00:05:33.620figures as varied as Winston Churchill, John Maynard Keynes,
00:05:37.520and leading progressive reformers and Fabian socialists
00:05:40.760expressed sympathy for some form of eugenic policy,
00:05:44.760seeing it as a scientific way to improve the population.
00:05:49.040The dogma spread because it could be all things to all people,
00:05:52.800A justification for welfare reform, immigration restriction, sterilization laws, or better breeding campaigns, all wrapped in the authority and vocabulary of modern genetics.
00:06:05.860International eugenics congresses met in London in 1912 and in New York in 1921 and 1932,
00:06:15.980drawing together scientists, politicians, and social leaders from across Europe and
00:06:21.260the United States to coordinate research and policy proposals.
00:06:26.460Germany developed a vigorous racial hygiene movement, institutionalized in organizations
00:06:31.920like the German Society for Racial Hygiene under Alfred Plotz, and others, which sought to promote
00:06:39.180selective reproduction and sterilization in the name of national health. Scandinavian countries
00:06:46.000built state eugenics apparatuses that would eventually sterilize tens of thousands of people
00:06:51.460deemed unfit, often well into the mid-20th century. France, Italy, and much of Latin America tended
00:06:59.200towards softer eugenic programs that emphasized maternal and infant health, public hygiene,
00:07:05.820and population robustness rather than mass sterilization, but they drew on the same
00:07:11.320hereditary assumptions. Across these diverse national expressions, the underlying logic
00:07:17.520remained constant. A people's biological quality was thought to be measurable, heritable,
00:07:24.140and therefore a legitimate object of direct state management.
00:07:29.380In 1907, Indiana passed the first compulsory sterilization law in the United States,1.00
00:07:36.400targeting people labeled confirmed criminals, idiots, imbeciles, and rapists in state institutions.0.98
00:07:44.880In the decades that followed, more than 30 states enacted similar statutes,1.00
00:07:49.980and over 50,000 people were sterilized under eugenic laws.
00:07:54.140In Buck v. Bell, 1927, the Supreme Court upheld forced sterilization.
00:08:01.380Justice Oliver Wendell Holmes, Jr. concluded his opinion with the notorious line,0.99
00:08:07.080Three generations of imbeciles are enough.0.96
00:08:10.740Race science also helped tighten federal immigration policy in the Johnson-Reed Immigration Act of 1924,0.99
00:08:18.040which established national origins quotas that sharply curtailed immigration from southern and eastern Europe,
00:08:25.560especially Italians, Poles, Jews, Greeks, and Slavs.
00:08:31.820Testifying before Congress in support of restriction, Harry H. Laughlin of the Eugenics Record Office,
00:08:38.260serving as the House Committee on Immigration and Naturalization's official expert eugenics agent,
00:08:43.720supplied data purporting to show the hereditary inferiority
00:08:48.800and high rates of defective persons among targeted immigrant groups.0.71
00:08:54.920The backlash against the deterministic, materialistic excesses of the early 20th century