male child

00:24:38.280 the heir to the Romanov throne

00:24:40.120 dating back to 1801

00:24:41.520 although Russia

00:24:42.760 had had empresses

00:24:43.420 in the past

00:24:44.140 it was no longer allowed

00:24:45.300 for a female to ascend 1.00

00:24:46.680 to become empress

00:24:47.960 and so this was the only heir

00:24:49.640 and he had hemophilia

00:24:50.560 and in part because

00:24:52.380 the whole job of emperor

00:24:53.960 you're supposed to be

00:24:54.520 autocrat of all the Russias

00:24:55.620 I mean you're supposed

00:24:56.400 to be in charge of everything

00:24:57.440 and the idea that

00:24:58.380 an autocrat to be

00:25:00.020 could not actually

00:25:01.380 heal up from minor

00:25:02.400 scrapes and bruises

00:25:03.380 I suppose just

00:25:04.420 didn't really wash

00:25:06.240 and so they never

00:25:06.860 actually revealed

00:25:07.480 this to the public

00:25:08.740 which is quite interesting

00:25:09.840 had they done so

00:25:10.660 I think the Russian people

00:25:11.580 would have actually

00:25:12.020 been quite sympathetic

00:25:12.860 instead there were just

00:25:13.700 all these vague rumors

00:25:14.660 and the rumors

00:25:15.680 started swirling around

00:25:16.820 not just about

00:25:17.620 the heir

00:25:18.720 Alexis

00:25:19.360 but also about Rasputin

00:25:20.980 and because he was

00:25:21.820 so close to

00:25:22.740 Alexandra

00:25:23.580 the reason this

00:25:24.860 mattered politically

00:25:25.780 was that Rasputin

00:25:27.500 himself was actually

00:25:28.700 if not an out

00:25:29.420 and out pacifist

00:25:30.600 he was not

00:25:32.060 pro-war

00:25:32.760 in the years

00:25:34.120 up to 1914

00:25:35.020 there had been

00:25:35.640 a series of wars

00:25:36.420 in the Balkans

00:25:37.180 involving Serbia

00:25:38.180 Russia's client 0.82

00:25:39.060 and although Russia

00:25:40.440 had not in the end

00:25:41.100 gone to war

00:25:41.640 there were a lot of

00:25:42.400 very strong

00:25:43.140 Pan-Slavic voices

00:25:44.200 that Russia 0.72

00:25:44.820 should intervene

00:25:45.640 Rasputin had

00:25:46.640 criticized them all

00:25:48.080 quite bravely

00:25:49.060 effectively saying

00:25:50.560 that you know

00:25:51.100 in the end

00:25:51.520 it's the little people 0.67

00:25:52.780 you know

00:25:52.960 it's the peasants 0.53

00:25:53.480 who are going to

00:25:53.880 suffer and die 0.99

00:25:54.600 for these silly

00:25:56.200 abstractions

00:25:56.860 like Pan-Slavism 0.57

00:25:57.780 he probably would

00:25:59.380 have counseled

00:26:00.400 the Tsar against war

00:26:01.160 had he actually been

00:26:02.140 in St. Petersburg

00:26:02.800 in July 1914

00:26:03.820 he however

00:26:04.880 had gone to visit

00:26:05.580 his hometown

00:26:06.120 in Siberia

00:26:06.980 and you're not

00:26:08.620 going to believe me

00:26:09.060 but he was actually

00:26:09.900 stabbed by a woman

00:26:11.080 who cried out

00:26:11.920 I have killed

00:26:12.660 the Antichrist

00:26:13.600 he wasn't killed

00:26:15.200 he was actually alive

00:26:16.100 but he was in a

00:26:16.640 hospital bed

00:26:17.400 as the powers

00:26:18.940 were mobilizing

00:26:19.780 for war

00:26:20.360 and so he was

00:26:20.940 unable to

00:26:22.020 exert his influence

00:26:23.660 the other reason

00:26:24.840 this mattered

00:26:25.280 his reputation

00:26:25.980 was already being

00:26:26.960 if not a pacifist

00:26:28.160 and vaguely

00:26:28.840 anti-war

00:26:29.660 maybe pro-German

00:26:31.260 again the atmosphere

00:26:31.980 of war

00:26:32.360 being vaguely

00:26:33.060 anti-war

00:26:33.600 means you're

00:26:34.080 suspected of being

00:26:34.900 kind of a German spy

00:26:36.120 well the Tsarina

00:26:37.360 Alexandra

00:26:38.180 or as she was

00:26:39.600 known originally

00:26:40.520 Alex of Hesse

00:26:41.660 was of course

00:26:42.860 German born

00:26:43.840 or actually

00:26:44.120 she was born

00:26:44.600 into territory

00:26:45.240 later absorbed

00:26:46.040 into the German Reich

00:26:46.940 she was actually

00:26:47.960 not pro-German

00:26:48.980 she resented

00:26:50.120 Bismarck and Prussia

00:26:51.300 for having

00:26:51.960 absorbed her

00:26:53.200 former home

00:26:54.440 of Hesse

00:26:55.140 into the Reich

00:26:56.540 however most Russians

00:26:57.920 didn't know that

00:26:58.660 they simply thought

00:26:59.280 oh well because

00:26:59.760 she's from Germany

00:27:00.580 she must be

00:27:01.160 kind of pro-German

00:27:02.020 and so by

00:27:03.220 let's say

00:27:03.680 kind of 1915

00:27:04.760 1916

00:27:05.520 right on the eve

00:27:06.640 of what we know

00:27:07.340 as the Russian

00:27:08.180 Revolution

00:27:09.080 rumors are swirling

00:27:10.540 around Petrograd

00:27:11.300 there's a kind of

00:27:11.860 a spy mania

00:27:12.800 there's this

00:27:13.360 anti-German mania

00:27:14.820 some of it's also

00:27:15.480 anti-Jewish

00:27:16.300 oddly enough

00:27:16.980 Jews were seen

00:27:18.140 as more pro-Germany

00:27:19.360 and Austria-Hungary

00:27:20.280 in the war

00:27:20.780 in part because

00:27:21.300 Russia had a

00:27:21.960 traditional reputation

00:27:22.800 for anti-Semitism

00:27:23.640 so there's anti-Semitism

00:27:25.160 as anti-German

00:27:26.040 sentiment

00:27:26.480 and a lot of it

00:27:27.620 centers around

00:27:28.140 the Tsarina

00:27:28.660 and Rasputin

00:27:29.560 and when the Tsar

00:27:31.280 takes over

00:27:31.900 personal command

00:27:32.840 of the armies

00:27:33.640 after Russia 0.53

00:27:34.760 suffers a series

00:27:35.880 of setbacks

00:27:36.580 against central powers

00:27:37.640 in summer 1915

00:27:38.960 that doesn't just mean

00:27:40.260 that he's going to

00:27:40.720 take kind of

00:27:41.320 all the blame

00:27:42.000 success or failure

00:27:43.560 on the front

00:27:44.020 but it also means

00:27:44.560 he's no longer

00:27:45.280 in Petrograd

00:27:46.280 and so the rumors

00:27:47.600 swirl and it looks

00:27:48.580 like the Tsarina

00:27:49.400 and Rasputin

00:27:50.080 are kind of

00:27:50.620 running the government

00:27:51.380 and there are

00:27:52.680 these other really

00:27:53.280 kind of almost

00:27:53.820 obvious things

00:27:54.880 that the conspiracy

00:27:55.820 theorists settle on

00:27:56.780 they appointed

00:27:57.460 a guy called

00:27:58.040 Boris Starmark

00:27:59.280 chairman of this

00:27:59.960 council of ministers

00:28:00.500 he's got

00:28:01.080 even got has

00:28:01.580 a German name

00:28:02.280 right

00:28:02.520 and so you have

00:28:03.140 a German name

00:28:04.440 running the government

00:28:06.840 and then you have

00:28:07.460 allegedly Rasputin

00:28:09.040 who's supposed to be

00:28:09.660 a pacifist

00:28:10.280 or pro-German

00:28:10.960 and the German

00:28:11.660 born empress

00:28:13.280 or Tsarina

00:28:13.980 unfortunately

00:28:15.260 this is kind of

00:28:16.040 what poisoned

00:28:16.580 the political atmosphere

00:28:17.640 quite fatally

00:28:18.400 I think

00:28:18.780 in Petrograd

00:28:19.720 in 1916

00:28:20.700 heading into

00:28:21.440 the winter

00:28:21.900 of 1917

00:28:22.860 so but in the

00:28:23.920 beginning

00:28:24.220 I mean just to

00:28:24.780 just to dumb it

00:28:25.820 down

00:28:26.120 in the beginning

00:28:27.320 Russia was backing 0.95

00:28:28.740 the Serbs

00:28:29.780 and on the opposite

00:28:30.340 side of Germany

00:28:31.200 in this war

00:28:31.940 but then something

00:28:32.560 really important

00:28:33.180 happened over in Russia

00:28:34.220 and all that would

00:28:35.360 change

00:28:35.760 and really would set

00:28:36.620 set the course

00:28:37.940 for the 20th

00:28:39.380 and now 21st century

00:28:40.720 and the way people

00:28:41.620 were going to be

00:28:42.040 living in Russia

00:28:43.380 and that was the

00:28:43.860 revolution

00:28:44.280 and the Bolsheviks 0.66

00:28:45.480 and the rise of Lenin

00:28:46.980 and then these other

00:28:48.260 countries looking at Lenin

00:28:49.160 like well what's he

00:28:49.780 going to do

00:28:50.240 because it wasn't

00:28:50.880 a foregone conclusion

00:28:51.780 that Lenin was going

00:28:52.500 to come in

00:28:53.100 and just keep doing

00:28:54.700 what the Tsar

00:28:55.440 and the Tsarina

00:28:55.940 had been doing

00:28:56.660 well right

00:28:57.940 first of all

00:28:58.440 because Lenin

00:28:58.880 was actually in Switzerland

00:29:00.000 in fact

00:29:01.240 when we talk about

00:29:02.100 the revolution

00:29:02.620 of 1917

00:29:03.300 you really have to

00:29:04.400 bracket it out

00:29:05.060 into two

00:29:05.760 the February revolution

00:29:07.520 which is the one

00:29:08.160 that toppled the Tsar

00:29:09.580 initially seemed

00:29:10.740 if anything

00:29:11.180 at least from the

00:29:11.840 perspective of France

00:29:12.820 and Britain

00:29:13.120 they were quite hopeful

00:29:14.040 yeah it was more

00:29:15.100 democratic

00:29:15.560 right

00:29:16.740 and they thought

00:29:17.380 that again

00:29:17.940 the Tsar had been 0.86

00:29:18.600 surrounded by these

00:29:19.300 pro-German

00:29:19.840 advisors

00:29:20.320 so they thought

00:29:21.000 they were kind of

00:29:21.720 cleaning out

00:29:22.440 the Augustine stables

00:29:23.440 and now Russia

00:29:24.140 would rededicate

00:29:25.040 herself to the war effort

00:29:26.200 this is actually

00:29:27.820 what the US

00:29:28.840 President Wilson

00:29:29.700 I assume we'll talk

00:29:30.920 about that as we go

00:29:31.820 but he sees it

00:29:32.580 the same way

00:29:33.180 right now Russia

00:29:33.820 is a democracy

00:29:34.420 so we're all

00:29:35.180 on the same side

00:29:35.940 and they're hoping

00:29:37.060 that it's actually

00:29:37.760 going to be

00:29:38.280 a positive story

00:29:39.440 for the war effort

00:29:40.200 Lenin

00:29:41.420 of course as we know

00:29:42.880 is sent back

00:29:43.720 to Russia

00:29:44.060 by the Germans

00:29:44.880 you know

00:29:45.260 had shall we say

00:29:46.260 perhaps slightly

00:29:47.540 nefarious purposes

00:29:48.500 they knew about

00:29:49.520 his political program

00:29:50.540 which was effectively

00:29:51.460 to turn as he called it

00:29:52.740 the imperialist war

00:29:53.580 into a civil war

00:29:54.240 basically to sabotage

00:29:55.340 the war effort

00:29:55.940 promote mutinies

00:29:57.320 and take Russia 0.86

00:29:58.360 out of the war

00:29:59.140 and he didn't do it

00:30:00.360 all at once

00:30:00.900 it took him

00:30:01.420 a number of months

00:30:02.420 but the Bolsheviks 0.61

00:30:03.180 fled the Russian armies

00:30:04.240 with propaganda

00:30:04.900 and by the fall

00:30:06.460 opinion is starting

00:30:07.540 to turn against the war

00:30:08.660 although the Bolsheviks 0.66

00:30:10.080 they actually did not win

00:30:11.540 the elections held in Russia

00:30:12.720 amazingly they held elections

00:30:13.700 even after the Bolsheviks 0.91

00:30:14.720 took power

00:30:15.200 and the Bolsheviks 0.66

00:30:15.820 got only 24% of the vote

00:30:17.340 but in the army

00:30:18.220 they did well

00:30:18.780 that is they did

00:30:19.620 make a decisive move

00:30:21.420 to shift opinion

00:30:23.120 in the army

00:30:23.700 against the war

00:30:24.460 and this really was

00:30:25.560 the key part

00:30:26.060 of Lenin's program

00:30:26.880 the peace platform

00:30:27.960 that's what then

00:30:29.320 allows Lenin

00:30:29.940 to take Russia

00:30:30.560 out of the war

00:30:31.140 effectively

00:30:31.700 he sues the central

00:30:33.420 powers for peace

00:30:34.300 they meet at

00:30:34.780 Dresdlitovsk

00:30:35.540 the allies refused

00:30:36.920 to go

00:30:37.340 because they see Lenin

00:30:38.140 as a German agent

00:30:39.080 somewhat reasonably

00:30:40.620 I mean he had been

00:30:41.300 sent to Russia

00:30:41.840 by Germany

00:30:42.580 the Germans

00:30:43.520 had provided funds

00:30:44.460 for his operations

00:30:45.420 even if there was

00:30:46.280 a lot of controversy

00:30:47.020 about that

00:30:47.620 and the Russian

00:30:48.880 provisional government

00:30:49.700 was never able

00:30:50.360 to produce

00:30:50.900 the smoking gun

00:30:51.880 in court

00:30:52.360 although they actually

00:30:53.120 did

00:30:53.660 they arrested

00:30:54.560 the Bolsheviks 0.73

00:30:55.180 and for a time

00:30:55.740 Lenin was actually

00:30:56.400 supposed to be

00:30:56.840 arrested for treason

00:30:57.640 wait can I

00:30:58.040 but can I just

00:30:58.520 ask you a quick

00:30:58.980 question on that

00:30:59.440 let me clarify

00:31:00.060 just a quick question

00:31:00.760 I follow what

00:31:01.560 you're saying

00:31:01.960 how he had been

00:31:02.720 in Germany

00:31:03.180 but the Russians 0.70

00:31:04.140 are on the other

00:31:04.720 side at this point

00:31:05.840 right

00:31:06.020 they're fighting

00:31:06.580 against Germany

00:31:07.720 so like

00:31:09.900 I don't

00:31:10.260 why would they

00:31:10.880 be so distrustful

00:31:11.720 because right now

00:31:12.380 they've got the Russians 1.00

00:31:13.240 like

00:31:13.980 I don't

00:31:15.200 factor that in

00:31:16.320 because I don't

00:31:16.820 understand how

00:31:17.360 they could be

00:31:17.640 so suspicious

00:31:18.120 of him

00:31:18.500 when he's

00:31:18.920 I guess he came

00:31:20.080 from Germany

00:31:21.040 but his country

00:31:21.740 is fighting

00:31:22.140 with the allies

00:31:22.940 allied forces

00:31:23.800 well he was

00:31:24.180 well he was actually

00:31:24.440 he came

00:31:25.080 from Switzerland

00:31:25.940 but to get

00:31:26.540 to Russia

00:31:27.020 from Switzerland

00:31:27.880 in the time

00:31:29.620 when you have

00:31:30.080 these massive

00:31:30.700 armies mobilized

00:31:31.520 on both fronts

00:31:32.300 the only really

00:31:33.140 practical way

00:31:33.860 for him to get

00:31:34.420 there was through

00:31:35.040 Germany

00:31:35.500 so the Germans 0.98

00:31:36.660 organized his trip

00:31:37.860 and they paid for it

00:31:38.800 and they sent Lenin 0.73

00:31:39.580 to Russia

00:31:40.140 and German diplomats

00:31:42.140 were kind of told

00:31:42.880 to stay quiet about it

00:31:44.140 but it was very much

00:31:45.000 an operation of the

00:31:45.860 German foreign office

00:31:46.700 because the Germans

00:31:47.540 wanted Lenin

00:31:48.420 to go to Russia

00:31:49.220 wreak havoc with the war

00:31:50.780 effort with his kind

00:31:51.640 of anti-war propaganda

00:31:52.780 spreading mutinous

00:31:54.280 sentiment in the armies

00:31:55.160 I mean literally

00:31:55.820 they would get together

00:31:56.820 and have these meetings

00:31:57.640 in the armies

00:31:58.240 and denounce the war

00:31:59.360 the Bolsheviks 0.73

00:32:00.300 ended up printing

00:32:00.940 massive amounts

00:32:01.720 of anti-war propaganda

00:32:03.060 as soon as he arrived

00:32:05.100 in Petrograd

00:32:05.760 yeah and as soon

00:32:06.600 as he arrived

00:32:07.020 in Petrograd

00:32:07.520 I'll give you an example

00:32:08.080 an American historian

00:32:09.040 called Frank Golder

00:32:10.520 was there

00:32:11.060 and he immediately

00:32:11.740 was told

00:32:12.060 oh yeah this guy

00:32:12.680 Lenin has showed up

00:32:13.520 and he's

00:32:13.820 he's preesting

00:32:14.640 all these kind

00:32:15.240 of damnable doctrines

00:32:16.600 of propaganda

00:32:17.640 and peace

00:32:18.620 and pro-German

00:32:19.480 sentiment

00:32:19.900 it was

00:32:20.320 it was quite widely

00:32:21.320 discussed at the time

00:32:22.280 that is the idea

00:32:22.960 that Lenin was

00:32:23.880 if not a German agent

00:32:25.700 and somehow

00:32:26.220 working on behalf of

00:32:27.660 so the allies

00:32:28.640 have got to be very

00:32:29.540 unhappy about this

00:32:30.820 development right

00:32:31.480 because they did have

00:32:32.080 Russia on their side 0.62

00:32:33.040 and now suddenly

00:32:33.600 you've got Lenin 0.53

00:32:34.200 taking over

00:32:34.720 with this Marxist

00:32:35.440 revolution

00:32:35.860 and he seems

00:32:37.020 to be much more

00:32:37.600 sympathetic to

00:32:38.320 the Germans

00:32:39.160 the other side

00:32:39.880 and ultimately

00:32:40.360 winds up

00:32:41.060 pulling Russia out 1.00

00:32:42.420 right the Russian 1.00

00:32:44.020 armies they fall apart

00:32:45.060 even before Lenin

00:32:46.040 takes power

00:32:46.720 they're beginning

00:32:47.580 to disintegrate

00:32:48.380 and by the winter

00:32:49.080 of 1917

00:32:49.860 after the Bolsheviks 0.93

00:32:50.880 take power

00:32:51.460 and it's actually

00:32:52.120 November by our calendar

00:32:53.080 we usually call it

00:32:53.740 the October revolution

00:32:54.420 after the Bolsheviks 0.93

00:32:55.200 take power

00:32:55.760 they just stopped

00:32:56.960 fighting

00:32:57.540 in fact the Germans

00:32:58.900 at one point

00:32:59.400 in early 1918

00:33:00.240 the Bolsheviks 0.73

00:33:01.540 Trotsky comes up

00:33:02.780 with this ingenious

00:33:03.620 kind of a slogan

00:33:04.420 when he goes

00:33:04.820 to Brest-Litovsky

00:33:05.720 calls it

00:33:06.220 no war 0.63

00:33:06.820 no peace

00:33:07.480 what he means

00:33:08.120 is

00:33:08.400 we're not going

00:33:09.300 to fight

00:33:10.260 but we're demobilizing

00:33:11.640 our army

00:33:12.100 and so

00:33:12.700 it's sort of like

00:33:13.820 he's telling the Germans 0.94

00:33:14.580 look if you really

00:33:15.300 want to

00:33:15.780 you can just go ahead

00:33:16.460 and occupy Russia 0.50

00:33:17.340 but you're going

00:33:17.920 to have to explain

00:33:18.620 to your own people

00:33:19.340 in the world

00:33:19.920 why you're at war

00:33:20.860 with a country

00:33:21.380 that no longer

00:33:22.060 has an army

00:33:22.960 now as you can imagine

00:33:24.380 the Allies are not 0.80

00:33:25.100 happy about this

00:33:25.860 a whole front

00:33:26.560 has just collapsed

00:33:27.360 in the war

00:33:28.020 and so they're desperate

00:33:29.020 to get Russia 0.78

00:33:29.780 back into the war

00:33:31.020 by whatever means

00:33:32.020 they can

00:33:32.560 and they try

00:33:34.400 a lot of different

00:33:35.000 things in 1918

00:33:35.820 none of them

00:33:36.360 quite work

00:33:36.880 the only thing

00:33:37.700 that does help

00:33:38.380 them in the end

00:33:38.980 is kind of

00:33:39.400 unintentional

00:33:40.080 as the Germans

00:33:40.860 do get sucked

00:33:41.600 into Russia

00:33:42.060 they end up

00:33:42.580 sending about

00:33:43.480 a million troops

00:33:44.300 into Russia

00:33:44.860 including into Ukraine

00:33:46.040 where they have

00:33:46.500 nearly 600,000 troops

00:33:48.400 occupying Russia 0.94

00:33:49.900 as the war

00:33:50.920 is being decided

00:33:52.220 later that year

00:33:52.980 on the Western Front

00:33:53.800 particularly after

00:33:54.600 the arrival

00:33:55.080 of U.S. troops

00:33:56.340 the so-called

00:33:57.020 doughboys 0.99

00:33:57.500 All right

00:34:01.840 so the Allied forces

00:34:03.320 were not nearly

00:34:04.920 as strong

00:34:05.500 as they would become

00:34:06.460 once they got

00:34:08.400 England on board 0.76

00:34:09.880 England with its navy

00:34:11.420 and how strong it was

00:34:12.420 that was a big

00:34:13.060 that was a great

00:34:13.940 development

00:34:14.320 for the Allied forces

00:34:15.200 to get England

00:34:15.780 in on this fight

00:34:16.440 it was not a great

00:34:17.160 development

00:34:17.520 for them to lose

00:34:18.380 Russia

00:34:18.780 from the war

00:34:20.500 altogether

00:34:20.840 but then there's

00:34:21.780 this big country

00:34:22.520 across the sea

00:34:23.340 called the United States

00:34:24.580 of America

00:34:25.060 which as you point out

00:34:25.920 is not yet

00:34:26.480 the United States

00:34:27.280 of America

00:34:27.640 that we would be

00:34:28.360 after World War II

00:34:29.420 a superpower

00:34:30.400 and it was more

00:34:32.880 complicated for us

00:34:33.700 you know

00:34:33.880 we had fought

00:34:34.900 a couple of wars

00:34:35.760 with England

00:34:36.280 in the past

00:34:37.420 hundred years

00:34:38.720 and you know

00:34:40.680 they're kind of

00:34:41.120 wanting us to come

00:34:41.860 over and help them

00:34:42.740 and join the Allied forces

00:34:43.880 and we got the big ocean

00:34:44.980 and what was the mood

00:34:46.940 of the American people

00:34:48.620 at this time

00:34:49.780 and now

00:34:50.100 we're like 1914

00:34:51.440 to 1917

00:34:52.200 right around there

00:34:53.620 and the war

00:34:54.320 just again

00:34:55.200 went from 14

00:34:55.880 to 18

00:34:56.260 so keep

00:34:56.660 so what was the mood

00:34:57.940 of the Americans

00:34:58.460 well I certainly

00:34:59.360 don't think

00:34:59.740 there was any great

00:35:00.420 desire to get involved

00:35:01.560 in the European war

00:35:02.580 I mean we could judge

00:35:03.540 if by nothing else

00:35:04.480 the result of the

00:35:05.380 1916 election

00:35:06.540 Woodrow Wilson

00:35:08.360 who really

00:35:08.860 at that point

00:35:09.540 was actually

00:35:10.040 running more or less

00:35:11.620 in a peace platform

00:35:12.660 of keeping the US

00:35:13.660 out of the war

00:35:14.100 against Charles Hughes

00:35:14.880 the Republicans

00:35:15.880 oddly enough

00:35:16.340 back then

00:35:16.840 were far more

00:35:17.560 the party

00:35:18.080 of kind of

00:35:18.600 the northeast

00:35:19.100 and big business

00:35:20.020 and a lot of ties

00:35:21.300 to Europe

00:35:21.740 and they were

00:35:22.700 much more

00:35:23.320 pro-interventionist

00:35:24.520 and pro-Britain

00:35:25.200 and France

00:35:25.860 than Wilson's

00:35:27.400 party

00:35:27.540 the Democrats

00:35:28.120 the base of which

00:35:29.000 was still kind of

00:35:29.800 a lot of it

00:35:30.300 was either

00:35:30.800 labor or agrarian

00:35:32.220 populism in the south

00:35:33.580 and Wilson himself

00:35:35.000 had not wanted

00:35:35.980 to get the US

00:35:36.480 into the war

00:35:36.920 in fact

00:35:37.180 Wilson gave a speech

00:35:38.180 as late as January

00:35:39.080 1917

00:35:39.700 the so-called

00:35:41.020 peace without victory

00:35:42.140 speech

00:35:42.700 trying to some extent

00:35:44.480 to use the leverage

00:35:45.680 the US now had

00:35:46.540 over France and Britain

00:35:47.760 because they're buying

00:35:48.340 a lot of their arms

00:35:49.140 in the US

00:35:49.740 they're relying on

00:35:50.740 Wall Street

00:35:51.220 for the loans

00:35:51.880 that are now

00:35:52.260 paying for the war

00:35:52.940 because they've

00:35:53.380 effectively run out

00:35:54.340 of gold

00:35:55.060 their gold reserves

00:35:55.820 are running down

00:35:56.580 the US had leverage

00:35:58.120 in fact there were

00:35:59.520 a lot of ways

00:36:00.120 in which the US

00:36:00.820 might

00:36:01.180 and this was kind

00:36:01.720 of what Wilson

00:36:02.160 was trying to do

00:36:02.860 initially with the

00:36:03.600 peace without victory

00:36:04.460 speech was to step

00:36:05.460 in as a broker

00:36:06.320 as a mediator

00:36:07.300 to broker

00:36:09.140 some type of a peace

00:36:10.280 perhaps of mutual

00:36:11.320 exhaustion

00:36:12.000 Britain and France

00:36:13.040 didn't want that

00:36:13.840 though in part

00:36:14.360 because Germany

00:36:15.380 was still occupying

00:36:16.160 parts of Belgium

00:36:16.840 and France

00:36:17.460 and Germany

00:36:18.820 had also occupied

00:36:19.700 part of what had

00:36:20.420 been Russian Poland

00:36:21.260 and so the Germans

00:36:22.600 were at the time

00:36:23.480 maybe more willing

00:36:24.520 to parlay

00:36:25.120 than the Allies were

00:36:25.940 but then the Germans 0.94

00:36:26.600 shot themselves

00:36:27.200 in the foot

00:36:27.780 by unleashing

00:36:29.560 what was called

00:36:30.160 unrestricted

00:36:31.000 submarine warfare

00:36:32.340 effectively this meant

00:36:33.560 after the sinking

00:36:34.800 of the Lusitania

00:36:35.780 and other ships 0.54

00:36:36.420 with Americans

00:36:37.200 on board in 1915

00:36:38.660 the Germans

00:36:39.280 had made the rules

00:36:40.100 of engagement

00:36:40.740 for their U-boat

00:36:41.540 attacks on British

00:36:43.380 merchant shipping

00:36:44.120 and British naval

00:36:45.620 vessels much stricter

00:36:46.840 effectively

00:36:47.420 kind of you'd have

00:36:48.180 to give prior warning

00:36:49.240 to give time

00:36:50.200 for women and

00:36:50.740 children to get

00:36:51.320 to the lifeboats

00:36:52.160 proverbially

00:36:52.920 now the Germans 0.98

00:36:54.460 was like you know

00:36:55.060 that basically

00:36:55.520 the gloves were off

00:36:56.420 and they were just

00:36:56.980 going to go ahead

00:36:57.500 and fire

00:36:58.040 because the Germans

00:36:59.100 themselves were

00:36:59.700 suffering by that

00:37:00.460 winter Berlin

00:37:01.580 Vienna all the cities

00:37:02.480 of the central powers

00:37:03.400 you know they're

00:37:03.820 kind of slowly

00:37:04.440 starving

00:37:05.060 because of the

00:37:06.200 British blockade

00:37:07.020 and so they thought

00:37:07.740 again this kind of

00:37:09.080 almost typical

00:37:09.940 German self-sabotage

00:37:11.520 you know rather

00:37:12.140 than accepting

00:37:12.760 Wilson's professed

00:37:15.300 aims of negotiating

00:37:16.420 a compromise

00:37:17.260 peace at face

00:37:18.100 value

00:37:18.460 the Germans

00:37:18.920 said you know

00:37:19.360 what we don't

00:37:19.720 trust them

00:37:20.160 we think the U.S.

00:37:20.840 is going to enter

00:37:21.280 the war anyway

00:37:21.820 so we're just

00:37:22.320 going to speed

00:37:22.800 things along

00:37:23.560 they provoked us

00:37:24.900 both with

00:37:26.680 unrestricted

00:37:27.200 submarine warfare

00:37:27.860 and then with

00:37:29.540 the Zimmermann

00:37:30.520 telegram

00:37:31.080 which is just

00:37:31.720 an astonishing

00:37:32.800 mistake

00:37:34.180 before we get

00:37:34.860 to Zimmermann

00:37:35.320 telegram

00:37:35.560 prior to them

00:37:39.000 doing the

00:37:39.560 unrestricted

00:37:40.200 submarine warfare

00:37:40.960 which I understand

00:37:41.700 I can understand

00:37:42.940 why Americans 0.99

00:37:43.960 were like

00:37:44.340 no way

00:37:45.080 that's too much

00:37:45.760 you're taking out

00:37:46.320 indiscriminately

00:37:47.120 civilians on boats

00:37:48.080 and so on

00:37:48.620 prior to that

00:37:50.800 what was the

00:37:52.240 lure

00:37:53.000 to the Americans

00:37:54.000 in getting further

00:37:55.040 involved

00:37:55.460 right because

00:37:55.900 again

00:37:56.360 if you look

00:37:57.040 at World War II

00:37:57.700 we're going to

00:37:58.300 go fight Nazis

00:37:59.000 we're going to

00:37:59.700 defeat Hitler 0.92

00:38:00.300 the Germans

00:38:01.360 bomb

00:38:01.720 I'm doing my

00:38:03.500 animal house line

00:38:04.720 the Germans

00:38:05.140 bomb Pearl Harbor

00:38:06.140 Germans

00:38:06.440 no

00:38:06.620 the Japanese

00:38:07.400 bombed Pearl Harbor

00:38:08.600 right we had

00:38:09.140 very clear

00:38:10.960 reasons to get in

00:38:12.440 and this war

00:38:13.480 the way we're

00:38:13.820 talking about it

00:38:14.320 it's like

00:38:14.680 still remains

00:38:15.760 somewhat amorphous

00:38:16.460 to me

00:38:16.720 why it was

00:38:17.200 starting

00:38:17.620 even to begin

00:38:18.660 with

00:38:18.920 even amongst

00:38:19.420 the powers

00:38:19.820 over there

00:38:20.280 now it's

00:38:20.920 expanding

00:38:21.360 and now

00:38:22.160 they're asking

00:38:22.560 us to get in

00:38:23.240 and I just

00:38:23.940 wonder like

00:38:24.460 were we like

00:38:25.600 wait why

00:38:26.540 are we

00:38:26.980 what

00:38:27.220 why are

00:38:28.080 people calling

00:38:28.700 us

00:38:29.160 before the

00:38:30.600 submarine warfare

00:38:31.300 the indiscriminate

00:38:32.100 like before

00:38:32.720 that

00:38:33.000 what was the

00:38:33.880 reason

00:38:34.280 ostensibly

00:38:34.900 for us

00:38:35.260 to get in

00:38:35.660 well it's

00:38:37.020 much murkier

00:38:37.780 than the

00:38:38.140 second world

00:38:38.620 war

00:38:38.960 not just

00:38:40.140 the origins

00:38:40.760 of the war

00:38:41.140 as you're

00:38:41.440 pointing out

00:38:41.880 but why

00:38:42.340 the US

00:38:42.720 gets involved

00:38:43.360 on what

00:38:43.800 pretenses

00:38:44.440 for what

00:38:45.040 purposes

00:38:45.560 I mean

00:38:46.260 these debates

00:38:46.860 they didn't

00:38:47.440 die of course

00:38:48.160 in 1917-18

00:38:49.200 I mean

00:38:49.700 they continued

00:38:50.480 to royal

00:38:50.940 American politics

00:38:51.840 on into the

00:38:52.320 20s and 30s

00:38:53.160 when in

00:38:53.980 retrospect

00:38:54.400 it had come

00:38:55.140 to seem

00:38:55.540 like a mistake

00:38:56.320 and people

00:38:56.700 couldn't quite

00:38:57.220 fathom why

00:38:57.880 the US

00:38:58.180 had gotten

00:38:58.480 into war

00:38:58.900 now on

00:38:59.700 the moral

00:39:00.300 side

00:39:00.640 there had

00:39:01.000 been a lot

00:39:01.560 of criticism

00:39:02.600 of the German

00:39:03.220 invasion of

00:39:03.860 Belgium

00:39:04.180 a lot of

00:39:04.680 what was

00:39:04.940 then called

00:39:05.320 kind of

00:39:05.620 atrocity

00:39:06.200 propaganda

00:39:06.860 obviously

00:39:07.880 it wasn't

00:39:08.120 all untrue

00:39:08.740 a lot

00:39:09.440 of atrocities

00:39:10.040 were committed

00:39:10.620 there was a

00:39:11.700 famous library

00:39:12.380 that burned

00:39:12.800 down

00:39:13.060 in Leuven

00:39:14.140 there were

00:39:14.660 these kind

00:39:15.020 of sharpshooters

00:39:17.000 who would

00:39:17.260 periodically

00:39:17.860 take out

00:39:18.480 civilians

00:39:18.940 there were

00:39:19.300 obviously

00:39:19.620 some genuine

00:39:20.800 crimes committed

00:39:21.720 in the invasion

00:39:22.320 of Belgium

00:39:23.080 but that said

00:39:24.060 the British

00:39:24.420 and the French

00:39:25.100 were just

00:39:25.460 really good

00:39:26.620 at kind of

00:39:27.080 manipulating

00:39:27.520 American public

00:39:28.260 opinion

00:39:28.660 in part

00:39:29.060 because they

00:39:29.540 had a long

00:39:30.460 experience

00:39:30.880 of doing so

00:39:31.600 and also

00:39:32.600 by 1916-1917

00:39:34.520 there were just

00:39:35.320 a lot of

00:39:35.660 American interests

00:39:36.420 that were

00:39:36.620 increasingly

00:39:37.080 aligned with

00:39:37.880 Britain and

00:39:38.300 France

00:39:38.480 but again

00:39:38.800 it was not

00:39:39.520 a popular

00:39:40.220 upwelling

00:39:41.940 of pro-war

00:39:43.220 sentiment

00:39:43.640 rather it was

00:39:44.680 a lot of

00:39:45.220 American arms

00:39:46.700 manufacturers

00:39:47.440 and a lot of

00:39:47.960 American bankers

00:39:48.680 particularly the

00:39:49.140 House of J.P.

00:39:49.840 Morgan and Wall

00:39:50.420 Street

00:39:50.600 had just gotten

00:39:51.160 wrapped up

00:39:51.820 in the war

00:39:52.300 effort of

00:39:52.660 Britain and

00:39:53.000 France

00:39:53.220 in large

00:39:53.560 part because

00:39:54.100 with the

00:39:54.800 British blockade

00:39:55.300 they couldn't

00:39:55.540 even trade

00:39:55.980 with Germany

00:39:56.440 in the central

00:39:56.880 power

00:39:57.140 so almost

00:39:57.720 all that

00:39:58.120 trade had

00:39:58.660 been nullified

00:39:59.200 and wiped

00:39:59.640 out

00:40:00.060 in fact

00:40:01.220 there used

00:40:01.760 to be a

00:40:02.100 critique

00:40:02.500 the kind

00:40:03.280 of Charles

00:40:03.920 Beard

00:40:04.480 quasi-Marxist

00:40:05.460 progressive

00:40:05.840 critique of

00:40:06.320 the war

00:40:06.640 that you know

00:40:07.000 it was all

00:40:07.320 kind of

00:40:07.560 the U.S.

00:40:07.840 got sucked

00:40:08.260 in because

00:40:08.600 of Wall

00:40:08.920 Street

00:40:09.120 the real

00:40:09.760 story is

00:40:10.100 much more

00:40:10.440 complicated

00:40:10.920 than that

00:40:11.400 but there's

00:40:11.740 a little bit

00:40:12.140 of truth

00:40:12.560 in that

00:40:12.880 in that

00:40:13.180 these interests

00:40:14.060 were increasingly

00:40:14.900 pushing the

00:40:15.560 U.S.

00:40:15.900 towards war

00:40:16.540 Wilson somewhat

00:40:17.820 to his credit

00:40:18.540 was actually

00:40:19.060 resisting that

00:40:19.820 and in fact

00:40:20.240 for a while

00:40:20.900 in the winter

00:40:21.740 of 1916-17

00:40:22.920 the Federal

00:40:24.460 Reserve

00:40:24.980 actually

00:40:25.840 intervened

00:40:27.020 to try to

00:40:27.520 discourage

00:40:28.360 more of

00:40:29.000 this kind

00:40:29.400 of the war

00:40:29.920 finance

00:40:30.520 egging on

00:40:31.740 Britain and

00:40:32.280 France

00:40:32.600 because Wilson

00:40:33.160 at the time

00:40:33.880 was actually

00:40:34.380 trying to

00:40:35.020 broker a

00:40:36.020 peace

00:40:36.280 as I pointed

00:40:36.900 out that the

00:40:37.400 Germans kind

00:40:38.020 of shot

00:40:38.360 themselves in

00:40:38.880 the foot

00:40:39.140 so then I

00:40:40.080 mean I guess

00:40:40.400 it's still hard

00:40:41.100 to convince

00:40:41.440 Americans what 0.83

00:40:41.920 they're fighting

00:40:42.320 for the freedom

00:40:43.040 of the seas was

00:40:43.900 maybe an issue

00:40:45.320 but again Britain's

00:40:46.120 violating that too

00:40:46.940 they're blockading

00:40:47.740 Europe perhaps

00:40:48.780 that's less

00:40:49.520 egregious than

00:40:50.520 the German U-boats

00:40:51.420 actually sinking

00:40:52.440 vessels with

00:40:53.200 civilians on board

00:40:54.200 but it's still a

00:40:55.520 little bit murky

00:40:56.280 so in the end part

00:40:57.240 of what Wilson

00:40:57.780 is able to come

00:40:58.480 up with

00:40:58.960 it's not just

00:41:00.360 the Zimmermann

00:41:01.500 telegram

00:41:02.180 which is when

00:41:03.300 the Germans

00:41:03.880 actually promised

00:41:04.740 effectively the

00:41:05.560 reconquista of the

00:41:06.420 American southwest

00:41:07.160 of Mexico

00:41:07.760 she would keep

00:41:09.000 the Americans

00:41:09.500 busy in case

00:41:10.460 the U.S.

00:41:11.000 entered the war

00:41:11.620 which is just

00:41:12.520 incredibly stupid

00:41:13.440 because it

00:41:14.440 effectively produces

00:41:15.220 the very thing

00:41:16.400 that the Germans

00:41:16.960 should have most

00:41:17.500 feared which

00:41:17.960 was U.S.

00:41:18.440 intervention once

00:41:19.380 the U.S.

00:41:20.540 government learned

00:41:21.060 about this

00:41:21.700 on top of this

00:41:22.900 end the February

00:41:23.500 revolution happens

00:41:24.260 in Russia

00:41:24.640 and as we were

00:41:25.040 talking about

00:41:25.440 this before

00:41:26.140 this gives

00:41:26.960 Wilson this

00:41:27.440 argument

00:41:27.740 well look

00:41:28.100 Russia had been 0.98

00:41:28.740 an autocracy

00:41:29.380 now she's a 1.00

00:41:30.080 democracy

00:41:30.540 and so the

00:41:31.240 famous phrase

00:41:31.840 then emerges

00:41:32.400 it's a war

00:41:33.420 to make the

00:41:33.820 world safe

00:41:34.400 for democracy

00:41:35.480 this at least

00:41:36.100 is how Wilson

00:41:36.680 sells it to

00:41:37.240 Congress

00:41:37.580 in April

00:41:37.940 1917

00:41:38.400 even that

00:41:39.740 it's a little

00:41:40.120 ambiguous though

00:41:40.900 the U.S.

00:41:41.400 declares war

00:41:42.040 against Germany

00:41:42.640 she doesn't

00:41:43.180 declare war

00:41:43.740 against Austria

00:41:44.380 Hungary

00:41:44.860 until almost

00:41:45.780 eight months

00:41:46.320 later

00:41:46.760 and the U.S.

00:41:47.960 never actually

00:41:48.680 did declare war

00:41:49.620 on the Ottoman

00:41:50.260 Empire

00:41:50.720 which by then

00:41:51.940 was closely

00:41:52.620 allied to Germany

00:41:53.440 and Austria

00:41:53.880 Hungary

00:41:54.260 one of the

00:41:55.100 really interesting

00:41:56.300 anomalies

00:41:56.800 of the 14

00:41:57.480 points

00:41:58.000 of Woodrow

00:41:58.740 Wilson

00:41:59.040 which he

00:41:59.360 announced

00:41:59.640 in January

00:42:00.180 1918

00:42:00.720 is that

00:42:01.280 point 12

00:42:02.000 related to

00:42:03.300 the autonomy

00:42:04.380 of the minority

00:42:05.020 peoples of the

00:42:05.720 Ottoman Empire

00:42:06.280 and particularly

00:42:06.700 Armenians

00:42:07.440 Greeks 0.98

00:42:07.760 and others

00:42:08.340 a country

00:42:09.520 or a power

00:42:10.140 with which

00:42:10.600 the United

00:42:10.980 States

00:42:11.400 was not at

00:42:12.040 war

00:42:12.380 in fact

00:42:13.400 by the end

00:42:13.760 of 1918

00:42:14.260 the Ottomans

00:42:14.840 actually tried

00:42:15.540 to surrender

00:42:16.020 to the United

00:42:16.560 States

00:42:16.980 on the basis

00:42:17.440 of the 14

00:42:18.000 points

00:42:18.340 only to be

00:42:18.840 told

00:42:19.140 that they

00:42:19.840 were not

00:42:20.100 at war

00:42:20.480 with the

00:42:20.800 United

00:42:20.940 States

00:42:21.260 sorry

00:42:21.460 we have

00:42:21.760 no contract

00:42:22.380 with you

00:42:22.840 I mean

00:42:23.260 it does

00:42:23.960 raise the

00:42:24.340 question

00:42:24.560 like you're

00:42:25.080 out there

00:42:25.300 fighting

00:42:25.580 and you

00:42:25.820 encounter

00:42:26.140 a force

00:42:26.540 that you

00:42:26.720 haven't yet

00:42:27.040 declared

00:42:27.320 war on

00:42:27.980 what do

00:42:28.180 you do

00:42:28.500 put the

00:42:29.400 arms down

00:42:29.820 let's go

00:42:30.580 back to

00:42:31.600 you mentioned

00:42:32.020 the Lusitania

00:42:32.680 that's a really

00:42:33.460 interesting

00:42:33.860 case

00:42:35.200 a story

00:42:35.900 about

00:42:36.800 the Germans

00:42:37.840 bombing a

00:42:38.640 British ship

00:42:39.480 and it would

00:42:40.300 precede that

00:42:41.080 unlimited

00:42:41.800 submarine warfare

00:42:42.980 thing that you

00:42:43.440 were talking

00:42:43.760 about

00:42:43.900 so can you

00:42:44.280 just talk

00:42:45.020 about how

00:42:45.900 important the

00:42:46.680 Lusitania

00:42:47.140 was and

00:42:47.680 what happened

00:42:48.140 thereafter

00:42:48.540 in terms

00:42:49.080 of our

00:42:49.740 involvement

00:42:50.180 and the

00:42:50.780 Germans

00:42:51.040 really starting

00:42:51.560 to unravel

00:42:52.120 well so

00:42:54.140 I mean

00:42:54.580 the Lusitania

00:42:55.320 we certainly

00:42:56.300 exaggerated

00:42:56.900 significance

00:42:57.360 it got a lot

00:42:57.820 of press

00:42:58.120 at the time

00:42:58.640 because there

00:42:59.080 were more

00:42:59.540 than 100

00:42:59.960 I believe

00:43:00.400 something like

00:43:00.740 128

00:43:01.200 Americans

00:43:01.880 on board

00:43:02.540 and because

00:43:04.220 you know

00:43:04.780 they were all

00:43:05.260 almost by

00:43:05.660 definition

00:43:06.080 civilians

00:43:06.680 and even

00:43:07.760 most of

00:43:08.380 the members

00:43:09.300 of the

00:43:09.540 belligerent

00:43:10.200 nationals

00:43:10.900 of the

00:43:11.120 belligerent

00:43:11.440 countries

00:43:11.720 on board

00:43:12.040 were also

00:43:12.380 civilians

00:43:12.820 we almost

00:43:14.120 certainly know

00:43:15.140 now even

00:43:15.520 though it was

00:43:15.660 long and

00:43:15.960 sensitive

00:43:16.180 subject

00:43:16.560 that there

00:43:16.920 were also

00:43:17.460 at least

00:43:17.780 some weapons

00:43:18.420 on board

00:43:18.960 but it got

00:43:19.780 a lot of

00:43:20.100 press

00:43:20.360 and so

00:43:20.620 it basically

00:43:21.020 seemed like

00:43:21.560 this kind

00:43:22.020 of again

00:43:22.340 a war crime 0.74

00:43:23.540 a crime

00:43:23.920 against humanity

00:43:24.640 one of the

00:43:25.280 this long

00:43:26.060 line of

00:43:26.420 German atrocities

00:43:27.380 however the

00:43:28.840 Germans as I

00:43:29.660 pointed out

00:43:29.960 earlier they

00:43:30.280 did respond

00:43:31.280 to it

00:43:31.680 they did

00:43:32.100 actually tighten

00:43:32.940 their rules

00:43:33.380 of engagement

00:43:34.120 to try to

00:43:34.680 prevent

00:43:34.940 similar

00:43:35.400 accidents

00:43:35.840 there were

00:43:36.200 one or two

00:43:37.040 other accidents

00:43:37.840 in 1915

00:43:39.120 that is involving

00:43:40.620 American neutral

00:43:41.580 Americans being

00:43:42.320 on board

00:43:42.860 being sunk

00:43:43.840 in various

00:43:44.340 ships which

00:43:44.840 had been

00:43:45.560 shelled by

00:43:46.160 the U-boats

00:43:46.740 which didn't

00:43:47.180 get as much

00:43:47.620 press as

00:43:48.160 the Lusitania

00:43:48.780 but again

00:43:49.440 the Germans

00:43:49.820 for a while

00:43:50.480 they did

00:43:50.980 strengthen

00:43:51.800 their rules

00:43:52.220 of engagement

00:43:52.660 because they

00:43:53.120 were worried

00:43:53.720 about getting

00:43:54.260 the U.S.

00:43:54.700 into the war

00:43:55.180 the same thing

00:43:56.140 actually is true

00:43:57.020 between 1939

00:43:58.060 and Pearl Harbor 0.95

00:43:59.180 the Germans

00:43:59.680 actually were

00:44:00.260 quite careful

00:44:01.100 about trying

00:44:01.840 not to

00:44:02.580 violate some

00:44:04.420 of these

00:44:04.940 kind of

00:44:05.800 boundaries

00:44:06.280 in order to

00:44:07.000 draw the

00:44:07.420 Americans

00:44:07.760 into the war

00:44:08.460 it's one of

00:44:09.040 the reasons

00:44:09.340 why it was

00:44:09.820 so astonishing

00:44:10.460 how short-sighted

00:44:11.420 it was

00:44:11.840 when the Germans 0.82

00:44:12.980 again switched

00:44:13.880 things around

00:44:14.520 in early 1917

00:44:15.520 in January

00:44:16.340 when they

00:44:16.780 moved towards

00:44:17.420 unrestricted

00:44:18.120 submarine warfare

00:44:18.840 it also marks

00:44:19.740 the moment

00:44:20.120 as far as

00:44:20.560 internal German

00:44:21.360 politics

00:44:21.820 when the

00:44:22.880 chancellor

00:44:23.340 Beth Mann-Holbeck

00:44:24.100 the civilian

00:44:24.680 chancellor

00:44:25.260 effectively gives

00:44:26.120 way to the

00:44:27.320 generals

00:44:27.740 who effectively

00:44:28.640 kind of take

00:44:29.240 over and overrule

00:44:30.280 his opposition

00:44:30.960 and a lot of

00:44:31.500 people date

00:44:32.020 really the

00:44:32.680 unraveling

00:44:33.360 of a kind

00:44:35.120 of a more

00:44:35.600 genuine

00:44:36.160 broad political

00:44:37.720 front behind

00:44:38.320 the German war

00:44:38.980 effort to

00:44:39.440 January 1917

00:44:40.320 it's not that

00:44:41.360 Germany became 0.86

00:44:41.960 a military

00:44:42.380 dictatorship

00:44:42.980 exactly

00:44:43.680 but it took

00:44:44.320 on some

00:44:44.760 of those

00:44:45.040 characteristics

00:44:45.760 a kind

00:44:47.300 of almost

00:44:47.620 self-sabotaging

00:44:48.760 power

00:44:50.240 you know

00:44:50.660 that just

00:44:50.980 couldn't get

00:44:51.320 out of its

00:44:51.700 own way

00:44:52.240 which would

00:44:53.360 wind up

00:44:53.920 being very

00:44:54.540 important to

00:44:55.100 the way

00:44:55.360 we viewed

00:44:55.760 them

00:44:56.020 the way

00:44:56.260 we wound

00:44:56.640 up

00:44:56.840 World War

00:44:57.220 I

00:44:57.520 and the

00:44:58.140 way

00:44:58.320 that

00:44:58.520 World War

00:44:58.920 II

00:44:59.240 would

00:44:59.520 ultimately

00:44:59.840 start

00:45:00.160 on the

00:45:00.860 Zimmerman

00:45:01.220 telegram

00:45:01.660 I understand

00:45:02.300 this is

00:45:02.880 1917

00:45:03.420 it's basically

00:45:04.400 a deal

00:45:04.780 by which

00:45:05.320 I guess

00:45:06.780 Mexico

00:45:07.180 was going

00:45:07.560 to get

00:45:07.760 back

00:45:08.040 Texas

00:45:08.520 Arizona

00:45:09.120 New

00:45:09.500 Mexico

00:45:09.880 if they

00:45:10.420 attacked

00:45:10.780 us

00:45:11.220 and the

00:45:13.180 Germans

00:45:13.420 wanted

00:45:13.700 them to

00:45:14.220 you know

00:45:15.180 side with

00:45:15.540 them

00:45:15.840 and just

00:45:16.420 explain it

00:45:16.860 because

00:45:16.940 why was

00:45:18.100 it a

00:45:18.320 telegram

00:45:18.780 and how

00:45:19.060 was it

00:45:19.700 discovered

00:45:20.140 how did

00:45:20.720 it play

00:45:21.120 well it's

00:45:22.440 a fascinating

00:45:22.980 story

00:45:23.560 aside from

00:45:24.740 just the

00:45:25.260 stupidity

00:45:26.100 of the

00:45:26.340 Germans

00:45:26.620 sending

00:45:26.960 this

00:45:27.160 they

00:45:27.280 actually

00:45:27.520 sent

00:45:27.880 it

00:45:28.020 through

00:45:28.220 a

00:45:28.380 US

00:45:28.720 diplomatic

00:45:29.300 cable

00:45:29.960 now it

00:45:30.860 was

00:45:31.100 encrypted

00:45:31.540 so they

00:45:32.060 thought

00:45:32.360 hopefully

00:45:32.720 the

00:45:32.900 Americans

00:45:33.240 wouldn't

00:45:33.700 read

00:45:34.040 it

00:45:34.360 unbeknownst

00:45:35.300 to them

00:45:35.800 the

00:45:36.220 British

00:45:36.560 had

00:45:36.920 this

00:45:37.200 team

00:45:37.500 of

00:45:37.680 code

00:45:37.940 breakers

00:45:38.480 working

00:45:39.020 under

00:45:39.460 the

00:45:40.320 Navy

00:45:40.700 this

00:45:41.260 is

00:45:41.400 kind of

00:45:41.680 the

00:45:41.780 World War

00:45:42.140 I

00:45:42.340 equivalent

00:45:42.680 of

00:45:42.900 the

00:45:43.020 more

00:45:43.180 famous

00:45:43.500 Bletchley

00:45:43.940 Park

00:45:44.240 from

00:45:44.440 World War

00:45:44.800 II

00:45:45.100 among

00:45:46.060 other

00:45:46.280 things

00:45:46.480 they

00:45:46.580 actually

00:45:46.840 captured

00:45:47.320 a lot

00:45:47.620 of

00:45:47.740 German

00:45:47.980 code

00:45:48.280 books

00:45:48.560 including

00:45:48.880 one

00:45:49.220 used

00:45:49.560 by

00:45:49.860 a

00:45:50.060 German

00:45:50.280 secret

00:45:50.640 agent

00:45:51.040 in

00:45:51.480 Persia

00:45:51.900 and

00:45:52.440 Persia

00:45:52.800 which

00:45:53.600 helped

00:45:53.860 them

00:45:54.000 to

00:45:54.140 decode

00:45:54.480 this

00:45:54.680 the

00:45:55.080 British

00:45:55.400 were

00:45:55.720 then

00:45:55.940 in

00:45:56.240 something

00:45:56.860 of

00:45:57.060 a

00:45:57.180 pickle

00:45:57.500 because

00:45:57.800 of

00:45:58.020 course

00:45:58.220 they

00:45:58.420 were

00:45:58.600 reading

00:45:58.940 the

00:45:59.180 US

00:45:59.600 diplomatic

00:46:01.100 traffic

00:46:01.660 between

00:46:02.000 Berlin

00:46:02.280 and

00:46:02.460 Washington

00:46:02.880 and

00:46:03.060 they

00:46:03.140 didn't

00:46:03.280 want

00:46:03.420 the

00:46:03.540 Americans

00:46:03.840 to

00:46:04.120 know

00:46:04.440 that

00:46:04.660 they

00:46:04.820 were

00:46:04.920 reading

00:46:05.280 the

00:46:05.500 US

00:46:05.800 diplomatic

00:46:06.200 cables

00:46:06.920 and

00:46:07.560 so

00:46:07.820 somehow

00:46:08.680 the way

00:46:09.040 I

00:46:09.140 understand

00:46:09.460 the

00:46:09.660 story

00:46:09.980 the

00:46:10.180 British

00:46:10.420 after

00:46:10.720 discovering

00:46:11.300 it

00:46:11.540 they

00:46:11.740 couldn't

00:46:12.000 just

00:46:12.180 alert

00:46:12.520 the

00:46:12.700 Americans

00:46:13.160 because

00:46:13.540 that

00:46:13.700 would

00:46:13.820 give

00:46:21.040 diplomatic

00:46:21.480 cable

00:46:21.820 in

00:46:22.000 such

00:46:22.240 a

00:46:22.360 way

00:46:22.460 that

00:46:22.620 the

00:46:22.760 Americans

00:46:23.340 could

00:46:23.620 decode

00:46:23.960 it

00:46:24.080 very

00:46:24.280 easily

00:46:24.620 and

00:46:24.820 think

00:46:25.060 that

00:46:25.220 they

00:46:25.360 themselves

00:46:25.840 had

00:46:26.040 discovered

00:46:26.400 it

00:46:26.620 which

00:46:27.600 actually

00:46:27.840 worked

00:46:28.080 quite

00:46:28.320 well

00:46:28.680 and

00:46:29.360 of

00:46:29.480 course

00:46:29.620 an

00:46:29.780 enraged

00:46:30.260 American

00:46:30.640 opinion

00:46:31.260 even

00:46:32.600 so

00:46:33.180 it

00:46:33.400 wasn't

00:46:33.720 until

00:46:34.140 really

00:46:34.940 four

00:46:36.180 I

00:46:36.580 guess

00:46:36.740 even

00:46:36.920 five

00:46:37.320 weeks

00:46:37.620 later

00:46:37.960 that

00:46:38.180 the

00:46:38.320 US

00:46:38.560 declared

00:46:38.960 war

00:46:39.300 so

00:46:39.560 even

00:46:39.840 then

00:46:40.140 Wilson

00:46:40.440 still

00:46:40.800 had

00:46:41.080 to

00:46:41.260 drum

00:46:41.540 up

00:46:41.780 a

00:46:42.380 little

00:46:42.540 bit

00:46:42.700 more

00:46:42.900 public

00:46:43.240 support

00:46:43.840 and

00:46:44.280 kind

00:46:45.580 of

00:46:45.720 troll

00:46:45.900 the halls

00:46:46.260 of

00:46:46.420 Congress

00:46:46.860 to

00:46:47.260 win

00:46:48.300 support

00:46:48.840 for

00:46:49.240 the

00:46:49.540 declaration

00:46:49.920 of

00:46:50.080 war

00:46:50.180 and

00:46:50.280 again

00:46:50.420 even

00:46:50.600 then

00:46:50.780 only

00:46:51.060 on

00:46:51.300 Germany

00:46:51.680 not

00:46:51.940 yet

00:46:52.140 on

00:46:52.280 Austria

00:46:52.600 Hungary

00:46:53.000 or

00:46:53.940 the

00:46:54.220 Ottoman

00:46:54.440 Empire

00:46:54.840 so

00:46:58.500 we

00:46:58.700 get

00:46:58.860 involved

00:46:59.280 the

00:46:59.580 Russians

00:46:59.800 are

00:46:59.980 out

00:47:00.180 the

00:47:00.560 Americans

00:47:00.880 are

00:47:01.060 in

00:47:01.340 and

00:47:02.260 net

00:47:02.500 net

00:47:02.700 what

00:47:02.880 are

00:47:02.960 the

00:47:03.060 consequences

00:47:03.560 of

00:47:03.800 that

00:47:04.020 I

00:47:04.220 mean

00:47:04.320 what

00:47:04.520 what

00:47:04.760 are

00:47:04.820 the

00:47:04.960 unintended

00:47:05.420 consequences

00:47:06.100 of

00:47:07.140 our

00:47:07.580 doing

00:47:07.920 that

00:47:08.220 I'm

00:47:09.440 glad

00:47:09.680 you

00:47:09.820 asked

00:47:10.060 that

00:47:10.240 because

00:47:10.440 of

00:47:10.620 course

00:47:10.820 the

00:47:11.040 intended

00:47:11.940 consequence

00:47:12.540 was

00:47:12.860 supposed

00:47:13.120 to

00:47:13.320 be

00:47:13.540 a

00:47:13.880 war

00:47:14.080 to

00:47:14.240 make

00:47:14.380 the

00:47:14.520 world

00:47:14.680 safe

00:47:15.000 for

00:47:15.140 democracy

00:47:15.700 and

00:47:16.060 some

00:47:16.340 type

00:47:16.620 of

00:47:16.760 more

00:47:16.980 transparent

00:47:17.700 world

00:47:18.720 with

00:47:19.560 collective

00:47:20.080 security

00:47:20.520 perhaps

00:47:20.840 League of

00:47:21.220 Nations

00:47:21.700 with

00:47:23.120 the

00:47:23.440 powers

00:47:23.900 disarming

00:47:24.760 and

00:47:25.180 no

00:47:25.320 more

00:47:25.500 secret

00:47:25.720 diplomacy

00:47:26.220 and

00:47:26.400 all

00:47:26.500 the

00:47:26.640 rest

00:47:26.840 of

00:47:26.960 it

00:47:27.100 unfortunately

00:47:28.280 what

00:47:28.620 actually

00:47:29.000 happened

00:47:29.440 was

00:47:29.780 that

00:47:30.000 the

00:47:30.180 US

00:47:30.560 entered

00:47:30.940 the

00:47:31.120 war

00:47:31.280 effectively

00:47:31.720 at

00:47:31.900 the

00:47:32.020 same

00:47:32.220 time

00:47:32.460 that

00:47:32.620 Russia

00:47:32.960 was

00:47:33.400 falling

00:47:33.700 out

00:47:33.900 of

00:47:34.020 the

00:47:34.120 war

00:47:34.260 so

00:47:34.420 in

00:47:34.500 the

00:47:34.620 first

00:47:34.840 place

00:47:35.220 it

00:47:35.880 prolonged

00:47:36.280 the

00:47:36.460 conflict

00:47:36.840 there

00:47:37.960 might

00:47:43.320 war

00:47:43.680 Britain

00:47:44.040 and

00:47:44.240 France

00:47:44.480 were

00:47:44.680 really

00:47:45.180 desperate

00:47:45.660 and

00:47:46.000 they

00:47:46.120 would

00:47:46.260 have

00:47:46.380 been

00:47:46.520 much

00:47:46.800 more

00:47:47.020 likely

00:47:47.380 to

00:47:47.580 try

00:47:47.740 to

00:47:47.860 accept

00:47:48.200 mediation

00:47:48.880 the

00:47:50.020 Germans

00:47:50.380 were

00:47:50.600 obviously

00:47:50.920 in a

00:47:51.180 much

00:47:51.340 stronger

00:47:51.740 position

00:47:52.200 but

00:47:52.440 frankly

00:47:52.880 Berlin

00:47:53.980 as I

00:47:54.280 pointed

00:47:54.560 out

00:47:54.820 was

00:47:55.020 starving

00:47:55.520 Vienna

00:47:55.940 was

00:47:56.220 starving

00:47:56.700 Constantinople

00:47:57.940 then the

00:47:58.320 Ottoman

00:47:58.540 capital

00:47:58.980 was

00:47:59.260 starving

00:47:59.640 a lot

00:48:00.400 of the

00:48:00.580 Ottoman

00:48:00.760 empire

00:48:01.060 was

00:48:01.240 even

00:48:01.440 worse

00:48:01.700 shaped

00:48:01.960 because

00:48:02.160 the

00:48:02.280 British

00:48:02.460 were

00:48:02.620 blockading

00:48:03.120 eastern

00:48:03.460 Mediterranean

00:48:04.000 too

00:48:04.640 and

00:48:04.860 there

00:48:04.960 had

00:48:05.040 been

00:48:05.140 a

00:48:05.320 locust

00:48:05.700 plague

00:48:06.240 and

00:48:06.480 they

00:48:06.820 were

00:48:06.980 blockading

00:48:07.460 food

00:48:07.740 imports

00:48:07.980 absolutely

00:48:08.880 miserable

00:48:09.800 biblical

00:48:10.360 misery

00:48:10.860 unfortunately

00:48:12.140 the

00:48:12.380 US

00:48:12.600 intervening

00:48:13.220 effectively

00:48:13.640 prolonged

00:48:14.240 the

00:48:14.460 war

00:48:14.760 at least

00:48:15.680 another

00:48:15.980 year

00:48:16.360 if not

00:48:16.820 longer

00:48:17.260 and

00:48:18.380 if you

00:48:18.620 actually

00:48:18.840 move

00:48:19.300 into

00:48:19.600 1918

00:48:20.160 then

00:48:20.760 it takes

00:48:21.800 a while

00:48:22.200 for the

00:48:22.460 US

00:48:22.660 to rev

00:48:23.060 up

00:48:23.240 its

00:48:23.380 mobilization

00:48:23.980 it

00:48:24.200 was

00:48:25.580 becoming

00:48:26.360 a first

00:48:26.720 class

00:48:26.960 naval

00:48:27.220 power

00:48:27.500 but

00:48:27.680 as far

00:48:28.100 as

00:48:28.260 land

00:48:28.540 forces

00:48:28.920 it

00:48:29.140 took

00:48:29.300 the

00:48:29.440 US

00:48:29.660 a

00:48:29.840 long

00:48:30.120 time

00:48:30.420 to

00:48:30.540 really

00:48:30.740 mobilize

00:48:31.080 and

00:48:31.360 train

00:48:31.580 an

00:48:31.740 army

00:48:31.980 and

00:48:32.160 of

00:48:32.360 course

00:48:32.600 get

00:48:33.280 them

00:48:33.480 over

00:48:33.700 to

00:48:33.920 Europe

00:48:36.820 strength

00:48:37.300 in the

00:48:38.040 late

00:48:38.200 spring

00:48:38.500 of

00:48:38.620 1918

00:48:39.140 after

00:48:39.760 Germany

00:48:40.380 had

00:48:40.720 sort

00:48:41.300 of

00:48:41.420 wagered

00:48:41.780 all

00:48:41.920 her

00:48:42.100 chips

00:48:42.400 on

00:48:42.600 one

00:48:42.900 last

00:48:43.240 offensive

00:48:43.660 to

00:48:43.940 try

00:48:44.060 to

00:48:44.220 break

00:48:44.480 the

00:48:44.680 back

00:48:45.000 of

00:48:45.200 the

00:48:45.320 Western

00:48:45.620 Allies

00:48:46.120 the

00:48:46.380 so-called

00:48:46.760 Ludendorff

00:48:47.380 Offensive

00:48:47.840 launched

00:48:48.640 in late

00:48:48.960 March

00:48:49.280 1918

00:48:49.840 which

00:48:51.240 in the

00:48:51.560 end

00:48:51.860 although

00:48:52.140 they

00:48:52.320 got

00:48:52.500 pretty

00:48:52.760 close

00:48:53.060 to

00:48:53.240 Paris

00:48:53.660 it

00:48:54.020 petered

00:48:54.300 out

00:48:54.460 like

00:48:54.640 most

00:48:54.860 of

00:48:54.960 the

00:48:55.060 other

00:48:55.240 offensives

00:48:55.720 in

00:48:55.860 the

00:48:56.000 war

00:48:56.260 they

00:48:56.460 outrun

00:48:56.780 their

00:48:56.940 supply

00:48:57.340 lines

00:48:57.740 they

00:48:57.900 just

00:48:58.060 get

00:48:58.220 exhausted

00:48:58.700 the

00:48:59.300 Allies

00:48:59.660 bring

00:48:59.920 up

00:49:00.100 reserves

00:49:00.580 and

00:49:01.300 then

00:49:01.400 the

00:49:01.520 U.S.

00:49:01.840 starts

00:49:02.200 arriving

00:49:02.700 in

00:49:02.980 force

00:49:03.340 over

00:49:03.560 the

00:49:03.760 summer

00:49:04.580 military

00:49:05.180 historians

00:49:06.000 continue

00:49:06.440 to

00:49:06.700 debate

00:49:07.080 just

00:49:07.780 how

00:49:08.020 decisive

00:49:08.580 the

00:49:08.800 U.S.

00:49:09.120 role

00:49:09.420 was

00:49:09.700 more

00:49:09.980 about

00:49:10.240 morale

00:49:10.840 and the

00:49:11.120 fact

00:49:11.260 so many

00:49:11.600 of

00:49:11.700 them

00:49:11.800 were

00:49:11.940 coming

00:49:12.340 was

00:49:13.600 it

00:49:13.740 really

00:49:14.000 the

00:49:14.220 fact

00:49:14.520 that

00:49:14.680 the

00:49:14.800 British

00:49:15.000 and

00:49:15.160 the

00:49:15.280 French

00:49:15.640 had

00:49:15.960 begun

00:49:16.680 to

00:49:16.960 master

00:49:17.360 the

00:49:17.620 use

00:49:17.940 of

00:49:18.340 early

00:49:19.620 tanks

00:49:20.020 for

00:49:20.200 example

00:49:20.520 which

00:49:20.720 were

00:49:20.800 now

00:49:20.920 being

00:49:21.060 introduced

00:49:21.360 to

00:49:21.520 the

00:49:21.620 battlefield

00:49:22.000 the

00:49:22.360 creeping

00:49:22.660 barrage

00:49:28.700 if you

00:49:29.540 have

00:49:29.720 roughly

00:49:30.140 equally

00:49:30.620 matched

00:49:31.040 forces

00:49:31.560 on

00:49:31.800 the

00:49:31.920 western

00:49:32.200 front

00:49:32.560 where

00:49:32.740 the

00:49:32.860 lines

00:49:33.200 have

00:49:33.400 barely

00:49:33.700 moved

00:49:34.140 in

00:49:34.280 some

00:49:34.500 places

00:49:34.920 meters

00:49:36.100 or

00:49:36.480 even

00:49:36.640 a few

00:49:37.040 kilometers

00:49:37.780 or in

00:49:38.300 our

00:49:38.460 terms

00:49:38.840 not

00:49:39.720 even

00:49:39.940 really

00:49:40.160 a

00:49:40.300 mile

00:49:40.520 in

00:49:40.780 most

00:49:41.000 places

00:49:41.320 well

00:49:41.600 less

00:49:41.860 than

00:49:42.000 a

00:49:42.140 mile

00:49:42.440 for

00:49:43.460 the

00:49:43.600 last

00:49:43.960 three

00:49:44.480 and a

00:49:44.660 half

00:49:44.820 to

00:49:44.980 four

00:49:45.220 years

00:49:45.600 and

00:49:45.900 then

00:49:46.000 you

00:49:46.120 have

00:49:46.340 a

00:49:46.480 force

00:49:46.760 of

00:49:46.900 ultimately

00:49:47.220 nearly

00:49:47.560 four

00:49:47.960 million

00:49:48.340 doughboys 0.99

00:49:48.860 arriving

00:49:49.320 it's

00:49:49.560 obviously

00:49:49.940 going to

00:49:50.180 have

00:49:50.440 a

00:49:51.080 huge

00:49:51.320 impact

00:49:51.760 on

00:49:52.000 morale

00:49:52.360 so

00:49:53.400 it

00:49:53.540 does

00:49:53.820 in

00:49:54.080 the

00:49:54.180 end

00:49:54.360 help

00:49:54.600 tip

00:49:54.840 the

00:49:54.980 balance

00:49:55.360 in

00:49:55.540 favor

00:49:55.800 of

00:49:55.920 the

00:49:56.040 allies

00:49:56.440 on

00:49:56.720 the

00:49:56.820 western

00:49:57.120 front

00:49:57.480 but

00:49:58.200 I

00:49:58.400 think

00:49:58.620 more

00:49:58.840 significantly

00:49:59.500 for

00:49:59.940 the

00:50:00.120 consequences

00:50:00.840 of

00:50:01.100 the

00:50:01.240 war

00:50:01.480 for

00:50:01.700 world

00:50:01.960 history

00:50:02.340 is

00:50:02.520 what

00:50:02.640 happens

00:50:02.980 on

00:50:03.100 the

00:50:03.220 eastern

00:50:03.520 front

00:50:03.880 now

00:50:04.940 I

00:50:05.140 mentioned

00:50:05.480 before

00:50:05.760 the

00:50:05.960 Germans

00:50:06.500 had

00:50:07.360 distracted

00:50:07.960 themselves

00:50:08.460 they

00:50:08.680 get

00:50:08.860 sucked

00:50:09.160 in

00:50:09.360 almost

00:50:09.640 by

00:50:09.860 this

00:50:10.060 kind

00:50:10.280 of

00:50:10.420 poisoned

00:50:10.860 chalice

00:50:11.580 of

00:50:11.900 defeated

00:50:12.300 Russia

00:50:12.720 with

00:50:12.980 Lenin

00:50:13.900 again

00:50:14.580 just

00:50:14.880 disintegrating

00:50:15.800 deliberately

00:50:16.820 forcing

00:50:17.420 the

00:50:17.580 Russian

00:50:17.800 armies

00:50:18.120 to

00:50:18.320 disintegrate

00:50:18.800 they

00:50:18.920 end

00:50:19.060 up

00:50:19.200 having

00:50:19.500 so

00:50:20.060 many

00:50:20.220 troops

00:50:20.480 in

00:50:20.640 the

00:50:20.760 east

00:50:21.080 that

00:50:21.560 they

00:50:21.660 don't

00:50:21.800 really

00:50:21.980 have

00:50:22.200 enough

00:50:22.400 to

00:50:22.560 hold

00:50:22.740 off

00:50:22.920 the

00:50:23.060 allies

00:50:23.380 in

00:50:23.540 the

00:50:23.640 west

00:50:23.840 however

00:50:24.140 they

00:50:24.480 still

00:50:24.660 have

00:50:24.800 a

00:50:24.940 million

00:50:25.200 troops

00:50:25.520 in

00:50:25.680 Russia

00:50:25.880 we

00:50:26.020 shouldn't

00:50:26.220 forget

00:50:26.440 this

00:50:26.640 the

00:50:27.140 Bolsheviks 0.94

00:50:27.620 the

00:50:27.800 first

00:50:28.060 year

00:50:28.220 they

00:50:28.340 were

00:50:28.440 in

00:50:28.580 power

00:50:28.940 after

00:50:29.300 Lenin

00:50:29.760 supposedly

00:50:30.400 inaugurates

00:50:31.140 the

00:50:31.300 world's

00:50:31.660 first

00:50:31.960 proletarian

00:50:32.720 dictatorship

00:50:33.380 communism

00:50:34.560 they're

00:50:36.040 effectively

00:50:36.520 a

00:50:36.760 kind

00:50:36.980 of a

00:50:37.260 German

00:50:37.620 satellite

00:50:38.320 state

00:50:38.900 when

00:50:39.900 a few

00:50:47.800 when

00:50:48.260 they

00:50:48.440 try

00:50:48.760 to

00:50:48.920 launch

00:50:49.300 an

00:50:49.480 uprising

00:50:49.880 against

00:50:50.320 the

00:50:50.520 Bolsheviks 0.94

00:50:50.980 in

00:50:51.180 July

00:50:51.460 1918

00:50:52.080 they

00:50:52.520 do

00:50:52.760 so

00:50:53.080 by

00:50:53.420 assassinating

00:50:54.300 the

00:50:54.540 German

00:50:54.880 ambassador

00:50:55.480 because

00:50:56.200 they

00:50:56.400 see

00:50:56.660 him

00:50:56.860 as

00:50:57.040 the

00:50:57.220 real

00:50:57.380 ruler

00:50:57.660 of

00:50:57.820 the

00:50:57.920 country

00:50:58.280 in

00:50:58.940 fact

00:50:59.140 although

00:50:59.320 it's

00:50:59.480 little

00:50:59.800 known

00:51:00.240 except

00:51:00.520 by

00:51:00.720 specialists

00:51:01.300 the

00:51:02.280 German

00:51:02.700 general

00:51:03.220 running

00:51:03.540 the

00:51:03.740 war

00:51:04.120 in

00:51:06.720 September

00:51:07.200 1918

00:51:07.780 just

00:51:08.420 before

00:51:08.780 the

00:51:08.960 Germans

00:51:09.240 collapsed

00:51:09.660 in

00:51:09.780 the

00:51:09.860 western

00:51:10.120 front

00:51:10.440 he

00:51:10.860 actually

00:51:11.180 issued

00:51:11.520 orders

00:51:11.900 to

00:51:12.080 the

00:51:12.220 German

00:51:12.500 army

00:51:12.900 to

00:51:13.120 go

00:51:13.300 topple

00:51:13.800 the

00:51:13.940 Bolsheviks 0.94

00:51:14.420 in

00:51:14.580 Petrograd

00:51:15.080 because

00:51:15.340 by

00:51:15.540 then

00:51:15.660 the

00:51:15.820 Germans

00:51:16.160 had

00:51:16.640 had

00:51:17.000 enough

00:51:17.280 of

00:51:17.440 Lenin

00:51:17.700 and

00:51:17.800 his

00:51:17.940 government

00:51:18.220 they

00:51:18.440 just

00:51:18.600 saw

00:51:18.800 them

00:51:19.440 as

00:51:19.580 crazy

00:51:20.280 so

00:51:21.240 the

00:51:21.360 Germans

00:51:21.620 were

00:51:21.760 about

00:51:22.280 to

00:51:22.560 topple

00:51:23.020 and

00:51:23.180 possibly

00:51:23.560 overthrow

00:51:24.100 the

00:51:24.320 Bolsheviks 0.94

00:51:24.920 right

00:51:26.560 when the

00:51:26.840 Germans

00:51:27.100 collapsed

00:51:27.560 in

00:51:27.700 the

00:51:27.780 western

00:51:28.060 front

00:51:28.420 the

00:51:28.980 Germans

00:51:29.340 by

00:51:29.700 their

00:51:29.880 own

00:51:30.060 terms

00:51:30.500 with

00:51:30.820 the

00:51:30.940 Bolsheviks 0.94

00:51:31.360 had

00:51:31.520 forbidden

00:51:32.680 the

00:51:32.860 Bolsheviks 0.94

00:51:33.260 from

00:51:33.440 even

00:51:33.620 building

00:51:34.040 an

00:51:34.220 army

00:51:34.460 so

00:51:34.640 they

00:51:34.760 weren't

00:51:34.960 even

00:51:35.200 allowed

00:51:35.400 to

00:51:35.560 have

00:51:35.880 the

00:51:43.940 actually

00:51:44.340 begin

00:51:44.720 to

00:51:44.940 implement

00:51:45.240 their

00:51:45.500 policies

00:51:45.960 in

00:51:46.180 full

00:51:46.520 mobilize

00:51:47.400 more

00:51:47.780 than

00:51:47.940 3

00:51:48.220 million

00:51:48.500 men

00:51:48.920 under

00:51:49.180 Trotsky

00:51:49.720 so

00:51:50.220 fascinating

00:51:51.160 effectively

00:51:51.700 the

00:51:52.040 US

00:51:52.300 intervention

00:51:52.740 makes

00:51:53.060 the

00:51:53.220 world

00:51:53.360 safe

00:51:53.660 for

00:51:53.820 communists

00:51:54.300 right

00:51:55.460 I'm

00:51:55.960 following

00:51:56.360 you

00:51:56.600 and

00:51:56.740 I'm

00:51:57.000 kind

00:51:57.280 of

00:51:57.380 slightly

00:51:57.620 horrified

00:51:58.100 wait

00:51:58.700 pause

00:51:59.120 there

00:51:59.400 in

00:51:59.600 the

00:51:59.700 Russian

00:52:00.120 lane

00:52:00.400 I

00:52:01.700 mean

00:52:03.220 we're

00:52:03.580 dealing

00:52:03.820 with

00:52:03.960 the

00:52:04.060 fallout

00:52:04.320 of

00:52:04.380 that

00:52:04.520 to

00:52:04.800 this

00:52:05.060 day

00:52:05.380 but

00:52:05.700 pause

00:52:06.220 there

00:52:06.560 and

00:52:07.180 go

00:52:07.420 back

00:52:07.620 to

00:52:07.740 the

00:52:07.860 Germans

00:52:08.140 because

00:52:09.460 if

00:52:10.660 if

00:52:11.340 we

00:52:11.500 hadn't

00:52:13.940 so

00:52:14.040 on

00:52:14.160 against

00:52:14.400 the

00:52:14.600 Germans

00:52:14.980 and

00:52:15.680 forced

00:52:16.160 a

00:52:16.480 surrender

00:52:16.820 in

00:52:17.080 which

00:52:17.280 well

00:52:17.540 I

00:52:17.660 mean

00:52:17.820 obviously

00:52:18.280 the

00:52:18.460 Treaty

00:52:18.620 of

00:52:18.740 Versailles

00:52:19.040 would

00:52:19.280 leave

00:52:19.580 Germany

00:52:20.100 absolutely

00:52:20.680 powerless

00:52:21.120 devastated

00:52:21.680 and

00:52:21.980 humiliated

00:52:22.660 which

00:52:23.480 would

00:52:23.640 then

00:52:23.880 lead

00:52:24.160 in

00:52:24.320 part

00:52:24.520 to

00:52:24.720 World

00:52:25.080 War

00:52:25.300 II

00:52:25.560 the

00:52:25.760 rise

00:52:25.960 of

00:52:26.100 Hitler 0.78

00:52:26.340 and

00:52:26.720 you

00:52:26.960 know

00:52:27.100 this

00:52:27.700 determination

00:52:28.340 to

00:52:28.820 restore

00:52:29.700 mother

00:52:30.120 Germany

00:52:30.520 to her

00:52:31.220 former

00:52:31.480 glory

00:52:32.140 do you

00:52:32.820 feel

00:52:33.300 I

00:52:33.660 mean

00:52:33.800 the

00:52:34.680 humiliation

00:52:35.240 of

00:52:35.500 Germany

00:52:35.780 might not

00:52:36.220 have

00:52:36.380 happened

00:52:36.700 we

00:52:36.980 might

00:52:37.180 have

00:52:37.320 reached

00:52:37.620 a

00:52:37.800 more

00:52:37.940 negotiated

00:52:38.500 peace

00:52:39.040 you

00:52:39.280 know

00:52:39.340 if

00:52:39.420 the

00:52:39.520 US

00:52:39.740 had

00:52:39.900 stayed

00:52:40.100 out

00:52:40.340 of

00:52:40.440 it

00:52:40.600 because

00:52:41.260 England

00:52:42.860 and

00:52:43.140 the

00:52:43.320 allies

00:52:43.680 would

00:52:44.300 have

00:52:44.420 been

00:52:44.560 forced

00:52:44.820 to

00:52:44.920 come

00:52:45.020 to

00:52:45.120 the

00:52:45.220 table

00:52:45.460 and

00:52:45.580 negotiate

00:52:45.900 with

00:52:46.140 Germany

00:52:46.440 perhaps

00:52:46.740 they

00:52:46.920 wouldn't

00:52:47.100 have

00:52:47.200 been

00:52:47.320 humiliated

00:52:48.120 perhaps

00:52:48.420 Versailles

00:52:49.220 would

00:52:49.400 have

00:52:49.540 been

00:52:50.120 more

00:52:50.340 fair

00:52:50.820 I

00:52:51.460 mean

00:52:51.580 do

00:52:52.620 you

00:52:52.840 make

00:52:53.100 the

00:52:53.300 case

00:52:53.560 that

00:52:53.740 there

00:52:53.880 might

00:52:54.060 not

00:52:54.280 have

00:52:54.400 been

00:52:54.540 a

00:52:54.660 Hitler 0.78

00:52:54.860 there

00:52:55.060 might

00:52:55.300 not

00:52:55.500 have

00:52:55.620 been

00:52:55.720 a

00:52:55.840 World

00:52:56.020 War

00:52:56.220 I

00:52:58.600 I

00:52:59.840 think

00:53:00.060 had

00:53:00.280 we

00:53:00.420 stayed

00:53:00.620 out

00:53:00.780 World

00:53:01.000 War

00:53:01.160 I

00:53:01.400 think

00:53:01.740 most

00:53:02.120 of

00:53:02.280 that

00:53:02.420 is

00:53:02.620 probably

00:53:03.100 true

00:53:03.460 we

00:53:03.620 don't

00:53:03.760 know

00:53:03.920 exactly

00:53:04.340 what

00:53:04.520 the

00:53:04.640 world

00:53:04.820 would

00:53:05.000 have

00:53:05.100 looked

00:53:05.400 like

00:53:05.700 but

00:53:05.860 you

00:53:06.000 would

00:53:06.120 not

00:53:06.320 have

00:53:06.440 had

00:53:06.620 Germany

00:53:07.020 lying

00:53:07.640 prostrate

00:53:08.280 in

00:53:08.420 1918

00:53:08.960 with

00:53:09.540 Hitler 0.78

00:53:10.140 famously

00:53:10.580 on the

00:53:10.940 bed

00:53:11.160 hearing

00:53:11.440 about

00:53:11.840 the

00:53:12.080 humiliating

00:53:12.540 terms

00:53:12.920 of

00:53:13.060 the

00:53:13.160 November

00:53:13.440 armistice

00:53:14.060 and railing

00:53:14.620 against

00:53:14.880 the

00:53:15.040 November

00:53:15.300 criminals

00:53:15.820 I

00:53:30.780 this

00:53:31.580 is

00:53:31.780 where

00:53:32.080 Russia

00:53:33.140 met

00:53:33.740 the

00:53:33.920 central

00:53:34.200 powers

00:53:34.680 to

00:53:34.900 negotiate

00:53:35.320 a

00:53:35.580 peace

00:53:35.840 on

00:53:36.040 the

00:53:36.160 eastern

00:53:36.440 front

00:53:37.000 and

00:53:37.280 this

00:53:37.560 is

00:53:37.780 from

00:53:38.120 basically

00:53:38.520 about

00:53:38.700 just

00:53:38.940 to

00:53:39.080 reiterate

00:53:39.380 the

00:53:39.560 central

00:53:39.780 powers

00:53:40.040 are

00:53:40.260 the

00:53:40.360 opposite

00:53:40.720 of

00:53:40.860 the

00:53:40.960 allies

00:53:41.300 the

00:53:41.520 central

00:53:41.820 powers

00:53:42.100 are

00:53:42.560 the

00:53:42.820 Germany

00:53:44.220 Austria

00:53:45.040 Hungary

00:53:45.440 Bulgaria

00:53:46.120 had

00:53:46.800 then

00:53:46.980 joined

00:53:47.200 the

00:53:47.320 war

00:53:47.480 too

00:53:47.720 along

00:53:47.980 with

00:53:48.100 the

00:53:48.200 Ottoman

00:53:48.380 Empire

00:53:48.860 and

00:53:49.940 it

00:53:50.040 was

00:53:50.160 quite

00:53:50.600 an

00:53:50.940 interesting

00:53:51.460 affair

00:53:51.780 it

00:53:51.880 was

00:53:51.960 actually

00:53:52.140 the

00:53:52.300 first

00:53:52.540 peace

00:53:52.900 treaty

00:53:53.240 or

00:53:53.420 peace

00:53:53.600 conference

00:53:53.980 ever

00:53:54.220 caught

00:53:54.440 on

00:54:00.780 Bolsheviks 0.94

00:54:01.180 and

00:54:03.080 what's

00:54:03.620 interesting

00:54:03.980 also

00:54:04.260 just

00:54:04.520 socially

00:54:04.980 is

00:54:05.300 that

00:54:05.440 the

00:54:05.640 central

00:54:05.900 powers

00:54:06.340 and

00:54:06.520 the

00:54:06.640 Ottomans 0.85

00:54:07.100 and

00:54:07.220 the

00:54:07.280 Bulgarians

00:54:07.660 they're

00:54:07.860 all

00:54:08.040 sending

00:54:08.340 these

00:54:08.560 kind

00:54:08.820 of

00:54:08.940 old

00:54:09.360 aristocratic

00:54:10.120 diplomats

00:54:10.900 and

00:54:11.060 the

00:54:11.180 Bolsheviks 0.94

00:54:11.620 are

00:54:11.780 sending

00:54:12.160 these

00:54:12.760 kind

00:54:12.980 of

00:54:13.080 bohemian

00:54:13.660 scruffy

00:54:14.260 revolutionaries

00:54:15.080 they were

00:54:15.800 supposedly

00:54:16.320 representing

00:54:16.860 the workers

00:54:17.360 and peasants

00:54:17.880 government

00:54:18.220 that's

00:54:18.480 what they

00:54:18.660 initially

00:54:19.020 called

00:54:19.460 it

00:54:19.660 they

00:54:20.100 realized

00:54:20.340 they

00:54:20.460 didn't

00:54:20.620 actually

00:54:20.840 have

00:54:21.080 a

00:54:21.220 peasant

00:54:21.500 so

00:54:21.680 at

00:54:21.780 the

00:54:21.880 last

00:54:22.100 minute

00:54:22.260 they

00:54:22.420 just

00:54:22.600 pulled

00:54:22.900 over

00:54:23.100 on

00:54:23.220 the

00:54:23.320 side

00:54:23.540 of

00:54:23.660 the

00:54:23.740 road

00:54:23.940 and

00:54:24.060 they

00:54:24.180 kind

00:54:24.340 of

00:54:24.440 picked

00:54:24.660 up

00:54:24.820 a

00:54:24.960 drunk

00:54:25.340 and

00:54:25.720 they

00:54:25.880 said

00:54:26.160 hey

00:54:26.540 where

00:54:26.720 are

00:54:26.820 you

00:54:26.900 from

00:54:27.320 and

00:54:27.480 he

00:54:27.620 gave

00:54:28.060 the name

00:54:28.300 of

00:54:28.400 some

00:54:28.540 tiny

00:54:28.820 little

00:54:29.040 village

00:54:29.340 and

00:54:29.440 they

00:54:29.560 said

00:54:29.740 you'll

00:54:30.120 do

00:54:30.420 and

00:54:30.620 so

00:54:30.760 they

00:54:31.040 bring

00:54:31.280 him

00:54:31.380 along

00:54:31.860 there

00:54:33.340 were

00:54:33.680 elements

00:54:34.040 of

00:54:34.240 force

00:54:34.680 to

00:54:34.860 it

00:54:34.960 on

00:54:35.080 the

00:54:35.200 other

00:54:35.360 hand

00:54:35.580 they

00:54:35.780 were

00:54:36.000 genuine

00:54:36.540 in

00:54:36.920 trying

00:54:37.120 to

00:54:37.280 invite

00:54:37.620 the

00:54:37.800 Western

00:54:38.160 allies

00:54:38.620 there

00:54:38.940 I

00:54:39.460 pointed

00:54:39.700 out

00:54:39.880 the

00:54:40.280 reason

00:54:40.500 they

00:54:40.620 didn't

00:54:40.760 go

00:54:52.900 before

00:54:53.200 Germany

00:54:53.640 collapsed

00:54:54.280 you

00:54:54.520 know

00:54:54.600 at

00:54:54.720 least

00:54:54.880 in

00:54:55.060 part

00:54:55.260 because

00:54:55.500 of

00:54:55.620 the

00:54:55.680 U.S.

00:54:55.940 intervention

00:54:56.380 what

00:54:57.320 they

00:54:57.560 did

00:54:57.960 was

00:54:58.340 they

00:54:58.540 broke

00:54:58.880 Imperial

00:54:59.380 Russia

00:54:59.780 into

00:55:00.460 a number

00:55:01.100 of

00:55:01.340 satellite

00:55:01.720 states

00:55:02.240 many

00:55:02.540 of

00:55:02.680 which

00:55:02.780 actually

00:55:03.240 exist

00:55:03.640 today

00:55:04.020 so

00:55:04.360 the

00:55:04.880 three

00:55:05.140 Baltic

00:55:05.600 states

00:55:05.960 were

00:55:06.160 basically

00:55:06.480 invited

00:55:06.960 to

00:55:07.160 declare

00:55:07.420 independence

00:55:07.940 Ukraine

00:55:08.380 was

00:55:09.020 invited

00:55:09.460 to

00:55:09.700 declare

00:55:10.000 independence

00:55:10.680 Finland

00:55:11.880 became

00:55:12.460 independent

00:55:13.020 so

00:55:13.840 Germany

00:55:14.300 effectively

00:55:14.840 was

00:55:15.160 kind

00:55:15.440 of

00:55:15.580 creating

00:55:16.900 a

00:55:17.120 Europe

00:55:17.340 that

00:55:17.620 actually

00:55:17.980 bears

00:55:18.500 a

00:55:18.720 pretty

00:55:18.940 close

00:55:19.280 resemblance

00:55:19.920 to

00:55:20.480 the

00:55:20.640 Europe

00:55:22.900 which

00:55:23.040 is not

00:55:23.260 to

00:55:23.380 say

00:55:23.500 that

00:55:23.680 it

00:55:23.800 necessarily

00:55:24.280 would

00:55:24.560 have

00:55:24.680 lasted

00:55:25.120 it

00:55:25.760 would

00:55:25.920 have

00:55:26.080 required

00:55:26.560 the

00:55:26.800 Germans

00:55:27.140 to

00:55:27.460 maintain

00:55:27.780 these

00:55:28.060 armies

00:55:28.340 in

00:55:28.520 the

00:55:28.640 field

00:55:28.940 now

00:55:29.700 the

00:55:29.820 thing

00:55:30.000 is

00:55:30.140 the

00:55:30.260 war

00:55:30.460 as

00:55:30.600 we

00:55:30.760 know

00:55:31.140 ended

00:55:31.600 at least

00:55:32.000 in

00:55:32.160 Europe

00:55:32.400 in

00:55:32.920 fall

00:55:33.340 of

00:55:33.460 1918

00:55:33.840 but

00:55:34.320 the

00:55:34.480 other

00:55:34.620 thing

00:55:34.780 to

00:55:34.880 remember

00:55:35.080 is

00:55:35.240 that

00:55:35.340 no

00:55:35.500 one

00:55:35.640 knew

00:55:35.740 at

00:55:35.840 the

00:55:36.120 time

00:55:36.540 that

00:55:36.900 it

00:55:36.980 was

00:55:37.200 going

00:55:37.400 to

00:55:37.560 end

00:55:37.800 the

00:55:38.720 German

00:55:39.000 collapse

00:55:39.440 came as

00:55:39.820 something

00:55:40.080 of a

00:55:40.360 surprise

00:55:40.720 to

00:55:40.920 everyone

00:55:41.240 and it

00:55:41.480 happens

00:55:41.740 even

00:55:41.940 on the

00:55:42.220 Ottoman

00:55:42.460 fronts

00:55:42.820 everything

00:55:43.220 just

00:55:43.500 starts

00:55:43.800 to

00:55:43.980 collapse

00:55:44.380 in

00:55:44.600 September

00:55:44.900 1918

00:55:45.460 and you

00:55:46.640 can't

00:55:46.840 ascribe

00:55:47.060 all of

00:55:47.760 that

00:55:47.960 necessarily

00:55:48.420 to

00:55:48.620 the

00:55:48.720 U.S.

00:55:49.060 intervention

00:55:49.520 a lot

00:55:50.660 of

00:55:50.780 these

00:55:51.000 battles

00:55:51.480 had

00:55:52.180 required

00:55:52.900 all kinds

00:55:53.380 of

00:55:53.520 complicated

00:55:54.000 interplay

00:55:54.700 of

00:55:55.040 material

00:55:55.480 forces

00:55:55.960 morale

00:55:56.360 and so

00:55:56.780 on

00:55:56.940 but

00:55:57.520 the

00:55:57.680 U.S.

00:55:58.040 entry

00:55:58.320 into

00:55:58.480 the

00:55:58.620 war

00:55:58.820 and

00:55:58.960 particularly

00:55:59.260 Wilson

00:55:59.660 entering

00:56:00.340 the

00:56:00.680 arena

00:56:01.060 with

00:56:01.440 the

00:56:01.640 14

00:56:01.980 points

00:56:02.460 and

00:56:02.640 this

00:56:02.820 idea

00:56:03.240 of

00:56:03.460 a

00:56:03.780 new

00:56:04.020 and

00:56:04.140 a

00:56:04.260 better

00:56:04.460 world

00:56:04.980 definitely

00:56:06.660 played

00:56:07.040 a huge

00:56:07.800 role

00:56:08.220 again

00:56:09.080 first

00:56:09.680 in

00:56:09.860 extending

00:56:10.220 the

00:56:10.440 war

00:56:10.580 but

00:56:10.740 also

00:56:11.040 then

00:56:11.420 in

00:56:11.720 helping

00:56:11.960 to

00:56:12.180 ensure

00:56:12.700 that

00:56:13.280 the

00:56:13.440 Germans

00:56:13.740 would

00:56:13.960 lose

00:56:14.240 it

00:56:14.980 so

00:56:15.260 we won

00:56:16.080 the

00:56:16.240 war

00:56:16.480 but

00:56:16.680 we

00:56:16.820 may

00:56:16.940 have

00:56:17.060 helped

00:56:17.740 cause

00:56:18.100 the

00:56:18.320 second

00:56:18.580 world

00:56:19.960 war

00:56:20.540 I mean

00:56:20.920 unintentionally

00:56:22.560 that's

00:56:24.820 the case

00:56:25.260 the U.S.

00:56:26.200 and again

00:56:26.660 most of

00:56:27.240 this is

00:56:27.460 unintentional

00:56:28.140 Woodrow Wilson

00:56:28.940 obviously

00:56:29.320 did not

00:56:29.840 want

00:56:30.360 Britain

00:56:30.940 and

00:56:31.160 France

00:56:31.480 to

00:56:31.660 impose

00:56:32.120 these

00:56:32.420 harsh

00:56:32.880 peace

00:56:33.280 terms

00:56:33.620 on

00:56:33.900 Germany

00:56:34.480 I mean

00:56:34.960 not that

00:56:35.420 he was

00:56:35.720 soft

00:56:36.280 necessarily

00:56:36.860 but he

00:56:37.180 obviously

00:56:37.480 wouldn't

00:56:37.840 have

00:56:37.960 agreed

00:56:38.280 with

00:56:38.500 all

00:56:38.780 of

00:56:38.880 the

00:56:39.000 terms

00:56:39.320 or

00:56:39.880 the

00:56:40.000 harsh

00:56:40.260 terms

00:56:40.620 they

00:56:40.760 oppose

00:56:41.060 on

00:56:41.240 Austria

00:56:41.680 Hungary

00:56:42.100 and

00:56:42.800 eventually

00:56:43.120 on

00:56:43.300 the

00:56:43.400 Ottoman

00:56:43.640 Empire

00:56:44.160 and

00:56:44.340 on

00:56:44.520 Bulgaria

00:56:44.960 it's

00:56:45.920 not

00:56:46.060 just

00:56:46.340 the

00:56:46.580 Germans

00:56:47.020 who

00:56:47.240 resent

00:56:47.560 all

00:56:47.780 this

00:56:47.960 by

00:56:48.160 the

00:56:48.280 way

00:56:48.420 I mean

00:56:48.660 if

00:56:48.800 you

00:56:48.880 talk

00:56:49.100 to

00:56:49.220 Hungarians

00:56:49.820 today

00:56:50.140 they're

00:56:50.420 still

00:56:50.740 angry

00:56:51.080 about

00:56:51.460 the

00:56:51.660 Treaty

00:56:51.900 of

00:56:52.080 Trianon

00:56:52.600 that

00:56:53.080 was

00:56:53.200 their

00:56:53.360 version

00:56:53.680 of

00:56:53.900 Versailles

00:56:54.500 or

00:56:55.020 the

00:56:55.180 Turks 0.99

00:56:55.460 about

00:56:55.680 the

00:56:55.860 Treaty

00:56:56.100 of

00:56:56.300 Sevres

00:56:56.740 that's

00:56:57.080 their

00:56:57.240 own

00:56:57.420 version

00:56:57.760 of

00:56:57.940 Versailles

00:56:58.440 which

00:56:58.660 truncates

00:56:59.280 the

00:56:59.460 Ottoman

00:56:59.680 Empire

00:57:00.040 although

00:57:00.260 they

00:57:00.400 eventually

00:57:00.700 fought

00:57:01.020 back

00:57:01.340 and won

00:57:01.680 back

00:57:01.920 some

00:57:02.140 of

00:57:02.240 the

00:57:02.340 territory

00:57:02.680 they had

00:57:03.020 lost

00:57:03.340 under

00:57:04.000 Mustafa

00:57:04.400 Kemal

00:57:04.900 Wilson

00:57:06.140 and what's so

00:57:07.180 ironic is

00:57:07.660 back in

00:57:08.140 his peace

00:57:08.580 without

00:57:08.800 victory

00:57:09.100 speech

00:57:09.460 in

00:57:09.620 January

00:57:09.940 1917

00:57:10.520 he had

00:57:11.160 argued

00:57:11.500 against

00:57:12.120 intervention

00:57:13.200 precisely

00:57:13.860 for that

00:57:14.260 reason

00:57:14.500 he wanted

00:57:14.940 a peace

00:57:15.380 without

00:57:15.660 victory

00:57:16.160 because

00:57:16.580 as he

00:57:17.280 pointed

00:57:17.540 out

00:57:17.880 victory

00:57:18.280 would

00:57:18.520 have

00:57:18.640 left

00:57:18.900 the

00:57:19.420 defeated

00:57:19.740 powers

00:57:20.220 angry

00:57:21.520 and resentful

00:57:22.340 and anxious

00:57:23.320 to

00:57:23.720 refight

00:57:24.300 the war

00:57:24.800 and he

00:57:25.480 wasn't

00:57:25.680 wrong

00:57:26.120 it's

00:57:26.440 just

00:57:26.600 I

00:57:26.820 suppose

00:57:27.080 in

00:57:27.260 the

00:57:27.360 end

00:57:27.520 it was

00:57:27.700 partly

00:57:27.980 German

00:57:28.400 blundering

00:57:29.080 and

00:57:29.300 maybe

00:57:29.600 Wilson

00:57:30.820 himself

00:57:31.240 not

00:57:31.480 sticking

00:57:31.840 to

00:57:32.040 his

00:57:32.220 guns

00:57:32.580 not

00:57:32.860 sticking

00:57:33.160 to

00:57:33.320 his

00:57:33.460 principles

00:57:33.960 man

00:57:34.700 it

00:57:34.840 makes

00:57:35.000 you

00:57:35.120 wonder

00:57:35.300 about

00:57:35.560 like

00:57:35.740 Ukraine

00:57:37.100 today

00:57:37.780 whether

00:57:38.340 there

00:57:38.540 could

00:57:38.660 be

00:57:38.760 a

00:57:38.900 peace

00:57:39.100 without

00:57:39.360 victory

00:57:39.740 there

00:57:40.040 where

00:57:40.260 there's

00:57:40.440 no

00:57:40.720 utter

00:57:41.360 humiliation

00:57:42.100 for

00:57:42.960 let's

00:57:43.240 say

00:57:43.360 the

00:57:43.520 Russians

00:57:43.840 so

00:57:44.380 that

00:57:44.520 there's

00:57:44.740 some

00:57:44.900 face

00:57:45.200 saving

00:57:45.580 so

00:57:45.780 that

00:57:45.980 you

00:57:46.280 know

00:57:46.380 I

00:57:46.500 don't

00:57:46.580 know

00:57:46.680 this

00:57:46.980 is

00:57:47.100 one

00:57:47.220 of

00:57:47.300 the

00:57:47.320 things

00:57:47.440 we're

00:57:47.600 debating

00:57:47.920 right

00:57:48.160 now

00:57:48.340 but

00:57:48.720 let's

00:57:48.880 go

00:57:48.980 back

00:57:49.160 to

00:57:49.340 Russia

00:57:49.800 and

00:57:50.400 how

00:57:51.260 you

00:57:51.620 think

00:57:52.120 Russia

00:57:53.240 in the

00:57:53.600 20th

00:57:54.080 and

00:57:54.200 21st

00:57:54.720 century

00:57:55.100 would

00:57:55.620 have

00:57:55.800 been

00:57:56.040 different

00:57:56.580 if

00:57:57.860 we

00:57:58.280 hadn't

00:57:58.700 stepped

00:57:58.980 in

00:57:59.360 and

00:57:59.780 defeated

00:58:00.200 Germany

00:58:00.840 which

00:58:01.260 had

00:58:01.540 its

00:58:01.700 eyes

00:58:01.920 on

00:58:02.160 Russia

00:58:02.420 as

00:58:02.920 you

00:58:03.000 pointed

00:58:03.300 out

00:58:03.540 well

00:58:05.200 it's

00:58:05.340 a

00:58:05.460 great

00:58:05.620 question

00:58:05.940 I

00:58:06.140 do

00:58:06.300 think

00:58:06.560 Russia

00:58:06.840 probably

00:58:07.260 would

00:58:07.480 have

00:58:07.620 eventually

00:58:08.060 recovered

00:58:08.680 some

00:58:09.060 of the

00:58:09.300 territory

00:58:09.700 she

00:58:10.000 lost

00:58:10.340 at

00:58:10.500 breast

00:58:10.720 the

00:58:10.920 tusk

00:58:11.160 but

00:58:16.980 1918

00:58:17.420 and

00:58:18.560 our

00:58:18.720 independence

00:58:19.100 today

00:58:19.480 would

00:58:19.700 have

00:58:19.780 actually

00:58:20.060 remained

00:58:20.460 so

00:58:20.740 so

00:58:20.920 we're

00:58:21.100 not

00:58:21.300 just

00:58:21.780 talking

00:58:22.160 about

00:58:22.380 the

00:58:22.520 countries

00:58:22.800 of

00:58:22.960 Eastern

00:58:23.220 Europe

00:58:23.440 I

00:58:23.600 mentioned

00:58:23.880 before

00:58:24.360 but

00:58:25.020 the

00:58:25.180 so-called

00:58:25.600 Transcaucasian

00:58:26.760 Federative

00:58:27.340 Republic

00:58:27.740 which

00:58:27.980 sounds

00:58:28.200 really

00:58:28.420 complicated

00:58:28.840 but

00:58:29.240 you're

00:58:29.580 talking

00:58:29.740 about

00:58:29.920 countries

00:58:30.200 like

00:58:30.380 Azerbaijan

00:58:30.880 and

00:58:31.680 Armenia

00:58:32.100 and

00:58:32.800 Georgia

00:58:33.220 and

00:58:33.580 eventually

00:58:34.000 Dagestan

00:58:34.660 well

00:58:34.780 Dagestan

00:58:35.200 is

00:58:35.280 now

00:58:35.420 in

00:58:35.560 Russia

00:58:35.780 but

00:58:35.960 a

00:58:36.080 lot

00:58:36.220 of

00:58:36.300 these

00:58:36.480 territories

00:58:37.000 have

00:58:37.200 confederated

00:58:38.120 together

00:58:38.520 to

00:58:38.720 become

00:58:38.980 independent

00:58:39.520 so

00:58:40.300 to

00:58:40.500 some

00:58:46.980 form

00:58:47.300 might

00:58:48.440 have

00:58:48.580 actually

00:58:48.900 ceased

00:58:49.280 to

00:58:49.480 exist

00:58:49.920 in

00:58:50.120 that

00:58:50.320 form

00:58:50.760 in

00:58:51.160 1918

00:58:51.720 when

00:58:52.280 the

00:58:52.420 Germans

00:58:52.640 broke

00:58:52.920 it

00:58:53.020 apart

00:58:53.400 but

00:58:54.060 that

00:58:54.280 point

00:58:54.760 about

00:58:54.960 peace

00:58:55.220 without

00:58:55.420 victory

00:58:55.740 it's

00:58:55.980 so

00:58:56.180 fascinating

00:58:56.740 because

00:58:57.020 of

00:58:57.240 course

00:58:57.460 you

00:58:58.320 could

00:58:58.480 draw

00:58:58.820 entirely

00:58:59.680 diametrically

00:59:00.540 opposed

00:59:01.040 lessons

00:59:01.520 from

00:59:01.820 this

00:59:02.180 FDR

00:59:03.720 for

00:59:04.040 example

00:59:04.460 in

00:59:04.620 the

00:59:04.720 Second

00:59:04.940 World

00:59:05.260 War

00:59:05.480 drew

00:59:05.700 the

00:59:05.860 lesson

00:59:06.140 that

00:59:06.340 the

00:59:06.460 mistake

00:59:06.920 that

00:59:07.520 the

00:59:07.660 U.S.

00:59:08.060 and

00:59:08.140 its

00:59:08.280 allies

00:59:08.500 had

00:59:08.700 made

00:59:08.900 in

00:59:09.020 1918

00:59:09.500 was

00:59:09.900 not

00:59:10.260 pursuing

00:59:10.680 the

00:59:10.920 war

00:59:11.080 all

00:59:11.420 the

00:59:11.600 way

00:59:11.760 to

00:59:11.880 the

00:59:12.000 end

00:59:12.200 and

00:59:12.340 getting

00:59:12.540 unconditional

00:59:13.120 surrender

00:59:13.700 and

00:59:13.980 marching

00:59:14.540 all the

00:59:15.020 way

00:59:15.140 to

00:59:15.260 Berlin

00:59:15.500 and

00:59:15.720 crushing

00:59:16.060 Germany

00:59:16.740 utterly

00:59:17.640 whereas

00:59:18.540 obviously

00:59:18.960 a lot

00:59:19.180 of

00:59:19.280 Americans

00:59:19.640 disagreed

00:59:20.160 and

00:59:20.260 they

00:59:20.380 thought

00:59:20.560 we

00:59:22.100 shouldn't

00:59:22.440 have

00:59:22.560 fought

00:59:22.760 at

00:59:22.960 all

00:59:23.180 along

00:59:23.400 some

00:59:23.580 of

00:59:23.680 the

00:59:23.740 lines

00:59:23.900 that

00:59:24.000 we're

00:59:24.060 talking

00:59:24.320 about

00:59:24.520 now

00:59:24.760 that

00:59:24.920 our

00:59:25.020 intervention

00:59:25.380 didn't

00:59:25.800 actually

00:59:26.100 produce

00:59:26.600 a

00:59:26.900 positive

00:59:27.200 outcome

00:59:27.660 and

00:59:28.720 obviously

00:59:29.040 you

00:59:29.260 could

00:59:29.380 make

00:59:29.560 some

00:59:29.760 of

00:59:29.860 these

00:59:30.000 arguments

00:59:30.360 about

00:59:30.660 Russia

00:59:30.940 and

00:59:31.080 Ukraine

00:59:31.440 today

00:59:31.840 the

00:59:32.040 problem

00:59:32.380 is

00:59:32.580 of

00:59:32.780 course

00:59:33.000 that

00:59:41.600 as

00:59:42.100 of

00:59:42.260 2014

00:59:42.840 that

00:59:43.940 would

00:59:44.120 require

00:59:44.660 Armageddon

00:59:46.200 but

00:59:46.880 what

00:59:47.080 would

00:59:47.220 have

00:59:47.340 happened

00:59:47.660 with

00:59:48.020 you

00:59:48.300 know

00:59:48.420 the

00:59:48.600 Bolsheviks 0.94

00:59:49.100 took

00:59:49.700 over

00:59:50.020 you

00:59:50.240 had

00:59:50.460 Lenin

00:59:50.860 you

00:59:51.280 had

00:59:51.460 Stalin 0.57

00:59:51.880 coming

00:59:52.280 up

00:59:52.520 and

00:59:52.600 I

00:59:52.680 know

00:59:52.780 you

00:59:52.880 just

00:59:53.060 wrote

00:59:53.280 a

00:59:53.380 book

00:59:53.480 about

00:59:53.720 Stalin 0.57

00:59:54.080 you

00:59:55.720 know

00:59:55.840 he

00:59:56.000 was

00:59:56.540 brutal

00:59:56.960 by

00:59:57.260 the

00:59:57.340 way

00:59:57.480 God

00:59:57.820 good

00:59:58.080 God

00:59:58.420 Stalin 0.57

00:59:58.860 was

00:59:59.140 I

00:59:59.540 mean

00:59:59.660 truly

01:00:00.060 the

01:00:00.700 face

01:00:00.980 of

01:00:01.120 evil

01:00:01.400 that

01:00:01.640 guy

01:00:01.800 was

01:00:02.000 a

01:00:02.180 deeply

01:00:03.380 disturbed

01:00:03.900 evil

01:00:04.240 man

01:00:04.560 but

01:00:05.040 so

01:00:05.220 what

01:00:05.400 would

01:00:05.540 have

01:00:05.640 happened

01:00:05.900 you

01:00:11.600 if

01:00:12.080 we

01:00:12.220 hadn't

01:00:12.480 gotten

01:00:12.680 involved

01:00:12.980 if

01:00:13.160 there

01:00:13.280 had

01:00:13.420 been

01:00:13.560 a

01:00:13.680 negotiated

01:00:14.060 settlement

01:00:14.460 earlier

01:00:14.980 well

01:00:16.400 the

01:00:16.540 thing

01:00:16.720 about

01:00:16.920 the

01:00:17.100 Bolsheviks 0.94

01:00:17.580 is

01:00:17.720 they

01:00:17.840 didn't

01:00:18.080 expect

01:00:18.460 to

01:00:18.640 last

01:00:18.880 in

01:00:19.040 power

01:00:19.300 very

01:00:19.580 long

01:00:20.080 one

01:00:20.860 of

01:00:20.940 my

01:00:21.080 earliest

01:00:21.400 research

01:00:21.840 projects

01:00:22.440 I

01:00:22.600 actually

01:00:22.800 went

01:00:23.000 to

01:00:23.160 Switzerland

01:00:23.620 it's

01:00:23.920 kind

01:00:24.120 of

01:00:24.240 curious

01:00:24.560 because

01:00:25.080 we've

01:00:26.000 all

01:00:26.120 heard

01:00:26.260 about

01:00:26.420 the

01:00:26.580 banking

01:00:26.880 secrecy

01:00:27.480 laws

01:00:27.900 I

01:00:28.280 discovered

01:00:28.680 in

01:00:28.880 fact

01:00:29.080 most

01:00:29.320 of

01:00:29.440 those

01:00:29.600 laws

01:00:29.840 weren't

01:00:30.020 on

01:00:30.120 the

01:00:30.220 books

01:00:30.380 till

01:00:30.520 the

01:00:30.620 1930s

01:00:31.500 and

01:00:31.760 when

01:00:31.980 Bolsheviks 0.94

01:00:32.480 tried

01:00:32.860 to

01:00:33.040 launder

01:00:33.260 money

01:00:33.560 there

01:00:33.780 in

01:00:33.920 1918

01:00:34.440 the

01:00:34.960 Swiss

01:00:35.160 didn't

01:00:35.460 let

01:00:35.700 them

01:00:35.860 they

01:00:36.040 actually

01:00:36.300 kicked

01:00:36.660 them

01:00:36.860 out

01:00:37.280 the

01:00:38.280 reason

01:00:38.440 they

01:00:38.520 were

01:00:38.600 laundering

01:00:38.860 money

01:00:39.080 there

01:00:39.260 was

01:00:39.420 because

01:00:39.600 they

01:00:39.760 weren't

01:00:39.900 expecting

01:00:40.260 to

01:00:40.520 last

01:00:40.840 in

01:00:41.000 Russia

01:00:41.260 they

01:00:41.460 were

01:00:41.700 trying

01:00:42.000 to

01:00:42.220 set

01:00:42.400 up

01:00:42.480 a

01:00:42.880 fund

01:00:43.540 right

01:00:43.980 most

01:00:44.680 people

01:00:44.980 looking

01:00:45.280 at

01:00:45.400 the

01:00:45.540 Bolsheviks 0.94

01:00:46.020 like

01:00:46.260 ew

01:00:46.540 no

01:00:46.780 we

01:00:46.920 don't

01:00:47.020 want

01:00:47.100 anything

01:00:47.280 to

01:00:47.420 do

01:00:47.540 with

01:00:47.660 them

01:00:47.900 they

01:00:48.960 did

01:00:49.240 have

01:00:49.480 again

01:00:49.660 they

01:00:49.800 had

01:00:49.960 some

01:00:50.140 support

01:00:50.400 in

01:00:50.520 critical

01:00:50.780 areas

01:00:51.060 of

01:00:51.160 the

01:00:51.280 army

01:00:51.540 they

01:00:52.320 did

01:00:52.500 have

01:00:52.660 some

01:00:52.860 support

01:00:53.120 in

01:00:53.240 Moscow

01:00:53.480 but

01:00:53.920 in

01:00:54.020 the

01:00:54.120 country

01:00:54.440 at

01:00:54.600 large

01:00:55.060 more

01:00:55.680 than

01:00:55.840 75%

01:00:56.660 of

01:00:56.800 the

01:00:56.900 people

01:00:57.140 had

01:00:57.320 voted

01:00:57.520 against

01:00:57.880 them

01:00:58.160 in

01:00:58.980 fact

01:00:59.220 if

01:00:59.480 not

01:00:59.640 for

01:00:59.760 the

01:00:59.860 peace

01:01:00.120 platform

01:01:00.640 if

01:01:00.860 they

01:01:00.960 had

01:01:01.040 been

01:01:01.280 open

01:01:01.500 about

01:01:01.720 their

01:01:01.900 economic

01:01:02.300 policies

01:01:02.860 which

01:01:03.240 were

01:01:03.400 pretty

01:01:04.180 extreme

01:01:04.780 probably

01:01:05.860 less

01:01:06.260 than

01:01:06.460 10%

01:01:07.020 of

01:01:07.220 the

01:01:07.340 public

01:01:07.580 would

01:01:07.740 have

01:01:07.820 voted

01:01:07.980 for

01:01:08.160 them

01:01:08.280 and

01:01:08.400 they

01:01:08.480 knew

01:01:08.640 this

01:01:08.840 that's

01:01:09.120 why

01:01:09.300 they

01:01:09.480 deposed

01:01:10.000 the

01:01:10.180 constituent

01:01:10.680 assembly

01:01:11.040 that

01:01:11.480 this

01:01:11.920 body

01:01:12.240 which

01:01:12.420 was

01:01:12.580 elected

01:01:12.960 in

01:01:13.160 November

01:01:13.420 1917

01:01:14.000 was

01:01:14.320 actually

01:01:14.560 the

01:01:14.740 largest

01:01:15.420 participation

01:01:16.020 to date

01:01:16.480 even

01:01:16.660 larger

01:01:16.940 than

01:01:17.120 any

01:01:17.300 US

01:01:17.580 election

01:01:17.860 like

01:01:18.100 44

01:01:18.560 million

01:01:19.000 Russians

01:01:19.520 voted

01:01:19.940 and

01:01:20.660 again

01:01:20.840 more

01:01:21.020 than

01:01:21.180 75%

01:01:22.940 of

01:01:23.060 them

01:01:23.120 voted

01:01:23.300 against

01:01:23.600 the

01:01:23.740 Bolsheviks 0.94

01:01:24.260 the

01:01:24.900 verdict

01:01:25.180 of

01:01:25.340 which

01:01:25.520 is

01:01:25.700 as

01:01:25.900 one

01:01:26.060 commentator

01:01:26.360 put

01:01:26.520 it

01:01:26.600 kind

01:01:26.720 of

01:01:26.820 stuck

01:01:27.120 like

01:01:27.420 a

01:01:27.560 bone

01:01:27.720 in

01:01:27.860 the

01:01:27.980 throat

01:01:28.240 so

01:01:28.520 what

01:01:28.660 did

01:01:28.760 they

01:01:28.840 do

01:01:28.960 of

01:01:29.100 course

01:01:29.240 they

01:01:29.460 deposed

01:01:30.400 the

01:01:30.520 parliament

01:01:30.800 violently

01:01:31.300 I

01:01:31.540 mean

01:01:31.680 they

01:01:31.840 arrested

01:01:32.300 some

01:01:32.520 of

01:01:32.600 the

01:01:32.680 deputies

01:01:33.040 they

01:01:33.200 actually

01:01:33.400 shot

01:01:33.660 and

01:01:33.800 killed

01:01:34.020 about

01:01:34.240 eight

01:01:34.480 of

01:01:34.600 them

01:01:34.720 they

01:01:34.900 just

01:01:35.100 shut

01:01:35.660 it

01:01:35.760 down

01:01:36.020 so

01:01:37.500 they

01:01:37.640 made

01:01:37.780 it

01:01:37.880 quite

01:01:38.100 clear

01:01:38.460 you

01:01:38.800 know

01:01:38.920 that

01:01:39.120 they

01:01:39.380 had

01:01:39.700 essentially

01:01:40.820 no

01:01:41.100 democratic

01:01:41.600 mandate

01:01:41.980 and

01:01:42.180 they

01:01:42.280 didn't

01:01:42.440 really

01:01:42.620 intend

01:01:42.920 to

01:01:43.100 have

01:01:43.320 one

01:01:43.580 they

01:01:44.640 ruled

01:01:45.020 effectively

01:01:45.680 by

01:01:45.980 force

01:01:46.560 you

01:01:47.180 know

01:01:47.260 it

01:01:47.400 took

01:01:47.520 them

01:01:47.980 a

01:01:48.140 while

01:01:48.460 to

01:01:48.700 really

01:01:48.960 secure

01:01:49.420 and

01:01:49.600 then

01:01:49.720 reconquer

01:01:50.160 all

01:01:50.420 the

01:01:50.720 elements

01:01:51.160 of

01:01:51.260 the

01:01:51.360 empire

01:01:51.620 but

01:01:52.000 it

01:01:52.120 was

01:01:52.260 partly

01:01:52.740 because

01:01:52.980 of

01:01:53.080 the

01:01:53.180 collapse

01:02:02.300 free

01:02:02.520 of

01:02:02.680 Russia's 0.70

01:02:03.040 civil

01:02:03.260 war

01:02:03.560 they

01:02:04.040 never

01:02:04.240 got

01:02:04.460 involved

01:02:04.820 very

01:02:05.060 directly

01:02:05.520 they

01:02:05.760 never

01:02:05.980 really

01:02:06.360 threw

01:02:06.640 their

01:02:06.860 support

01:02:07.280 to

01:02:07.540 the

01:02:07.640 opponents

01:02:08.040 of

01:02:08.160 the

01:02:08.260 Bolsheviks 0.94

01:02:08.720 the

01:02:09.100 ones

01:02:09.260 we

01:02:09.380 normally

01:02:09.740 call

01:02:10.100 the

01:02:10.340 whites

01:02:10.660 it's

01:02:10.880 a bit

01:02:11.060 of

01:02:11.160 a

01:02:11.260 misnomer

01:02:11.660 white

01:02:12.040 white

01:02:12.600 basically

01:02:12.960 meant

01:02:13.260 counter

01:02:13.540 revolutionary

01:02:14.040 that's

01:02:14.360 what

01:02:14.480 the

01:02:14.620 Reds

01:02:14.920 called

01:02:15.240 them

01:02:15.400 they

01:02:15.520 didn't

01:02:15.680 call

01:02:15.900 themselves

01:02:16.340 whites

01:02:16.760 so

01:02:17.920 the

01:02:18.080 allies

01:02:18.420 didn't

01:02:18.780 really

01:02:19.020 intervene

01:02:19.380 very

01:02:19.620 decisively

01:02:20.360 in

01:02:20.540 Russia's 0.70

01:02:20.900 civil

01:02:21.120 war

01:02:21.420 the

01:02:22.400 Bolsheviks 0.94

01:02:23.000 some

01:02:23.560 of

01:02:23.660 it

01:02:23.780 was

01:02:24.060 astute

01:02:25.280 diplomacy

01:02:25.820 some

01:02:26.180 of

01:02:26.300 it

01:02:26.380 was

01:02:26.520 luck

01:02:26.780 some

01:02:27.000 of

01:02:27.120 it

01:02:27.160 was

01:02:27.280 good

01:02:27.460 fortune

01:02:27.920 but

01:02:29.240 effectively

01:02:29.740 it

01:02:30.260 was

01:02:30.940 a

01:02:31.060 series

01:02:31.280 of

01:02:31.480 accidents

01:02:31.980 the

01:02:32.460 largest

01:02:32.920 of

01:02:33.140 which

01:02:33.260 was

01:02:33.420 again

01:02:33.600 that

01:02:33.760 the

01:02:33.880 U.S.

01:02:34.120 intervention

01:02:34.460 in the

01:02:34.760 war

01:02:34.980 destroyed

01:02:36.060 the

01:02:36.220 power

01:02:36.440 of

01:02:36.580 imperial

01:02:36.900 Germany

01:02:37.340 and

01:02:37.480 imperial

01:02:37.940 Germany

01:02:38.400 had

01:02:38.560 been

01:02:38.700 both

01:02:38.900 the

01:02:39.060 sponsor

01:02:39.480 and

01:02:39.840 effectively

01:02:40.440 the

01:02:40.820 almost

01:02:41.420 the

01:02:41.640 mandatory

01:02:42.060 power

01:02:42.640 overseeing

01:02:43.240 the

01:02:43.380 Bolshevik

01:02:43.680 dictatorship

01:02:44.080 the

01:02:44.300 Germans

01:02:44.600 could

01:02:44.880 have

01:02:45.060 toppled

01:02:45.680 the

01:02:45.800 Bolsheviks 0.94

01:02:46.140 at

01:02:46.300 any

01:02:46.540 point

01:02:53.660 weakened

01:02:54.040 Russia's 0.70

01:02:54.460 power

01:02:54.800 for

01:02:55.000 the

01:02:55.120 long

01:02:55.360 term

01:02:55.640 and

01:02:56.660 curiously

01:02:57.120 enough

01:02:57.280 the

01:02:57.420 allies

01:02:57.800 didn't

01:02:58.180 completely

01:02:58.900 disagree

01:02:59.460 that's

01:03:00.160 part

01:03:00.380 of the

01:03:00.580 reason

01:03:00.840 why

01:03:01.140 Britain

01:03:01.460 and

01:03:01.640 France

01:03:01.920 and

01:03:02.040 the

01:03:02.100 United

01:03:02.320 States

01:03:02.880 and

01:03:03.300 also

01:03:03.540 Japan

01:03:04.100 which

01:03:04.340 briefly

01:03:04.680 intervened

01:03:05.360 did

01:03:05.980 not

01:03:06.280 intervene

01:03:06.660 more

01:03:06.940 decisively

01:03:07.620 and

01:03:07.800 did

01:03:07.940 not

01:03:08.120 really

01:03:08.340 back

01:03:08.740 the

01:03:08.960 whites

01:03:09.320 because

01:03:09.760 they

01:03:10.460 also

01:03:10.680 kind

01:03:10.960 of

01:03:11.040 thought

01:03:11.200 look

01:03:11.400 we

01:03:11.680 don't

01:03:11.820 know

01:03:11.920 if

01:03:12.000 we

01:03:12.060 really

01:03:12.260 want

01:03:12.540 the

01:03:12.700 Russian

01:03:12.920 empire

01:03:13.280 back

01:03:13.680 unfortunately

01:03:14.660 what

01:03:14.880 they

01:03:14.940 didn't

01:03:15.140 realize

01:03:15.580 was

01:03:15.820 that

01:03:15.920 the

01:03:23.660 population

01:03:24.100 base

01:03:24.460 and

01:03:24.600 its

01:03:24.740 resources

01:03:25.280 they

01:03:26.160 were

01:03:26.260 just

01:03:26.460 about

01:03:26.680 the

01:03:26.840 most

01:03:27.020 ruthless

01:03:27.520 rulers

01:03:28.080 that

01:03:28.380 ever

01:03:28.640 existed

01:03:29.020 on

01:03:29.220 planet

01:03:29.520 earth

01:03:29.840 yeah

01:03:30.400 so

01:03:30.860 they

01:03:30.980 were

01:03:31.080 able

01:03:31.260 to

01:03:31.860 leverage

01:03:32.560 this

01:03:32.840 power

01:03:33.220 in

01:03:33.420 the

01:03:33.520 end

01:03:33.700 and

01:03:33.860 create

01:03:34.140 an

01:03:34.280 even

01:03:34.440 more

01:03:34.860 menacing

01:03:35.380 and

01:03:35.540 aggressive

01:03:35.840 power

01:03:36.240 than

01:03:36.420 the

01:03:36.580 Russian

01:03:36.780 empire

01:03:37.140 had

01:03:37.260 ever

01:03:37.400 been

01:03:37.680 all

01:03:38.580 right

01:03:38.680 so

01:03:38.800 we

01:03:38.880 talked

01:03:39.080 a bit

01:03:39.300 about

01:03:39.580 the

01:03:39.780 treaty

01:03:39.960 of

01:03:40.100 Versailles

01:03:40.520 and

01:03:40.720 the

01:03:40.840 end

01:03:41.060 of

01:03:41.180 world

01:03:41.360 war

01:03:41.660 one

01:03:42.160 and

01:03:42.800 the

01:03:43.040 position

01:03:43.360 as

01:03:43.520 you

01:03:43.600 put

01:03:43.740 it

01:03:43.880 Germany

01:03:44.440 in

01:03:44.880 a

01:03:44.980 prostrate

01:03:45.500 position

01:03:46.500 exactly

01:03:46.900 right

01:03:47.280 can

01:03:48.680 you

01:03:48.800 just

01:03:48.960 expand

01:03:49.300 on

01:03:49.560 the

01:03:50.100 league

01:03:50.320 of

01:03:50.460 nations

01:03:50.780 which

01:03:51.160 would

01:03:51.680 ultimately

01:03:52.040 become

01:03:52.440 the

01:03:52.700 united

01:03:52.940 nations

01:03:53.380 there

01:03:54.180 are

01:03:54.260 a lot

01:03:54.380 of

01:03:54.440 people

01:03:54.600 in

01:03:54.720 our

01:03:54.820 country

01:03:55.040 now

01:03:55.260 who

01:03:55.420 have

01:03:55.600 mixed

01:03:56.080 feelings

01:03:56.480 about

01:03:56.840 that

01:03:57.080 group

01:03:57.360 certainly

01:03:57.700 the

01:03:58.060 republicans

01:03:58.580 aren't

01:03:59.100 big

01:03:59.260 fans

01:03:59.560 of

01:03:59.760 the

01:04:00.020 UN

01:04:00.240 and

01:04:00.620 sort

01:04:01.180 of

01:04:01.280 globalist

01:04:01.720 approach

01:04:02.040 to

01:04:02.360 well

01:04:03.640 foreign

01:04:03.920 policy

01:04:04.320 and

01:04:04.440 other

01:04:04.580 things

01:04:04.860 and

01:04:04.980 they

01:04:05.100 think

01:04:05.240 they're

01:04:05.400 rather

01:04:05.680 feckless 1.00

01:04:06.100 when

01:04:06.240 it

01:04:06.340 comes

01:04:06.500 to

01:04:06.600 things

01:04:06.800 like

01:04:06.940 human

01:04:07.160 rights

01:04:07.460 though

01:04:07.640 they

01:04:07.820 claim

01:04:08.180 to

01:04:08.320 be

01:04:08.400 these

01:04:08.560 moral

01:04:08.800 arbiters

01:04:09.220 of

01:04:09.360 us

01:04:09.500 all

01:04:09.660 and

01:04:09.780 so

01:04:09.940 on

01:04:10.060 so

01:04:10.720 I

01:04:11.200 mean

01:04:11.300 that

01:04:11.440 was

01:04:11.560 a

01:04:11.680 Wilson

01:04:11.920 thing

01:04:12.300 at

01:04:12.560 the

01:04:12.680 end

01:04:12.820 of

01:04:12.940 World

01:04:13.100 War

01:04:13.300 I

01:04:13.540 can

01:04:13.820 you

01:04:13.900 talk

01:04:14.060 about

01:04:14.240 it

01:04:14.460 well

01:04:15.540 sure

01:04:15.780 I

01:04:15.900 mean

01:04:16.020 it

01:04:16.140 was

01:04:16.280 not

01:04:16.460 his

01:04:16.640 original

01:04:17.020 idea

01:04:17.460 he

01:04:17.660 glommed

01:04:18.080 onto

01:04:18.280 this

01:04:18.520 idea

01:04:19.020 originally

01:04:19.740 proposed

01:04:20.440 by

01:04:20.880 some

01:04:21.520 kind

01:04:21.740 of

01:04:21.860 British

01:04:22.200 quasi

01:04:22.700 pacifist

01:04:23.560 intellectuals

01:04:24.380 but

01:04:24.660 then

01:04:24.760 he

01:04:24.860 kind

01:04:25.000 of

01:04:25.060 his

01:04:25.460 idea

01:04:26.040 at

01:04:26.160 Versailles

01:04:26.520 he

01:04:26.660 started

01:04:26.920 backing

01:04:27.320 it

01:04:27.500 more

01:04:27.660 and

01:04:27.760 more

01:04:27.920 strongly

01:04:28.360 the

01:04:28.580 idea

01:04:28.940 that

01:04:29.240 rather

01:04:30.120 than

01:04:30.520 this

01:04:31.100 alliance

01:04:31.560 system

01:04:32.020 with

01:04:32.200 the

01:04:32.320 powers

01:04:32.700 constantly

01:04:33.220 arming

01:04:33.720 instead

01:04:34.060 you

01:04:34.280 would

01:04:34.400 have

01:04:34.620 this

01:04:34.800 league

01:04:35.060 of

01:04:35.220 nations

01:04:35.600 and

01:04:35.940 some

01:04:36.220 type

01:04:36.600 of

01:04:36.780 collective

01:04:37.160 security

01:04:37.660 arrangement

01:04:38.300 they

01:04:38.820 didn't

01:04:39.000 have

01:04:39.180 a

01:04:39.320 security

01:04:39.740 council

01:04:40.160 like

01:04:40.400 the

01:04:40.560 UN

01:04:40.760 would

01:04:40.940 later

01:04:41.160 have

01:04:41.560 so

01:04:41.740 in

01:04:41.860 some

01:04:42.020 ways

01:04:42.200 it

01:04:42.340 wasn't

01:04:42.660 entirely

01:04:43.240 practical

01:04:43.840 but

01:04:44.540 the

01:04:44.660 idea

01:04:44.760 was

01:04:44.940 supposed

01:04:45.300 to

01:04:45.540 be

01:04:45.660 that

01:04:45.820 the

01:04:45.960 member

01:04:46.220 states

01:04:46.700 that

01:04:47.320 they

01:04:47.460 would

01:04:47.600 guarantee

01:04:48.320 their

01:04:48.600 territorial

01:04:56.520 disputes

01:04:57.380 and

01:04:57.580 so

01:04:57.740 on

01:04:57.860 the

01:04:58.200 great

01:04:58.400 irony

01:04:58.700 of

01:04:58.940 course

01:04:59.160 is

01:04:59.300 that

01:04:59.440 Wilson

01:04:59.700 ended

01:04:59.980 up

01:05:00.200 forfeiting

01:05:01.000 a lot

01:05:01.380 of

01:05:01.580 his

01:05:01.740 other

01:05:02.040 objectives

01:05:02.640 in

01:05:03.000 order

01:05:03.180 to

01:05:03.420 back

01:05:03.720 the

01:05:04.260 League

01:05:04.440 of

01:05:04.580 Nations

01:05:05.020 at

01:05:05.240 Versailles

01:05:05.680 and

01:05:05.880 then

01:05:06.000 as

01:05:06.140 we

01:05:06.260 know

01:05:06.380 the

01:05:06.520 League

01:05:06.680 of

01:05:06.800 Nations

01:05:07.160 along

01:05:07.500 with

01:05:07.660 Versailles

01:05:08.060 they

01:05:08.360 end

01:05:08.500 up

01:05:08.620 going

01:05:08.800 down

01:05:09.060 to

01:05:09.240 defeat

01:05:09.580 in

01:05:10.500 the

01:05:10.600 U.S.

01:05:10.940 Senate

01:05:11.100 which

01:05:11.440 fails

01:05:12.160 to

01:05:12.340 ratify

01:05:12.640 the

01:05:12.840 treaty

01:05:13.060 and

01:05:13.240 by

01:05:13.640 then

01:05:13.780 Wilson

01:05:14.040 I

01:05:14.200 think

01:05:14.920 some

01:05:15.240 of

01:05:15.320 the

01:05:15.420 mistakes

01:05:15.740 he

01:05:15.940 going

01:05:17.300 across

01:05:17.660 to

01:05:17.820 Paris

01:05:18.120 in

01:05:18.280 Versailles

01:05:18.640 he

01:05:18.740 was

01:05:18.820 the

01:05:18.940 first

01:05:19.120 U.S.

01:05:19.440 president

01:05:19.720 to

01:05:20.340 visit

01:05:20.600 Europe

01:05:20.860 in

01:05:21.040 that

01:05:21.180 official

01:05:21.480 capacity

01:05:22.020 and

01:05:23.300 he

01:05:23.500 exhausted

01:05:24.080 himself

01:05:24.540 and

01:05:24.800 he

01:05:24.900 may

01:05:25.020 have

01:05:25.120 forfeited

01:05:25.700 some

01:05:25.920 of

01:05:26.020 his

01:05:26.140 leverage

01:05:26.440 you

01:05:26.580 know

01:05:26.640 had

01:05:26.740 he

01:05:26.820 stayed

01:05:27.020 behind

01:05:27.380 maybe

01:05:27.620 he

01:05:27.760 could

01:05:27.900 have

01:05:28.000 ruled

01:05:28.760 on

01:05:29.000 disputed

01:05:29.460 points

01:05:29.940 using

01:05:31.420 his

01:05:31.780 vast

01:05:32.320 leverage

01:05:32.800 almost

01:05:33.240 because

01:05:33.780 of

01:05:33.920 the

01:05:34.020 mystery

01:05:34.340 of

01:05:34.540 distance

01:05:34.880 instead

01:05:35.160 he

01:05:35.320 started

01:05:35.540 squabbling

01:05:36.360 along

01:05:36.600 with

01:05:36.760 everyone

01:05:36.980 else

01:05:37.220 and

01:05:37.340 he

01:05:37.420 wasn't

01:05:37.600 particularly

01:05:37.880 good

01:05:38.180 at

01:05:38.400 he

01:05:39.000 often

01:05:39.300 got

01:05:39.500 manipulated

01:05:40.240 a

01:05:40.600 great

01:05:40.800 example

01:05:41.180 of

01:05:41.340 this

01:05:41.520 is

01:05:41.700 when

01:05:41.940 the

01:05:42.860 British

01:05:43.100 tell

01:05:43.440 him

01:05:43.620 that

01:05:43.860 Italy

01:05:44.260 is

01:05:44.460 making

01:05:44.720 a

01:05:44.920 claim

01:05:45.200 on

01:05:45.440 Turkey

01:05:46.300 what

01:05:46.500 is

01:05:46.580 now

01:05:46.720 Antalya

01:05:47.160 the

01:05:47.320 southern

01:05:47.520 coast

01:05:47.800 of

01:05:47.960 Turkey

01:05:48.260 and

01:05:48.800 their

01:05:48.900 only

01:05:49.100 claim

01:05:49.460 is

01:05:49.600 that

01:05:49.700 it

01:05:49.780 used

01:05:49.940 to

01:05:50.040 belong

01:05:50.280 to

01:05:50.400 the

01:05:50.520 Roman

01:05:50.700 Empire

01:05:51.160 and

01:05:51.380 there

01:05:52.620 aren't

01:05:54.860 a lot

01:05:55.060 of

01:05:55.140 Italians 0.69

01:05:55.600 there

01:05:55.920 the

01:05:56.100 Brits

01:05:56.320 tell

01:05:56.560 him

01:05:56.660 oh

01:05:56.840 but

01:05:56.980 there

01:05:57.100 are

01:05:57.220 Greeks 0.98

01:05:57.500 living

01:05:57.820 there

01:05:58.060 and

01:05:58.200 so

01:05:58.340 we

01:05:58.440 should

01:05:58.580 have

01:05:58.760 Greece

01:05:59.120 invade

01:05:59.460 Turkey

01:05:59.820 and

01:06:00.240 Wilson

01:06:01.000 says

01:06:01.280 okay

01:06:01.640 and

01:06:01.920 this

01:06:02.080 actually

01:06:02.460 leads

01:06:03.060 Greece

01:06:03.320 to

01:06:03.460 invade

01:06:03.660 Turkey

01:06:03.960 in

01:06:04.100 1919

01:06:04.520 and

01:06:05.000 there's

01:06:05.200 a

01:06:05.400 brutal

01:06:05.840 war

01:06:06.120 fought

01:06:06.420 for

01:06:06.600 three

01:06:06.820 years

01:06:07.120 between

01:06:07.440 Greece

01:06:07.800 and

01:06:07.980 Turkey

01:06:08.320 and

01:06:08.680 what

01:06:08.800 is

01:06:08.920 now

01:06:09.120 Anatolia

01:06:09.680 so

01:06:10.340 he

01:06:10.540 kind

01:06:10.860 of

01:06:10.960 gets

01:06:11.180 he

01:06:11.660 gets

01:06:11.840 he

01:06:12.020 gets

01:06:12.200 rolled

01:06:12.980 by

01:06:13.260 everyone

01:06:13.660 he

01:06:13.880 doesn't

01:06:14.320 really

01:06:14.720 quite

01:06:15.100 understand

01:06:15.760 the

01:06:15.980 nature

01:06:16.200 of

01:06:16.380 geopolitics

01:06:17.240 his

01:06:18.320 principles

01:06:18.900 of

01:06:19.140 self

01:06:19.360 determination

01:06:19.860 they're

01:06:20.840 very

01:06:21.080 difficult

01:06:21.500 to apply

01:06:22.020 to the

01:06:22.280 map

01:06:22.480 of

01:06:22.640 Europe

01:06:22.840 in

01:06:23.000 practice

01:06:23.380 because

01:06:23.660 the

01:06:23.800 peoples

01:06:24.100 are

01:06:24.240 all

01:06:24.400 mixed

01:06:24.600 together

01:06:24.980 and

01:06:25.160 in

01:06:25.260 the

01:06:25.360 end

01:06:25.520 he

01:06:25.680 kind

01:06:25.880 of

01:06:26.000 largely

01:06:26.320 just

01:06:26.640 gives

01:06:27.480 up

01:06:27.820 and

01:06:28.000 allows

01:06:28.460 the

01:06:28.720 more

01:06:28.880 experienced

01:06:29.420 diplomats

01:06:29.960 to

01:06:30.100 negotiate

01:06:30.580 but

01:06:31.340 so

01:06:31.460 the

01:06:31.620 US

01:06:31.940 to

01:06:32.160 some

01:06:32.340 extent

01:06:32.560 backs

01:06:33.020 the

01:06:33.220 idea

01:06:33.520 of

01:06:33.660 the

01:06:33.740 League

01:06:33.860 of

01:06:34.000 Nations

01:06:34.300 and

01:06:34.540 then

01:06:34.640 doesn't

01:06:34.900 even

01:06:35.060 join

01:06:35.380 it

01:06:35.580 so

01:06:35.680 effectively

01:06:36.140 that

01:06:36.400 just

01:06:36.600 kind

01:06:36.820 of

01:06:37.120 rendered

01:06:37.540 it

01:06:37.840 superfluous

01:06:38.800 and

01:06:39.060 impotent

01:06:39.980 from the

01:06:40.280 get-go

01:06:40.740 so

01:06:41.520 I

01:06:41.680 mean

01:06:41.840 how

01:06:42.360 would

01:06:43.080 this

01:06:43.360 wind

01:06:44.520 up

01:06:44.760 playing

01:06:45.180 out

01:06:45.340 like

01:06:45.460 if

01:06:45.580 Wilson

01:06:53.800 if

01:06:53.980 you

01:06:54.080 look

01:06:54.300 at

01:06:54.460 the

01:06:54.680 Republican

01:06:55.120 opposition

01:06:55.660 to

01:06:56.060 Wilson

01:06:56.620 in

01:06:57.820 the

01:06:58.020 Senate

01:06:58.260 in

01:06:58.480 1919

01:06:59.320 and

01:06:59.640 1920

01:07:00.180 that

01:07:00.520 is

01:07:00.640 as

01:07:00.940 they

01:07:01.040 were

01:07:01.160 debating

01:07:01.600 the

01:07:02.300 Versailles

01:07:02.640 Treaty

01:07:02.880 and

01:07:03.120 the

01:07:03.240 League

01:07:03.360 of

01:07:03.480 Nations

01:07:04.240 there

01:07:05.180 were

01:07:05.340 some

01:07:05.520 amendments

01:07:05.820 proposed

01:07:06.580 Henry

01:07:07.160 Cabot Lodge

01:07:07.700 in

01:07:07.840 particular

01:07:08.240 had

01:07:08.520 this

01:07:08.680 vision

01:07:09.080 of

01:07:09.620 a

01:07:09.760 slightly

01:07:10.080 more

01:07:10.460 practical

01:07:11.000 and

01:07:11.280 less

01:07:11.560 grandiose

01:07:12.260 idea

01:07:12.660 effectively

01:07:13.120 that

01:07:13.360 the

01:07:13.500 US

01:07:13.720 would

01:07:13.940 simply

01:07:14.240 have

01:07:14.540 treaties

01:07:15.460 with

01:07:15.760 some

01:07:16.180 of

01:07:16.320 its

01:07:16.440 allied

01:07:16.740 powers

01:07:17.360 perhaps

01:07:18.420 a little

01:07:19.080 bit

01:07:19.220 like

01:07:19.400 the

01:07:19.580 Security

01:07:19.900 Council

01:07:20.260 but

01:07:20.480 not

01:07:20.740 officially

01:07:21.320 so

01:07:21.740 that

01:07:22.420 the

01:07:22.560 League

01:07:22.700 of

01:07:22.820 Nations

01:07:23.160 was

01:07:23.800 not

01:07:23.960 necessarily

01:07:24.260 practical

01:07:24.780 or

01:07:25.040 if

01:07:25.140 it

01:07:25.260 was

01:07:25.620 to

01:07:26.080 be

01:07:26.280 created

01:07:26.720 then

01:07:26.920 at

01:07:27.040 the

01:07:27.160 very

01:07:27.420 least

01:07:27.740 Congress

01:07:28.180 needed

01:07:28.540 to

01:07:28.740 retain

01:07:29.080 its

01:07:29.300 authority

01:07:29.700 over

01:07:30.100 the

01:07:31.100 deployment

01:07:31.420 of

01:07:31.620 troops

01:07:31.920 that

01:07:32.120 is

01:07:32.260 to

01:07:32.380 say

01:07:32.580 that

01:07:32.780 the

01:07:33.040 League

01:07:33.200 of

01:07:33.300 Nations

01:07:33.620 would

01:07:33.840 not

01:07:34.100 have

01:07:34.320 the

01:07:34.420 ability

01:07:34.780 to

01:07:35.060 override

01:07:35.480 the

01:07:35.660 US

01:07:35.900 Congress

01:07:36.380 it

01:07:37.260 is

01:07:37.400 quite

01:07:37.600 interesting

01:07:37.880 that

01:07:38.100 those

01:07:38.480 debates

01:07:38.920 really

01:07:39.180 did

01:07:39.380 I

01:07:39.500 think

01:07:39.680 redound

01:07:40.200 on

01:07:40.460 down

01:07:40.740 through

01:07:40.920 the

01:07:41.040 20th

01:07:41.420 century

01:07:41.760 you

01:07:42.160 know

01:07:42.240 Congress

01:07:42.640 after

01:07:43.080 the

01:07:43.240 declaration

01:07:43.680 of

01:07:43.960 war

01:07:44.300 on

01:07:45.440 Japan

01:07:45.740 and

01:07:45.980 Germany

01:07:46.300 in

01:07:46.500 December

01:07:46.800 1941

01:07:47.540 Germany

01:07:48.220 actually

01:07:48.540 declared

01:07:48.900 war

01:07:49.200 first

01:07:49.600 on

01:07:49.880 the

01:07:49.960 United

01:07:50.160 States

01:07:50.500 then

01:07:50.760 after

01:07:51.620 those

01:07:51.920 declarations

01:07:52.760 Congress

01:07:53.400 has not

01:07:53.820 declared

01:07:54.220 war

01:07:54.460 again

01:07:54.780 so far

01:07:55.220 as I

01:07:55.500 know

01:07:55.720 Congress

01:07:56.180 has

01:07:56.340 effectively

01:07:56.880 abdicated

01:07:58.740 its own

01:07:59.160 power

01:07:59.600 the war

01:08:00.280 powers

01:08:00.660 enumerated

01:08:01.160 the

01:08:01.300 Constitution

01:08:01.860 and I

01:08:02.600 think

01:08:02.860 to some

01:08:03.560 extent

01:08:03.840 again

01:08:04.020 even

01:08:04.140 though

01:08:04.280 Wilson

01:08:04.540 failed

01:08:05.260 to get

01:08:05.520 the

01:08:05.640 US

01:08:05.820 to enter

01:08:06.060 the

01:08:06.180 League

01:08:06.300 of

01:08:06.440 Nations

01:08:06.760 he

01:08:06.980 already

01:08:07.160 injected

01:08:07.580 out

01:08:07.820 the

01:08:08.040 idea

01:08:08.540 that

01:08:09.380 some

01:08:09.640 type

01:08:09.960 of

01:08:10.140 supernatural

01:08:10.840 body

01:08:11.720 might

01:08:12.220 in the

01:08:12.620 end

01:08:12.820 be able

01:08:13.440 to

01:08:13.900 you know

01:08:14.720 as you're

01:08:14.940 pointing out

01:08:15.360 this kind

01:08:15.680 of

01:08:15.760 globalist

01:08:16.260 idea

01:08:16.560 that is

01:08:16.940 that

01:08:17.160 in the

01:08:17.820 end

01:08:18.040 they can

01:08:18.460 make

01:08:18.660 the

01:08:18.820 decisions

01:08:19.200 that

01:08:19.540 will

01:08:19.660 be

01:08:19.820 binding

01:08:20.160 on

01:08:20.380 the

01:08:20.460 United

01:08:20.680 States

01:08:21.200 a little

01:08:21.500 bit

01:08:21.640 like

01:08:21.840 let's

01:08:22.100 say

01:08:22.220 the

01:08:22.420 European

01:08:22.720 Union

01:08:23.100 does

01:08:23.400 today

01:08:23.780 or

01:08:24.100 perhaps

01:08:24.720 NATO

01:08:25.060 does

01:08:25.340 in

01:08:25.460 other

01:08:25.600 contexts

01:08:26.180 I

01:08:27.320 think

01:08:27.640 had

01:08:28.040 the

01:08:28.680 US

01:08:28.980 ratified

01:08:29.780 the

01:08:29.960 League

01:08:30.100 of

01:08:30.200 Nations

01:08:30.580 in

01:08:31.060 1919

01:08:31.600 and

01:08:31.860 we

01:08:31.980 probably

01:08:32.260 would

01:08:32.540 have

01:08:32.660 ended

01:08:32.840 up

01:08:33.080 with

01:08:33.320 something

01:08:33.820 like

01:08:34.360 the

01:08:34.580 United

01:08:34.860 Nations

01:08:35.260 but

01:08:35.460 in

01:08:35.960 the

01:08:36.080 end

01:08:36.220 I

01:08:36.320 mean

01:08:36.400 this

01:08:36.580 is

01:08:36.980 I

01:08:37.220 suppose

01:08:37.480 both

01:08:37.720 the

01:08:37.880 promise

01:08:38.200 and

01:08:38.340 the

01:08:38.460 tragedy

01:08:38.820 of

01:08:39.020 Woodrow

01:08:39.240 Wilson

01:08:39.560 is

01:08:39.760 he

01:08:39.860 did

01:08:40.000 have

01:08:40.180 a lot

01:08:40.440 of

01:08:40.580 big

01:08:40.840 and

01:08:41.020 grand

01:08:41.300 ideas

01:08:41.760 but

01:08:42.020 in

01:08:42.140 the

01:08:42.240 end

01:08:42.380 they

01:08:42.500 all

01:08:42.680 failed

01:08:43.020 some

01:08:43.680 of

01:08:43.780 it

01:08:43.840 was

01:08:43.960 because

01:08:44.200 again

01:08:44.380 he

01:08:44.480 had

01:08:44.600 a

01:08:44.720 stroke

01:08:45.040 I

01:08:45.180 mean

01:08:45.260 he

01:08:45.360 came

01:08:45.580 back

01:08:45.880 from

01:08:46.080 Paris

01:08:46.400 and

01:08:46.600 Versailles

01:08:47.080 and

01:08:47.200 he

01:08:47.280 actually

01:08:47.460 traveled

01:08:47.780 back

01:08:48.020 and

01:08:48.200 once

01:08:49.240 once

01:08:49.260 twice

01:08:49.600 while

01:08:49.840 he

01:08:49.980 was

01:08:50.160 there

01:08:50.360 he

01:08:50.460 was

01:08:50.520 utterly

01:08:50.800 exhausted

01:08:51.340 and

01:08:51.540 broken

01:08:51.840 and

01:08:52.040 he

01:08:52.180 had

01:08:52.560 a

01:08:52.720 stroke

01:08:53.020 out

01:08:53.240 in

01:08:53.320 the

01:08:53.440 hustings

01:08:53.820 as

01:08:53.980 he

01:08:54.060 was

01:08:54.180 trying

01:08:54.380 to

01:08:54.520 promote

01:08:54.800 the

01:08:54.980 treaty

01:08:55.240 and

01:08:55.500 he

01:08:56.280 was

01:08:56.600 on

01:08:56.740 a

01:08:56.820 hospital

01:08:57.180 bed

01:08:57.480 as

01:08:57.780 the

01:08:58.300 Senate

01:08:58.520 was

01:08:58.720 debating

01:08:59.100 it

01:08:59.460 largely

01:09:00.640 invalid

01:09:01.120 and

01:09:02.000 effectively

01:09:02.600 incapacitated

01:09:03.560 at least

01:09:04.000 according

01:09:04.780 to some

01:09:05.260 accounts

01:09:05.600 he

01:09:05.800 would

01:09:05.900 allow

01:09:06.080 himself

01:09:06.400 to

01:09:06.520 be

01:09:06.620 declared

01:09:06.960 incompetent

01:09:07.900 and

01:09:08.020 so

01:09:08.280 in

01:09:09.160 the

01:09:09.280 end

01:09:09.500 you

01:09:09.640 also

01:09:09.900 had

01:09:10.220 a

01:09:11.260 very

01:09:11.500 ineffective

01:09:11.960 if

01:09:12.220 not

01:09:12.360 impotent

01:09:12.780 US

01:09:13.060 president

01:09:13.540 not

01:09:15.380 for

01:09:15.540 the

01:09:15.640 last

01:09:15.880 time

01:09:16.160 either

01:09:16.500 in

01:09:17.100 the

01:09:17.220 20th

01:09:17.600 century

01:09:17.940 there's

01:09:18.200 some

01:09:18.300 interesting

01:09:18.780 comparisons

01:09:19.740 made

01:09:20.120 let's

01:09:20.400 say

01:09:20.520 Nixon

01:09:20.780 during

01:09:21.080 Watergate

01:09:21.720 you

01:09:22.240 know

01:09:22.340 that

01:09:22.460 you

01:09:22.560 had

01:09:22.720 a

01:09:22.820 US

01:09:23.040 president

01:09:23.360 effectively

01:09:23.660 unable

01:09:23.980 to even

01:09:24.260 exercise

01:09:24.840 his own

01:09:25.260 constitutional

01:09:25.800 authority

01:09:26.300 well

01:09:26.780 let me

01:09:26.960 ask you

01:09:27.260 that

01:09:27.400 so

01:09:27.740 when

01:09:27.960 you

01:09:28.040 look

01:09:28.180 at

01:09:28.900 World War

01:09:31.640 One

01:09:31.960 who

01:09:32.780 are

01:09:33.160 the

01:09:33.300 heroes

01:09:33.680 you

01:09:33.860 know

01:09:33.940 you

01:09:34.040 look

01:09:34.180 at

01:09:34.280 World War

01:09:34.560 Two

01:09:34.740 and

01:09:34.860 it

01:09:34.940 seems

01:09:35.100 kind

01:09:35.300 of

01:09:35.380 clear

01:09:35.840 you

01:09:36.120 know

01:09:36.240 who

01:09:36.660 the

01:09:42.360 well

01:09:43.300 it's

01:09:43.420 really

01:09:43.580 hard

01:09:43.780 to

01:09:43.940 say

01:09:44.180 I

01:09:44.360 sometimes

01:09:44.720 ask

01:09:45.180 my

01:09:45.380 students

01:09:45.840 which

01:09:46.320 countries

01:09:46.720 they

01:09:46.920 think

01:09:47.100 won

01:09:47.400 this

01:09:47.640 or

01:09:47.760 that

01:09:47.920 conflict

01:09:48.360 great

01:09:48.700 example

01:09:49.100 is

01:09:49.260 Vietnam

01:09:49.620 and

01:09:50.080 my

01:09:50.560 usual

01:09:50.820 answer

01:09:51.200 is

01:09:51.360 who

01:09:51.480 won

01:09:51.660 the

01:09:51.780 Vietnam

01:09:52.040 war

01:09:52.400 Thailand

01:09:52.860 because

01:09:53.440 Thailand

01:09:53.760 didn't

01:09:54.080 fight

01:09:54.340 in it

01:09:54.580 and

01:09:54.720 Thailand

01:09:54.980 ended

01:09:55.300 up

01:09:55.560 doing

01:09:55.940 really

01:09:56.160 well

01:09:56.340 economically

01:09:56.840 because

01:09:57.200 everyone

01:09:57.500 would

01:09:57.660 go

01:09:57.800 there

01:09:58.000 for

01:09:58.220 R&R

01:09:58.700 and

01:09:58.860 to

01:09:58.980 buy

01:09:59.140 supplies

01:09:59.680 and

01:09:59.820 this

01:09:59.980 sort

01:10:00.140 of

01:10:00.240 thing

01:10:00.460 the

01:10:00.880 countries

01:10:01.220 that

01:10:01.400 stayed

01:10:01.560 out

01:10:01.780 of

01:10:01.900 World War

01:10:02.220 one

01:10:12.360 maybe

01:10:12.520 like

01:10:12.720 the

01:10:12.860 moral

01:10:13.140 side

01:10:13.500 it's

01:10:14.200 really

01:10:14.380 hard

01:10:14.660 to

01:10:14.860 say

01:10:15.200 which

01:10:15.780 countries

01:10:16.100 did

01:10:16.300 well

01:10:16.540 for

01:10:16.720 themselves

01:10:17.160 you

01:10:17.360 could

01:10:17.500 say

01:10:17.680 well

01:10:17.880 Serbia

01:10:18.260 in the

01:10:18.540 end

01:10:18.660 of

01:10:18.780 the

01:10:18.900 war

01:10:19.040 was

01:10:19.220 given

01:10:19.440 this

01:10:19.660 miniature

01:10:19.960 empire

01:10:20.420 we call

01:10:20.840 Yugoslavia

01:10:21.580 some

01:10:23.100 emergent 0.99

01:10:24.520 nation

01:10:24.860 states

01:10:25.200 like

01:10:25.420 Poland

01:10:25.800 which

01:10:26.120 hadn't

01:10:26.440 existed

01:10:26.820 before

01:10:27.320 arrive

01:10:28.560 on the

01:10:28.860 map

01:10:29.140 Czechoslovakia

01:10:30.420 you got

01:10:31.980 a few

01:10:32.440 countries

01:10:32.980 in the

01:10:33.160 Middle 0.95

01:10:33.300 East

01:10:33.520 emerging

01:10:33.880 out

01:10:34.080 of

01:10:34.180 the

01:10:34.280 wreckage

01:10:34.620 of

01:10:34.720 the

01:10:34.840 Ottoman

01:10:35.100 Empire

01:10:35.660 but

01:10:36.340 as far

01:10:36.740 as

01:10:36.920 heroes

01:10:37.280 it's

01:10:38.060 really

01:10:38.460 difficult

01:10:38.860 to

01:10:39.080 say

01:10:39.280 again

01:10:39.420 the

01:10:39.560 allies

01:10:39.940 obviously

01:10:40.320 tried

01:10:40.580 to

01:10:40.700 make

01:10:40.860 themselves

01:10:41.200 out

01:10:41.520 to

01:10:41.700 be

01:10:41.960 the

01:10:42.500 protagonist

01:10:42.940 in

01:10:43.240 the

01:10:43.380 story

01:10:43.760 standing

01:10:44.260 up

01:10:44.480 against

01:10:44.740 German

01:10:45.120 aggression

01:10:45.700 this

01:10:47.240 idea

01:10:47.460 of

01:10:47.600 German

01:10:47.860 war

01:10:48.220 guilt

01:10:48.500 but

01:10:48.800 it

01:10:49.000 was

01:10:49.160 really

01:10:49.620 hard

01:10:49.900 to

01:10:50.040 convince

01:10:50.300 people

01:10:50.680 the

01:10:51.260 Bolsheviks 0.94

01:10:51.860 obviously

01:10:52.320 tried

01:10:52.660 to

01:10:52.780 make

01:10:52.920 a

01:10:53.060 claim

01:10:53.300 in

01:10:53.420 the

01:10:53.520 same

01:10:53.660 way

01:10:53.800 Wilson

01:10:54.120 had

01:10:54.320 tried

01:10:54.600 to

01:10:54.740 make

01:10:54.880 the

01:10:55.040 war

01:10:55.220 about

01:10:55.460 principles

01:10:55.980 the

01:10:56.160 Bolsheviks 0.94

01:10:56.620 also

01:10:56.940 denounce

01:10:57.320 secret

01:10:57.660 diplomacy

01:10:58.180 and

01:10:58.460 Trotsky

01:10:59.140 embarrassed

01:10:59.700 the

01:10:59.940 allies

01:11:08.060 and

01:11:08.540 that

01:11:08.700 did

01:11:08.860 embarrass

01:11:09.300 the

01:11:09.780 allies

01:11:10.180 but

01:11:10.460 again

01:11:10.860 it's

01:11:11.020 hard

01:11:11.160 to

01:11:11.260 make

01:11:11.400 Bolsheviks 0.94

01:11:11.960 out

01:11:12.220 to

01:11:12.400 be

01:11:12.560 heroes

01:11:12.980 no

01:11:13.600 they

01:11:14.520 did

01:11:14.680 it

01:11:14.760 for

01:11:14.860 their

01:11:15.000 own

01:11:15.200 reasons

01:11:15.700 I

01:11:15.940 suppose

01:11:16.360 you

01:11:17.160 could

01:11:17.280 say

01:11:17.400 some

01:11:17.660 of

01:11:17.820 the

01:11:17.940 principled

01:11:18.420 anti-war

01:11:18.920 activists

01:11:19.480 many

01:11:19.700 of

01:11:19.840 them

01:11:19.960 went

01:11:20.160 to

01:11:20.360 jail

01:11:20.880 opposing

01:11:21.700 the

01:11:21.900 war

01:11:22.180 maybe

01:11:22.500 in

01:11:22.680 retrospect

01:11:23.120 should

01:11:24.100 be

01:11:24.240 treated

01:11:24.460 with

01:11:24.640 more

01:11:24.820 respect

01:11:25.280 than

01:11:25.580 they

01:11:25.860 were

01:11:26.040 treated

01:11:26.300 at

01:11:26.460 the

01:11:26.580 time

01:11:26.960 and

01:11:27.660 I

01:11:27.780 think

01:11:27.940 in

01:11:28.080 the

01:11:28.180 end

01:11:28.440 you

01:11:28.720 might

01:11:28.920 say

01:11:29.240 if

01:11:29.560 you

01:11:40.400 were

01:11:41.080 in

01:11:41.480 most

01:11:41.680 wars

01:11:42.000 they

01:11:42.160 tend

01:11:42.340 to

01:11:42.440 get

01:11:42.540 denounced

01:11:42.920 and

01:11:43.080 in

01:11:43.220 fact

01:11:43.360 a lot

01:11:43.660 of

01:11:43.740 them

01:11:43.840 were

01:11:43.980 arrested

01:11:44.740 we

01:11:45.300 forget

01:11:45.580 that

01:11:45.740 the

01:11:45.860 Woodrow

01:11:46.100 Wilson

01:11:46.420 administration

01:11:47.060 put

01:11:47.340 through

01:11:47.500 the

01:11:47.660 Alien

01:11:47.940 and

01:11:48.180 Sedition

01:11:48.520 Acts

01:11:48.880 and

01:11:49.040 they

01:11:49.160 arrested

01:11:50.700 a lot

01:11:51.000 of

01:11:51.120 political

01:11:51.420 prisoners

01:11:51.800 perhaps

01:11:52.160 we

01:11:52.360 should

01:11:52.540 give

01:11:52.700 them

01:11:52.900 a

01:11:53.020 little

01:11:53.160 bit

01:11:53.400 of

01:11:54.360 belated

01:11:54.760 respect

01:11:55.340 for

01:11:56.260 raising

01:11:56.560 questions

01:11:57.120 about

01:11:57.500 the

01:11:58.000 U.S.

01:11:58.320 intervention

01:11:58.680 in

01:11:58.920 the

01:11:59.040 war

01:11:59.240 so

01:12:00.440 fascinating

01:12:00.960 you've

01:12:01.640 written

01:12:01.820 so

01:12:02.120 much

01:12:02.340 on

01:12:02.540 World

01:12:02.800 War

01:12:02.940 I

01:12:03.180 and

01:12:03.540 World

01:12:03.740 War

01:12:03.900 II

01:12:04.080 as

01:12:04.920 well

01:12:05.080 so

01:12:05.240 you

01:12:05.400 know

01:12:05.580 you

01:12:05.760 know

01:12:05.920 about

01:12:06.180 you

01:12:06.580 know

01:12:06.720 the

01:12:07.360 respective

01:12:07.740 roles

01:12:08.300 and so

01:12:08.620 on

01:12:08.760 I

01:12:08.840 mean

01:12:08.900 I

01:12:09.020 think

01:12:09.220 well

01:12:10.040 do

01:12:10.400 you

01:12:10.540 agree

01:12:10.780 with

01:12:10.940 me

01:12:11.080 that

01:12:11.240 we

01:12:11.380 have

01:12:11.660 a

01:12:11.960 more

01:12:12.160 clear

01:12:12.820 and

01:12:13.880 heroic

01:12:14.320 role

01:12:14.940 in

01:12:15.820 World

01:12:16.320 War

01:12:16.500 II

01:12:16.720 that

01:12:17.020 the

01:12:17.120 United

01:12:17.340 States

01:12:17.660 would

01:12:17.800 clearly

01:12:18.040 emerge

01:12:18.460 as

01:12:18.920 a

01:12:19.040 hero

01:12:19.240 of

01:12:19.520 that

01:12:19.740 conflict

01:12:20.380 people

01:12:21.260 like

01:12:21.480 Winston

01:12:22.060 Churchill

01:12:22.400 would

01:12:22.700 emerge

01:12:23.080 as

01:12:23.320 you

01:12:23.500 know

01:12:53.500 well

01:12:54.680 it's

01:12:55.040 clearer

01:12:55.520 I

01:12:55.900 would

01:12:56.060 say

01:12:56.240 comparatively

01:12:56.840 speaking

01:12:57.300 the

01:12:57.500 Second

01:12:57.700 World

01:12:57.900 War

01:12:58.080 we

01:12:58.240 obviously

01:12:58.540 have

01:12:58.720 a

01:12:58.820 very

01:12:59.040 clear

01:12:59.340 villain

01:12:59.640 in

01:12:59.800 Hitler 0.78

01:13:00.100 and

01:13:00.460 even

01:13:00.660 to

01:13:00.840 some

01:13:01.020 extent

01:13:01.300 although

01:13:01.540 he

01:13:01.700 was

01:13:01.860 on

01:13:02.000 our

01:13:02.160 side

01:13:02.660 Stalin 0.57

01:13:03.960 is

01:13:04.200 something

01:13:04.480 of

01:13:04.680 a

01:13:04.800 villain

01:13:05.240 it's

01:13:06.380 hard

01:13:06.520 to

01:13:06.620 make

01:13:06.760 Roosevelt

01:13:07.100 and

01:13:07.260 Churchill

01:13:07.440 out

01:13:07.620 to be

01:13:07.780 villains

01:13:08.020 certainly

01:13:08.400 they

01:13:08.620 have

01:13:08.740 a

01:13:08.840 much

01:13:09.040 clearer

01:13:09.400 case

01:13:09.800 for

01:13:10.240 heroism

01:13:11.460 and

01:13:11.640 leadership

01:13:11.980 in

01:13:12.200 the

01:13:12.300 war

01:13:12.540 but

01:13:13.240 some

01:13:13.440 of

01:13:13.560 what

01:13:13.660 I

01:13:13.760 actually

01:13:14.020 do

01:13:14.440 in

01:13:15.360 Stalin 0.57

01:13:15.660 war

01:13:16.120 is

01:13:16.640 to

01:13:17.000 make

01:13:17.260 the

01:13:17.420 story

01:13:17.680 a

01:13:17.860 little

01:13:18.020 bit

01:13:18.180 more

01:13:18.360 complicated

01:13:18.900 and

01:13:19.180 even

01:13:19.400 to

01:13:19.680 some

01:13:19.860 extent

01:13:20.100 again

01:13:20.320 to

01:13:20.460 revisit

01:13:20.820 some

01:13:21.940 of

01:13:22.300 the

01:13:22.440 critiques

01:13:22.820 made

01:13:23.100 at

01:13:23.240 the

01:13:23.360 time

01:13:23.800 of

01:13:23.980 things

01:13:24.180 like

01:13:24.460 the

01:13:24.640 Lend-Lease

01:13:25.100 Act

01:13:25.460 which

01:13:26.440 really

01:13:26.680 did

01:13:27.000 help

01:13:27.940 to draw

01:13:28.280 the

01:13:28.440 U.S.

01:13:28.680 into

01:13:28.820 the war

01:13:29.040 even

01:13:29.160 before

01:13:29.520 the

01:13:30.080 U.S.

01:13:30.260 was

01:13:30.360 ready

01:13:30.580 when

01:13:30.740 a lot

01:13:30.960 of

01:13:31.060 the

01:13:31.100 U.S.

01:13:31.300 public

01:13:31.500 was

01:13:31.680 still

01:13:31.840 wary

01:13:32.300 of

01:13:32.480 intervention

01:13:32.940 and

01:13:33.760 even

01:13:33.920 some

01:13:34.240 of

01:13:34.360 the

01:13:34.460 arguments

01:13:34.760 I

01:13:34.920 know

01:13:35.040 it's

01:13:35.180 a

01:13:46.120 we

01:13:46.960 shouldn't

01:13:47.200 forget

01:13:47.440 it was

01:13:47.680 actually

01:13:47.920 a

01:13:48.040 very

01:13:48.240 broad

01:13:48.600 movement

01:13:49.000 and

01:13:49.260 even

01:13:49.400 if

01:13:49.560 in

01:13:49.680 the

01:13:49.820 end

01:13:50.140 they

01:13:50.940 did

01:13:51.200 largely

01:13:51.660 dissolve

01:13:52.160 themselves

01:13:52.660 after

01:13:53.060 Pearl

01:13:53.360 Harbor

01:13:53.720 and

01:13:53.980 after

01:13:54.180 most

01:13:54.440 of

01:13:54.560 the

01:13:54.660 country

01:13:54.960 got

01:13:55.200 behind

01:13:55.500 the

01:13:55.660 war

01:13:55.840 effort

01:13:56.140 some

01:13:56.880 of

01:13:57.000 the

01:13:57.100 questions

01:13:57.500 that

01:13:57.700 they

01:13:57.840 raised

01:13:58.520 were

01:13:59.220 not

01:13:59.620 without

01:14:00.200 merit

01:14:00.580 that

01:14:00.760 is

01:14:00.920 to

01:14:01.040 say

01:14:01.240 about

01:14:01.580 the

01:14:02.460 consequences

01:14:03.060 of

01:14:03.280 the

01:14:03.380 U.S.

01:14:03.700 intervention

01:14:04.140 on the

01:14:05.000 positive

01:14:05.340 side

01:14:05.700 yes

01:14:06.000 in the

01:14:06.300 end

01:14:06.460 Nazi

01:14:06.740 Germany

01:14:07.140 was

01:14:07.380 defeated

01:14:07.760 utterly

01:14:08.140 so

01:14:08.460 was

01:14:08.660 Imperial

01:14:09.020 Japan

01:14:09.460 but

01:14:10.260 perhaps

01:14:10.580 in

01:14:10.740 the

01:14:10.820 negative

01:14:11.040 side

01:14:11.440 of

01:14:11.620 the

01:14:11.980 ledger

01:14:12.340 Stalin 0.57

01:14:13.740 massively

01:14:14.280 expanded

01:14:14.780 his

01:14:14.980 empire

01:14:15.400 in

01:14:15.600 Eurasia

01:14:16.120 there

01:14:16.320 were

01:14:16.400 a lot

01:14:16.540 of

01:14:16.660 unintended

01:14:17.060 consequences

01:14:17.760 of

01:14:17.880 the

01:14:17.980 U.S.

01:14:18.220 intervention

01:14:18.560 and

01:14:18.940 another

01:14:19.520 point

01:14:19.860 that

01:14:20.000 those

01:14:20.320 critics

01:14:20.600 made

01:14:20.920 at

01:14:21.040 the

01:14:21.160 time

01:14:21.560 was

01:14:22.400 that

01:14:22.540 once

01:14:22.780 the

01:14:22.960 U.S.

01:14:23.340 would

01:14:23.640 enter

01:14:23.860 the

01:14:24.060 war

01:14:24.320 the

01:14:24.840 U.S.

01:14:25.100 itself

01:14:25.440 would

01:14:25.640 change

01:14:26.080 the

01:14:27.060 U.S.

01:14:27.480 government

01:14:27.780 and

01:14:28.100 particularly

01:14:28.360 the

01:14:28.540 executive

01:14:28.820 branch

01:14:29.320 of the

01:14:29.520 U.S.

01:14:29.800 government

01:14:30.040 would

01:14:30.260 assume

01:14:30.700 massive

01:14:31.560 new

01:14:31.840 powers

01:14:32.360 civil

01:14:33.840 rights

01:14:34.200 and

01:14:34.360 civil

01:14:34.580 liberties

01:14:34.920 would

01:14:35.220 be

01:14:35.400 suspended

01:14:35.880 and

01:14:36.480 to

01:14:36.740 some

01:14:36.980 extent

01:14:37.200 we're

01:14:37.360 still

01:14:37.540 kind

01:14:37.860 of

01:14:38.000 living

01:14:38.360 in

01:14:38.540 the

01:14:38.640 legacy

01:14:38.920 of

01:14:39.120 both

01:14:39.380 of

01:14:39.520 the

01:14:39.640 world

01:14:39.860 wars

01:14:40.220 there

01:14:40.800 are

01:14:40.940 some

01:14:41.360 laws

01:14:42.220 that

01:14:42.440 actually

01:14:42.700 date

01:14:42.940 all

01:14:43.140 the

01:14:43.220 way

01:14:43.300 back

01:14:43.440 to

01:14:43.560 1917

01:14:44.120 some

01:14:44.500 of

01:14:44.600 the

01:14:44.700 president's

01:14:45.180 emergency

01:14:45.540 powers

01:14:45.920 date

01:14:46.100 all

01:14:46.260 the

01:14:46.340 way

01:14:46.440 back

01:14:46.620 to

01:14:46.740 1917

01:14:47.400 that's

01:14:49.020 fascinating

01:14:49.500 because

01:14:49.740 the

01:14:50.520 executive

01:14:50.880 branch

01:14:51.120 was meant

01:14:51.380 to be

01:14:51.560 very

01:14:51.780 small

01:14:52.140 and

01:14:52.500 slowly

01:14:52.860 but

01:14:53.040 surely

01:14:53.220 especially

01:14:53.540 over

01:14:53.700 the

01:14:53.820 20th

01:14:54.400 century

01:14:54.660 we

01:14:54.860 expanded

01:15:03.840 and

01:15:04.340 how

01:15:04.660 it

01:15:05.420 happened

01:15:05.760 then

01:15:06.060 and

01:15:06.260 again

01:15:06.460 unintended

01:15:06.920 consequences

01:15:07.540 of

01:15:07.780 course

01:15:07.960 yes

01:15:08.160 we

01:15:08.300 liberated

01:15:08.660 Europe

01:15:09.000 we

01:15:09.440 got

01:15:10.200 Hitler 0.78

01:15:10.500 who

01:15:11.900 would

01:15:12.080 argue

01:15:12.440 that

01:15:12.600 you

01:15:12.720 shouldn't

01:15:12.880 have

01:15:13.000 stopped

01:15:13.240 him

01:15:13.500 however

01:15:14.020 let's

01:15:14.960 get

01:15:15.080 real

01:15:15.300 about

01:15:15.480 the

01:15:15.660 other

01:15:15.940 consequences

01:15:16.500 of

01:15:17.100 our

01:15:17.960 intervention

01:15:18.460 and

01:15:18.880 the

01:15:19.180 still

01:15:19.680 lingering

01:15:19.980 effects

01:15:20.300 it's

01:15:20.480 had

01:15:20.600 on

01:15:20.700 the

01:15:20.780 United

01:15:20.980 States

01:15:21.280 it's

01:15:22.060 amazing

01:15:22.420 to

01:15:22.620 think

01:15:22.760 about

01:15:23.040 and

01:15:23.380 you

01:15:23.500 know

01:15:23.620 what

01:15:23.800 I

01:15:23.920 mean

01:15:24.040 it's

01:15:24.240 it's

01:15:24.500 very

01:15:24.700 timely

01:15:25.140 because

01:15:25.340 again

01:15:25.620 back

01:15:25.860 to

01:15:26.000 the

01:15:26.100 fact

01:15:26.300 that

01:15:26.540 right

01:15:33.840 Vladimir

01:15:34.160 Putin

01:15:34.440 right

01:15:34.680 now

01:15:34.900 that

01:15:35.160 may

01:15:35.820 turn

01:15:36.200 really

01:15:36.760 problematic

01:15:37.140 for us

01:15:37.680 very

01:15:37.940 soon

01:15:38.340 and

01:15:38.920 we're

01:15:39.040 going

01:15:39.120 to

01:15:39.160 have

01:15:39.300 big

01:15:39.460 decisions

01:15:39.820 to

01:15:40.060 make

01:15:40.260 and

01:15:40.360 the

01:15:40.460 country

01:15:40.640 is

01:15:40.740 divided

01:15:41.040 right

01:15:41.280 now

01:15:41.500 on

01:15:41.920 just

01:15:42.240 how

01:15:42.400 interventionalist

01:15:43.100 we

01:15:43.220 should

01:15:43.380 be

01:15:43.560 over

01:15:43.740 there

01:15:44.020 just

01:15:44.560 how

01:15:44.820 appropriate

01:15:45.340 our

01:15:45.520 past

01:15:45.800 interventions

01:15:46.260 in

01:15:46.540 Ukraine

01:15:46.800 have

01:15:47.060 been

01:15:47.360 what

01:15:48.260 role

01:15:48.480 if

01:15:48.600 any

01:15:48.740 we

01:15:48.980 had

01:15:50.240 in

01:15:50.440 setting

01:15:50.680 up

01:15:50.860 this

01:15:51.020 conflict

01:15:51.400 right

01:15:51.640 there

01:15:52.420 are

01:15:52.720 a lot

01:15:52.960 of

01:15:53.060 layers

01:15:53.280 to

01:15:53.500 this

01:15:53.780 and

01:15:54.300 right

01:15:54.480 now

01:15:54.660 in

01:15:54.740 the

01:15:54.840 country

01:15:55.040 there's

01:15:55.280 sort

01:15:55.420 of

01:15:55.480 a

01:15:55.620 shut

01:15:55.920 up

01:15:56.180 if

01:15:56.420 you're

01:15:56.580 not

01:15:56.800 completely

01:15:57.400 pro

01:15:58.040 Ukrainian

01:15:59.060 and

01:15:59.860 money

01:16:00.640 and

01:16:01.120 arms

01:16:01.840 and

01:16:02.500 anti

01:16:02.940 Putin

01:16:03.220 no one

01:16:03.540 here

01:16:03.640 is

01:16:03.740 pro

01:16:03.980 Putin

01:16:04.320 but

01:16:05.140 it's

01:16:05.540 more

01:16:05.740 complex

01:16:06.320 because

01:16:06.740 these

01:16:06.960 wars

01:16:07.260 as you've

01:16:07.820 outlined

01:16:08.060 so

01:16:08.360 well

01:16:08.880 have

01:16:09.520 real

01:16:09.840 consequences

01:16:10.360 and

01:16:10.600 they

01:16:10.720 can

01:16:10.840 last

01:16:11.120 centuries

01:16:11.800 they

01:16:13.140 absolutely

01:16:13.620 can

01:16:13.980 there's

01:16:14.220 even

01:16:14.440 new

01:16:14.780 discussion

01:16:15.160 of

01:16:15.360 the

01:16:15.480 Lend-Lease

01:16:15.900 Act

01:16:16.220 as one

01:16:16.740 of

01:16:16.840 the

01:16:16.940 many

01:16:17.120 ways

01:16:17.380 in

01:16:17.480 which

01:16:17.600 the

01:16:17.760 U.S.

01:16:18.080 might

01:16:18.280 get

01:16:18.520 involved

01:16:18.960 without

01:16:19.240 getting

01:16:19.520 directly

01:16:25.040 point

01:16:25.320 out

01:16:25.540 they're

01:16:25.720 all

01:16:25.900 being

01:16:26.100 kind

01:16:26.440 of

01:16:26.640 tarred

01:16:27.300 and

01:16:27.460 feathered

01:16:27.840 to

01:16:27.940 some

01:16:28.100 extent

01:16:28.340 in

01:16:28.480 public

01:16:28.800 as

01:16:29.020 Putin

01:16:29.280 apologists

01:16:29.920 but

01:16:30.120 the

01:16:30.340 questions

01:16:30.700 they're

01:16:30.940 raising

01:16:31.260 they're

01:16:31.520 real

01:16:31.720 ones

01:16:32.120 not

01:16:33.040 just

01:16:33.240 about

01:16:33.440 the

01:16:33.600 consequences

01:16:34.140 for

01:16:34.440 Ukraine

01:16:34.980 and

01:16:35.300 possibly

01:16:35.740 prolonging

01:16:36.380 the

01:16:36.500 war

01:16:36.660 we

01:16:36.880 talked

01:16:37.200 about

01:16:37.440 that

01:16:37.680 with

01:16:37.820 the

01:16:37.920 U.S.

01:16:38.220 intervention

01:16:38.580 in

01:16:38.820 1917

01:16:39.540 and

01:16:39.900 1918

01:16:40.460 almost

01:16:41.360 certainly

01:16:41.700 prolonging

01:16:42.380 the

01:16:42.540 first

01:16:42.760 world

01:16:43.000 war

01:16:43.180 along

01:16:43.380 with

01:16:43.520 the

01:16:43.640 agony

01:16:44.000 for

01:16:44.240 so

01:16:44.440 many

01:16:44.580 of

01:16:44.680 the

01:16:44.780 people

01:16:45.100 swept

01:16:45.840 up

01:16:46.060 in

01:16:46.180 it

01:16:46.340 so

01:16:47.020 you

01:16:47.100 have

01:16:47.280 that

01:16:47.560 angle

01:16:47.880 to

01:16:48.120 it

01:16:48.260 but

01:16:48.380 you

01:16:48.520 also

01:16:48.820 have

01:16:49.120 of

01:16:49.300 course

01:16:49.520 the

01:16:49.700 long

01:16:49.880 term

01:16:50.060 economic

01:16:50.500 consequences

01:16:51.160 and

01:16:51.420 we

01:16:51.780 barely

01:16:52.060 scratched

01:16:52.420 the

01:16:52.620 surface

01:16:52.900 of

01:16:53.120 those

01:16:53.460 but

01:16:53.700 you

01:16:53.840 know

01:16:53.940 the

01:16:54.100 great

01:16:54.920 depression

01:16:55.340 for

01:16:55.560 example

01:16:55.940 cannot

01:16:56.160 really

01:16:56.520 be

01:16:56.720 understood

01:16:57.160 without

01:16:57.760 the

01:16:58.020 legacy

01:16:58.360 of

01:16:58.760 the

01:16:59.060 first

01:16:59.280 world

01:16:59.520 war

01:16:59.840 and

01:17:00.100 the

01:17:00.220 way

01:17:00.360 that

01:17:00.480 it

01:17:00.720 simply

01:17:01.140 destroyed

01:17:02.360 so

01:17:02.660 many

01:17:02.900 of

01:17:03.220 the

01:17:03.580 webs

01:17:03.920 of

01:17:04.320 international

01:17:04.860 trade

01:17:05.280 and

01:17:05.440 finance

01:17:05.860 and

01:17:06.600 right

01:17:06.860 now

01:17:07.000 what

01:17:07.100 we're

01:17:07.180 seeing

01:17:07.360 in

01:17:07.480 Ukraine

01:17:07.700 of

01:17:07.880 course

01:17:08.120 is

01:17:08.320 economic

01:17:09.120 devastation

01:17:10.000 not

01:17:10.300 just

01:17:10.560 in

01:17:10.700 Ukraine

01:17:11.000 but

01:17:11.180 across

01:17:11.500 Europe

01:17:11.820 so

01:17:12.600 I

01:17:12.760 do

01:17:12.940 think

01:17:13.160 it's

01:17:13.320 important

01:17:13.580 to

01:17:13.760 raise

01:17:14.000 these

01:17:14.200 questions

01:17:14.580 to

01:17:14.800 study

01:17:15.100 the

01:17:15.260 lessons

01:17:15.480 of

01:17:15.640 history

01:17:15.860 not

01:17:16.040 because

01:17:16.340 they

01:17:16.540 tell

01:17:16.780 us

01:17:16.940 exactly

01:17:17.380 what

01:17:17.640 to

01:17:17.820 do

01:17:18.120 but

01:17:18.940 rather

01:17:19.240 because

01:17:19.640 I

01:17:20.120 think

01:17:20.260 they

01:17:20.380 help

01:17:20.600 to

01:17:20.760 add

01:17:20.960 context

01:17:21.660 and

01:17:22.300 enrich

01:17:22.660 our

01:17:22.980 discussions

01:17:23.440 of

01:17:23.780 these

01:17:24.180 vital

01:17:24.460 questions

01:17:24.940 of

01:17:25.140 national

01:17:25.460 security

01:17:25.960 and

01:17:26.180 foreign

01:17:26.380 policy

01:17:26.860 I've

01:17:27.660 been

01:17:27.760 reading

01:17:27.980 a

01:17:28.340 book

01:17:28.540 on

01:17:28.780 Churchill

01:17:29.440 and

01:17:29.680 he's

01:17:30.080 a good

01:17:30.460 figure

01:17:30.760 through

01:17:31.020 which

01:17:31.300 to

01:17:31.480 learn

01:17:31.640 a lot

01:17:31.880 about

01:17:32.080 the

01:17:32.240 20th

01:17:32.520 century

01:17:32.760 and

01:17:32.880 the

01:17:32.960 wars

01:17:33.140 because

01:17:33.360 he

01:17:33.600 appears

01:17:34.060 in

01:17:34.200 both

01:17:34.440 right

01:17:34.660 he

01:17:34.740 was

01:17:34.840 a

01:17:34.940 young

01:17:35.160 he

01:17:35.820 was

01:17:35.920 head

01:17:36.020 of

01:17:36.100 the

01:17:36.200 navy

01:17:36.420 in

01:17:36.860 world

01:17:37.400 war

01:17:37.600 one

01:17:37.860 over

01:17:38.120 in

01:17:38.220 great

01:17:38.380 Britain

01:17:38.620 and

01:17:38.740 then

01:17:38.840 of

01:17:38.980 course

01:17:39.140 would

01:17:39.300 wind up

01:17:39.840 being

01:17:39.960 the

01:17:40.080 prime

01:17:40.240 minister

01:17:40.480 but

01:17:41.100 you

01:17:41.280 know

01:17:41.420 such

01:17:41.980 a

01:17:42.160 towering

01:17:42.980 figure

01:17:43.240 to

01:17:43.700 take

01:17:43.920 you

01:17:44.060 through

01:17:44.280 these

01:17:44.540 massive

01:17:44.900 conflicts

01:17:45.320 and

01:17:45.520 he

01:17:45.600 was

01:17:45.720 bellicose

01:17:47.220 both

01:17:47.640 in

01:17:47.800 his

01:17:48.060 language

01:17:48.520 and

01:17:48.780 in

01:17:48.900 his

01:17:49.040 actual

01:17:49.320 approach

01:18:01.020 what's

01:18:01.460 your

01:18:01.540 best

01:18:01.740 book

01:18:01.960 on

01:18:02.120 world

01:18:02.300 war

01:18:02.500 one

01:18:02.800 if

01:18:03.020 people

01:18:03.240 want

01:18:03.420 to

01:18:03.520 read

01:18:03.780 about

01:18:04.060 all

01:18:04.340 of

01:18:04.460 this

01:18:04.720 in

01:18:05.300 more

01:18:05.440 detail

01:18:05.780 well

01:18:07.500 I

01:18:07.620 have

01:18:07.780 done

01:18:07.920 a

01:18:08.060 number

01:18:08.280 of

01:18:08.440 them

01:18:08.540 I

01:18:08.640 would

01:18:08.760 say

01:18:08.900 the

01:18:09.020 origins

01:18:09.440 of

01:18:09.720 the

01:18:09.860 war

01:18:10.180 the

01:18:10.940 book

01:18:11.140 that

01:18:11.280 I

01:18:11.360 would

01:18:11.500 recommend

01:18:11.880 is

01:18:12.140 July

01:18:12.460 1914

01:18:13.080 countdown

01:18:13.920 to

01:18:14.240 war

01:18:14.500 I

01:18:15.340 did

01:18:15.520 a

01:18:15.720 book

01:18:15.940 on

01:18:16.100 the

01:18:16.240 Ottoman

01:18:16.500 fronts

01:18:16.920 of

01:18:17.020 the

01:18:17.120 Middle 0.95

01:18:17.260 East

01:18:17.560 called

01:18:17.800 the

01:18:17.920 Ottoman

01:18:18.120 end

01:18:18.400 game

01:18:18.680 and

01:18:19.460 the

01:18:19.560 more

01:18:19.700 recent

01:18:20.080 study

01:18:20.520 of

01:18:20.640 the

01:18:20.740 Russian

01:18:20.920 revolution

01:18:21.360 which

01:18:21.680 despite

01:18:22.000 its

01:18:22.200 title

01:18:22.520 which

01:18:22.700 makes

01:18:23.000 it

01:18:23.140 sound

01:18:23.380 like

01:18:23.580 it's

01:18:23.720 just

01:18:23.860 about

01:18:24.220 a

01:18:24.860 political

01:18:25.240 revolution

01:18:25.860 is

01:18:26.480 actually

01:18:27.100 at

01:18:27.320 root

01:18:27.480 about

01:18:27.880 the

01:18:28.100 first

01:18:28.320 world

01:18:28.560 war

01:18:28.820 and

01:18:28.960 its

01:18:29.120 consequences

01:18:29.740 and

01:18:30.100 so

01:18:30.800 I

01:18:31.060 would

01:18:31.420 recommend

01:18:31.780 really

01:18:32.140 that

01:18:32.400 depending

01:18:32.780 on

01:18:32.940 readers

01:18:33.140 interest

01:18:33.500 they

01:18:33.680 would

01:18:33.800 choose

01:18:34.000 one

01:18:34.200 of

01:18:34.320 those

01:18:34.740 Stalin's

01:18:36.360 war

01:18:36.460 is

01:18:36.560 a

01:18:36.640 great

01:18:36.800 choice

01:18:37.060 for

01:18:37.180 the

01:18:37.320 second

01:18:37.520 world

01:18:37.720 war

01:18:37.860 as

01:18:38.000 well

01:18:38.340 Spencer

01:18:39.680 Clavin

01:18:40.060 is

01:18:40.260 one

01:18:40.380 of

01:18:40.460 my

01:18:40.580 favorite

01:18:40.940 commentators

01:18:41.700 he's

01:18:41.900 only

01:18:42.060 31

01:18:42.480 years

01:18:42.740 old

01:18:43.000 but

01:18:43.140 he's

01:18:43.320 brilliant

01:18:43.800 and

01:18:44.240 has

01:18:44.460 read

01:18:44.680 everything

01:18:45.140 and

01:18:45.320 he's

01:18:46.080 the

01:18:46.620 son

01:18:46.900 of

01:18:47.020 Andrew

01:18:47.320 Clavin

01:18:47.620 he's

01:18:47.940 an

01:18:48.880 expert

01:18:49.060 in

01:18:49.180 the

01:18:49.280 classics

01:18:49.560 and

01:18:50.200 he's

01:18:50.440 just

01:18:50.640 written

01:18:50.800 a

01:18:50.940 new

01:18:51.060 book

01:18:51.380 and

01:18:52.000 it

01:18:52.300 talks

01:18:52.600 about

01:18:52.820 how

01:18:53.180 if

01:18:53.400 you

01:18:53.520 study

01:18:53.900 the

01:18:55.240 classics

01:18:55.620 and

01:18:55.980 you

01:18:56.140 read

01:18:56.600 Plato

01:18:57.020 you

01:18:57.240 read

01:18:57.440 Socrates

01:18:57.820 you

01:18:58.080 read

01:18:58.260 all

01:18:58.400 these

01:18:58.560 great

01:18:58.900 thinkers

01:18:59.540 that

01:18:59.780 came

01:18:59.980 before

01:19:00.380 there

01:19:01.060 are

01:19:01.100 a

01:19:01.180 lot

01:19:01.280 of

01:19:01.360 answers

01:19:01.660 in

01:19:01.840 there

01:19:02.040 for

01:19:02.460 modern

01:19:02.740 day

01:19:02.920 problems

01:19:03.340 I

01:19:03.600 would

01:19:03.720 submit

01:19:03.940 that

01:19:04.120 your

01:19:04.400 hard

01:19:04.880 look

01:19:05.160 at

01:19:13.140 there

01:19:13.340 but

01:19:13.800 the

01:19:13.960 tools

01:19:14.360 to

01:19:14.940 come

01:19:15.120 to

01:19:15.220 a

01:19:15.340 smart

01:19:15.660 opinion

01:19:16.480 on

01:19:17.340 today's

01:19:17.700 problems

01:19:18.060 those

01:19:18.460 are

01:19:18.700 in

01:19:18.880 there

01:19:19.120 and

01:19:19.460 so

01:19:19.600 that's

01:19:19.740 why

01:19:19.820 it's

01:19:19.900 so

01:19:20.000 helpful

01:19:20.240 reading

01:19:20.620 your

01:19:20.780 stuff

01:19:20.980 and

01:19:21.100 talking

01:19:21.320 to

01:19:21.440 you

01:19:21.520 thank

01:19:21.760 you

01:19:21.880 so

01:19:22.020 much

01:19:22.180 for

01:19:22.300 coming

01:19:22.460 on

01:19:22.660 and

01:19:22.860 sharing

01:19:23.560 your

01:19:23.880 expertise

01:19:24.340 with

01:19:24.700 us

01:19:25.040 thanks

01:19:26.440 for

01:19:26.580 having

01:19:26.740 me

01:19:26.900 on

01:19:27.080 Megan

01:19:27.300 it

01:19:27.420 was

01:19:27.520 really

01:19:27.700 great

01:19:27.980 fun

01:19:28.280 great

01:19:28.580 pleasure

01:19:28.840 for

01:19:29.900 me

01:19:30.080 too

01:19:30.300 all

01:19:30.600 the

01:19:30.700 best

01:19:30.840 to

01:19:30.960 you

01:19:31.020 hope

01:19:31.220 I

01:19:31.380 hope

01:19:31.600 I

01:19:43.140 brunt

01:19:43.460 comes

01:19:44.180 on

01:19:44.440 to

01:19:44.580 continue

01:19:45.080 the

01:19:45.320 conversation

01:19:45.980 you

01:19:46.380 won't

01:19:46.560 want

01:19:46.680 to

01:19:46.780 miss

01:19:46.920 that

01:19:47.240 my

01:19:51.360 next

01:19:51.760 guest

01:19:52.160 is

01:19:52.700 Doug

01:19:53.020 brunt

01:19:53.360 he

01:19:53.540 is

01:19:53.700 author

01:19:54.340 of

01:19:55.340 best

01:19:55.660 selling

01:19:55.880 books

01:19:56.220 he

01:19:56.440 is

01:19:56.600 the

01:19:56.720 host

01:19:56.980 of

01:19:57.180 dedicated

01:19:57.840 with

01:19:58.100 Doug

01:19:58.340 brunt

01:19:58.700 where

01:19:58.880 he

01:19:59.000 interviews

01:19:59.320 top

01:19:59.640 authors

01:20:00.180 it's

01:20:00.960 fascinating

01:20:01.420 it's

01:20:01.620 doing

01:20:01.780 really

01:20:02.060 well

01:20:02.420 and

01:20:03.320 he

01:20:03.800 is

01:20:03.960 one

01:20:04.160 self

01:20:04.540 taught

01:20:04.880 expert

01:20:05.280 on

01:20:05.540 world

01:20:05.760 war

01:20:05.980 one

01:20:06.300 in

01:20:06.600 which

01:20:06.940 a

01:20:07.900 period

01:20:08.140 in

01:20:08.260 which

01:20:08.360 he

01:20:08.480 has

01:20:08.600 found

01:20:08.780 himself

01:20:09.040 immersed

01:20:09.320 for

01:20:09.480 years

01:20:09.880 now

01:20:10.160 as

01:20:13.140 so

01:20:18.440 the

01:20:18.580 reason

01:20:18.920 I

01:20:19.180 wanted

01:20:19.380 you

01:20:19.520 to

01:20:19.600 come

01:20:19.720 on

01:20:19.880 is

01:20:19.980 because

01:20:20.220 you've

01:20:20.640 become

01:20:20.960 your

01:20:21.280 own

01:20:21.520 world

01:20:21.780 war

01:20:21.980 one

01:20:22.240 expert

01:20:22.720 world

01:20:23.160 war

01:20:23.360 two

01:20:23.520 two

01:20:23.820 but

01:20:24.140 also

01:20:24.500 world

01:20:24.720 war

01:20:24.880 one

01:20:25.120 and

01:20:25.900 this

01:20:26.640 line

01:20:27.260 of

01:20:27.380 what

01:20:27.520 happened

01:20:27.780 with

01:20:27.920 the

01:20:28.020 Russians

01:20:28.260 is

01:20:28.440 very

01:20:28.640 interesting

01:20:29.040 to

01:20:29.280 me

01:20:29.440 and

01:20:29.560 I

01:20:29.660 think

01:20:29.800 it

01:20:29.920 does

01:20:30.160 relate

01:20:30.520 very

01:20:30.740 much

01:20:30.980 to

01:20:31.160 what's

01:20:31.420 going

01:20:31.600 on

01:20:31.760 today

01:20:32.020 and

01:20:33.000 so

01:20:33.120 let's

01:20:33.280 go

01:20:33.420 back

01:20:33.800 to

01:20:34.160 the

01:20:34.360 czar

01:20:34.800 and

01:20:35.140 czarina

01:20:35.640 and

01:20:36.080 just

01:20:36.240 set

01:20:36.620 the

01:20:36.860 scene

01:20:37.120 for

01:20:37.360 us

01:20:37.500 because

01:20:37.800 you

01:20:38.580 and

01:20:38.740 I

01:20:38.900 recently

01:20:39.260 saw

01:20:39.760 an

01:20:39.980 episode

01:20:40.240 of

01:20:40.480 the

01:20:40.640 crown

01:20:41.100 in

01:20:41.960 which

01:20:42.160 that

01:20:42.560 whole

01:20:42.880 situation

01:20:43.460 was

01:20:43.760 featured

01:20:44.160 and

01:20:45.400 the

01:20:45.980 czar

01:20:46.540 and

01:20:46.660 the

01:20:46.720 czarina

01:20:46.960 were

01:20:47.200 in

01:20:47.320 Russia

01:20:47.560 they

01:20:47.780 wanted

01:20:48.160 help

01:20:48.480 from

01:20:48.680 England

01:20:49.040 England

01:20:49.520 gave

01:20:49.820 them

01:20:49.940 back

01:20:50.280 of

01:20:50.400 the

01:20:50.480 hand

01:20:50.820 things

01:20:51.440 went

01:20:51.660 downhill

01:20:52.020 from

01:20:52.300 there

01:20:52.480 so

01:20:52.840 put

01:20:53.240 it

01:20:53.380 in

01:20:53.640 perspective

01:20:53.980 for

01:20:54.400 us

01:20:54.580 how

01:20:54.800 what

01:20:55.300 went

01:20:55.500 down

01:20:55.760 and

01:20:55.900 why

01:20:56.080 it's

01:20:56.580 important

01:20:56.900 it's

01:20:57.800 important

01:20:58.040 because

01:20:58.220 that

01:20:58.380 chaos

01:20:58.760 of

01:20:58.900 world

01:20:59.060 war

01:20:59.260 one

01:20:59.620 and

01:21:00.000 the

01:21:00.200 internal

01:21:00.480 chaos

01:21:00.800 in

01:21:00.960 Russia

01:21:01.220 in

01:21:01.540 that

01:21:01.720 period

01:21:02.500 of

01:21:03.140 years

01:21:03.300 1916

01:21:03.880 17

01:21:04.140 is

01:21:04.660 the

01:21:04.800 whole

01:21:04.940 reason

01:21:05.200 that

01:21:05.340 we

01:21:05.440 got

01:21:05.640 Lenin

01:21:06.020 and

01:21:06.200 Stalin 0.57

01:21:06.500 and

01:21:06.720 communism

01:21:07.160 in

01:21:07.440 the

01:21:07.600 20th

01:21:08.120 century

01:21:08.440 at

01:21:09.240 all

01:21:09.500 at

01:21:09.980 the

01:21:10.100 outside

01:21:10.300 of

01:21:10.420 the

01:21:10.480 war

01:21:10.660 nobody

01:21:11.260 wanted

01:21:11.720 Lenin

01:21:12.100 or

01:21:12.580 the

01:21:12.980 Bolsheviks 0.94

01:21:13.380 he was

01:21:13.580 basically

01:21:13.820 arguing

01:21:14.280 for a

01:21:14.700 violent

01:21:15.100 workers

01:21:15.700 revolution

01:21:16.300 and

01:21:16.860 he

01:21:17.020 envisioned

01:21:17.580 that

01:21:17.740 as

01:21:17.840 a

01:21:17.980 global

01:21:18.240 thing

01:21:18.520 he

01:21:18.660 wanted

01:21:18.900 a

01:21:19.480 Bolshevik

01:21:20.040 uprising

01:21:21.000 for

01:21:21.980 each

01:21:22.320 nation

01:21:22.680 and

01:21:23.820 so

01:21:24.280 in

01:21:25.040 the

01:21:25.200 war

01:21:25.520 around

01:21:25.980 1917

01:21:26.620 Lenin

01:21:30.800 two

01:21:30.960 revolutions

01:21:31.500 only

01:21:31.860 eight

01:21:32.180 months

01:21:32.420 apart

01:21:32.780 in

01:21:33.100 February

01:21:33.560 there's

01:21:34.480 the

01:21:34.660 initial

01:21:35.160 revolution

01:21:35.840 in

01:21:36.080 which

01:21:36.280 the

01:21:36.500 czar

01:21:36.700 is

01:21:36.820 overthrown

01:21:37.420 in

01:21:38.160 early

01:21:38.400 March

01:21:38.660 he

01:21:38.820 abdicates

01:21:39.380 first

01:21:39.660 in

01:21:39.800 favor

01:21:40.000 of

01:21:40.200 his

01:21:40.480 son

01:21:41.020 who

01:21:41.140 is

01:21:41.200 just

01:21:41.340 a

01:21:41.520 boy

01:21:41.840 12

01:21:42.140 year

01:21:42.300 old

01:21:42.580 boy

01:21:42.880 with

01:21:43.160 hemophilia

01:21:43.740 and

01:21:44.620 then

01:21:44.740 he

01:21:44.820 decides

01:21:45.100 if

01:21:45.740 I

01:21:46.060 leave

01:21:46.320 and

01:21:46.440 he

01:21:46.540 takes

01:21:46.740 over

01:21:46.940 he'll

01:21:47.300 never

01:21:47.480 survive

01:21:47.860 it

01:21:48.000 so

01:21:48.140 then

01:21:48.320 he

01:21:48.500 advocates

01:21:48.880 in

01:21:49.020 favor

01:21:49.220 of

01:21:49.360 his

01:21:49.500 younger

01:21:49.740 brother

01:21:50.060 and

01:21:50.160 the

01:21:50.240 brother

01:21:50.580 is

01:21:50.660 like

01:21:50.760 I

01:21:50.920 don't

01:21:51.020 want

01:21:51.140 anything

01:21:51.320 to

01:21:51.480 do

01:21:51.580 with

01:21:51.700 this

01:21:51.920 and

01:21:52.100 so

01:21:52.260 he

01:21:52.420 says

01:21:52.660 no

01:21:53.040 so

01:21:55.180 basically

01:21:56.220 this

01:21:56.560 provisional

01:21:57.460 government

01:21:57.880 is in

01:21:58.240 charge

01:21:58.580 and

01:21:59.520 they

01:22:00.040 are

01:22:00.440 still

01:22:00.840 in

01:22:01.080 favor

01:22:01.380 of

01:22:01.960 staying

01:22:02.500 in

01:22:02.780 the

01:22:02.920 war

01:22:03.240 against

01:22:03.720 the

01:22:04.060 Germans

01:22:04.340 which

01:22:04.940 the

01:22:05.180 allies

01:22:05.500 are

01:22:05.680 thinking

01:22:05.920 that's

01:22:06.280 great

01:22:06.520 we

01:22:06.720 need

01:22:06.900 this

01:22:07.160 eastern

01:22:07.520 front

01:22:07.900 to

01:22:08.440 occupy

01:22:08.780 Germany

01:22:09.220 and

01:22:09.980 the

01:22:10.100 government

01:22:10.320 looks

01:22:10.540 more

01:22:10.700 democratic

01:22:11.160 so

01:22:11.480 also

01:22:11.820 great

01:22:12.220 and

01:22:13.300 Germany

01:22:14.760 is

01:22:14.940 thinking

01:22:15.180 well

01:22:15.420 we

01:22:15.560 got

01:22:15.740 to

01:22:15.820 get

01:22:15.920 Russia

01:22:16.160 out

01:22:16.440 of

01:22:16.520 the

01:22:16.640 war

01:22:16.840 and

01:22:17.220 they

01:22:17.460 know

01:22:17.620 that

01:22:17.800 Lenin

01:22:18.100 is

01:22:18.300 over

01:22:18.520 in

01:22:18.700 Switzerland

01:22:19.000 and

01:22:19.860 Lenin

01:22:20.140 was

01:22:20.280 campaigning

01:22:20.980 basically

01:22:21.320 on

01:22:21.500 three

01:22:21.700 things

01:22:22.040 saying

01:22:22.340 I'll

01:22:22.600 give

01:22:22.740 you

01:22:22.860 peace

01:22:23.240 land

01:22:23.740 and

01:22:23.960 bread

01:22:24.300 the

01:22:25.200 first

01:22:25.420 thing

01:22:25.560 he

01:22:25.680 wants

01:22:25.880 to

01:22:26.040 do

01:22:26.300 upon

01:22:26.620 taking

01:22:26.900 power

01:22:27.340 is

01:22:27.980 pull

01:22:28.220 Russia

01:22:28.520 out

01:22:28.860 of

01:22:28.960 the

01:22:29.100 war

01:22:29.340 and

01:22:30.560 so

01:22:30.960 Germany

01:22:31.420 this

01:22:31.900 I

01:22:32.080 think

01:22:32.260 Sean

01:22:32.880 mentioned

01:22:33.260 this

01:22:33.440 there's

01:22:33.640 a

01:22:33.760 train

01:22:34.180 that

01:22:34.620 they

01:22:34.980 put

01:22:35.560 Lenin

01:22:35.800 on

01:22:35.980 in

01:22:36.140 Switzerland

01:22:36.460 and

01:22:37.480 it's

01:22:37.700 Lenin

01:22:37.980 and

01:22:38.080 about

01:22:38.260 20

01:22:38.620 other

01:22:38.840 of

01:22:39.020 his

01:22:39.200 revolutionary

01:22:39.760 friends

01:22:40.260 and

01:22:41.180 the

01:22:41.360 train

01:22:41.580 drops

01:22:41.940 him

01:22:42.060 off

01:22:42.220 in

01:22:42.340 Russia

01:22:42.560 and

01:22:42.680 this

01:22:42.800 is

01:22:42.900 in

01:22:43.060 April

01:22:43.400 of

01:22:43.760 17

01:22:44.140 by

01:22:44.780 October

01:22:45.200 you

01:22:45.520 have

01:22:45.660 the

01:22:45.800 second

01:22:46.020 revolution

01:22:46.520 so

01:22:46.840 eight

01:22:47.080 months

01:22:47.300 after

01:22:47.500 the

01:22:47.640 first

01:22:47.860 one

01:22:48.100 in

01:22:48.660 which

01:22:48.900 basically

01:22:49.500 Lenin

01:22:49.820 takes

01:22:50.060 over

01:22:50.300 the

01:22:50.560 Bolsheviks 0.94

01:22:51.000 take

01:22:51.260 over

01:22:51.520 and

01:22:51.960 as

01:22:52.180 Sean

01:22:52.340 mentioned

01:22:52.560 they

01:22:52.700 had

01:22:52.880 only

01:22:53.160 minority

01:22:53.520 support

01:22:53.960 about

01:22:54.240 20%

01:22:54.900 of

01:22:55.440 the

01:22:55.660 people

01:22:55.880 were

01:22:56.040 voting

01:22:56.300 for

01:22:56.500 a

01:22:56.640 Bolshevik

01:22:57.100 take

01:22:58.080 over

01:22:58.320 there

01:22:58.580 were

01:22:58.700 three

01:22:59.000 total

01:23:00.680 socialist

01:23:01.160 factions

01:23:01.540 there

01:23:01.720 were

01:23:01.800 the

01:23:01.940 Mensheviks 0.90

01:23:02.400 who

01:23:02.580 had

01:23:02.740 more

01:23:03.040 support

01:23:04.180 than

01:23:04.360 the

01:23:04.460 Bolsheviks 0.94

01:23:04.880 and

01:23:05.720 the

01:23:05.860 socialist

01:23:06.140 revolutionaries

01:23:06.860 but

01:23:07.920 the

01:23:08.060 Bolsheviks 0.94

01:23:08.400 were

01:23:08.540 the

01:23:08.640 most

01:23:08.820 extreme

01:23:09.320 and

01:23:09.760 the

01:23:09.880 most

01:23:10.080 violent

01:23:10.500 the

01:23:10.660 Mensheviks 0.90

01:23:10.980 were

01:23:11.120 thinking

01:23:11.260 well

01:23:11.420 maybe

01:23:11.600 we

01:23:11.760 can

01:23:11.880 do

01:23:11.980 this

01:23:12.200 in

01:23:12.340 sort

01:23:12.500 of

01:23:12.580 a

01:23:12.700 legal

01:23:12.940 way

01:23:13.180 we'll

01:23:13.340 have

01:23:13.520 trade

01:23:13.880 unions

01:23:14.240 and

01:23:14.400 things

01:23:14.560 like

01:23:14.740 that

01:23:15.020 and

01:23:15.860 the

01:23:15.960 Bolsheviks 0.94

01:23:16.360 were

01:23:16.720 far

01:23:17.240 more

01:23:17.660 brutal

01:23:19.100 in

01:23:20.260 their

01:23:20.400 tactics

01:23:20.820 and

01:23:21.620 started

01:23:22.560 gaining

01:23:23.080 more

01:23:23.300 popular

01:23:23.640 support

01:23:23.980 even

01:23:24.220 Trotsky

01:23:24.720 was

01:23:25.360 initially

01:23:25.680 Menshevik

01:23:26.100 and

01:23:26.260 he

01:23:26.340 came

01:23:26.500 over

01:23:26.640 to

01:23:26.740 be

01:23:26.860 one

01:23:27.040 of

01:23:27.140 the

01:23:28.100 top

01:23:28.360 lieutenants

01:23:28.860 of

01:23:29.080 Lenin

01:23:31.040 by

01:23:31.340 1917

01:23:32.000 and

01:23:33.360 so

01:23:33.620 the

01:23:34.360 czar

01:23:34.600 at

01:23:34.740 this

01:23:34.880 point

01:23:35.040 is

01:23:35.140 a

01:23:35.260 prisoner

01:23:35.540 and

01:23:36.520 initially

01:23:37.420 after he

01:23:38.660 abdicated

01:23:38.980 back in

01:23:39.360 March

01:23:39.680 he was

01:23:39.980 offered

01:23:40.480 amnesty

01:23:41.280 by

01:23:41.600 Great

01:23:41.860 Britain

01:23:42.140 and

01:23:43.380 he

01:23:43.960 you know

01:23:44.260 he's

01:23:44.460 cousins

01:23:44.820 with

01:23:45.060 King

01:23:45.260 George

01:23:45.500 V

01:23:45.760 of

01:23:46.040 Great

01:23:46.220 Britain

01:23:46.400 he

01:23:46.540 writes

01:23:46.720 him

01:23:46.840 a

01:23:46.940 letter

01:23:47.100 saying

01:23:47.460 you know

01:23:47.900 this

01:23:48.240 is

01:23:48.360 where

01:23:48.480 we

01:23:48.620 need

01:23:48.740 to

01:23:48.860 go

01:23:49.140 and

01:23:49.380 that

01:23:50.260 initial

01:23:50.740 provisional

01:23:55.680 King

01:23:56.160 George

01:23:56.440 V

01:23:56.760 is

01:23:56.960 Queen

01:23:57.180 Elizabeth's

01:23:57.820 grandpa

01:23:58.240 right

01:23:59.000 that's

01:24:00.440 right

01:24:00.640 yeah

01:24:00.960 so

01:24:01.320 then

01:24:01.640 there's

01:24:02.020 King

01:24:02.160 George

01:24:02.320 V

01:24:02.520 then

01:24:02.900 the

01:24:03.060 sixth

01:24:03.320 who

01:24:03.520 was

01:24:03.720 the

01:24:03.980 Colin

01:24:04.340 Firth

01:24:04.600 and

01:24:04.700 the

01:24:04.820 King

01:24:04.940 Speech

01:24:05.320 and

01:24:05.800 Elizabeth

01:24:06.320 so

01:24:07.040 it's

01:24:07.220 Elizabeth's

01:24:07.740 grandfather

01:24:08.120 and

01:24:09.380 you know

01:24:10.840 everyone's

01:24:11.260 worried about

01:24:11.600 this sort

01:24:11.980 of

01:24:12.120 Bolshevik

01:24:12.720 anti-monarchy

01:24:13.960 sentiment

01:24:14.580 that's

01:24:15.020 really

01:24:15.380 a

01:24:15.960 global

01:24:16.300 thing

01:24:16.720 and

01:24:17.820 so

01:24:18.500 he

01:24:18.700 has

01:24:19.000 a

01:24:19.320 conversation

01:24:19.640 with

01:24:19.860 his

01:24:20.020 ministers

01:24:20.360 and

01:24:20.640 they're

01:24:20.760 a little

01:24:20.960 skittish

01:24:21.400 you know

01:24:21.600 if the

01:24:21.820 czar

01:24:21.980 comes

01:24:22.200 over

01:24:22.380 here

01:24:22.760 that

01:24:23.340 could

01:24:23.620 lead

01:24:24.240 to

01:24:24.400 popular

01:24:24.780 unrest

01:24:25.340 and

01:24:26.020 as

01:24:26.180 our

01:24:26.380 favorite

01:24:26.700 line

01:24:26.940 from

01:24:27.160 Braveheart

01:24:27.520 that

01:24:27.660 could

01:24:27.780 be

01:24:27.880 my

01:24:28.100 head

01:24:28.260 in

01:24:28.340 a

01:24:28.440 basket

01:24:28.780 so

01:24:29.460 King

01:24:29.680 George

01:24:29.920 V

01:24:30.140 is

01:24:30.400 like

01:24:30.540 let's

01:24:30.880 let's

01:24:31.400 not

01:24:31.640 say

01:24:31.860 they

01:24:32.160 withdraw

01:24:32.520 their

01:24:33.200 invitation

01:24:33.980 for him

01:24:34.460 to live

01:24:34.860 in exile

01:24:35.380 back

01:24:36.180 in Great

01:24:36.480 Britain

01:24:36.720 in

01:24:37.020 April

01:24:37.360 so

01:24:37.600 in

01:24:37.760 March

01:24:38.080 he's

01:24:38.920 invited

01:24:39.320 in

01:24:39.680 April

01:24:39.980 the

01:24:40.300 invitations

01:24:40.680 pulled

01:24:41.120 and he's

01:24:41.600 stuck

01:24:41.760 in

01:24:41.920 Russia

01:24:42.220 and

01:24:43.120 then

01:24:43.280 that

01:24:43.360 was

01:24:43.460 an

01:24:43.620 important

01:24:43.960 invitation

01:24:44.500 to

01:24:44.860 seize

01:24:45.600 in

01:24:45.920 the

01:24:46.040 moment

01:24:46.320 he

01:24:47.140 needed

01:24:47.380 to

01:24:47.520 get

01:24:47.640 out

01:24:47.760 of

01:24:47.820 there

01:24:47.900 but

01:24:48.000 that

01:24:48.080 was

01:24:48.180 the

01:24:48.300 crazy

01:24:48.560 thing

01:24:48.840 all

01:24:49.080 of

01:24:49.200 the

01:24:49.320 industrialists

01:24:50.100 all

01:24:50.180 the

01:24:50.320 capitalists

01:24:50.940 in

01:24:51.500 Russia

01:24:51.760 were

01:24:51.920 thinking

01:24:52.240 we're

01:24:52.680 good

01:24:52.960 this

01:24:53.300 Lenin

01:24:54.200 guy

01:24:54.560 is

01:24:55.100 a

01:24:55.300 flash

01:24:55.560 in

01:24:55.680 the

01:24:55.780 pan

01:24:56.080 he's

01:24:56.400 crazy

01:24:56.980 he's

01:24:57.760 not

01:24:57.960 going

01:24:58.060 to

01:24:58.100 have

01:24:58.240 popular

01:24:58.540 support

01:24:58.780 he

01:24:58.880 already

01:24:59.020 doesn't

01:24:59.280 have

01:24:59.420 popular

01:24:59.640 support

01:24:59.900 and

01:25:00.000 it's

01:25:00.120 not

01:25:00.300 going

01:25:00.420 to

01:25:00.520 grow

01:25:00.800 they'll

01:25:01.440 get

01:25:01.560 rid

01:25:01.700 of

01:25:01.760 this

01:25:01.900 guy

01:25:02.060 because

01:25:02.320 he's

01:25:03.020 fighting

01:25:03.700 the

01:25:03.720 Czech 0.85

01:25:04.220 in

01:25:04.960 the

01:25:05.080 East

01:25:05.320 he's

01:25:05.560 fighting

01:25:05.860 the

01:25:06.180 Czech 0.85

01:25:06.360 legion

01:25:06.800 the

01:25:07.000 Poles 0.99

01:25:07.560 he's

01:25:08.520 fighting

01:25:08.680 the

01:25:08.820 Mensheviks 0.90

01:25:09.280 the

01:25:09.560 socialist

01:25:09.820 republics

01:25:10.660 and

01:25:10.960 there's

01:25:11.280 the

01:25:11.420 white

01:25:11.640 army

01:25:11.940 which

01:25:12.160 is

01:25:12.280 loyal

01:25:12.480 to

01:25:12.660 the

01:25:12.800 czar

01:25:13.020 which

01:25:13.220 is

01:25:13.380 still

01:25:13.920 a

01:25:14.080 very

01:25:14.240 powerful

01:25:14.660 army

01:25:15.040 so

01:25:15.520 Lenin

01:25:15.740 is

01:25:15.860 fighting

01:25:16.140 on

01:25:16.480 six

01:25:17.120 different

01:25:17.460 fronts

01:25:17.780 at

01:25:17.900 this

01:25:18.060 point

01:25:18.340 and

01:25:19.560 he

01:25:20.440 is

01:25:20.840 however

01:25:21.360 gaining

01:25:22.160 more

01:25:22.640 control

01:25:23.220 so

01:25:24.280 the

01:25:25.280 czar

01:25:25.460 at this

01:25:25.660 point

01:25:25.800 is

01:25:25.900 a

01:25:26.000 prisoner

01:25:26.280 and

01:25:26.680 Lenin

01:25:26.960 is

01:25:27.100 worried

01:25:27.420 that

01:25:27.680 he's

01:25:27.980 a

01:25:28.340 rallying

01:25:28.900 point

01:25:29.180 for

01:25:29.500 the

01:25:29.660 white

01:25:29.840 army

01:25:30.140 that's

01:25:30.380 loyal

01:25:30.560 to

01:25:30.720 the

01:25:30.840 czar

01:25:31.100 and

01:25:32.120 by

01:25:32.420 July

01:25:33.200 of

01:25:33.680 1918

01:25:34.300 he

01:25:35.000 and

01:25:35.340 his

01:25:35.640 family

01:25:36.560 are

01:25:36.940 executed

01:25:37.840 in a

01:25:38.200 really

01:25:38.420 gruesome

01:25:38.980 way

01:25:39.340 bullets

01:25:39.960 and

01:25:40.220 bayonets

01:25:40.700 the

01:25:41.380 czar

01:25:41.600 and his

01:25:41.840 whole

01:25:41.980 family

01:25:42.340 wife

01:25:42.640 and

01:25:42.800 kids

01:25:43.060 and

01:25:44.820 Lenin

01:25:45.120 is

01:25:45.240 off

01:25:45.400 to

01:25:45.500 the

01:25:45.600 races

01:25:45.880 and

01:25:46.560 the

01:25:47.280 relationship

01:25:47.900 as you

01:25:48.220 described

01:25:48.640 it

01:25:48.900 between

01:25:49.660 Lenin

01:25:50.200 and

01:25:50.440 Stalin 0.57

01:25:50.860 you know

01:25:51.480 it's

01:25:51.680 like

01:25:52.020 Stalin 0.57

01:25:53.260 he

01:25:54.540 was

01:25:54.960 looking

01:25:55.140 at

01:25:55.280 Lenin

01:25:55.500 Lenin

01:25:55.800 was

01:25:55.920 looking

01:25:56.100 at

01:25:56.260 Stalin 0.57

01:25:56.580 and

01:25:57.020 you

01:25:57.380 know

01:25:59.180 you

01:25:59.380 talk

01:25:59.540 about

01:25:59.700 Stalin 0.57

01:26:00.040 as

01:26:00.240 possibly

01:26:00.840 one

01:26:01.020 of

01:26:01.100 the

01:26:01.180 worst

01:26:01.340 people

01:26:01.580 who

01:26:01.740 ever

01:26:01.900 walked

01:26:02.120 the

01:26:02.240 face

01:26:02.400 of

01:26:02.500 the

01:26:02.620 earth

01:26:02.900 and

01:26:03.560 Lenin

01:26:03.880 saw

01:26:04.200 it

01:26:04.420 and

01:26:05.320 he

01:26:05.760 knew

01:26:06.100 it

01:26:06.460 wasn't

01:26:06.660 like

01:26:06.820 Lenin

01:26:07.020 was

01:26:07.160 all

01:26:07.280 that

01:26:07.400 great

01:26:07.580 but

01:26:07.740 Stalin 0.57

01:26:08.160 was

01:26:08.440 uniquely

01:26:09.020 evil

01:26:09.400 so

01:26:09.560 talk

01:26:09.780 about

01:26:10.000 that

01:26:10.260 and

01:26:10.400 sort

01:26:10.700 of

01:26:10.800 what

01:26:10.980 happened

01:26:11.320 between

01:26:11.540 the

01:26:11.660 two

01:26:11.760 of

01:26:11.860 them

01:26:12.020 Stalin 0.57

01:26:13.180 is

01:26:13.360 one

01:26:13.580 of

01:26:13.660 the

01:26:13.720 worst

01:26:13.900 figures

01:26:14.160 of the

01:26:14.340 20th

01:26:14.640 century

01:26:14.900 I

01:26:15.080 think

01:26:15.240 there's

01:26:15.540 some

01:26:15.720 stat

01:26:16.120 on

01:26:16.360 who

01:26:16.960 has

01:26:17.320 who's

01:26:17.620 responsible

01:26:17.960 for

01:26:18.120 the

01:26:18.240 most

01:26:18.440 deaths

01:26:18.860 in

01:26:19.020 the

01:26:19.120 20th

01:26:19.400 century

01:26:19.700 and

01:26:19.940 Hitler 0.78

01:26:20.280 is

01:26:20.440 up

01:26:20.600 there

01:26:20.820 at

01:26:20.960 around

01:26:21.240 6

01:26:21.860 or

01:26:21.980 7

01:26:22.260 million

01:26:22.720 Mao

01:26:23.980 is

01:26:24.200 number

01:26:24.760 one

01:26:25.140 Stalin 0.57

01:26:25.660 was

01:26:25.940 20

01:26:26.460 25

01:26:26.940 and

01:26:27.100 Mao

01:26:27.320 is

01:26:27.460 40

01:26:27.900 million

01:26:28.260 people

01:26:28.560 they're

01:26:28.720 responsible

01:26:29.120 for

01:26:29.440 killing

01:26:30.160 in

01:26:30.300 the

01:26:30.380 20th

01:26:30.660 century

01:26:30.940 just

01:26:31.240 insane

01:26:31.800 Stalin 0.57

01:26:32.500 is

01:26:32.600 about

01:26:32.740 eight

01:26:32.980 years

01:26:33.180 younger

01:26:33.360 than

01:26:33.540 Lenin

01:26:33.820 and

01:26:34.060 was

01:26:34.220 a

01:26:34.360 real

01:26:34.540 disciple

01:26:35.000 from

01:26:35.240 afar

01:26:35.520 he

01:26:35.660 was

01:26:35.760 born

01:26:35.940 in

01:26:36.140 Georgia

01:26:36.480 in

01:26:36.880 southern

01:26:37.060 Russia

01:26:37.320 spent

01:26:37.540 a lot

01:26:37.820 time

01:26:38.260 around

01:26:47.320 Lenin

01:26:48.220 down

01:26:48.400 there

01:26:48.560 raising

01:26:48.920 money

01:26:49.300 for

01:26:49.540 the

01:26:49.680 Bolshevik

01:26:50.040 cause

01:26:50.420 so

01:26:50.680 he

01:26:50.860 was

01:26:51.100 basically

01:26:51.860 a

01:26:52.080 gangster

01:26:52.440 and

01:26:53.120 he

01:26:53.340 would

01:26:53.800 have

01:26:54.800 extortion

01:26:55.360 brackets

01:26:55.920 going

01:26:56.240 on

01:26:56.560 he

01:26:56.700 was

01:26:56.840 a

01:26:57.020 bank

01:26:57.340 robber

01:26:57.580 it

01:26:57.660 was

01:26:57.740 almost

01:26:57.920 like

01:26:58.080 the

01:26:58.200 Wells

01:26:58.400 Fargo

01:26:58.740 train

01:26:59.020 in

01:26:59.120 the

01:26:59.220 wild

01:26:59.440 west

01:26:59.740 of

01:26:59.880 America

01:27:00.240 that

01:27:00.420 would

01:27:00.560 be

01:27:00.780 hijacked

01:27:01.400 he

01:27:01.540 staged

01:27:01.840 huge

01:27:02.240 bank

01:27:02.560 robberies

01:27:02.980 robbing

01:27:03.340 wagons

01:27:03.800 full

01:27:04.020 of

01:27:04.200 payroll

01:27:04.520 cash

01:27:05.020 and

01:27:05.460 he

01:27:05.560 sent

01:27:05.840 it

01:27:05.940 up

01:27:06.040 to

01:27:06.180 Lenin

01:27:07.440 to

01:27:07.600 support

01:27:07.860 the

01:27:08.000 Bolshevik

01:27:08.240 cause

01:27:08.720 and

01:27:09.940 he

01:27:10.180 became

01:27:10.540 one

01:27:10.740 of

01:27:10.860 Lenin's

01:27:11.160 top

01:27:11.480 lieutenants

01:27:12.280 and

01:27:13.320 military

01:27:13.800 advisors

01:27:14.240 and

01:27:14.560 leaders

01:27:14.920 and

01:27:15.760 then

01:27:16.020 after

01:27:16.900 so

01:27:17.420 there's

01:27:17.800 the

01:27:17.940 red

01:27:18.240 terror

01:27:18.960 from

01:27:19.380 you

01:27:19.800 know

01:27:19.900 in

01:27:20.060 the

01:27:20.200 years

01:27:20.620 immediately

01:27:20.960 after

01:27:21.320 the

01:27:21.460 great

01:27:21.660 war

01:27:21.980 when

01:27:22.200 the

01:27:22.380 Bolsheviks 0.94

01:27:22.960 finally

01:27:23.360 secure

01:27:23.860 power

01:27:24.660 and

01:27:24.920 this

01:27:25.140 bloody

01:27:25.540 Russian

01:27:26.140 civil

01:27:26.840 war

01:27:27.260 ends

01:27:27.840 and

01:27:28.900 in

01:27:29.220 1922

01:27:30.260 Lenin

01:27:30.660 has

01:27:30.840 his

01:27:30.980 first

01:27:31.200 stroke

01:27:31.520 and

01:27:32.020 he's

01:27:32.180 a

01:27:32.300 little

01:27:32.440 bit

01:27:32.600 incapacitated

01:27:33.220 from

01:27:33.460 that

01:27:33.600 but

01:27:33.720 he's

01:27:33.880 still

01:27:34.100 this

01:27:34.360 heroic

01:27:34.820 figure

01:27:35.280 to

01:27:35.600 the

01:27:36.020 Russian

01:27:36.260 people

01:27:36.720 and

01:27:38.080 then

01:27:39.220 in

01:27:39.980 1924

01:27:40.600 he has

01:27:41.160 his

01:27:41.300 third

01:27:41.480 and

01:27:41.620 final

01:27:41.920 stroke

01:27:42.180 in

01:27:42.340 which

01:27:42.480 he

01:27:42.620 dies

01:27:43.060 only

01:27:43.460 some

01:27:43.780 people

01:27:44.080 believe

01:27:44.540 that

01:27:45.000 he

01:27:45.160 didn't

01:27:45.440 die

01:27:45.660 of

01:27:45.760 a

01:27:45.880 stroke

01:27:46.120 he

01:27:46.380 may

01:27:47.460 have

01:27:47.640 been

01:27:47.800 poisoned

01:27:48.280 by

01:27:48.680 Stalin 0.57

01:27:49.140 because

01:27:49.820 in

01:27:50.020 the

01:27:50.160 weeks

01:27:50.380 prior

01:27:50.800 to

01:27:51.100 Lenin

01:27:51.400 finally

01:27:51.840 dying

01:27:52.900 of

01:27:53.340 this

01:27:53.600 alleged

01:27:54.120 stroke

01:27:54.700 he

01:27:55.280 wrote

01:27:55.480 a

01:27:55.640 letter

01:27:55.840 to

01:27:56.120 the

01:27:56.620 Soviet

01:27:56.980 basically

01:27:57.380 the

01:27:57.600 political

01:27:57.900 body

01:27:58.240 beneath

01:27:58.540 him

01:27:58.760 saying

01:27:59.300 that

01:27:59.500 it

01:27:59.720 cannot

01:28:00.080 be

01:28:00.400 Stalin 0.57

01:28:00.720 who

01:28:00.900 succeeds

01:28:01.260 me

01:28:01.440 he's

01:28:01.600 a

01:28:01.700 madman

01:28:06.020 one

01:28:06.240 of

01:28:06.340 the

01:28:06.420 others

01:28:06.620 are

01:28:06.740 about

01:28:06.900 four

01:28:07.140 or five

01:28:07.440 guys

01:28:07.920 who

01:28:08.780 were

01:28:09.080 in

01:28:09.360 that

01:28:09.580 level

01:28:09.980 down

01:28:10.280 Stalin 0.57

01:28:10.600 was

01:28:10.820 one

01:28:11.020 of

01:28:11.140 those

01:28:11.340 five

01:28:11.780 but

01:28:12.340 most

01:28:12.520 people

01:28:12.680 thought

01:28:12.840 it

01:28:12.940 would

01:28:13.040 be

01:28:13.220 Trotsky

01:28:13.560 but

01:28:13.760 as

01:28:14.120 soon

01:28:14.300 as

01:28:14.460 Lenin

01:28:14.820 dies

01:28:15.640 Trotsky

01:28:16.540 it

01:28:16.760 happens

01:28:16.980 when

01:28:17.220 Trotsky

01:28:17.560 is

01:28:17.660 away

01:28:17.920 suspiciously

01:28:18.680 and

01:28:18.940 by

01:28:19.060 the

01:28:19.160 time

01:28:19.300 Trotsky

01:28:19.620 gets

01:28:19.860 back

01:28:20.220 Stalin 0.57

01:28:20.780 has

01:28:21.000 already

01:28:21.360 solidified

01:28:21.940 all

01:28:22.160 of

01:28:22.280 his

01:28:22.420 alliances

01:28:22.900 and

01:28:23.300 threatened

01:28:23.620 those

01:28:24.000 who

01:28:24.140 were

01:28:24.240 not

01:28:24.440 initially

01:28:24.760 with

01:28:25.040 him

01:28:25.260 so

01:28:26.020 when

01:28:26.140 Trotsky

01:28:26.360 gets

01:28:26.500 back

01:28:26.680 it's

01:28:26.840 kind

01:28:26.980 of

01:28:27.080 a

01:28:27.160 done

01:28:27.300 deal

01:28:27.520 and

01:28:28.200 Stalin 0.57

01:28:28.580 is

01:28:28.800 in

01:28:28.940 charge

01:28:29.260 he

01:28:29.980 promotes

01:28:30.380 the

01:28:30.560 cult

01:28:30.800 of

01:28:31.040 personality

01:28:31.620 around

01:28:32.180 Lenin

01:28:32.580 and

01:28:33.680 you know

01:28:34.280 he knows

01:28:34.980 Lenin

01:28:35.260 is this

01:28:35.520 very

01:28:35.700 popular

01:28:36.060 figure

01:28:36.380 who's

01:28:36.540 a

01:28:36.800 very

01:28:37.120 charismatic

01:28:37.520 speaker

01:28:37.880 he's

01:28:38.060 only about

01:28:38.320 five

01:28:38.640 foot

01:28:38.820 five

01:28:39.160 but

01:28:39.320 he

01:28:39.380 was

01:28:39.460 a

01:28:39.600 huge

01:28:39.960 personality

01:28:40.580 and

01:28:41.180 so

01:28:41.300 Stalin 0.57

01:28:41.580 is

01:28:41.780 saying

01:28:42.120 all

01:28:42.480 great

01:28:42.720 things

01:28:42.940 about

01:28:43.140 Lenin

01:28:43.400 they

01:28:43.560 renamed

01:28:43.960 St.

01:28:44.280 Petersburg

01:28:44.740 Leningrad

01:28:45.580 and

01:28:46.460 promote

01:28:46.740 this

01:28:46.940 cult

01:28:47.160 because

01:28:47.360 Stalin 0.57

01:28:47.560 saying

01:28:47.740 well

01:28:56.140 Soviet

01:28:56.260 archives

01:28:56.800 that

01:28:57.580 show

01:28:57.860 all

01:28:58.120 the

01:28:58.260 bad

01:28:58.520 things

01:28:58.940 that

01:28:59.160 Lenin

01:28:59.400 did

01:28:59.680 in

01:29:00.840 those

01:29:01.040 years

01:29:01.260 immediately

01:29:01.620 after

01:29:02.140 World

01:29:02.740 War

01:29:02.940 I

01:29:03.280 and

01:29:04.240 sort

01:29:04.420 of

01:29:04.560 dinged

01:29:05.320 Lenin

01:29:05.680 up

01:29:05.860 a

01:29:05.980 little

01:29:06.100 bit

01:29:06.340 in

01:29:06.460 his

01:29:06.600 legacy

01:29:06.920 because

01:29:07.300 now

01:29:07.660 Stalin 0.57

01:29:08.000 is

01:29:08.240 firmly

01:29:08.760 in

01:29:08.920 charge

01:29:09.180 and

01:29:09.320 is

01:29:09.400 more

01:29:09.560 concerned

01:29:09.880 about

01:29:10.220 building

01:29:10.840 the

01:29:11.020 cult

01:29:11.240 of

01:29:11.440 Stalin 0.57

01:29:11.820 which

01:29:12.300 he

01:29:12.480 does

01:29:12.800 and

01:29:12.980 you

01:29:13.160 know

01:29:13.280 names

01:29:13.620 the

01:29:13.740 city

01:29:13.880 Stalingrad

01:29:14.500 and

01:29:14.860 sort

01:29:16.620 of

01:29:17.260 fibs

01:29:17.920 a

01:29:18.040 little

01:29:18.140 bit

01:29:18.300 about

01:29:18.580 the

01:29:18.840 heroic

01:29:19.160 things

01:29:19.440 that

01:29:19.560 he

01:29:19.680 did

01:29:26.140 their

01:29:26.340 own

01:29:26.520 archives

01:29:26.860 we

01:29:27.080 just

01:29:27.480 recently

01:29:28.000 in

01:29:28.160 the

01:29:28.260 last

01:29:28.400 20

01:29:28.620 years

01:29:28.820 learned

01:29:29.040 a lot

01:29:29.320 more

01:29:29.480 about

01:29:29.640 the

01:29:29.780 early

01:29:30.060 years

01:29:30.400 of

01:29:30.520 Stalin 0.57

01:29:30.820 So

01:29:32.600 was

01:29:32.800 there

01:29:32.940 an

01:29:33.080 opportunity

01:29:33.440 for

01:29:33.740 us

01:29:33.940 to

01:29:34.320 avoid

01:29:35.360 Lenin

01:29:35.960 and

01:29:36.460 avoid

01:29:37.100 Stalin 0.57

01:29:37.700 and

01:29:38.160 avoid

01:29:38.640 the

01:29:38.840 Bolsheviks 0.94

01:29:39.300 in a

01:29:39.840 way

01:29:39.960 that

01:29:40.080 could

01:29:40.200 have

01:29:40.320 changed

01:29:40.620 the

01:29:40.780 entire

01:29:41.060 trajectory

01:29:41.660 of

01:29:42.180 the

01:29:42.340 20th

01:29:42.720 century

01:29:43.000 and

01:29:43.160 21st

01:29:43.720 Absolutely

01:29:45.720 even

01:29:46.440 in the

01:29:46.980 absence

01:29:47.300 of

01:29:47.700 Western

01:29:48.140 intervention

01:29:48.720 in the

01:29:49.580 years

01:29:49.820 1819

01:29:50.500 Stalin 0.57

01:29:51.060 and Lenin

01:29:52.060 and the

01:29:52.600 Bolshevik

01:29:52.920 movement

01:29:53.180 almost

01:29:53.560 collapsed

01:29:54.040 they

01:29:54.260 almost

01:29:54.480 lost

01:29:54.820 to

01:29:55.020 the

01:29:55.240 white

01:29:55.940 army

01:29:56.240 and

01:29:56.460 to

01:29:56.620 other

01:29:57.040 forces

01:29:57.460 in

01:29:58.480 February

01:29:59.040 or

01:29:59.420 March

01:29:59.660 of

01:29:59.800 1919

01:30:00.300 Great

01:30:00.600 Britain

01:30:00.760 pulled

01:30:01.000 out

01:30:01.160 its

01:30:01.540 final

01:30:02.280 troops

01:30:02.640 and

01:30:02.840 they

01:30:03.040 only

01:30:03.180 had

01:30:03.320 a

01:30:03.420 small

01:30:03.620 force

01:30:03.940 there

01:30:04.120 and

01:30:04.200 Americans

01:30:04.560 got

01:30:04.760 out

01:30:04.920 too

01:30:05.080 they

01:30:05.240 were

01:30:05.400 interested

01:30:05.860 in

01:30:06.080 some

01:30:06.220 of

01:30:06.300 the

01:30:06.380 oil

01:30:06.620 regions

01:30:07.060 and

01:30:07.240 other

01:30:07.460 resources

01:30:08.580 around

01:30:09.000 Russia

01:30:09.360 but

01:30:09.880 Churchill

01:30:10.220 among

01:30:10.500 others

01:30:10.860 was

01:30:11.100 in

01:30:11.240 Great

01:30:11.420 Britain

01:30:11.600 saying

01:30:11.920 we

01:30:12.220 have

01:30:12.460 got

01:30:12.640 to

01:30:12.800 deal

01:30:12.960 with

01:30:13.080 this

01:30:13.220 problem

01:30:13.480 right

01:30:13.680 now

01:30:13.860 it

01:30:13.980 is

01:30:14.000 amazing

01:30:23.560 this

01:30:23.860 thing

01:30:24.200 and

01:30:25.160 established

01:30:25.580 a

01:30:25.700 more

01:30:25.800 democratic

01:30:26.200 form

01:30:26.460 of

01:30:26.580 government

01:30:26.920 but

01:30:27.800 after

01:30:28.240 the

01:30:28.680 four

01:30:29.500 and a

01:30:29.700 half

01:30:29.880 years

01:30:30.040 of

01:30:30.200 slaughter

01:30:30.680 of

01:30:31.040 the

01:30:31.800 Great

01:30:32.000 War

01:30:32.320 nobody

01:30:33.680 had

01:30:33.860 the

01:30:33.940 appetite

01:30:34.160 to

01:30:34.340 do

01:30:34.460 that

01:30:34.740 in

01:30:35.080 America

01:30:35.440 or

01:30:35.700 Great

01:30:35.960 Britain

01:30:36.260 and

01:30:36.880 they

01:30:37.000 also

01:30:37.220 took

01:30:37.520 that

01:30:37.780 non

01:30:38.100 interventionist

01:30:38.760 slant

01:30:39.040 of

01:30:39.300 if

01:30:39.640 this

01:30:39.900 is

01:30:40.040 who

01:30:40.180 the

01:30:40.280 Russian

01:30:40.480 people

01:30:40.860 have

01:30:41.140 selected

01:30:41.580 to

01:30:41.800 be

01:30:41.900 in

01:30:42.020 charge

01:30:42.340 they

01:30:43.460 should

01:30:43.640 do

01:30:43.780 it

01:30:43.880 because

01:30:44.040 not

01:30:44.240 only

01:30:44.380 is

01:30:44.500 it

01:30:44.560 going

01:30:44.660 to

01:30:44.700 be

01:30:44.940 difficult

01:30:45.420 to

01:30:45.700 send

01:30:45.980 troops

01:30:53.560 nobody

01:30:53.920 wanted

01:30:54.320 to

01:30:54.480 get

01:30:54.580 involved

01:30:54.880 in

01:30:55.060 that

01:30:55.300 and

01:30:56.120 so

01:30:56.380 Lenin

01:30:56.680 was

01:30:56.800 able

01:30:56.940 to

01:30:57.060 thread

01:30:57.220 the

01:30:57.360 needle

01:30:57.540 because

01:30:57.820 during

01:30:58.160 the

01:30:58.320 war

01:30:58.560 you

01:30:59.500 know

01:30:59.560 the

01:30:59.700 Germans

01:30:59.980 hated

01:31:00.220 this

01:31:00.400 guy

01:31:00.600 too

01:31:00.860 it was

01:31:01.040 only

01:31:01.220 that

01:31:01.420 he

01:31:01.600 wanted

01:31:01.960 to

01:31:02.140 pull

01:31:02.300 Russia

01:31:02.540 out

01:31:02.700 of

01:31:02.760 the

01:31:02.880 war

01:31:03.160 that

01:31:03.400 they

01:31:03.520 sent

01:31:03.780 him

01:31:03.880 in

01:31:04.000 there

01:31:04.200 they

01:31:04.480 weren't

01:31:04.640 looking

01:31:04.820 for

01:31:05.000 some

01:31:05.220 workers

01:31:05.560 revolution

01:31:06.000 either

01:31:06.300 monarchs

01:31:06.940 and

01:31:07.140 democratic

01:31:07.520 forms

01:31:07.820 of

01:31:07.940 government

01:31:08.220 wanted

01:31:08.600 nothing

01:31:08.980 to

01:31:09.180 do

01:31:09.300 with

01:31:09.440 Lenin

01:31:09.700 and

01:31:10.100 the

01:31:10.240 Bolsheviks 0.94

01:31:10.760 but

01:31:11.860 they

01:31:13.020 had

01:31:13.160 to

01:31:13.260 deal

01:31:13.360 with

01:31:13.460 the

01:31:13.540 primary

01:31:13.860 threat

01:31:14.240 and

01:31:14.460 for

01:31:14.600 the

01:31:14.720 central

01:31:14.960 powers

01:31:15.300 and

01:31:15.400 the

01:31:15.480 allied

01:31:15.620 powers

01:31:15.880 that

01:31:16.080 was

01:31:16.240 each

01:31:16.440 other

01:31:16.680 and

01:31:17.620 so

01:31:17.880 the

01:31:18.080 Germans

01:31:18.360 thinking

01:31:18.680 even

01:31:18.980 if

01:31:19.300 he

01:31:19.680 pulls

01:31:19.940 out

01:31:20.140 of

01:31:20.240 the

01:31:20.360 war

01:31:20.640 you

01:31:21.900 know

01:31:22.000 he's

01:31:22.200 got

01:31:22.340 all

01:31:22.440 these

01:31:22.560 resources

01:31:22.940 too

01:31:23.220 and

01:31:23.340 the

01:31:23.460 allies

01:31:23.780 were

01:31:23.940 thinking

01:31:24.200 well

01:31:24.440 if

01:31:24.580 we

01:31:24.680 go

01:31:24.820 get

01:31:25.180 rid

01:31:25.340 of

01:31:25.560 Lenin

01:31:25.980 and

01:31:26.860 this

01:31:26.980 is

01:31:27.080 back

01:31:27.220 during

01:31:27.420 the

01:31:27.540 war

01:31:27.660 years

01:31:27.840 if

01:31:28.000 we

01:31:28.300 go

01:31:28.460 fight

01:31:28.740 Lenin

01:31:29.040 and

01:31:29.160 get

01:31:40.240 so

01:31:41.020 everyone

01:31:41.280 kind

01:31:41.500 of

01:31:41.600 treated

01:31:41.820 him

01:31:41.960 with

01:31:42.080 kid

01:31:42.300 gloves

01:31:42.700 even

01:31:42.920 though

01:31:43.100 he

01:31:43.260 was

01:31:43.580 viewed

01:31:44.140 and

01:31:44.920 identified

01:31:45.320 as a

01:31:45.660 threat

01:31:45.820 early

01:31:46.060 on

01:31:46.400 no

01:31:47.000 one

01:31:47.120 could

01:31:47.220 really

01:31:47.420 take

01:31:47.640 him

01:31:47.760 on

01:31:47.920 so

01:31:48.040 he

01:31:48.180 was

01:31:48.300 able

01:31:48.500 to

01:31:48.800 kind

01:31:49.100 of

01:31:49.180 thread

01:31:49.360 the

01:31:49.500 needle

01:31:49.660 for

01:31:49.840 those

01:31:50.060 post

01:31:50.340 war

01:31:50.520 years

01:31:50.840 let me

01:31:52.100 ask you

01:31:52.320 about

01:31:52.460 Churchill

01:31:52.780 because

01:31:53.400 he's

01:31:53.960 this

01:31:54.320 crazy

01:31:54.640 figure

01:31:54.920 who's

01:31:55.160 played

01:31:55.680 a

01:31:55.860 big

01:31:56.100 role

01:31:56.400 in

01:31:56.540 World

01:31:56.720 War

01:31:56.920 I

01:31:57.180 and

01:31:57.460 not

01:31:57.620 just

01:31:57.780 World

01:31:57.940 War

01:31:58.040 II

01:31:58.080 but

01:31:59.980 he

01:32:00.360 was

01:32:00.700 very

01:32:00.920 present

01:32:01.280 during

01:32:01.580 World

01:32:01.980 War I

01:32:02.440 and

01:32:02.900 sort

01:32:03.180 of

01:32:03.300 trying

01:32:03.760 to

01:32:03.920 become

01:32:04.180 the

01:32:04.380 military

01:32:04.720 leader

01:32:05.000 that

01:32:05.160 we

01:32:05.260 would

01:32:05.380 later

01:32:05.560 know

01:32:05.780 him

01:32:05.980 as

01:32:06.300 not

01:32:07.660 with

01:32:07.940 total

01:32:08.200 success

01:32:08.740 as

01:32:08.940 you

01:32:09.040 just

01:32:09.200 alluded

01:32:09.480 to

01:32:09.820 but

01:32:10.760 talk

01:32:10.980 about

01:32:11.200 Churchill

01:32:11.680 during

01:32:12.740 World

01:32:12.960 War I

01:32:13.280 he

01:32:14.580 was

01:32:14.840 put

01:32:15.440 into

01:32:15.600 the

01:32:15.720 post

01:32:15.900 of

01:32:16.080 first

01:32:16.340 lord

01:32:16.580 of

01:32:16.680 the

01:32:16.800 admiralty

01:32:17.240 in

01:32:17.440 1911

01:32:18.100 and

01:32:18.280 he

01:32:18.340 was

01:32:18.440 young

01:32:18.740 then

01:32:18.880 he

01:32:18.980 was

01:32:19.040 like

01:32:19.140 a

01:32:19.280 37

01:32:19.800 year

01:32:20.020 old

01:32:20.200 guy

01:32:20.540 and

01:32:21.120 that's

01:32:21.280 the

01:32:21.400 top

01:32:21.720 post

01:32:22.160 in

01:32:22.660 the

01:32:22.760 British

01:32:22.960 Navy

01:32:23.220 which

01:32:23.500 you

01:32:31.580 brought

01:32:32.260 in

01:32:32.440 as

01:32:32.640 his

01:32:32.840 first

01:32:33.080 sea

01:32:33.280 lord

01:32:33.500 Jackie

01:32:33.960 Fisher

01:32:34.280 who

01:32:34.460 was

01:32:34.560 this

01:32:34.740 legendary

01:32:35.140 admiral

01:32:35.660 he

01:32:35.820 was

01:32:35.940 much

01:32:36.140 older

01:32:36.360 he

01:32:36.460 was

01:32:36.540 more

01:32:36.680 like

01:32:36.840 70

01:32:37.200 so

01:32:37.380 these

01:32:37.520 two

01:32:37.680 guys

01:32:38.200 got

01:32:38.940 along

01:32:39.200 with

01:32:39.300 this

01:32:39.440 one

01:32:39.720 old

01:32:40.120 admiral

01:32:40.720 and

01:32:41.480 the

01:32:41.660 young

01:32:41.980 Churchill

01:32:42.960 and

01:32:43.580 he

01:32:43.760 was

01:32:44.100 very

01:32:44.800 aware

01:32:45.120 of

01:32:45.240 the

01:32:45.340 German

01:32:45.520 threat

01:32:45.840 early

01:32:46.160 on

01:32:46.440 more

01:32:46.660 so

01:32:46.900 than

01:32:47.180 most

01:32:47.840 and

01:32:48.220 so

01:32:48.380 he

01:32:48.500 was

01:32:48.600 working

01:32:48.860 very

01:32:49.140 hard

01:32:49.340 to

01:32:49.500 update

01:32:49.860 the

01:32:50.040 military

01:32:50.460 and

01:32:51.460 the

01:32:51.780 technology

01:32:52.480 of

01:32:52.680 the

01:32:52.800 ships

01:32:53.040 he

01:32:53.180 sort

01:32:53.400 of

01:32:53.500 technophile

01:32:54.220 so

01:32:54.780 because

01:32:55.140 you've

01:32:55.660 told me

01:32:55.920 before

01:32:56.300 at

01:32:56.580 this

01:32:56.740 point

01:32:57.080 England

01:32:57.660 had

01:32:58.060 had

01:32:58.780 the

01:32:58.960 navies

01:32:59.840 and

01:32:59.960 that

01:33:00.060 was

01:33:00.160 extremely

01:33:00.900 important

01:33:01.200 for them

01:33:01.440 to have

01:33:01.600 a strong

01:33:01.860 navy

01:33:02.080 but most

01:33:02.480 of the

01:33:02.700 other

01:33:02.880 powers

01:33:03.220 didn't

01:33:03.400 really

01:33:03.540 have

01:33:03.660 a

01:33:03.740 strong

01:33:03.940 navy

01:33:04.280 but

01:33:04.840 then

01:33:04.980 Germany

01:33:05.300 was

01:33:05.500 like

01:33:05.700 we're

01:33:06.020 going

01:33:06.120 to

01:33:06.200 have

01:33:06.380 one

01:33:06.540 we

01:33:07.040 want

01:33:07.720 one

01:33:08.040 and

01:33:08.640 Churchill

01:33:08.940 saw

01:33:09.240 it

01:33:09.340 coming

01:33:09.620 he

01:33:10.620 did

01:33:10.900 and

01:33:11.020 that

01:33:11.420 set

01:33:11.680 off

01:33:11.960 this

01:33:12.340 naval

01:33:13.420 arms

01:33:13.900 race

01:33:14.240 so

01:33:14.920 Britain

01:33:15.440 controlled

01:33:15.880 the seas

01:33:16.180 at that

01:33:16.440 point

01:33:16.600 ever since

01:33:16.920 defeating

01:33:17.260 Napoleon

01:33:17.720 in the

01:33:18.300 early

01:33:18.520 1800s

01:33:19.340 they

01:33:19.820 were

01:33:19.960 the

01:33:20.100 dominant

01:33:20.480 sea

01:33:20.800 power

01:33:21.120 and

01:33:21.760 they

01:33:21.900 controlled

01:33:22.140 the

01:33:22.300 sea

01:33:22.440 lanes

01:33:22.600 for

01:33:22.760 merchant

01:33:23.060 shipping

01:33:23.440 and

01:33:23.860 for

01:33:24.260 military

01:33:25.200 purposes

01:33:26.120 as

01:33:26.380 well

01:33:26.600 in

01:33:26.820 Germany

01:33:27.120 they

01:33:27.440 were

01:33:27.560 expanding

01:33:27.980 but

01:33:28.100 they

01:33:28.180 were

01:33:28.280 really

01:33:28.500 a

01:33:28.780 continental

01:33:29.100 power

01:33:29.680 they

01:33:29.920 had

01:33:30.020 the

01:33:30.140 largest

01:33:30.560 and

01:33:31.020 most

01:33:31.160 powerful

01:33:31.540 army

01:33:32.020 and

01:33:32.620 land

01:33:32.840 based

01:33:33.060 force

01:33:33.480 but

01:33:34.080 in

01:33:34.180 order

01:33:34.320 to

01:33:34.520 grow

01:33:34.920 Kaiser

01:33:35.320 Wilhelm

01:33:35.620 II

01:33:35.900 thought

01:33:36.180 we

01:33:36.420 need

01:33:36.780 an

01:33:37.040 international

01:33:37.540 system

01:33:38.680 of

01:33:38.860 colonies

01:33:39.280 an

01:33:39.720 empire

01:33:40.160 in

01:33:40.380 the

01:33:40.460 way

01:33:40.560 Britain

01:33:40.840 does

01:33:41.060 so

01:33:47.260 way

01:33:47.400 to

01:33:47.520 have

01:33:47.840 an

01:33:48.400 international

01:33:48.880 empire

01:33:49.820 and

01:33:50.220 colonies

01:33:50.620 around

01:33:50.800 the

01:33:50.920 world

01:33:51.160 is

01:33:51.360 to

01:33:51.440 have

01:33:51.540 strong

01:33:51.820 navies

01:33:52.160 so we

01:33:52.400 can

01:33:52.560 protect

01:33:52.940 it

01:33:53.100 protect

01:33:53.380 our

01:33:53.520 sea

01:33:53.680 lanes

01:33:53.940 so he

01:33:54.560 starts

01:33:54.760 building

01:33:55.000 a

01:33:55.140 navy

01:33:55.360 and

01:33:55.520 Britain

01:33:55.860 starts

01:33:56.160 getting

01:33:56.380 very

01:33:56.620 nervous

01:33:57.000 about

01:33:57.400 the

01:33:57.560 strength

01:33:57.800 of

01:33:57.900 the

01:33:58.000 German

01:33:58.200 navy

01:33:58.480 and

01:33:58.600 that

01:33:58.740 set

01:33:58.900 off

01:33:59.080 this

01:33:59.220 big

01:33:59.460 arms

01:33:59.700 race

01:33:59.940 between

01:34:00.240 the

01:34:00.760 two

01:34:00.960 okay

01:34:02.000 so

01:34:02.680 back

01:34:02.840 to

01:34:03.000 Churchill

01:34:03.280 so

01:34:03.560 he's

01:34:03.840 there

01:34:04.120 he's

01:34:04.360 working

01:34:04.580 on

01:34:04.740 building

01:34:05.000 up

01:34:05.300 well

01:34:05.840 preserving

01:34:06.400 the

01:34:06.680 strength

01:34:06.960 of

01:34:07.160 the

01:34:07.400 British

01:34:08.000 navy

01:34:08.800 staving

01:34:09.540 off

01:34:09.980 anybody

01:34:10.480 else

01:34:10.780 from

01:34:10.920 getting

01:34:11.100 too

01:34:11.300 strong

01:34:11.700 and

01:34:12.300 in

01:34:12.440 world

01:34:12.620 war

01:34:12.820 one

01:34:13.200 he's

01:34:13.500 got

01:34:13.600 this

01:34:13.740 partnership

01:34:14.040 with

01:34:14.240 this

01:34:14.360 older

01:34:14.560 guy

01:34:14.900 but

01:34:15.200 it

01:34:15.420 doesn't

01:34:16.080 actually

01:34:16.480 work

01:34:16.820 out

01:34:16.960 very

01:34:17.160 well

01:34:17.420 right

01:34:18.920 so

01:34:19.200 he

01:34:19.440 he's

01:34:19.880 he's

01:34:20.340 got

01:34:20.460 this

01:34:20.640 idea

01:34:21.080 he

01:34:21.440 by the

01:34:21.740 way

01:34:21.820 he's

01:34:21.900 done

01:34:22.020 a ton

01:34:22.320 of

01:34:22.440 work

01:34:22.620 to

01:34:22.780 update

01:34:23.100 the

01:34:23.280 military

01:34:23.700 and

01:34:24.140 the

01:34:24.480 naval

01:34:24.760 ships

01:34:25.200 from

01:34:25.440 coal

01:34:25.840 to

01:34:26.020 oil

01:34:26.320 and

01:34:26.560 he

01:34:26.700 secures

01:34:27.140 access

01:34:28.040 to

01:34:28.240 oil

01:34:28.420 from

01:34:28.660 the

01:34:28.960 Middle 0.95

01:34:29.880 East

01:34:30.160 which

01:34:30.340 was

01:34:37.400 but

01:34:37.760 he

01:34:37.960 had

01:34:38.520 an

01:34:38.660 idea

01:34:38.880 to

01:34:39.040 end

01:34:39.200 the

01:34:39.300 war

01:34:39.440 quickly

01:34:39.800 because

01:34:40.540 Russia

01:34:40.880 had

01:34:41.080 basically

01:34:41.340 been

01:34:41.600 capped

01:34:42.000 off

01:34:42.320 they

01:34:42.540 have

01:34:42.940 their

01:34:43.080 only

01:34:43.280 warm

01:34:43.720 water

01:34:44.520 port

01:34:44.960 in

01:34:45.260 the

01:34:45.380 Black 0.64

01:34:45.600 Sea

01:34:45.860 that's

01:34:46.260 how

01:34:46.340 they

01:34:46.480 get

01:34:46.620 wheat

01:34:46.980 and

01:34:47.160 natural

01:34:47.560 resources

01:34:47.940 out

01:34:48.320 and

01:34:48.540 how

01:34:48.640 they

01:34:48.760 get

01:34:48.900 guns

01:34:49.280 and

01:34:49.440 more

01:34:49.600 supplies

01:34:50.020 in

01:34:50.400 but

01:34:51.060 in

01:34:51.160 order

01:34:51.260 to

01:34:51.360 get

01:34:51.440 the

01:34:51.560 Black 0.64

01:34:51.720 Sea

01:34:51.920 you

01:34:52.020 have

01:34:52.120 to

01:34:52.200 go

01:34:52.340 through

01:34:52.580 this

01:34:52.880 long

01:34:53.360 strait

01:34:53.800 called

01:34:53.980 the

01:34:54.140 Dardanelles

01:34:54.680 that

01:34:54.940 goes

01:34:55.240 right

01:34:55.480 by

01:34:55.680 Constantinople

01:34:56.520 and

01:34:57.200 Turkey

01:34:57.480 and

01:34:57.620 it's

01:34:57.700 all

01:34:57.840 controlled

01:34:58.060 by

01:34:58.220 the

01:34:58.340 Ottoman

01:34:58.540 Empire

01:34:58.940 which

01:34:59.220 is

01:34:59.320 with

01:34:59.480 Germany

01:34:59.780 so

01:35:00.080 they

01:35:00.240 control

01:35:00.700 access

01:35:01.140 to

01:35:01.540 Russia's 0.70

01:35:02.140 warm

01:35:02.520 water

01:35:02.720 port

01:35:03.040 Churchill

01:35:04.240 has

01:35:04.480 this

01:35:04.680 thought

01:35:04.940 that

01:35:05.100 we

01:35:05.200 can

01:35:05.340 send

01:35:05.660 a

01:35:06.200 big

01:35:06.400 force

01:35:06.840 not

01:35:07.760 only

01:35:07.920 naval

01:35:08.180 ships

01:35:08.520 but

01:35:08.960 ground

01:35:09.660 troops

01:35:09.980 as

01:35:10.180 well

01:35:10.440 and

01:35:11.380 it's

01:35:11.720 not

01:35:11.920 that

01:35:12.100 well

01:35:12.260 protected

01:35:12.600 at

01:35:12.740 the

01:35:12.840 moment

01:35:13.000 we

01:35:13.180 can

01:35:13.320 swarm

01:35:13.580 in

01:35:13.740 there

01:35:13.940 we

01:35:14.140 can

01:35:14.300 take

01:35:14.520 the

01:35:14.680 strait

01:35:15.040 and

01:35:15.380 we

01:35:15.460 can

01:35:15.580 open

01:35:15.780 up

01:35:15.940 Russia

01:35:16.260 and

01:35:16.940 then

01:35:17.140 basically

01:35:17.660 hit

01:35:18.540 Germany

01:35:18.940 right

01:35:19.480 in

01:35:19.560 the

01:35:19.660 belly

01:35:19.880 from

01:35:20.120 beneath

01:35:20.480 and

01:35:20.840 win

01:35:21.020 the

01:35:21.140 war

01:35:21.260 quickly

01:35:21.600 and

01:35:22.520 they

01:35:22.620 had

01:35:22.740 this

01:35:22.900 whole

01:35:23.100 back

01:35:23.360 and

01:35:23.480 forth

01:35:23.640 Lord

01:35:23.900 Kitchener

01:35:24.400 is

01:35:24.640 the

01:35:24.900 head

01:35:25.280 of

01:35:25.400 the

01:35:25.500 army

01:35:25.700 and

01:35:25.820 he's

01:35:25.980 the

01:35:26.080 guy

01:35:26.280 like

01:35:26.480 in

01:35:26.640 America

01:35:27.000 it's

01:35:27.660 Uncle

01:35:27.940 Sam

01:35:28.240 wants

01:35:28.560 you

01:35:28.820 well

01:35:29.100 in

01:35:29.340 Great

01:35:29.620 Britain

01:35:29.920 it

01:35:30.100 was

01:35:30.400 a

01:35:31.040 poster

01:35:31.300 of

01:35:31.460 Lord

01:35:31.640 Kitchener

01:35:32.020 basically

01:35:32.240 doing

01:35:32.440 the

01:35:32.560 same

01:35:32.740 thing

01:35:33.020 that

01:35:33.180 you

01:35:33.360 know

01:35:33.460 we

01:35:33.620 want

01:35:33.840 you

01:35:34.000 in

01:35:34.100 the

01:35:34.180 military

01:35:34.460 so

01:35:35.500 they're

01:35:35.900 back

01:35:36.160 and

01:35:36.280 forth

01:35:36.420 how

01:35:36.860 to

01:35:36.960 do

01:35:37.060 that

01:35:37.180 they

01:35:37.320 ended

01:35:37.480 up

01:35:37.640 sort

01:35:37.880 of

01:35:37.980 like

01:35:38.240 splitting

01:35:39.080 the

01:35:39.260 baby

01:35:39.520 and

01:35:39.760 they

01:35:39.900 send

01:35:40.100 only

01:35:40.600 some

01:35:41.480 naval

01:35:41.880 ships

01:35:42.160 and

01:35:42.340 no

01:35:42.540 ground

01:35:42.800 troops

01:35:43.080 so

01:35:43.640 when

01:35:43.760 they

01:35:43.860 get

01:35:44.020 there

01:35:44.380 what

01:35:44.880 year

01:35:45.080 is

01:35:45.220 this

01:35:45.400 is

01:35:46.720 in

01:35:46.920 15

01:35:47.380 1915

01:35:48.180 and

01:35:49.340 so

01:35:49.700 the

01:35:49.820 ships

01:35:50.000 go

01:35:50.120 and

01:35:50.260 they're

01:35:50.380 fighting

01:35:50.580 it's

01:35:50.920 like

01:35:51.040 this

01:35:51.240 ancient

01:35:51.780 strait

01:35:52.260 you

01:35:52.400 know

01:35:52.500 that's

01:35:52.720 like

01:35:52.860 where

01:35:52.980 the

01:35:53.120 Persians

01:35:53.460 and

01:35:53.580 the

01:35:53.700 Greeks 0.98

01:35:53.900 used

01:35:54.100 to

01:35:54.220 fight

01:35:54.400 so

01:35:54.520 there's

01:35:54.680 ancient

01:35:55.040 fortifications

01:35:55.740 up

01:35:56.000 there

01:35:56.240 and

01:35:56.440 there

01:35:56.580 are

01:35:56.740 some

01:35:57.160 Turkish

01:35:57.460 troops

01:35:57.720 there

01:35:57.860 but

01:35:58.020 they're

01:35:58.200 very

01:35:58.580 poorly

01:35:58.900 supplied

01:35:59.420 they've

01:36:00.100 mined

01:36:00.480 the

01:36:00.600 strait

01:36:00.820 a little

01:36:01.040 bit

01:36:01.320 but

01:36:01.800 the

01:36:01.900 British

01:36:02.080 ships

01:36:02.280 are

01:36:02.380 making

01:36:02.560 some

01:36:02.760 progress

01:36:03.220 and

01:36:04.120 as

01:36:04.480 we

01:36:04.580 found

01:36:04.760 out

01:36:04.920 later

01:36:05.140 the

01:36:05.460 Turks 0.99

01:36:05.760 were

01:36:05.960 almost

01:36:06.400 out

01:36:06.580 of

01:36:06.700 bullets

01:36:06.960 there

01:36:07.120 were

01:36:07.220 very

01:36:07.440 few

01:36:07.660 troops

01:36:08.000 almost

01:36:08.320 no

01:36:08.600 ammunition

01:36:09.020 the

01:36:09.580 English

01:36:09.740 had

01:36:09.920 basically

01:36:10.320 gotten

01:36:10.720 through

01:36:11.160 but

01:36:11.660 it

01:36:11.780 stalled

01:36:12.000 a

01:36:12.140 little

01:36:12.260 bit

01:36:12.480 and

01:36:12.560 they

01:36:12.660 thought

01:36:12.840 well

01:36:13.000 maybe

01:36:13.240 we

01:36:13.380 better

01:36:13.560 stop

01:36:13.820 we

01:36:13.940 just

01:36:14.100 lost

01:36:14.320 a

01:36:14.440 couple

01:36:14.580 battleships

01:36:15.160 to

01:36:15.340 some

01:36:15.560 sea

01:36:15.840 mines

01:36:16.240 let's

01:36:16.920 wait

01:36:17.140 and see

01:36:17.340 what

01:36:17.480 goes

01:36:17.700 on

01:36:17.940 and

01:36:18.020 maybe

01:36:18.180 we'll

01:36:18.580 get

01:36:18.680 another

01:36:18.860 ship

01:36:19.080 up

01:36:19.240 here

01:36:19.400 so

01:36:20.560 they

01:36:21.180 stall

01:36:21.560 it

01:36:21.720 out

01:36:21.960 and

01:36:23.000 in

01:36:23.680 that

01:36:23.860 time

01:36:24.260 more

01:36:24.720 Turks 0.99

01:36:25.000 come

01:36:25.180 down

01:36:25.400 and

01:36:25.540 the

01:36:25.700 Germans

01:36:26.000 think

01:36:26.340 this

01:36:26.660 could

01:36:26.800 be

01:36:26.900 a

01:36:27.000 disaster

01:36:27.320 and

01:36:27.480 they

01:36:27.660 send

01:36:27.880 troops

01:36:28.140 down

01:36:28.320 there

01:36:28.420 and

01:36:28.540 resupply

01:36:29.040 it

01:36:29.200 by

01:36:29.680 the

01:36:29.800 time

01:36:30.020 the

01:36:30.180 Brits

01:36:30.420 gets

01:36:30.600 the

01:36:30.720 more

01:36:30.880 ships

01:36:31.220 and

01:36:31.720 land

01:36:32.080 troops

01:36:32.300 in

01:36:32.500 there

01:36:32.740 now

01:36:33.340 it's

01:36:33.540 on

01:36:33.760 it's

01:36:34.100 a

01:36:34.220 full

01:36:34.440 on

01:36:34.620 battle

01:36:34.860 both

01:36:35.160 sides

01:36:35.400 are

01:36:35.500 supplied

01:36:35.880 and

01:36:36.100 the

01:36:36.240 whole

01:36:36.500 thing

01:36:36.760 bogs

01:36:37.140 down

01:36:37.360 and

01:36:37.480 it

01:36:37.580 turns

01:36:37.800 into

01:36:37.980 this

01:36:38.180 very

01:36:38.640 bloody

01:36:39.000 mess

01:36:39.420 that

01:36:40.160 is

01:36:40.300 prolonged

01:36:40.880 lots

01:36:41.700 of

01:36:41.840 people

01:36:42.040 die

01:36:42.320 it

01:36:42.420 was

01:36:42.480 made

01:36:42.620 into

01:36:42.780 a

01:36:42.920 movie

01:36:43.100 with

01:36:43.280 Mel Gibson

01:36:43.820 sort of

01:36:44.220 portraying

01:36:44.640 what

01:36:44.760 an ugly

01:36:46.040 grisly

01:36:47.000 disaster

01:36:47.540 it was

01:36:48.040 and

01:36:48.660 Churchill's

01:36:48.960 blamed

01:36:49.140 for

01:36:49.260 the

01:36:49.340 whole

01:36:49.480 thing

01:36:49.720 but

01:36:50.100 had

01:36:50.300 they

01:36:50.420 gone

01:36:50.620 in

01:36:50.760 with

01:36:50.880 ground

01:36:52.240 troops

01:36:52.580 with

01:36:53.020 more

01:36:53.260 ships

01:36:53.580 they

01:36:53.920 would

01:36:54.100 have

01:36:54.260 easily

01:36:55.140 taken

01:36:55.480 this

01:36:55.800 history

01:36:56.880 has

01:36:57.140 gone

01:36:57.500 back

01:36:57.760 to

01:36:58.020 resurrect

01:36:59.000 Churchill's

01:36:59.960 reputation

01:37:00.460 and

01:37:00.620 disaster

01:37:01.100 which

01:37:01.580 ended

01:37:01.780 up

01:37:01.960 getting

01:37:02.140 him

01:37:02.360 fired

01:37:02.700 from

01:37:02.880 the

01:37:03.000 admiralty

01:37:03.440 and

01:37:03.580 he

01:37:03.760 spent

01:37:04.160 a couple

01:37:04.540 decades

01:37:05.080 out to

01:37:05.940 pasture

01:37:06.260 until

01:37:06.540 he

01:37:06.680 came

01:37:06.880 back

01:37:07.140 to

01:37:07.280 power

01:37:07.560 close

01:37:07.940 to

01:37:08.060 World

01:37:08.220 War

01:37:08.360 II

01:37:08.560 you

01:37:09.340 know

01:37:09.480 I

01:37:09.600 mean

01:37:09.800 not

01:37:10.120 to

01:37:10.240 reduce

01:37:10.560 it

01:37:10.720 to

01:37:10.940 life

01:37:11.420 lessons

01:37:11.840 and

01:37:12.380 a

01:37:12.540 self

01:37:12.740 help

01:37:13.000 therapy

01:37:13.540 session

01:37:13.880 but

01:37:14.120 it

01:37:14.380 is

01:37:14.740 a

01:37:14.860 good

01:37:14.980 reminder

01:37:15.380 that

01:37:15.600 you

01:37:15.720 can

01:37:15.860 have

01:37:16.060 massive

01:37:16.620 failure

01:37:17.160 like

01:37:17.820 I

01:37:18.020 failed

01:37:18.400 to

01:37:19.860 prevent

01:37:20.060 World

01:37:20.280 War

01:37:20.440 I

01:37:20.680 and

01:37:21.600 you

01:37:21.960 can

01:37:22.140 still

01:37:22.400 come

01:37:22.640 back

01:37:22.920 I

01:37:23.040 think

01:37:23.340 about

01:37:23.660 Churchill

01:37:24.060 I

01:37:24.240 know

01:37:24.520 we

01:37:24.600 both

01:37:24.780 admire

01:37:25.080 him

01:37:25.300 so

01:37:25.600 much

01:37:25.860 but

01:37:26.120 the

01:37:27.620 opportunities

01:37:28.140 that

01:37:28.480 he

01:37:28.640 had

01:37:28.940 that

01:37:29.080 he

01:37:29.200 tried

01:37:29.940 for

01:37:30.140 and

01:37:30.340 that

01:37:30.460 he

01:37:30.580 did

01:37:30.720 have

01:37:30.920 some

01:37:31.100 failure

01:37:31.500 achieving

01:37:32.100 only

01:37:32.900 to

01:37:33.100 never

01:37:33.280 give

01:37:33.480 up

01:37:33.700 to

01:37:34.140 never

01:37:34.480 give

01:37:34.660 up

01:37:34.820 that's

01:37:36.280 right

01:37:36.500 I

01:37:36.680 mean

01:37:36.760 if

01:37:36.920 you

01:37:37.020 have

01:37:37.200 the

01:37:37.320 talent

01:37:37.620 if

01:37:37.760 you

01:37:37.840 have

01:37:37.980 the

01:37:38.100 goods

01:37:38.440 you

01:37:38.700 can

01:37:38.840 always

01:37:39.020 come

01:37:39.200 back

01:37:39.520 which

01:37:40.260 he

01:37:40.440 clearly

01:37:40.900 does

01:37:41.280 and

01:37:41.420 he

01:37:41.620 took

01:37:42.300 him

01:37:42.480 some

01:37:42.720 time

01:37:43.040 but

01:37:43.320 he

01:37:43.920 rose

01:37:44.160 to

01:37:44.280 the

01:37:44.380 top

01:37:44.560 again

01:37:44.840 so

01:37:45.920 what

01:37:46.120 do

01:37:46.200 you

01:37:46.300 think

01:37:46.500 is

01:37:46.680 world

01:37:47.000 war

01:37:47.260 one

01:37:47.660 more

01:37:48.140 interesting

01:37:48.600 than

01:37:48.920 world

01:37:49.220 war

01:37:49.460 two

01:37:49.800 or

01:37:50.140 the

01:37:50.280 other

01:37:50.400 way

01:37:50.540 around

01:37:50.780 I

01:37:51.780 it's

01:37:52.100 funny

01:37:52.320 I

01:37:52.460 used

01:37:52.680 to

01:37:52.800 think

01:37:52.960 world

01:37:53.180 war

01:37:53.520 two

01:37:53.940 was

01:37:54.140 more

01:37:54.300 interesting

01:37:54.640 and

01:37:54.900 I

01:37:55.020 watch

01:37:55.380 all

01:37:55.560 those

01:37:55.840 as

01:37:56.040 you

01:37:56.160 know

01:37:56.340 the

01:37:57.140 videos

01:37:57.560 in

01:37:57.740 color

01:37:58.100 and

01:37:58.580 the

01:37:59.660 sort

01:37:59.900 of

01:38:00.080 weird

01:38:00.620 mysticism

01:38:01.300 that

01:38:01.500 the

01:38:01.620 Nazis

01:38:01.900 got

01:38:02.100 only

01:38:02.340 thing

01:38:02.820 on

01:38:03.160 our

01:38:03.340 television

01:38:03.860 if

01:38:04.560 it

01:38:04.700 has

01:38:04.900 to

01:38:05.060 do

01:38:05.220 with

01:38:05.380 the

01:38:05.520 world

01:38:05.720 wars

01:38:06.200 Doug

01:38:06.540 is

01:38:06.680 into

01:38:06.980 it

01:38:07.160 and

01:38:07.300 if

01:38:07.420 you

01:38:07.560 sprinkle

01:38:07.900 an

01:38:08.140 alien

01:38:08.480 in

01:38:08.780 there

01:38:09.060 so

01:38:09.700 much

01:38:09.940 better

01:38:10.220 but

01:38:11.720 they

01:38:11.840 were

01:38:12.040 there

01:38:12.220 what

01:38:12.340 do

01:38:12.400 you

01:38:12.420 mean

01:38:12.500 they

01:38:12.700 were

01:38:12.820 they're

01:38:12.980 absolutely

01:38:13.360 responsible

01:38:13.800 for

01:38:13.980 almost

01:38:14.440 everything

01:38:14.840 pyramids

01:38:15.400 Nazis

01:38:16.000 all of

01:38:16.360 it

01:38:16.740 but

01:38:17.380 they

01:38:17.540 were

01:38:18.360 necessary

01:38:19.060 they

01:38:19.500 were

01:38:19.620 everywhere

01:38:19.920 they're

01:38:20.500 there

01:38:20.740 yeah

01:38:21.040 right

01:38:21.920 right

01:38:22.020 out

01:38:22.440 of

01:38:22.540 the

01:38:22.640 surface

01:38:22.940 I

01:38:23.500 find

01:38:23.720 world

01:38:23.920 war

01:38:24.040 one

01:38:24.200 more

01:38:24.360 interesting

01:38:24.680 actually

01:38:24.960 it's

01:38:25.200 more

01:38:25.380 nuanced

01:38:25.880 it's

01:38:26.540 this

01:38:26.860 incredible

01:38:27.560 crazy

01:38:28.540 battle

01:38:28.940 and then

01:38:29.240 at

01:38:29.340 the

01:38:29.420 end

01:38:29.520 of

01:38:29.620 it

01:38:29.720 we

01:38:29.840 why

01:38:31.240 did

01:38:31.680 we

01:38:31.840 even

01:38:32.040 do

01:38:32.300 that

01:38:32.500 it

01:38:32.620 seemed

01:38:32.800 like

01:38:32.980 these

01:38:33.160 petty

01:38:33.460 things

01:38:33.860 between

01:38:34.200 monarchs

01:38:34.880 and

01:38:35.080 shifting

01:38:35.800 alliances

01:38:36.360 and

01:38:36.880 it's

01:38:37.160 just

01:38:37.340 way

01:38:38.280 more

01:38:38.520 complex

01:38:39.020 and

01:38:39.220 nuanced

01:38:39.620 than

01:38:41.220 world

01:38:41.860 war

01:38:42.040 two

01:38:42.280 which

01:38:42.480 is

01:38:42.620 more

01:38:43.000 of

01:38:43.200 this

01:38:43.460 good

01:38:44.200 and

01:38:44.320 evil

01:38:44.480 story

01:38:44.920 so

01:38:46.720 in

01:38:47.180 Doug's

01:38:47.860 other

01:38:48.100 life

01:38:48.440 because

01:38:48.780 you

01:38:49.060 may

01:38:49.220 know

01:38:49.380 him

01:38:49.560 as

01:38:49.900 a

01:38:50.140 podcast

01:38:50.520 host

01:38:50.760 now

01:38:50.960 host

01:38:51.240 of

01:38:51.380 dedicated

01:38:51.840 with

01:38:52.040 Doug

01:38:52.240 Brunt

01:38:52.520 in

01:38:52.700 which

01:38:52.840 he

01:38:52.920 goes

01:38:53.120 in

01:38:53.400 depth

01:38:53.660 with

01:38:54.200 the

01:38:54.300 best

01:38:54.580 and

01:38:54.760 best

01:38:55.080 known

01:38:55.360 authors

01:38:55.740 of

01:38:55.900 our

01:38:56.040 time

01:38:56.400 go

01:38:57.240 ahead

01:38:57.380 and

01:38:57.460 download

01:38:57.680 it

01:38:57.880 now

01:38:58.080 and

01:38:58.220 follow

01:38:58.460 and

01:38:58.680 subscribe

01:38:58.960 and

01:38:59.180 you'll

01:38:59.300 be

01:38:59.400 glad

01:38:59.560 you

01:38:59.680 did

01:38:59.900 but

01:39:00.420 in

01:39:00.540 his

01:39:00.640 other

01:39:00.820 life

01:39:01.100 he

01:39:01.280 writes

01:39:01.500 books

01:39:01.880 and

01:39:02.120 he's

01:39:02.260 working

01:39:02.600 on

01:39:02.920 a

01:39:03.080 nonfiction

01:39:03.860 piece

01:39:04.280 right

01:39:04.480 now

01:39:04.680 which

01:39:04.820 is

01:39:04.940 amazing

01:39:05.480 it's

01:39:05.720 got

01:39:05.840 this

01:39:06.020 big

01:39:06.220 mystery

01:39:06.680 in

01:39:06.940 it

01:39:07.040 but

01:39:07.160 it's

01:39:07.320 based

01:39:07.500 on

01:39:07.700 it's

01:39:08.320 historical

01:39:08.740 but

01:39:09.080 it's

01:39:09.280 like

01:39:09.480 unearths

01:39:10.160 a

01:39:10.360 big

01:39:10.560 mystery

01:39:10.920 and

01:39:11.360 solves

01:39:12.100 it

01:39:12.420 and

01:39:12.820 that

01:39:13.040 is

01:39:13.180 one

01:39:13.340 of

01:39:13.420 the

01:39:13.500 reasons

01:39:13.700 that

01:39:13.880 is

01:39:25.740 in

01:39:25.960 a

01:39:26.040 couple

01:39:26.180 months

01:39:26.480 okay

01:39:27.300 oh

01:39:28.000 my

01:39:28.300 gosh

01:39:28.660 a

01:39:28.960 hundred

01:39:29.200 and

01:39:29.540 that's

01:39:29.920 not

01:39:30.080 counting

01:39:30.420 the

01:39:30.820 small

01:39:31.680 articles

01:39:32.140 and

01:39:32.520 weird

01:39:33.120 journals

01:39:34.120 and

01:39:34.460 things

01:39:34.700 from

01:39:34.820 the

01:39:34.900 era

01:39:35.000 so

01:39:35.140 that

01:39:35.300 as

01:39:35.700 you

01:39:35.880 mentioned

01:39:36.300 the

01:39:36.580 book

01:39:37.100 that

01:39:37.240 I

01:39:37.360 wrote

01:39:37.660 90%

01:39:39.080 of

01:39:39.200 it

01:39:39.280 takes

01:39:39.460 place

01:39:39.700 in

01:39:39.820 the

01:39:39.900 25

01:39:40.200 years

01:39:40.580 leading

01:39:40.840 up

01:39:41.000 to

01:39:41.120 world

01:39:41.280 war

01:39:41.460 one

01:39:41.780 1890

01:39:42.280 to

01:39:42.680 1915

01:39:43.280 is

01:39:43.480 really

01:39:43.720 the

01:39:44.000 time

01:39:44.880 for

01:39:45.280 this

01:39:45.500 book

01:39:45.740 and

01:39:46.800 it's

01:39:47.260 a

01:39:47.400 great

01:39:47.780 era

01:39:48.180 of

01:39:48.880 it's

01:39:50.100 like

01:39:50.240 I was

01:39:50.460 actually

01:39:50.700 talking

01:39:50.960 to

01:39:55.740 looking

01:39:55.860 for

01:39:55.980 something

01:39:56.180 on

01:39:56.260 this

01:39:56.340 guy

01:39:56.500 and

01:39:56.600 he's

01:39:56.740 like

01:39:56.900 this

01:39:57.200 is

01:39:57.460 the

01:39:57.620 golden

01:39:58.100 age

01:39:58.560 of

01:39:58.700 letter

01:39:58.920 writing

01:39:59.240 unlike

01:39:59.820 today

01:40:00.760 where

01:40:00.940 things

01:40:01.160 are

01:40:01.260 happening

01:40:01.580 in

01:40:01.760 tweets

01:40:02.140 and

01:40:02.400 texts

01:40:02.820 of

01:40:03.060 six

01:40:03.340 or

01:40:03.480 nine

01:40:03.840 words

01:40:04.220 or

01:40:04.340 something

01:40:04.620 in

01:40:05.420 that

01:40:05.600 era

01:40:05.800 everybody

01:40:06.260 wrote

01:40:06.580 letters

01:40:06.940 and

01:40:07.900 the

01:40:08.200 whole

01:40:08.460 period

01:40:08.940 is

01:40:09.880 documented

01:40:10.460 it's

01:40:10.740 amazing

01:40:11.220 it's

01:40:11.620 really

01:40:11.860 fun

01:40:12.380 to

01:40:12.580 read

01:40:12.760 through

01:40:12.960 it

01:40:13.180 but

01:40:13.760 I

01:40:14.060 do

01:40:14.420 worry

01:40:14.680 I

01:40:14.780 was

01:40:14.860 talking

01:40:15.060 to

01:40:15.300 Anna

01:40:15.620 Quintland

01:40:15.880 about

01:40:16.100 this

01:40:16.300 in

01:40:16.420 our

01:40:16.600 episode

01:40:17.260 coming

01:40:17.520 up

01:40:17.700 we're

01:40:18.040 not

01:40:18.240 really

01:40:18.480 documenting

01:40:19.060 our

01:40:19.300 time

01:40:19.740 you

01:40:20.420 know

01:40:20.500 what

01:40:20.620 are

01:40:20.680 the

01:40:20.780 archives

01:40:21.080 going

01:40:21.260 to

01:40:21.320 have

01:40:21.540 in

01:40:21.660 them

01:40:21.820 you

01:40:22.220 know

01:40:22.380 100

01:40:22.700 years

01:40:22.940 from

01:40:23.060 now

01:40:23.160 when

01:40:23.260 people

01:40:23.400 look

01:40:23.560 back

01:40:23.820 on

01:40:24.040 the

01:40:24.520 year

01:40:24.640 2022

01:40:25.140 there

01:40:25.980 nobody's

01:40:26.600 writing

01:40:26.760 letters

01:40:27.080 to

01:40:27.220 anybody

01:40:27.500 they're

01:40:33.140 going to

01:40:33.280 try to

01:40:33.520 figure it

01:40:33.840 out

01:40:34.040 well

01:40:34.540 I'm

01:40:34.800 excited

01:40:35.060 I'm

01:40:35.200 excited

01:40:35.360 for

01:40:35.500 the

01:40:35.620 book

01:40:35.840 that's

01:40:36.140 going

01:40:36.220 to

01:40:36.240 be

01:40:36.340 huge

01:40:36.640 it's

01:40:36.880 amazing

01:40:37.280 and

01:40:37.560 the

01:40:37.680 podcast

01:40:38.080 everybody

01:40:38.440 should

01:40:38.640 go

01:40:38.760 and

01:40:38.900 download

01:40:39.200 now

01:40:39.580 because

01:40:40.140 Doug

01:40:40.440 has

01:40:40.800 this

01:40:40.960 wealth

01:40:41.180 of

01:40:41.320 expertise

01:40:41.740 this

01:40:42.160 is

01:40:42.280 not

01:40:42.440 what

01:40:42.620 he

01:40:42.880 brings

01:40:43.420 to

01:40:43.580 you

01:40:43.720 on

01:40:43.820 the

01:40:43.920 podcast

01:40:44.220 occasionally

01:40:44.680 but he

01:40:45.320 makes

01:40:45.480 it

01:40:45.580 about

01:40:45.740 the

01:40:45.880 other

01:40:46.080 person

01:40:46.480 which

01:40:47.100 is

01:40:47.220 what

01:40:47.400 is

01:40:47.580 so

01:40:47.740 enjoyable

01:40:48.120 about

01:40:48.640 the

01:40:48.880 show

01:40:49.020 you

01:40:49.160 get

01:40:49.300 to

01:40:49.420 know

01:40:49.760 big

01:40:50.440 big

01:40:50.660 authors

01:40:51.000 who

01:40:51.220 you

01:40:51.320 know

01:40:51.500 and

01:40:51.640 love

01:40:51.860 and

01:40:52.020 sometimes

01:40:52.340 big

01:40:52.600 stars

01:40:53.060 like

01:40:53.540 David

01:40:54.260 Duchovny

01:40:54.860 and

01:40:55.560 well

01:40:56.540 I

01:40:56.700 love

01:40:56.880 the

01:40:56.980 one

01:40:57.080 with

01:40:57.200 Penn

01:40:57.400 Teller

01:40:57.640 that

01:40:57.820 was

01:40:57.940 fascinating

01:40:58.580 and

01:40:59.060 you

01:40:59.260 know

01:40:59.400 Paulina

01:41:00.000 Portskova

01:41:00.480 we

01:41:00.620 could

01:41:00.740 go

01:41:00.880 on

01:41:01.140 so

01:41:02.280 anyway

01:41:02.520 check

01:41:02.860 it

01:41:02.960 out

01:41:03.140 dedicated

01:41:03.720 with

01:41:03.920 Doug

01:41:04.080 Brunt

01:41:04.340 and

01:41:04.560 we'll

01:41:04.700 bring

01:41:04.980 you

01:41:05.080 more

01:41:05.240 on

01:41:05.340 the

01:41:05.420 book

01:41:05.660 at

01:41:06.400 a

01:41:06.560 later

01:41:06.980 date

01:41:07.200 when

01:41:07.340 Doug's

01:41:07.520 ready

01:41:07.660 to

01:41:07.800 talk

01:41:07.960 about

01:41:08.140 it

01:41:08.260 thanks

01:41:08.540 honey

01:41:08.760 thank

01:41:09.600 you

01:41:09.680 honey

01:41:09.860 tomorrow

01:41:11.340 we

01:41:11.600 conclude

01:41:11.980 history

01:41:12.360 week

01:41:12.660 with

01:41:12.820 a

01:41:12.960 deep

01:41:13.140 dive

01:41:13.440 on

01:41:13.680 one

01:41:13.860 of

01:41:13.940 the

01:41:14.080 founding

01:41:14.500 fathers

01:41:15.080 Thomas

01:41:16.020 Jefferson

01:41:16.820 you're

01:41:17.180 going to

01:41:17.320 love

01:41:17.460 that

01:41:17.620 one

01:41:17.860 talk

01:41:18.300 to

01:41:18.420 you

01:41:18.480 then

01:41:18.660 thanks

01:41:21.460 for

01:41:21.600 listening

01:41:21.880 to the

01:41:22.180 Megan

01:41:22.360 Kelly

01:41:22.600 show

01:41:22.980 no

01:41:23.440 BS

01:41:23.860 no

01:41:24.240 agenda

01:41:24.620 and

01:41:25.280 no

01:41:31.140 man

01:41:33.760 you

01:41:34.440 you

01:41:34.540 you

01:41:36.880 you

01:41:39.320 you

01:41:42.300 you

01:41:44.220 you

01:41:48.600 you

01:41:55.260 you

01:41:57.240 you

01:41:57.660 you

The Megyn Kelly Show - December 21, 2022

What World War I Was All About： History Week on The Megyn Kelly Show ｜ Ep. 458

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