The Podcast of the Lotus Eaters - PREVIEW： Epochs #213 ｜ Henry V： Part VIII

00:00:00.000 Epochs!

00:00:10.220 Epochs!

00:00:24.140 Epochs!

00:00:28.200 Hello and welcome back to Epochs.

00:00:29.740 If you remember last time we left off on the eve of the Battle of Agincourt, St Crispin's Day, the 25th of October, 1415.

00:00:38.940 So we'll pick up right there.

00:00:40.720 I did promise I could read from more than one source this time.

00:00:44.240 But however, I will pick up once again with Ian Multimer and then we'll move on to different accounts.

00:00:48.940 The first thing to say is that despite the amount of evidence we've got,

00:00:52.820 I've said a number of times in this series, haven't I, that we're actually blessed with quite a lot of information.

00:00:57.300 But it's still the 15th century, early 15th century, so it's not, you know, completely in the light of history as we might like.

00:01:04.460 I mean, it is completely in the light of history, but, you know, we're not flooded with sources.

00:01:09.040 One of the things to say about the Battle of Agincourt is that even though there are accounts from both sides,

00:01:14.080 it's not sort of a perfect picture we've got.

00:01:16.640 In fact, it's far from a perfect picture.

00:01:18.120 And that's one of the things why I want to read from multiple different sources in this episode and maybe the next episode,

00:01:23.900 is to show that different historians have got different ideas about exactly what happened.

00:01:29.700 I mean, if we just talk about the archaeology very briefly,

00:01:32.720 the battlefield where people always thought, always said the Battle of Agincourt took place,

00:01:38.420 in recent years, archaeologists have shown that it's almost certainly not the battlefield.

00:01:43.140 The battlefield must be in that area, it must be nearby, but the actual field that historians thought was Agincourt,

00:01:51.140 there's like not really any bodies there, there's hardly any arrowheads, it's sort of clearly not a battlefield.

00:01:57.000 So we've got it in slightly the wrong place.

00:01:59.040 And yeah, the accounts differ on exactly how the battle itself went down, the exact details,

00:02:04.580 the exact chronology of what happened in what order.

00:02:07.140 So although we've got a reasonable idea of what happened that day, the Feast of St. Crispin's,

00:02:15.020 there is still some grey area.

00:02:18.220 So let's get into it.

00:02:19.320 Again, the day before, on the night before the battle, I mean, if you know your Shakespeare,

00:02:26.040 there's a great scene in Shakespeare where the night before the French are all sort of drinking and whooping it up 0.99

00:02:32.720 and having a good time because they're pretty convinced they're going to win on the morrow.

00:02:37.740 They're finally going to smash the dreaded English up because they've got them outnumbered, 1.00

00:02:41.820 they've got them cornered, the English are suffering from dysentery, 1.00

00:02:44.460 they've got, they haven't got many knights, mounted knights,

00:02:48.060 they haven't even got that many, relatively that many men-at-arms.

00:02:51.240 It's just a bunch of archers that are outnumbered with low morale and dysentery.

00:02:55.380 So the French feel like tomorrow is their big day and it's sort of a slam dunk, it's a fait accompli. 0.99

00:03:01.700 And the English, for their part, are sort of terribly worried and saying,

00:03:05.240 literally saying their prayers, expecting to get slaughtered when the sun comes up in the morning.

00:03:10.320 And Shakespeare has a great scene where good King Harry, good King Hal,

00:03:16.640 warlike Harry goes round the camp and sometimes not making it clear it's him,

00:03:23.220 but other times sort of instilling people with the spirit to fight on, you know,

00:03:27.280 never give up, all that sort of thing.

00:03:28.800 But I won't go on too much about Shakespeare because I'm more interested in the actual history.

00:03:32.800 So let's pick up from Thursday with Ian Mortimer, let's pick up on Thursday the 24th,

00:03:37.640 i.e. the eve of the battle.

00:03:39.880 Ian Mortimer tells us this,

00:03:41.760 quote,

00:03:41.940 The English crossed the river Conch this morning and proceeded directly northwards towards Blangie,

00:03:48.040 where they would cross the river Ternoise.

00:03:50.180 The Duke of York and the whole of the vanguard was ahead.

00:03:53.400 Clearing away for the English army.

00:03:55.320 The French were in the same area.

00:03:57.120 Advanced English troops regularly came under attack from squadrons of French men-at-arms.

00:04:03.020 Seven Lancashire archers were captured in one engagement.

00:04:06.100 It was becoming clear that both sides were racing for the Ternoise.

00:04:10.000 And if the French stopped them crossing,

00:04:11.920 there would be a battle with no safe retreat for the English.

00:04:15.380 There was no time to go looking for food.

00:04:17.260 Although most of the troops had not eaten properly for several days

00:04:20.460 and were growing weaker all the time,

00:04:22.900 their hopes of survival rested on speed

00:04:24.940 and avoiding a pitched battle with the better fed,

00:04:27.880 better equipped and more numerous French men-at-arms.

00:04:31.020 Again in Shakespeare,

00:04:32.360 we'll have the English top brass complaining that the French are all fresh.

00:04:37.060 Not only are we outnumbered,

00:04:38.220 but they're well fed and ready to rock and roll

00:04:40.560 and we're on our last legs.

00:04:41.980 Mortimer continues here.

00:04:42.760 Henry himself was nervous, distracted.

00:04:45.520 Along the route to Blangie,

00:04:46.940 he was told that his herbigers had identified a place in a particular village

00:04:51.060 where he could eat and briefly rest.

00:04:53.300 But he continued, ignorant of where the town was.

00:04:56.540 When informed that he had ridden a mile and a half past it,

00:04:59.720 he refused to go back,

00:05:01.060 explaining he was in his coat armour

00:05:03.080 and it would not do for him to turn up at a village when dressed for war.

00:05:07.400 He could have added that he did not have time.

00:05:09.580 So he rode on, taking the main battle of the army with him

00:05:12.820 and ordered the Duke of York to lead the vanguard further ahead.

00:05:16.600 When the Duke of York came to the hill overlooking Blangie,

00:05:19.440 he saw French troops desperately trying to destroy the bridge.

00:05:22.860 Immediately he attacked and fought the men-at-arms there,

00:05:25.840 killing some and taking others prisoner.

00:05:27.860 Having secured the bridge,

00:05:29.120 he sent scouts up the hill on the far side.

00:05:31.580 One returned with a worried face and anxious, gasping breath

00:05:35.020 and announced to the Duke that a great countless multitude was approaching.

00:05:38.760 Another account states that the scouts who first spotted the French,

00:05:42.780 quote,

00:05:43.200 Being astonished at the size of the French army,

00:05:45.620 returned to the Duke with a trembling heart,

00:05:48.100 as fast as his horse would carry him.

00:05:50.220 Almost out of breath, he said,

00:05:51.680 Be prepared quickly for battle,

00:05:53.320 for you are about to fight against such a huge host

00:05:55.780 that it cannot be numbered, end quote.

00:05:57.960 Mortimer continues.

00:05:59.180 Soon other scouts returned and confirmed this sighting.

00:06:02.180 The Duke reported the locations to the king.

00:06:04.180 So it's becoming more and more clear

00:06:06.700 that Henry and his men are in fact cornered,

00:06:09.820 despite the fact that they were able to get across the Somme,

00:06:12.540 i.e. on the right side of the Somme to Calais,

00:06:15.800 their ultimate destination and chance of hope of getting home.

00:06:19.840 They're still basically cornered between two French armies.

00:06:23.820 It's seeming more and more clear.

00:06:26.760 Henry's running out,

00:06:28.240 or the English army is running out of escape routes.

00:06:30.660 They're sort of getting more and more cut off and surrounded,

00:06:34.300 painted into a corner.

00:06:35.460 There was 12 miles to Blangy-sur-Tournois,

00:06:37.780 so the valley must have come in Henry's sight about noon

00:06:40.700 or a little later.

00:06:41.860 The author of the Gesta, i.e. contemporary history,

00:06:45.020 notes that the main battle caught their first sight of the enemy here.

00:06:48.700 They were emerging further up the valley to the right.

00:06:51.260 The English crossed the tournois 0.98

00:06:52.640 and climbed rapidly up the hill on the far side.

00:06:56.100 And when they reached the brow of the hill,

00:06:57.880 they were suddenly confronted by the French army.

00:07:00.020 In describing the moment,

00:07:01.760 the author of the Gesta uses the words

00:07:03.520 grim-looking to describe the French.

00:07:06.300 It was not their expressions to which he was referring.

00:07:08.960 He could not see their faces.

00:07:10.420 And this is a quote from the Gesta, which says,

00:07:13.080 Their numbers were so great as to not even be comparable with owls,

00:07:16.720 filling a very broad field like a swarm of countless locusts.

00:07:20.300 And then it's Mortimer continues.

00:07:21.940 It was a sentiment echoed by every writer on the English side

00:07:24.800 and very probably every man in Henry's army.

00:07:27.640 So it doesn't look good.

00:07:28.600 That's one of the things that keeps coming up,

00:07:30.040 always comes up whenever anyone ever really talks about the battle.

00:07:32.980 How outnumbered were the English?

00:07:35.600 So there's no doubt, there's literally no doubt in anyone's mind

00:07:39.120 that the English were outnumbered.

00:07:41.180 It's just a case of whether it was,

00:07:43.020 whether they were outnumbered two to one,

00:07:44.620 three to one, six to one,

00:07:46.380 twenty to one.

00:07:47.700 And where I quote,

00:07:48.920 where I will quote from different historians,

00:07:51.240 they all seem to have a slightly different take on it.

00:07:53.660 From everything I know and from everything I've read over the years,

00:07:58.120 it seems to me it was at least three or four to one,

00:08:02.700 maybe as much as five or six to one.

00:08:05.580 I feel like probably anything more than that would be an exaggeration.

00:08:08.960 Some of the more technical historians get into the fact

00:08:13.180 that there simply wasn't enough room in the countryside

00:08:16.720 for it to be much more than that.

00:08:19.100 You know, it just seems unlikely that the English were outnumbered 20 to one

00:08:22.460 or, you know, 60 to one seemed crazy.

00:08:25.220 I mean, sort of physically not possible, not likely.

00:08:29.180 But, you know, two, three, four to one, certainly.

00:08:33.380 I mean, maybe more.

00:08:34.380 I wouldn't be surprised if it was like six to one.

00:08:37.720 We don't know exactly because the French numbers were never clear.

00:08:42.560 We know almost exactly how many English soldiers there were.

00:08:46.660 And we'll get into all this later when we get onto the battle itself

00:08:48.880 because it was all documented.

00:08:50.880 But on the French side,

00:08:52.260 because there were so many men pouring in,

00:08:54.060 even on the day of the battle,

00:08:55.720 we just don't know.

00:08:56.900 And their chroniclers never kept like a role

00:09:00.580 of exactly who was there that day.

00:09:03.120 So we just don't know.

00:09:04.640 But anyway, I'm sure I'll talk about that more as we go on.

00:09:07.900 Ian Mortimer continues.

00:09:09.040 This brings us to a most important question.

00:09:11.500 As the army ascended the hill from Blonghi to Maisoncel

00:09:14.740 and looked for the first time across the field of Agincourt,

00:09:17.940 what did they really see?

00:09:19.500 How many men were there this afternoon?

00:09:21.980 Were the English truly outnumbered 30 to one,

00:09:24.460 as the author of the guest relates?

00:09:25.980 Or six to one, as Jean de Warren claimed?

00:09:29.300 Or three to one,

00:09:30.340 as reported by the French chronicler Lefeuves?

00:09:33.100 Also to say here, after the battle,

00:09:35.220 it's, you know, sort of in the French interests

00:09:37.380 to make it out that they weren't,

00:09:39.000 that they didn't have such a fantastic advantage.

00:09:41.440 You know, it's more embarrassing to lose a battle

00:09:43.840 if you're outnumbering your enemy 30 to one.

00:09:47.160 You know, if it was only three to one,

00:09:48.880 it's a bit less embarrassing.

00:09:50.260 And of course, on the English side,

00:09:51.860 it's much more glorious to have won a battle

00:09:53.760 where you were outnumbered six to one

00:09:56.080 as opposed to three to one.

00:09:58.380 So who knows?

00:09:59.600 Bit of propaganda on both sides.

00:10:00.760 We do know the English numbers.

00:10:02.180 Anyway, Mortimer continues saying,

00:10:04.660 or the three to one,

00:10:06.240 as reported by the French chronicler Lefeuves,

00:10:08.380 who was actually in the English army at the time?

00:10:11.280 Or three or four to one,

00:10:13.120 as the French monk of Saint-Denis stated?

00:10:15.480 Or did the French outnumber the English just three to two,

00:10:18.340 as the chronicle written by a Parisian cleric said?

00:10:21.040 As shown in appendix four,

00:10:22.760 and now Ian Mortimer lays his cards on the table

00:10:25.060 and tells you what he thinks the answer is.

00:10:27.720 And once again, other historians,

00:10:29.660 eminent historians, serious historians,

00:10:31.260 will disagree with what he says here.

00:10:33.240 So this is Ian Mortimer's opinion,

00:10:35.920 although he states it firmly.

00:10:37.440 He says,

00:10:37.960 The actual ratio of Frenchmen to Englishmen at the battle

00:10:40.580 cannot have been more than two to one.

00:10:43.140 Indeed, it was probably slightly less than that.

00:10:45.460 The English army of between 8,000 and 9,000 fighting men

00:10:48.160 found themselves facing between 12,000 and 15,000 Frenchmen.

00:10:51.880 There simply is no evidence to support a larger French army.

00:10:55.060 Well, more men did stream in all during the next day,

00:10:58.520 so there's that at least, Ian.

00:11:00.440 Anyway, those who have opted to maintain

00:11:02.520 the vast disparity mentioned in Chronicles,

00:11:05.280 like the Gester,

00:11:05.940 have done so largely because of national pride and tradition,

00:11:09.700 not because of a body of supporting evidence.

00:11:11.800 On the other hand,

00:11:12.880 those who have sought to correct such views

00:11:14.760 have themselves failed to answer a crucial question

00:11:17.620 arising from their revisionism.

00:11:20.200 Why were the English astonished

00:11:21.600 as they climbed the hill above Blangie

00:11:23.400 and saw the French army?

00:11:25.400 Or, to put it another way,

00:11:26.680 why do so many Chronicles on both sides

00:11:29.040 agree that the French hugely outnumbered the English?

00:11:31.800 Yeah, good question.

00:11:32.940 The most likely answer, says Mortimer,

00:11:35.180 which has not been put forward before,

00:11:37.260 lies in the different makeup of the two armies

00:11:39.560 and the numbers of their respective non-combatants.

00:11:42.560 English companies had 30 archers to every 10 men-at-arms,

00:11:46.760 and thus only 10 pages,

00:11:48.780 an extra 25% of non-combatants.

00:11:51.080 In the French army,

00:11:52.640 for every 30 archers,

00:11:54.220 there were 60 men-at-arms,

00:11:55.640 and thus 60 pages,

00:11:57.360 an extra 66% of non-combatants.

00:12:00.660 Whereas the English had about 1,500 pages,

00:12:03.920 the French had between 8,000 and 10,000.

00:12:06.140 In addition,

00:12:07.040 all the men-at-arms on both sides

00:12:08.680 would have had spare horses,

00:12:10.780 and the easiest and safest way to move those

00:12:12.920 was to allow the pages to ride them.

00:12:15.400 From a distance of three or four miles,

00:12:17.320 it would have been very difficult

00:12:18.500 to distinguish between the men-at-arms and the pages.

00:12:21.980 So when the French looked at the English army,

00:12:24.460 they saw no more than 11,000 men in total,

00:12:27.100 8,000 to 9,000 fighting men,

00:12:28.820 plus the pages and support staff.

00:12:30.640 But when the English looked at the French army,

00:12:32.640 they saw at least 18,000 mounted men,

00:12:35.280 not including the 4,000 or 5,000 archers and crossbowmen,

00:12:38.040 and the extra infantry raised from the locality.

00:12:41.000 If there were 10,000 men-at-arms,

00:12:43.320 as the Burgundian chroniclers and Jules suggest,

00:12:46.380 then the English probably really did see an army

00:12:48.500 about three times the size of their own fighting force,

00:12:51.320 which I think is a fair point for him to make.

00:12:53.580 I still don't think it necessarily completely answers

00:12:56.000 the question that Ian Mortimer himself posed there.

00:12:59.540 Why do so many of the chroniclers state it so forcefully

00:13:03.060 that the English were so outnumbered?

00:13:05.620 I mean, it's a good explanation.

00:13:06.960 It's a fair explanation to me,

00:13:08.460 but does that cover it?

00:13:10.400 Does that really answer it?

00:13:11.960 I mean, that explanation relies on the fact

00:13:14.020 that the pages were all riding horses,

00:13:16.500 and that the English couldn't tell the difference

00:13:18.380 between a page and a knight.

00:13:20.480 Why would the pages be riding the horses around?

00:13:23.800 And even at a distance,

00:13:25.240 the trained eye would know the difference

00:13:26.600 between an actual knight and a page,

00:13:29.260 I would have thought.

00:13:30.140 Anyway, anyway, it's not a bad explanation.

00:13:32.620 Still, he continues saying,

00:13:33.780 From the point of view of the French,

00:13:35.500 another factor has to be considered.

00:13:37.560 The prejudice against low-status archers.

00:13:40.300 French archers had won no major battles

00:13:42.520 and had contributed very little

00:13:44.600 to French military prestige over the centuries.

00:13:47.480 Crossbowmen employed in French wars 0.99

00:13:49.360 were often mercenaries,

00:13:51.040 and the French saw their archers

00:13:52.300 as relatively insignificant.

00:13:54.360 Also, crossbows were slow and weak in battle.

00:13:56.500 It is unlikely that many Frenchmen knew

00:13:58.860 how destructive a coordinated mass

00:14:01.200 of English longbows could be.

00:14:03.220 That's strange,

00:14:03.900 because we've already had the Battle of Tours and Crecy,

00:14:06.920 where exactly that happened.

00:14:09.060 I always think that's odd

00:14:09.980 when historians say,

00:14:11.340 at Agincourt,

00:14:12.060 the French didn't know 0.94

00:14:13.800 how dangerous the English longbow was.

00:14:16.420 That just doesn't,

00:14:17.140 I don't buy that.

00:14:18.140 Because they did know.

00:14:19.080 They must have known.

00:14:19.980 Again, there's been the Battle of Crecy

00:14:21.960 and Tours,

00:14:23.340 or Poitiers,

00:14:24.140 the Battle of Poitiers,

00:14:24.820 the Black Prince.

00:14:25.360 So, they did know.

00:14:26.920 So, don't tell me that.

00:14:28.080 The most that any of them

00:14:29.020 had faced in living memory,

00:14:30.340 oh, actually, that's fair,

00:14:31.400 might not be in living memory.

00:14:32.900 Still, it had happened,

00:14:34.160 and, you know,

00:14:34.960 information does get passed down

00:14:36.320 through more than one generation.

00:14:38.080 The most that any of them

00:14:39.100 had faced in living memory

00:14:40.180 was the thousand or so archers

00:14:41.920 at St. Cloud in 1411.

00:14:44.560 For the English, on the other hand,

00:14:46.340 the archers were crucial.

00:14:47.880 So, while 8,000 English soldiers

00:14:49.920 came to terms

00:14:50.760 with the prospect of fighting

00:14:52.300 what appeared to be an army

00:14:53.440 of 24,000 or more

00:14:55.180 Frenchmen,

00:14:56.200 3 to 1,

00:14:57.120 the French saw 0.94

00:14:57.860 that their own men-at-arms

00:14:59.060 outnumbered the English men-at-arms

00:15:00.680 6 to 1.

00:15:01.820 The contemporary chronicler,

00:15:03.340 Edmund de Dint,

00:15:04.680 adopted this form of reckoning.

00:15:06.480 There were 10 French nobles

00:15:07.660 against one English,

00:15:08.880 he stated,

00:15:09.760 slightly exaggerating.

00:15:10.740 The social prejudices

00:15:12.020 of the French military elite,

00:15:13.740 in addition to variations

00:15:14.840 in the two kingdoms'

00:15:16.280 military traditions,

00:15:17.620 meant that both sides

00:15:18.680 thought that the French army

00:15:19.840 outnumbered the English heavily,

00:15:21.720 whether 3 to 1 or 6 to 1.

00:15:23.400 The feeling the English had 0.90

00:15:24.960 of being outnumbered

00:15:26.080 3 to 1

00:15:26.660 was exaggerated by the fact

00:15:28.240 that they could not see

00:15:29.120 the whole of the French force.

00:15:30.680 They knew the size

00:15:31.380 of their own army,

00:15:32.220 of course,

00:15:33.020 having marched in three battles

00:15:34.340 and camped together

00:15:35.460 for the last three weeks,

00:15:36.920 but for them,

00:15:37.860 the whole of the surrounding area

00:15:39.180 might have been populated

00:15:40.100 with French troops.

00:15:41.660 The villages could not be presumed

00:15:43.460 to be unoccupied.

00:15:44.940 A large number of scouts

00:15:45.940 had attacked French troops

00:15:47.060 at villages and river crossings.

00:15:48.780 The very nature

00:15:49.560 of the medieval landscape

00:15:50.740 meant that coppices,

00:15:52.240 barns and houses

00:15:53.520 obscured the forces

00:15:54.780 of the defending army.

00:15:56.320 On top of this,

00:15:57.180 both sides would have been aware

00:15:58.960 that not all the French troops

00:16:00.280 had yet arrived.

00:16:01.520 It seems the Count of Nevers

00:16:03.000 was not actually

00:16:04.060 with the French army

00:16:04.880 at this stage.

00:16:05.860 It is possible

00:16:06.380 that his men-at-arms

00:16:07.460 had delayed at Corby

00:16:09.160 and had been the cavalry

00:16:10.380 whom the English had seen 0.87

00:16:11.660 at Peron on the 19th.

00:16:13.620 Certainly his brother,

00:16:14.740 the Duke of Brabant,

00:16:15.840 was still hurrying

00:16:16.700 to the army,

00:16:18.040 staying at Lens this evening,

00:16:20.060 30 miles away.

00:16:21.180 The Duke of Brittany

00:16:21.900 was still at Amiens,

00:16:23.180 although he had sent ahead

00:16:24.220 his brother,

00:16:25.200 the Count of Richemont,

00:16:26.820 with some of his men.

00:16:27.900 The Duke of Anjou's

00:16:28.960 600 men-at-arms

00:16:30.260 also had not yet arrived,

00:16:32.140 being led by

00:16:32.800 the Seigneur de Longhi.

00:16:34.240 The commander

00:16:34.740 of the Parisian garrison,

00:16:36.600 Ténégal de Castel,

00:16:38.160 who was also in the battle plan,

00:16:39.920 was also absent.

00:16:41.200 Even the newly appointed

00:16:42.260 overall commander

00:16:43.080 of the French forces,

00:16:44.340 the Duke of Orléans,

00:16:45.420 was not yet with the army.

00:16:46.700 For the already outnumbered English,

00:16:48.720 the prospect of becoming

00:16:49.680 more heavily outnumbered

00:16:50.760 on the following day

00:16:51.540 can only have demoralised

00:16:53.100 them further.

00:16:54.000 Yeah, no, absolutely.

00:16:55.160 All during the night

00:16:56.320 and the following morning,

00:16:58.540 just more and more

00:16:59.580 French forces

00:17:00.620 kept flooding in.

00:17:02.060 So it's in Henry's interest

00:17:03.460 when he realises

00:17:04.260 he has to fight

00:17:05.660 a pitched battle.

00:17:06.900 He wants it

00:17:07.540 as soon as possible.

00:17:08.840 It's almost as though

00:17:09.540 every minute that goes by

00:17:11.000 the following day,

00:17:11.800 the day of the battle,

00:17:12.940 his position becomes

00:17:14.080 ever more dangerous.

00:17:14.900 So he doesn't want

00:17:16.100 to just play for time.

00:17:17.420 If we're going to do this,

00:17:19.080 the sooner the better

00:17:19.860 from the English point of view.

00:17:21.760 I mean,

00:17:22.320 the Duke of Brabant

00:17:23.440 turns up really late.

00:17:25.220 You know,

00:17:25.340 it's late in the day,

00:17:26.420 the next day,

00:17:27.100 before he turns up.

00:17:28.260 So, yeah,

00:17:29.060 the French are 0.98

00:17:29.820 swelling their numbers

00:17:31.600 kind of constantly.

00:17:33.120 Mortimer continues,

00:17:33.780 Henry's reaction to the news

00:17:35.400 that a huge army

00:17:36.500 lay ahead of him

00:17:37.320 was to set spurs

00:17:38.660 to his horse

00:17:39.320 and ride ahead

00:17:40.260 to join the Duke of York.

00:17:41.900 Having seen the French army

00:17:43.000 for himself,

00:17:44.000 he returned to the main battle

00:17:45.300 and, quote,

00:17:46.100 very calmly

00:17:46.780 and quite heedlessly

00:17:47.800 of danger,

00:17:48.800 he gave encouragement

00:17:49.600 to his army

00:17:50.380 and drew them up

00:17:51.400 in battle and wings

00:17:52.880 as if they were

00:17:53.900 to fight immediately.

00:17:55.140 The troops began

00:17:55.760 to make their confessions.

00:17:57.280 They knelt and prayed,

00:17:58.480 you know,

00:17:58.700 because the battle

00:17:59.240 might happen on this day.

00:18:00.400 We know it isn't

00:18:00.960 until the following day,

00:18:01.660 but, you know,

00:18:02.720 if the French

00:18:03.280 had forced the issue,

00:18:04.660 there could have been

00:18:05.020 a battle on the 24th.

00:18:06.720 Could have been

00:18:07.100 forced to battle

00:18:08.460 almost any moment

00:18:09.500 if the French

00:18:10.400 had taken the initiative,

00:18:11.600 but, you know,

00:18:12.040 we know they don't.

00:18:13.060 Anyway,

00:18:13.480 according to some reports,

00:18:15.000 it was at this juncture

00:18:16.020 that Sir Walter Hungerford

00:18:17.420 said to Henry

00:18:18.160 that he wished

00:18:19.180 that they had

00:18:19.800 another 10,000

00:18:20.720 of the finest archers

00:18:21.800 in England.

00:18:22.940 According to the Gester,

00:18:24.240 Henry replied, 0.87

00:18:25.240 that is a foolish way 0.97

00:18:26.160 to talk 0.99

00:18:26.600 because,

00:18:27.540 by God in heaven,

00:18:28.660 upon whose grace

00:18:29.440 I have relied

00:18:30.180 and in whom

00:18:31.140 is my first hope

00:18:32.300 of victory,

00:18:33.300 even if I could,

00:18:34.400 I would not have

00:18:35.040 one man more

00:18:35.700 than I do,

00:18:36.520 for these men with me

00:18:37.520 are God's people,

00:18:38.600 whom he deigns

00:18:39.320 to let me have

00:18:40.060 at this time.

00:18:41.060 Do you not believe

00:18:41.860 that the Almighty

00:18:42.580 with these humble few

00:18:44.260 is able to overcome

00:18:45.540 the opposing arrogance

00:18:46.620 of the French

00:18:47.380 who boast of their

00:18:48.320 great number

00:18:48.880 and their own strength?

00:18:50.320 Another source

00:18:50.940 has Henry,

00:18:51.780 Mortimer speaking here,

00:18:52.980 another source

00:18:53.480 has Henry

00:18:54.080 replying less lyrically

00:18:55.660 to a request

00:18:56.880 by Hungerford

00:18:57.820 for just 1,000

00:18:59.060 more archers.

00:19:00.160 And according to this source,

00:19:01.220 he's supposed to have said, 0.99

00:19:02.320 Thus, foolish one, 0.99

00:19:03.680 do you tempt God 1.00

00:19:04.520 with evil?

00:19:05.520 My hope does not

00:19:06.360 wish for one man more.

00:19:07.700 Victory is not seen

00:19:08.740 to be given

00:19:09.240 on the basis of numbers.

00:19:10.920 God is all-powerful.

00:19:12.380 My cause is put

00:19:13.400 into his hands.

00:19:14.440 Here he pressed us

00:19:15.240 down with disease.

00:19:16.500 Being merciful,

00:19:17.500 he will not let us

00:19:18.220 be killed

00:19:18.640 by these enemies. 1.00

00:19:19.860 Let pious prayers

00:19:20.780 be offered to him.

00:19:21.860 Now there,

00:19:22.420 of course,

00:19:22.760 we can see

00:19:23.540 the seeds

00:19:24.260 of the famous

00:19:24.980 St. Crispin's Day

00:19:25.980 speech in Shakespeare's

00:19:27.800 play,

00:19:28.540 Henry V.

00:19:29.520 Shakespeare,

00:19:30.340 you would have thought,

00:19:31.300 has almost certainly

00:19:31.900 read those accounts

00:19:32.940 and, you know,

00:19:34.600 makes up his own speech

00:19:35.900 vaguely based on that.

00:19:38.420 And I'll talk about

00:19:39.260 that in a moment.

00:19:39.900 Just to finish up here,

00:19:41.580 Ian Mortimer says,

00:19:42.440 Did such a conversation

00:19:43.420 take place?

00:19:44.280 Other chroniclers

00:19:44.980 do mention it,

00:19:46.080 but in very similar words.

00:19:47.700 All the accounts

00:19:48.300 might have been based

00:19:49.120 on a story circulating

00:19:50.280 in the wake of the guester.

00:19:52.120 The authors were writing

00:19:53.340 with the benefit

00:19:53.900 of hindsight

00:19:54.480 and keen to expand

00:19:55.840 on the religious virtues

00:19:56.860 of the king.

00:19:57.880 But even if the story

00:19:58.820 is true and verbatim,

00:20:00.600 it was not wholly original.

00:20:02.260 It has several precedents

00:20:03.420 in biblical speeches

00:20:04.600 attributed to Judas Maccabeus,

00:20:07.620 the Old Testament king

00:20:09.040 of whom Edward III

00:20:10.240 had been compared

00:20:11.100 and with whom Henry's father

00:20:12.600 had associated himself.

00:20:14.240 For example,

00:20:15.540 in Maccabees 3,

00:20:16.920 verses 16 to 19,

00:20:18.500 one reads,

00:20:19.080 When he reached the city

00:20:20.500 of Beth-horon,

00:20:21.700 Judas went out to meet him

00:20:22.960 with a few men.

00:20:23.700 But when they saw

00:20:24.580 the army coming against them,

00:20:26.340 they said to Judas,

00:20:27.460 How can we,

00:20:28.140 few as we are,

00:20:29.060 fight against

00:20:29.560 such a mighty host as this?

00:20:31.380 Besides,

00:20:32.060 we are weak today

00:20:32.860 from fasting.

00:20:34.020 But Judas said,

00:20:35.020 It is easy for many

00:20:36.000 to be overcome by a few.

00:20:37.680 In the sight of heaven,

00:20:38.800 there is no difference

00:20:39.540 between deliverance

00:20:40.340 by many or a few.

00:20:41.740 For victory in war

00:20:42.520 does not depend

00:20:43.100 upon the size of the army,

00:20:44.540 but on the strength

00:20:45.380 that comes from heaven.

00:20:46.620 Now,

00:20:46.860 Ian Mortimer again.

00:20:48.080 Other speeches

00:20:48.620 are to be found

00:20:49.300 in the various chronicles

00:20:50.380 for the evening.

00:20:51.700 But these two

00:20:52.360 are of uncertain veracity

00:20:53.940 and written

00:20:54.800 with the benefit

00:20:55.400 of hindsight.

00:20:56.500 Henry supposedly

00:20:57.320 made a speech

00:20:58.140 in which he declared

00:20:59.220 that he would rather die

00:21:00.500 than be taken by the enemy.

00:21:02.300 He might have done,

00:21:03.300 he might not.

00:21:04.380 Similarly,

00:21:05.220 some French chronicles

00:21:06.220 state that Henry

00:21:07.180 sent heralds

00:21:08.040 to the French

00:21:08.780 asking that the battle

00:21:09.680 be put off

00:21:10.280 until the following day.

00:21:11.520 As not all the French 1.00

00:21:12.300 had arrived,

00:21:13.240 such a plan suited them well.

00:21:15.200 If Henry did seek

00:21:16.140 a short truce,

00:21:17.140 he did not trust the answer.

00:21:18.320 He kept his troops

00:21:19.560 drawn up in battle formation

00:21:20.880 until sunset.

00:21:22.120 And for much of the time,

00:21:23.400 he made them kneel and pray.

00:21:25.060 Only when it was clear

00:21:25.940 that there would be

00:21:26.460 no pitched battle

00:21:27.320 did he tell them

00:21:28.320 to take shelter

00:21:29.000 for the night

00:21:29.600 in the houses,

00:21:30.760 gardens and orchards

00:21:31.960 of Maisoncel.

00:21:33.200 It was then

00:21:33.860 that it began to rain.

00:21:35.460 End quote.

00:21:35.960 So before I go on,

00:21:37.620 I just want to mention

00:21:39.500 the famous

00:21:40.560 St. Crispin's Day speech

00:21:41.980 in Shakespeare.

00:21:42.980 It probably is

00:21:44.000 one of the most famous passages

00:21:45.600 in all of Shakespeare

00:21:47.500 and although it is

00:21:48.980 fictional,

00:21:50.260 you know,

00:21:50.540 it's a play,

00:21:51.200 they're Shakespeare's words,

00:21:52.260 not Henry's.

00:21:54.220 Nevertheless,

00:21:55.120 I feel like it's so famous

00:21:56.820 it's worth reading out.

00:21:58.520 Okay, so here's the text.

00:21:59.760 It's Act 4,

00:22:01.360 Scene 3

00:22:02.000 in the English Camp

00:22:03.340 and my reading

00:22:04.860 will be somewhere

00:22:05.400 between Branagh

00:22:06.800 and Olivier,

00:22:08.000 somewhere between the two.

00:22:09.880 So,

00:22:10.740 enter Gloucester,

00:22:12.000 Bedford,

00:22:12.520 Exeter,

00:22:12.960 Salisbury

00:22:13.340 and Westmoreland

00:22:14.100 and Gloucester says,

00:22:15.500 where is the king?

00:22:16.300 And Bedford says,

00:22:17.700 the king himself

00:22:18.460 is rode to view

00:22:19.140 their battle,

00:22:20.160 Westmoreland.

00:22:20.920 Of fighting men,

00:22:22.040 they have three score thousand,

00:22:23.960 Exeter.

00:22:24.680 There's five to one.

00:22:26.060 Besides,

00:22:26.900 they are all fresh,

00:22:28.040 Salisbury.

00:22:28.840 God's arms strike with us.

00:22:30.840 Tis a fearful odds.

00:22:32.140 Gods be with you,

00:22:32.880 princes all.

00:22:34.000 All to my charge.

00:22:35.500 If we no more meet

00:22:36.420 till we meet in heaven,

00:22:37.740 then joyfully,

00:22:38.640 my noble Lord Bedford,

00:22:40.140 my dear Lord Gloucester

00:22:41.220 and my good Lord Exeter

00:22:42.740 and my kind kinsmen,

00:22:44.620 warriors all,

00:22:45.580 adieu,

00:22:46.260 Bedford.

00:22:46.920 Farewell,

00:22:47.360 good Salisbury

00:22:47.860 and good luck go with thee,

00:22:49.820 Exeter.

00:22:50.500 Farewell,

00:22:50.960 kind Lord,

00:22:52.020 fight valiantly today

00:22:53.160 and yet I do thee wrong

00:22:54.560 to mind thee of it

00:22:55.520 for thou art famed

00:22:56.720 of the firm truth of valour,

00:22:58.740 Salisbury exits,

00:22:59.940 Bedford says,

00:23:00.800 he is as full of valour

00:23:01.920 as of kindness,

00:23:03.320 princely in both

00:23:04.100 and Westmoreland says,

00:23:05.400 oh that we now had here

00:23:06.920 but one ten thousand

00:23:08.380 of those men of England

00:23:09.500 that do no work today

00:23:11.060 and then King Harry enters

00:23:12.720 and this is the famous speech.

00:23:15.020 He says,

00:23:15.900 what's he that wishes so?

00:23:17.700 My cousin Westmoreland?

00:23:19.160 No, my fair cousin,

00:23:20.660 if we are marked to die,

00:23:22.140 we are enough to do

00:23:22.940 our country loss

00:23:23.740 and if to live,

00:23:25.140 the fewer men

00:23:25.760 the greater share of honour.

00:23:27.440 God's will,

00:23:28.340 I pray thee,

00:23:28.940 wish not one man more.

00:23:30.540 By Jove,

00:23:31.100 I am not covetous for gold,

00:23:32.860 nor care I

00:23:33.480 who doth feed upon my cost.

00:23:35.520 It yearns me not

00:23:36.420 if men my garments wear,

00:23:38.320 such outward things

00:23:39.320 dwell not in my desires.

00:23:41.020 But if it be a sin

00:23:41.880 to covet honour,

00:23:43.140 I am the most offending soul alive.

00:23:45.820 No, faith my cousin,

00:23:47.480 wish not a man from England. 1.00

00:23:49.520 God's peace,

00:23:50.380 I would not lose

00:23:51.120 so great an honour

00:23:51.920 as one man more

00:23:52.940 methinks would share from me.

00:23:54.520 For the best hope I have,

00:23:55.920 oh do not wish one man more.

00:23:57.640 Rather,

00:23:58.300 proclaim it Westmoreland

00:23:59.340 through my host

00:24:00.160 that he who hath no stomach 0.96

00:24:01.680 to this fight,

00:24:02.760 let him depart.

00:24:03.920 His passport shall be made 0.76

00:24:05.340 and crowns for convoy

00:24:06.600 put into his purse.

00:24:08.020 We would not die

00:24:08.720 in that man's company

00:24:09.580 that fears his fellowship

00:24:10.700 to die with us.

00:24:11.860 This day is called

00:24:13.160 the Feast of Crispian.

00:24:14.740 He that outlived this day

00:24:16.100 and comes safe home

00:24:17.440 will stand a tiptoe

00:24:18.840 when this day is named

00:24:19.840 and rouse him

00:24:21.060 at the name of Crispian.

00:24:22.520 He that shall live this day

00:24:23.800 and see old age

00:24:25.020 will yearly on the vigil

00:24:26.480 feast his friends

00:24:27.320 and say,

00:24:28.340 tomorrow is St. Crispian.

00:24:30.240 Then will he strip his sleeve

00:24:31.780 and show his scars

00:24:33.200 and say these wounds

00:24:35.000 I had on Crispian's day.

00:24:36.980 Old men forget 1.00

00:24:37.920 yet all shall be forgot

00:24:39.620 but he'll remember

00:24:40.880 with advantages

00:24:41.680 what feats he did that day.

00:24:44.000 Then shall our names

00:24:45.020 familiar in their mouths

00:24:46.460 as household words

00:24:47.580 Harry the King

00:24:48.780 Bedford and Exeter

00:24:50.000 Warwick and Talbot

00:24:51.120 Salisbury and Gloucester

00:24:52.100 be in their flowing cups

00:24:53.500 freshly remembered.

00:24:54.840 This story

00:24:55.860 shall the good man

00:24:56.900 teach his son

00:24:57.760 and Crispian, Crispian

00:24:59.420 shall ne'er go by

00:25:00.720 from this day

00:25:01.840 until the ending

00:25:02.800 of the world

00:25:03.460 but we in it

00:25:04.760 shall be remembered

00:25:05.720 we few

00:25:06.840 we happy few

00:25:09.140 we band of brothers

00:25:10.900 for he today

00:25:11.940 that sheds his blood

00:25:12.780 with me

00:25:13.100 shall be my brother

00:25:14.000 and be he never so vile

00:25:15.520 this day

00:25:16.260 shall gentle his condition

00:25:17.400 and gentlemen of England

00:25:18.860 now abed

00:25:19.580 shall think themselves

00:25:20.640 accursed

00:25:21.060 that they were not here

00:25:22.100 and hold their manhood

00:25:23.580 is cheap

00:25:23.940 while any speaks

00:25:25.200 that fought with us

00:25:26.460 upon St Crispin's Day

00:25:28.580 end quote

00:25:29.600 okay so that fabled night

00:25:31.180 of the 24th to the 25th of October

00:25:33.360 Ian Mortimer writes

00:25:35.640 the night of the 24th to 25th of October

00:25:37.780 1415

00:25:38.560 cannot have been easy

00:25:39.700 for anyone

00:25:40.320 anywhere near Agincourt

00:25:41.480 whether they were French

00:25:42.340 or English

00:25:43.000 for the Englishmen

00:25:44.140 camped in the tents

00:25:45.500 in the orchards

00:25:46.440 and gardens

00:25:47.120 of Maisoncel

00:25:48.140 and for their lords

00:25:49.160 and masters

00:25:49.700 in the houses

00:25:50.460 and barns

00:25:51.200 there was the sheer

00:25:52.120 nervous anticipation

00:25:53.020 of the following day

00:25:54.200 few could have slept well

00:25:55.900 some were still suffering

00:25:57.220 from dysentery

00:25:58.000 as they lay and sat there

00:25:59.520 listening to the pounding

00:26:00.460 of the rain

00:26:01.020 if they were not actually

00:26:02.260 feeling it

00:26:02.960 soaked through their clothes

00:26:04.300 most would have believed

00:26:05.660 that on the following day

00:26:06.620 they would die

00:26:07.240 men who survived the battle

00:26:09.080 but who were captured

00:26:10.260 and could not afford

00:26:11.100 to pay a ransom

00:26:11.860 would be killed 0.99

00:26:12.560 normally with a knife 0.99

00:26:13.980 through the windpipe

00:26:14.860 or an axe blow 0.96

00:26:15.840 through the skull 0.98

00:26:16.520 it was being said

00:26:17.760 that the French

00:26:18.380 were casting lots

00:26:19.220 for which English lords

00:26:20.560 they were going to take prisoner

00:26:21.640 such was their confidence

00:26:22.900 the rain was the least

00:26:24.480 of their worries

00:26:25.160 their lack of food

00:26:26.320 their tiredness and fear

00:26:27.760 tomorrow everything

00:26:28.800 would be over

00:26:29.520 the whole hellish episode

00:26:31.180 for the Frenchmen

00:26:32.140 things could not have been

00:26:33.000 much easier

00:26:33.600 the rain was a bother

00:26:35.120 they had to go

00:26:35.960 into the villages

00:26:36.520 and take what straw

00:26:37.620 and hay they could find

00:26:38.620 to try and soak up

00:26:39.480 the mud

00:26:39.840 where they were camping

00:26:40.900 many men had been

00:26:42.180 billeted in villages

00:26:43.220 until now

00:26:43.900 and so lacked any tents

00:26:45.260 or other shelter

00:26:46.020 and so grew depressed

00:26:47.320 as they sat waiting

00:26:48.240 in the heavy rain

00:26:49.020 this rain will be

00:26:50.360 all important

00:26:50.860 for the battle itself

00:26:51.820 the following day

00:26:52.460 they were also tired

00:26:53.560 having tracked

00:26:54.360 the English army

00:26:55.080 for two weeks

00:26:55.800 and having had

00:26:56.720 several hard days riding

00:26:57.980 in order to cut off

00:26:59.220 the English advance

00:27:00.040 they too were hungry 0.97

00:27:01.280 and miserable

00:27:01.800 they had been forced

00:27:02.940 to live off the land

00:27:03.800 and had had to requisition

00:27:05.420 or steal food

00:27:06.160 from their own people

00:27:06.940 groups of them

00:27:07.800 had regularly confronted

00:27:08.860 the English

00:27:09.460 and had been wounded

00:27:10.640 large portions

00:27:11.660 of their army

00:27:12.280 were absent

00:27:12.820 the Duke of Orléans

00:27:13.980 seems to have caught up

00:27:15.020 with the rest of the army

00:27:15.900 during the night

00:27:16.640 or first thing in the morning

00:27:18.100 so presumably

00:27:19.200 he was riding

00:27:19.960 through the dire weather

00:27:21.000 but that meant

00:27:22.000 their overall commander

00:27:22.940 was tired

00:27:23.520 and unfamiliar

00:27:24.080 with the territory

00:27:24.940 as well as the troops

00:27:26.200 and where were

00:27:27.080 the other ducal companies

00:27:28.160 where was the Duke of Brittany

00:27:29.780 where were the Duke

00:27:31.000 of Anjou's men

00:27:31.880 where was the Duke

00:27:32.880 of Brabant

00:27:33.400 where was the Duke

00:27:34.520 of Lorraine

00:27:35.040 where was John the Fearless

00:27:36.680 and his son

00:27:37.260 the Count of Chalois

00:27:38.500 Henry was lodged

00:27:39.560 in a small house

00:27:40.360 in Maisoncel

00:27:41.480 his night was no doubt

00:27:42.840 spent in prayer

00:27:43.640 in part at least

00:27:44.820 everything he had worked for

00:27:46.540 was to be put to the test

00:27:47.600 on the morrow

00:27:48.180 every decision he had made

00:27:49.980 was likewise to be tested

00:27:51.420 but most of all

00:27:52.520 his faith was on trial

00:27:53.820 if God was not on his side

00:27:55.440 after all

00:27:56.020 then tomorrow

00:27:56.860 he would be a prisoner

00:27:57.820 of the King of France

00:27:58.800 and in his absence

00:28:00.420 his enjoyment

00:28:01.280 of the throne of England

00:28:02.400 would depend entirely

00:28:03.580 on the loyalty

00:28:04.220 of his brothers

00:28:04.920 how loyal would they be

00:28:06.400 after he had forsaken

00:28:07.780 the advice of his brother

00:28:08.860 and heir Thomas

00:28:09.680 in undertaking this march

00:28:11.340 across France

00:28:12.040 the very reason

00:28:12.980 he was here in France

00:28:14.020 was to prove his right

00:28:15.220 to the throne of England

00:28:16.200 by demonstrating

00:28:17.360 it was God's will

00:28:18.840 that he should be

00:28:19.500 King of France

00:28:20.120 if he lost this battle

00:28:21.520 and many hundreds of men

00:28:22.920 he stood to lose

00:28:23.940 not just his claim

00:28:24.780 on the French throne

00:28:25.640 but the security

00:28:26.640 of his English title too

00:28:27.960 he had staked everything

00:28:29.280 on victory

00:28:29.820 it was all or nothing

00:28:31.080 in this light

00:28:31.940 one has to give Henry

00:28:32.800 credit for holding his nerve

00:28:34.360 and providing

00:28:35.220 such controlled leadership

00:28:36.580 especially in the wake

00:28:37.820 of his own ill health

00:28:38.900 few other men

00:28:39.680 could have done it

00:28:40.340 in such appalling circumstances

00:28:41.700 but he did not let up

00:28:43.100 for a moment

00:28:43.600 in line with his strict

00:28:45.060 discipline on the march

00:28:46.060 he ordered that the whole camp

00:28:47.440 was to remain silent

00:28:48.500 throughout the night

00:28:49.220 men at arms

00:28:50.380 making a noise

00:28:51.440 were to have their horses

00:28:52.380 and armour confiscated

00:28:53.580 archers and servants

00:28:55.020 who were not silent

00:28:56.240 were to have an ear cut off

00:28:57.560 this rule of silence

00:28:58.720 served two purposes

00:28:59.920 it encouraged prayerfulness

00:29:01.960 and it permitted careful attention

00:29:03.880 to the sounds of the night

00:29:05.000 had the English

00:29:05.760 been making a clamour

00:29:06.760 and with the rain falling

00:29:07.900 so heavily

00:29:08.420 it would have been very easy

00:29:09.900 for a French sortie

00:29:10.780 to make a sudden night attack

00:29:12.540 and cause confusion

00:29:13.540 and panic

00:29:13.980 throughout the English army

00:29:15.000 the two camps

00:29:15.960 were no more than

00:29:16.620 1,200 yards apart

00:29:18.120 one source says

00:29:19.360 that their front lines

00:29:20.160 were as close as

00:29:21.080 250 paces

00:29:22.300 because of the danger

00:29:23.680 Henry also ordered

00:29:24.880 his men to build bonfires

00:29:26.300 by which to keep watch

00:29:27.580 through the night

00:29:28.160 the moon was now

00:29:29.100 in its last quarter

00:29:29.920 with the rain clouds above

00:29:31.440 there was virtually

00:29:32.420 no moonlight

00:29:33.080 nevertheless

00:29:33.760 it appears that

00:29:35.020 the Count of Richemore

00:29:36.080 advanced to the English lines

00:29:37.800 with 2,000 men

00:29:38.800 and came close enough

00:29:39.840 to be noticed

00:29:40.520 and attacked by archers

00:29:41.880 before he withdrew

00:29:42.960 Henry also sent out men

00:29:44.400 to reconnoiter the land

00:29:45.580 despite the darkness

00:29:46.620 and the rain

00:29:47.160 it was worth getting

00:29:48.220 to know as much as possible

00:29:49.300 about the site

00:29:50.020 of the forthcoming battle

00:29:51.160 end of quote

00:29:51.980 so in Shakespeare's play

00:29:53.480 they have a show

00:29:54.840 that the French

00:29:55.860 are playing dice

00:29:56.820 and getting drunk

00:29:57.580 but the way

00:29:58.400 Ian Mortimer tells it

00:29:59.360 is that a lot of

00:30:00.000 the at least normal men

00:30:01.040 in the French

00:30:01.820 on the French side

00:30:02.740 would have had

00:30:03.860 almost as much

00:30:05.160 of a miserable time

00:30:06.120 of it as the English

00:30:07.020 although at least

00:30:07.900 not thinking

00:30:08.480 they're certainly

00:30:09.300 going to face death

00:30:10.080 in the morning

00:30:10.500 Shakespeare also has

00:30:11.700 a touch of Harry

00:30:13.220 in the night

00:30:13.660 where he goes round

00:30:14.400 to his men

00:30:15.460 occasionally sort of

00:30:17.180 arguing with them

00:30:17.820 about the king's rights

00:30:19.120 there's some touching bits

00:30:20.380 where the men

00:30:20.940 one of the men

00:30:22.300 talks about how

00:30:23.480 there'll be many

00:30:24.440 a grieving woman

00:30:25.920 and child in England

00:30:27.000 come tomorrow

00:30:28.080 and their men folk 0.68

00:30:29.500 are cut down

00:30:30.180 but others say

00:30:30.880 how much they love

00:30:31.620 the king

00:30:32.060 and they wouldn't

00:30:32.720 be anywhere else

00:30:33.500 but there's a

00:30:34.440 there's a great bit

00:30:35.140 in also in the play

00:30:36.560 the chorus opening

00:30:37.620 that act

00:30:38.760 where we're told

00:30:39.560 now entertain

00:30:40.740 conjecture of a time

00:30:41.980 when creeping murmur

00:30:43.420 and pouring dark

00:30:44.380 fills the wired vessel

00:30:45.460 of the universe

00:30:46.240 from camp to camp

00:30:47.460 through the foul

00:30:48.300 womb of night

00:30:49.020 the hum of their army

00:30:50.360 stilly sounds

00:30:51.360 that the fixed sentinels

00:30:52.680 almost receive

00:30:53.620 the secret whispers

00:30:54.460 of each other's watch

00:30:55.780 fire answers fire

00:30:57.100 and through their

00:30:57.900 paley flames

00:30:58.640 each battle sees

00:30:59.500 the other's umbered face

00:31:00.820 steed threatens steed

00:31:02.340 in high and boastful

00:31:03.480 nays

00:31:03.880 piercing the knight's

00:31:05.040 dull ear

00:31:05.600 and from the tents

00:31:06.980 accomplishing the knights

00:31:08.460 with busy hammers

00:31:09.660 closing rivets up

00:31:10.700 give dreadful note

00:31:11.900 of preparation

00:31:12.560 the country cocks

00:31:13.760 do crow

00:31:14.240 the clocks do toll

00:31:15.660 and the third hour

00:31:17.020 of drowsy morning name

00:31:18.260 proud of their numbers

00:31:19.420 and securing soul

00:31:20.520 the confident

00:31:21.460 and over lusty french 0.95

00:31:22.760 do the low rated english

00:31:24.360 play at dice

00:31:25.080 and chide the crippled 1.00

00:31:26.360 tardy gated knight

00:31:27.440 who like a foul 1.00

00:31:28.600 and ugly witch 1.00

00:31:29.460 doth limp 1.00

00:31:30.260 so tediously away

00:31:31.400 the poor condemned english

00:31:33.080 like sacrifices

00:31:34.480 by their watchful fires

00:31:36.480 sit patiently

00:31:37.760 and inly ruminate

00:31:39.220 the morning's danger

00:31:40.120 and their gesture

00:31:41.120 sad

00:31:41.680 investing lank lean cheeks

00:31:43.600 and war worn coats

00:31:44.860 presenteth them

00:31:45.900 unto the gazing moon

00:31:47.000 so many horrid ghosts

00:31:48.640 oh now

00:31:49.340 who will behold

00:31:50.120 the royal captain

00:31:50.960 of this ruined band

00:31:52.440 walking from watch to watch

00:31:54.100 from tent to tent

00:31:55.220 let him cry

00:31:56.460 praise and glory

00:31:57.700 on his head

00:31:58.420 for forth he goes

00:31:59.620 and visits all his hosts

00:32:01.160 we hope you enjoyed

00:32:02.460 that video

00:32:02.940 and if you did

00:32:03.660 please head over

00:32:04.320 to lotusseeters.com

00:32:05.660 for the full

00:32:06.420 unabridged video

00:32:07.280 so much D

00:32:20.500 as long as he sleet

00:32:21.620 and cries

00:32:23.500 for the παg 하나

00:32:24.380 to be angry

00:32:24.500 and 점

00:32:24.840 that he invited

00:32:25.480 and such

00:32:26.660 who took care

00:32:27.220 and together

00:32:28.060 who told us

00:32:28.540 in a way

00:32:28.960 and that he

00:32:30.440 told us

00:32:30.780 to percent

00:32:31.560 believe and

00:32:32.220 to have

00:32:32.900 what a

00:32:33.540 whoucha 0.85

00:32:33.960 can

00:32:34.540 and

00:32:34.640 save

The Podcast of the Lotus Eaters - June 01, 2025

PREVIEW： Epochs #213 ｜ Henry V： Part VIII

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