00:15:20.200And it was a similar issue back in the original Industrial Revolution when Pope Leo XIII was
00:15:25.960writing his encyclicals, the most famous of which is called Rerum Novarum, New Things.
00:15:31.920During the first Industrial Revolution, people felt less than human. They were being treated
00:15:37.460as mere cogs in a machine rather than as human beings, proper subjects endowed with rights.
00:15:44.600And so this is where you get the beginning of Catholic social teaching.
00:15:47.600This is where you get not only the left-wing critiques of capitalism, capitalism, which is a polemical word promoted by Marxists, but where you get even right-wing critiques of capitalism.
00:16:00.540All of these things are very, very important, but we cannot put the cart before the horse.
00:16:04.220We cannot treat human beings as commodities merely to be traded, which you see in the labor market, which you see in the baby market, which you see really errors spreading throughout.
00:16:13.880So now in this, what is being called the fourth industrial revolution, the industrial revolution that involves AI and computing and robots, it's very, very important to remain human.
00:16:24.640Some people have wondered about this pope.
00:16:31.400And again, left and right, those terms don't really map neatly onto the church because those terms come from the French Revolution when the people who supported the church sat on the right side of the National Assembly.
00:16:41.560and the atheists and the secularists sat on the left side. But nevertheless, it's a real question.
00:16:46.200I read the encyclical yesterday. It was a good read. There's some stuff that's a little sort
00:16:51.240of dubious and a little kind of codes politically liberal. But overall, it's a really, really good
00:16:57.160and important encyclical. I'm just going to give you the highlights of it. We must lovingly
00:17:02.220safeguard the grandeur of humanity bestowed upon us and revealed in its fullness in Christ,
00:17:06.900the splendor of which no machine can ever replace. This is really important,
00:17:11.320especially for Christians, because we're in this age where we want to transcend the limits of our
00:17:16.460bodies, where we want to transcend the limits of our humanity. You see this a little bit in
00:17:20.320the transgender movement, where men want to become women, where we say the body doesn't0.91
00:17:23.760really matter anymore. You see this definitely in the tech revolutions, where people are talking
00:17:28.600about transhumanism, that we're going to augment our bodies. We're going to become cyborgs. We're
00:17:32.360going to upload our consciousness and live forever. These are profoundly anti-human ideas
00:17:37.880and ideologies. It's not that we hate technology. The Pope writes in the encyclopedia, he says,
00:17:43.060no, technology can be a good thing. We're not afraid of human knowledge. The Pope was actually
00:17:47.220a math major, so he uses a math analogy in there. But what we want to do is use technology
00:17:54.900to fix some of the problems of the fallen world, to fix defects, to alleviate suffering,
00:18:02.360in a way that is human, but we don't actually want to transcend our humanity. And here he explains
00:18:06.540why from the Christian perspective, that's so important. Because God is a man. Because God
00:18:12.940becomes a man. He takes on flesh and dwells among us. The central fact of Christianity
00:18:18.600is the incarnation. And so it is totally incoherent. It is downright sacrilegious0.76
00:18:26.180for human beings to say that we want to transcend humanity. Humanity is good enough for God,
00:18:33.620but it's not good enough for us. That is a profoundly sacrilegious idea and desire.
00:18:39.900And indeed, it hearkens all the way back to the Garden of Eden when the serpent tells Eve,
00:18:44.760you shall be as gods. The first attempt to transcend humanity. So the Pope has partnered
00:18:51.840here with Anthropic, which is one of the AI companies. Here he is announcing the sort of
00:18:58.200partnership. In a special way, I'd like to thank Mr. Ola for accepting our invitation.
00:19:05.900In turn, in the name of the church, I accept your invitation to walk together, to listen and to speak
00:19:13.880and together to find the way for humanity in this time of artificial intelligence.
00:19:21.840What a great sign of hope it is that with our differences, we can listen to one another.
00:19:34.880This interchange clearly bespeaks the gravity of the moment, as well as confidence that together
00:19:41.120we can discern the major questions of our time, and so the future of humanity.
00:19:48.000Okay, so why anthropic? First of all, these comments are being misreported. They're saying
00:19:51.620that the Pope said he's going to work together with Anthropic. He doesn't say, this is walk
00:19:55.700together. We're going to walk together, the church and this AI company. So the founder of Anthropic
00:20:01.740is not becoming a cardinal or something. He's not a theological advisor to the Pope. But they
00:20:06.240announced this encyclical together. And you say, why Anthropic? Anthropic is kind of a weird company
00:20:10.900because they have this ideology of effective altruism, effective altruism, which kind of
00:20:17.820peaked around 2012 or so. Its reputation has been damaged because it was embraced by the fraudster
00:20:23.160Sam Bankman-Fried. But effective altruism, on the one hand, I guess it's altruistic.
00:20:27.920In principle, it's thinking of other people. But the philosophy and ideology undergirding
00:20:32.960effective altruism is totally contrary to the Christian view. Effective altruism is fundamentally
00:20:37.700a utilitarian ideology, which in fact does treat people as mere instruments, and which in fact the
00:20:43.580Pope lambasts, he lambasts utilitarian consequentialist sorts of ethics in this
00:20:49.080very encyclical. So why is he partnering with Anthropic? I think it's a little simpler than
00:20:56.520what some people are speculating on. I think the reason that they brought Anthropic in for this
00:21:01.980encyclical is because Anthropic, more than any of the other AI companies, has issued warnings about
00:21:08.500AI. Anthropic is the one that said, we've developed this bot that we're so afraid of,
00:21:14.860we're not going to release it to the public, and we don't know what we've made, and this could be
00:21:17.840Frankenstein's monster, and we need to be very cautious here. And so if you have a little bit
00:21:21.900more of a low, maybe cynical view of Anthropic, you say, yeah, look, this is a tech company that's
00:21:26.500trying to promote its product, and it's trying to say it's so wonderful and magical that we need to
00:21:30.120be really careful because we may have just accidentally invented a god. However, the very
00:21:35.340fact that Anthropic is saying, hey, we need to be cautious about how AI is developed. I think
00:21:40.480that fact alone explains why the Vatican has brought them in to announce this encyclical.
00:21:45.280So the Pope begins the encyclical with two images. He said there are two images to keep in mind.
00:21:49.840There's the image of the Tower of Babel, and there's the image of Nehemiah rebuilding the
00:21:54.880walls of Jerusalem. Those are parallel images because so much of the tech revolution and AI
00:22:01.960and robotics and all this seems like people are trying to build a tower of Babel. We're all going
00:22:07.100to speak the same language. We're going to reach heaven. We're going to build a tower all the way
00:22:11.240up to heaven. We're going to make ourselves into gods. And that's really bad. But there's another
00:22:16.420image of building in the Bible, which is Nehemiah in the second book of Ezra. And Nehemiah rebuilds
00:22:21.620the walls of Jerusalem. And the way he rebuilds the walls of Jerusalem is not through this
00:22:25.700centralized, antichristic kind of effort where you're going to try to supplant God. The way he
00:22:30.020rebuilds the walls of Jerusalem is he goes to individuals and to groups of people. He says,
00:22:34.020you build this part of the wall, you rebuild this part of the wall. And crucially, God is at the
00:22:37.920center of all of it. And that's the difference. The Tower of Babel is human unity without reference
00:22:47.500to God. And the walls of Jerusalem is human unity totally centered around God. And that's the
00:22:57.260crucial point here of how we think about AI. So we'll get into just a little bit from the
00:23:01.060encyclical. Then we will get to a very exciting thing that happened in Washington, D.C. But first,
00:23:07.000speaking of building things, but first, I want to tell you about Pure Talk. Go to puretalk.com
00:23:11.000slash Knowles, K-N-W-L-E-S. There is a strange assumption in modern consumer culture that
00:23:15.200expensive automatically means better. Sometimes that's true. A lot of times it is not true.
00:23:20.160Wireless service is one of the clearest examples. Most people are paying dramatically more than
00:23:24.300they need to every single month, largely because they've stayed with the same carrier forever and
00:23:28.960never bothered to compare alternatives. Meanwhile, PureTalk, which is veteran-led and backed entirely
00:23:33.040by US-based customer service, now offers unlimited high-speed data for just $34.99 a month. That
00:23:38.460matters because not very long ago, plans like that were closer to $50 or $60 a month. PureTalk
00:23:42.180has continued lowering prices while still delivering reliable nationwide 5G coverage.
00:23:46.140So the obvious question becomes, if the coverage works, the data are unlimited,
00:23:50.320The customer service is based in the U.S.
00:23:52.700Why exactly are people continuing to overpay?
00:27:51.060We need more participation from everybody else as well.
00:27:55.760He then talks about the principle of subsidiarity.
00:27:57.680The easiest way to think about subsidiarity is with regard to our federalist system, which is subsidiarity says that decisions that can competently be made at the local level, at the level of the individual or the family or the local community, should be made there and should not be appropriated by higher level.
00:28:15.620This is how our federal government operates, or it's how it's supposed to operate, which is that if the towns, if the families can make a decision for themselves in an effective way, leave it to the families, leave it to the individuals.
00:28:24.960then leave it to the local communities, then leave it to the states. And only at the most
00:28:29.500difficult questions that can't be resolved locally, then does the federal government step
00:28:32.720in. All great stuff. Leo also points out, he says, when words are simulated by an AI robot,
00:28:39.340they do not build genuine relationships, but only their appearance. This is crucial.
00:28:45.900Human beings communicate. We have communion with one another through words, through these signs
00:28:51.880and symbols that take us from our own private intellects into the minds of others. And AI can
00:29:00.060seem to replicate that, but it's very different. Talking to your mom and talking to the AI bot
00:29:04.840are fundamentally, essentially different things. Because when the words are merely simulated,
00:29:10.300they don't build genuine relationships. You're not really dating Claudia, Richard Dawkins.
00:29:14.160You're not really in a relationship with a robot. It's not really conscious.
00:29:17.260he then goes on he says the risk extends beyond the misuse of certain technologies
00:29:22.180more gravely the pervasive technocratic paradigm in which we are immersed that is amplified by ai
00:29:28.680threatens to normalize an anti-human vision he's anti-technocrat no no no we and this is crucial
00:29:36.020he says human being when efficiency becomes the ultimate measure of value human beings are tempted
00:29:40.260to see themselves as a project to be optimized rather than as persons called to relationship
00:29:45.440and communion. These are the people who make idols out of health, the people who make idols
00:29:50.320out of productivity. These are the weirdos who say, well, I only eat this one type of food,
00:29:55.560and I never have a glass of wine because that would decrease my productivity by 0.07%,
00:30:02.440and it would decrease my REM sleep by 4%, and that way I won't be totally optimized,
00:30:07.900and I won't be totally looks maxed, and I won't be totally efficient.
00:30:10.740You say, that all might be true, but you're not just a project to be optimized. You're headed
00:30:17.520for the grave anyway, despite the utopian visions of the tech founders. So you're here to live.
00:30:23.420What's the purpose of life? Is the purpose of life to optimize you and turn you into a cyborg so that
00:30:27.740you can live forever in this artificial way? Or is the purpose of life communion, relationships
00:30:33.360with others, charity, and ultimately really to live forever with your maker? Totally different
00:30:39.660visions. It's important to recall that communication, quote, is not only the transmission
00:30:44.620of information, but it is also the creation of culture. So crucial. The news media, and especially
00:30:51.040the AI companies now, bear a massive responsibility because the communication of information is not
00:30:56.520merely neutral. The communication, communication as such, does not merely transmit data points from
00:31:03.820one mind to another. It creates culture, and we cannot forfeit our entire culture over to a
00:31:11.940handful of weirdos in Silicon Valley. Okay, so there's some stuff in the encyclical that's a
00:31:16.580little dubious. He says that just war theory is outdated. I would like to hear more of an
00:31:20.780explanation from the Pope on that point, just war theory, which has been part of the Christian
00:31:25.020understanding since the beginning, actually since before Christianity. There were some lines about
00:31:30.100migrants and whatever, but mostly it's about AI. Okay, before I move on, just a few points that I
00:31:34.300think are really crucial to keep in mind. The Pope says, it is not possible to provide a single
00:31:40.960comprehensive definition of AI. What can be stated, however, is that we must avoid the
00:31:45.220misconception of equating this type of intelligence with that of human beings. These systems merely
00:31:50.740imitate certain functions of human intelligence. In doing so, they often surpass human intelligence
00:31:54.960and speed and computational capacity, offering tangible benefits across many fields. Yet this
00:31:59.880power remains entirely tied to data processing. You have to remember, artificial intelligence
00:32:04.580is artificial. It's not real. And so the people who say that AI is going to become conscious or
00:32:10.280whatever, become a real person or something, they fundamentally misunderstand what the intellect
00:32:16.300is. There are some people who say, well, yeah, it's not like human knowledge yet. It's not like
00:32:21.340human intellect yet. No, if you're saying that, you fundamentally misunderstand what the intellect
00:32:26.240is. The intellect is a power of the rational soul. The intellect is immaterial. It's not
00:32:32.460just computers. It's not just electrons firing off. The intellect has to be immaterial because
00:32:40.240the object of the intellect is understanding. That's what the intellect is for. It is
00:32:45.180understanding. And so what the intellect does is it looks at specific things and tangible things,
00:32:50.540And then it abstracts universals from them, universals which are immaterial.
00:32:56.200So it looks at any matter of social phenomena, and it abstracts things like justice.
00:33:01.660It looks at my Tumblr, and it abstracts the form of the cup.
00:33:05.260It deals in universals, and a material thing cannot deal in an immaterial substance.
00:33:13.240So AI can do a pretty good job a lot of the time of simulating human intellect.
00:33:18.200but it fundamentally is not and never can be the same thing as human intellect.
00:33:25.500And we are going to be tricked by that. We are going to be tempted. We are going to be deceived.
00:33:29.760A lot of people already have been. Pope issuing a very important warning on that point.
00:33:34.380He says, we cannot be satisfied with merely calling for the moralization of machines,
00:33:38.540the so-called alignment of AI with human values. People who say, look, AI, yeah, it can't be
00:33:42.520neutral. That's why we need to inject it with morality. No, no, no. He says, that's not going
00:33:45.660work if we don't also have the courage to insist on a further condition, the possibility of openly
00:33:51.460discussing the ethical frameworks involved and subjecting them to shared standards of social
00:33:56.080justice. So some of the AI guys will say, no, don't worry, we're going to make the machines
00:33:59.380moral because we're going to inject them with effective altruism. We're going to inject them
00:34:03.680with utilitarianism. We're going to inject them with progressivism. Whoa, whoa, whoa, whoa. That
00:34:07.600doesn't make them moral. In my mind, it actually makes them quite immoral. But obviously the next
00:34:13.880step that we have to get into is what are those ethical systems? We need transparency here. We
00:34:19.140need open source ethics for AI. He goes on. He says that herein lies the radical departure from
00:34:26.400Promethean dreams, referring to Prometheus, the Greek myth in which Prometheus brings man fire
00:34:34.840and technology. It says what saves humanity is not enhanced self-sufficiency, but a relationship
00:34:40.260that liberates, a communion that transforms. A technology that merely classifies and optimizes
00:34:45.440what already exists can, however, unintentionally become an obstacle to change and growth.
00:34:52.960This is really, really crucial. The Promethean vision is we're going to get some technology
00:34:59.180and we're going to overcome our fallen condition that way. The Christian vision is no. No, you're0.82
00:35:03.860Now, think about work. The Pope, I think I pulled out the part where he talks about, yes, he says,
00:35:11.580work remains a fundamental dimension of the human experience for not only is it a means of
00:35:15.220sustenance, but it is also a context for expression, relationships, and contributing
00:35:18.780to the community. Therefore, the problems related to work extend beyond the income necessary for
00:35:22.800family survival. Think about it this way. In Genesis chapter three, verse 17, I think it is,
00:35:29.74017 through 19, God says, hey, Adam, the land is cursed because of you, because of your sin,
00:35:37.000because of your abuse of free will. And so because of this, by the sweat of your brow,
00:35:42.080you're going to eat for all the days of your life. You have to work now. In the garden,
00:35:46.500you didn't have to work. You got to walk with God. But now you have to work. And this is viewed as a
00:35:51.320curse. But it's actually not a curse. God doesn't actually curse us. God saves us. God loves us.
00:35:57.420God is love. God is always blessing us all the time. And so, from the perspective of the fall
00:36:04.500of man, which is caused by man, which is caused by our abuse of our free will, the obligation to
00:36:10.600work, the necessity that we work, is actually a blessing. Because in a fallen world with a
00:36:17.180defective will, the idle hands are the devil's playground. We need to work. We derive more from
00:36:24.400work than our income. We derive some of our identity. We get to use our talents. They are
00:36:29.420directed. We get to engage in excellence. Work is very important. And the techno-futurist utopians
00:36:35.300who say that we're just going to solve the problem of work forever, and we're going to have a few
00:36:39.760people who are really productive because they built all these robots, and then everyone else
00:36:43.240will just pay you to go away. We're going to give you a UBI, a universal basic income. You're going
00:36:47.480to have a million robots to do it. You're not going to have to do anything. That, ironically,
00:36:51.360is not a blessing. That's the Promethean promise of a blessing, but it's ironically actually a
00:36:56.920curse. And so the Pope is calling us to consider that. This is really, really important.
00:37:03.360AI is amazing. It's wonderful. It's funny. Trump was just asked about AI, and he's really focused
00:37:07.740on the Iran war. So he said, what do you think about such and such with AI? He goes, AI is
00:37:11.300amazing. Iran can't get a nuclear weapon. He immediately flips it. And in many ways, forget
00:37:15.720about Iran. That is how we should think about AI. Yeah, AI is amazing. It's really cool. I can use
00:37:20.120it for research. It comes up with all sorts. I use it for research sometimes. It's really cool.
00:37:25.140But I am a human. I am a human. The AI is not a human. I have a life that is different from the
00:37:31.520life of a robot. And I need to keep my eye on man's ends, our natural ends and our eternal ends,
00:37:38.040both of which are totally different from the AI utopian vision. I would say, obviously,
00:37:43.860there's some things that are a little, cause you to scratch your head in the encyclical. Overall,
00:37:47.520very, very good stuff. I feel quite vindicated on hoping for the name Leo at the papal conclave.
00:37:54.780I did, you know, I love to say, I told you so in this case, I called the name before the name
00:37:59.000was announced, Pope Leo, because of Pope Leo XIII, in large part because of these challenges that we
00:38:03.120face. And I think this encyclical is really good. I encourage you to read it, or at the very least,
00:38:07.660to send your friends this summary of what it says. Okay.
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