The Podcast of the Lotus Eaters - Was Napoleon Good for France？

00:00:00.000 Hello and welcome to this special interview where we should be talking a bit about Napoleon today

00:00:03.960 and I am joined by the masterful Apostolic Majesty. How are you, sir?

00:00:07.960 Hello, it's lovely to be here in person for the first time.

00:00:10.780 Yeah.

00:00:11.100 And it just occurred to, I think both you and I, just a few minutes before this,

00:00:14.920 that this is taking place on Bastille Day, so it's a little more appropriate,

00:00:17.880 or at least it's going to be recorded on Bastille Day.

00:00:19.960 Right, right, yeah. It's great to have you in.

00:00:25.100 I don't think it's needless sycophancy to say I've very rarely ever known,

00:00:29.360 let alone met someone with your depth of knowledge.

00:00:32.260 So it's always a pleasure to pick your brain, it really is.

00:00:35.200 So today we thought we'd talk about the question,

00:00:39.760 it was Napoleon good for France?

00:00:42.880 That's what you thought would be an interesting topic of discussion.

00:00:47.180 I did indeed.

00:00:48.620 And the reason I think it's a very important question,

00:00:52.100 and to again emphasise France specifically,

00:00:55.400 is that so much of the Napoleonic myth, I guess,

00:01:00.800 and the whole notion of grandeur, Gaullist grandeur,

00:01:04.980 is wrapped up in the association that France has, you can say,

00:01:08.720 the natural right to be the great leader of Europe,

00:01:14.180 in more ways than one, not just in terms of culture,

00:01:17.500 but also in terms of military might and glory, etc.

00:01:20.880 And no figure ostensibly would seem to epitomise that more so

00:01:25.820 than Napoleon, Napoleon le grand, Napoleon the great,

00:01:30.140 the man who at one point conquered Europe

00:01:32.180 and then lost it all within the space of a couple of years.

00:01:35.300 And my contention here, looking at Napoleon,

00:01:39.620 is that I believe this is a man who was given so many opportunities

00:01:44.340 to build for France an unassailable legacy,

00:01:50.000 not just in territory but in terms of culture and his economy

00:01:53.600 and his ability to trade and dominate European markets.

00:01:57.860 And several years ago, I came to the conclusion

00:02:02.000 that Napoleon had bungled that opportunity,

00:02:05.240 and he had bungled it in a way that was so decisive

00:02:09.680 that I believe it left France almost bordering

00:02:14.300 on second-tier nation status forevermore.

00:02:19.000 And when you look at a politician like de Gaulle,

00:02:23.240 it seems that the whole notion of grandeur

00:02:25.100 is in many ways a sense of overcompensating for that loss.

00:02:29.280 It's interesting.

00:02:30.700 Just as you talk about just in the broadest sense,

00:02:33.000 the sweep of history, sort of the Gaullic grandeur,

00:02:36.860 you talk about going back to sort of the Franks and Charlemagne

00:02:39.560 and a thousand years before almost.

00:02:43.180 Indeed.

00:02:43.640 Well, you can almost look at this and say that

00:02:45.460 the way I try and structure history,

00:02:48.420 I mean, in deference to your epoch show,

00:02:51.660 I try to see history in terms of broad parallels,

00:02:55.900 not broad in the sense that these are nebulous by any means,

00:02:59.200 no, not at all.

00:03:00.200 But you can say that modern France was formed of Clovis,

00:03:04.540 even though there is a train of thought

00:03:06.300 that puts a fervour to Vercingetorix and the Gaulles.

00:03:09.580 But when you look at someone like Clovis,

00:03:12.220 you look at the Merovingians, 1.00

00:03:13.460 and then they coalesce into the Carolingians.

00:03:16.460 Under someone like Charlemagne,

00:03:18.340 who is really not just the founder of France as a nation,

00:03:20.700 but also the founder of Germany as a nation as well,

00:03:22.960 it seems that the whole notion of the Franks

00:03:27.040 and that ability to dominate Europe

00:03:29.740 and assume the mantle of Caesarian rulership,

00:03:32.600 the restoration of the Roman Empire,

00:03:34.260 it's not enough that Charlemagne was able to assume

00:03:37.840 that dominant position within Europe during the 9th century,

00:03:40.940 but he was also emperor.

00:03:42.360 It seems that what I see with Napoleon

00:03:45.300 is there is so much conscious historical reenactment

00:03:49.820 in a figure like Napoleon.

00:03:51.520 Napoleon begins as a man with so much,

00:03:55.360 I would say, promise in terms of all the goodwill

00:03:59.800 that had been bestowed upon a particular tumultuous time

00:04:03.720 within French history.

00:04:04.820 And then he aspires to this Carolingian restoration

00:04:09.400 almost directly 1,000 years after the original Charlemagne.

00:04:13.900 Except unlike Charlemagne,

00:04:15.680 there isn't this glorious French epoch 0.79

00:04:18.260 of a new Holy Roman Empire that's born out of it.

00:04:21.080 Instead, ultimately, the 19th century European history

00:04:23.920 is very much the tale of how Germany came to surpass France.

00:04:29.540 All the more ironic because I believe that German nationalism 1.00

00:04:32.440 as we understand it in the 19th century

00:04:34.440 is impossible without a figure like Napoleon.

00:04:37.200 In many ways, you can say that Napoleon does more

00:04:39.460 to benefit Germany and even Italy in the long run

00:04:42.740 than he does for France.

00:04:44.100 And Britain.

00:04:44.640 And indeed Britain, of course.

00:04:45.760 Yeah, yeah.

00:04:47.200 So it's one of the first things,

00:04:48.020 when you mentioned this to me a week or so ago

00:04:50.520 that we would talk about this,

00:04:53.280 my first gut reaction,

00:04:55.440 or the first, like an instant in my mind is,

00:04:57.840 no, Napoleon was terrible for France.

00:04:59.600 Absolute terrible, a disaster, a catastrophe for France.

00:05:02.160 Then the more I've sort of mulled it over

00:05:04.000 and thought about it,

00:05:05.100 although I still think that if I had to pick one side

00:05:08.300 of the ledge or the other,

00:05:09.220 I would pick bad, negative.

00:05:11.800 But there are certainly positives.

00:05:15.620 I think you would admit there must be some.

00:05:18.520 And although our question is specific,

00:05:20.300 was he good for France?

00:05:21.440 The thing I kept coming back to was,

00:05:24.060 if it wasn't for Napoleon

00:05:25.600 and then the Battle of the Nile and Trafalgar,

00:05:29.160 Britain wouldn't have, 0.84

00:05:30.280 I know it's not within the purview of our question,

00:05:32.300 but as an aside,

00:05:33.360 Britain wouldn't have dominated, 0.94

00:05:35.040 I wouldn't have thought,

00:05:36.860 during the 19th century as hard as it did

00:05:39.760 if we hadn't annihilated,

00:05:42.760 if we hadn't had the opportunity

00:05:44.100 to annihilate the French Navy.

00:05:46.560 That's a fair thing to say, do you think?

00:05:48.680 It is.

00:05:49.320 It is, interestingly.

00:05:51.140 But I suppose that question then becomes,

00:05:54.040 you have taken the question,

00:05:55.480 was Napoleon good for France?

00:05:57.200 And you have said, inevitably,

00:05:59.000 he was good for all of France's neighbours,

00:06:01.140 especially Britain.

00:06:03.160 I think it might be instructive

00:06:04.520 for those listening,

00:06:06.180 just to have a brief overview,

00:06:07.560 because I don't want to get ahead

00:06:09.800 and assume that everyone knows

00:06:11.160 everything about Napoleon.

00:06:12.620 So just to give a very brief trajectory

00:06:15.060 of what he did,

00:06:16.280 the French Revolution happens in 1789.

00:06:19.460 It becomes more radical

00:06:20.480 and the French ruling family are deposed

00:06:23.060 and then they are executed

00:06:24.700 as a result of the guillotine.

00:06:27.320 The French Revolution mutates

00:06:29.580 into a feverishly zealous epoch

00:06:33.200 during Maximilian Robespierre

00:06:35.000 called the Reign of Terror,

00:06:36.520 where it begins killing off,

00:06:38.080 basically, the own proponents

00:06:39.480 of the revolution,

00:06:40.060 such as prominently Danton

00:06:42.060 and the Hepatists.

00:06:45.480 And then there is a period,

00:06:47.520 you can say,

00:06:48.120 of trying to moderate

00:06:50.600 the worst excesses of the revolution,

00:06:52.780 following the revolutionary zeal.

00:06:54.340 This eventually leads

00:06:55.120 to the execution of those

00:06:56.660 who incited it,

00:06:57.620 Saint-Just and Robespierre himself.

00:07:00.240 And then you have a figure

00:07:01.140 like Napoleon.

00:07:02.280 Napoleon is basically entering

00:07:03.640 into a political vacuum,

00:07:05.000 which is caused by this period

00:07:06.200 of moderation called the Directory.

00:07:07.660 He is very young.

00:07:10.340 He is a young Corsican minor noble

00:07:14.200 and he quickly demonstrates

00:07:16.520 his military brilliance

00:07:17.680 in evicting the British 1.00

00:07:18.900 from the French naval port of Toulon.

00:07:22.420 He then goes on to counter

00:07:24.920 a royalist insurrection in 1795

00:07:27.720 and that gives him command

00:07:28.960 of an army in Italy.

00:07:30.800 What Napoleon does

00:07:31.920 is turn Italy from a sideshow

00:07:35.720 in the overall war

00:07:37.560 of the coalition powers

00:07:39.000 against France

00:07:39.740 trying to cancel out

00:07:41.100 the French Revolution.

00:07:42.660 And he makes Italy 0.85

00:07:43.420 the decisive frontier

00:07:45.600 during the war,

00:07:46.480 which was previously Germany.

00:07:48.280 He wins a series of battles

00:07:49.720 such as Lodi

00:07:50.480 and he's able to impose

00:07:52.060 on his main adversary, Austria,

00:07:55.000 a peace basically

00:07:56.060 by his own volition.

00:07:57.380 And what that does

00:07:58.080 is basically demonstrate

00:07:59.000 that the Directory

00:08:01.860 and the French political system

00:08:03.760 can't really deal

00:08:05.220 with someone

00:08:05.760 who is as ambitious

00:08:06.760 and as determined

00:08:09.640 to rise to the heights

00:08:11.120 of his own predestined star

00:08:13.180 as Napoleon.

00:08:14.680 And so Napoleon

00:08:15.300 very much seems

00:08:16.020 to be determining

00:08:16.880 French foreign policy

00:08:18.160 as well as military strategy.

00:08:19.800 He then goes on.

00:08:21.000 He conquers Egypt briefly,

00:08:23.200 goes off into Syria

00:08:24.180 and then his navy

00:08:25.500 is decisively defeated,

00:08:26.600 as you mentioned,

00:08:27.640 at the Battle of the Nile,

00:08:28.660 causing him to abandon

00:08:29.600 his army,

00:08:30.120 then turn back.

00:08:30.780 But again,

00:08:31.660 a man who was never shy

00:08:34.560 to spin all of these

00:08:36.680 military setbacks

00:08:37.620 in the best possible light,

00:08:39.400 the conquest of Egypt

00:08:40.840 becomes this great

00:08:42.260 oriental expedition.

00:08:43.560 It's the birth of Egyptology 0.97

00:08:45.080 and it is French science

00:08:46.720 that has conquered

00:08:47.400 even though French armies

00:08:48.760 have been left stranded here.

00:08:50.560 And so he becomes

00:08:51.740 the sword of a conspiracy

00:08:53.360 to upend this French 1.00

00:08:55.560 political system

00:08:56.460 led by other

00:08:57.580 great French revolutionaries

00:08:59.380 such as Siers

00:09:00.020 who wrote

00:09:00.560 What is the Third Estate? 0.94

00:09:01.700 One of the most famous

00:09:03.000 pre-revolutionary pamphlets.

00:09:05.460 Ultimately,

00:09:05.960 he's able to sideline

00:09:06.980 all of these people

00:09:07.760 who thought

00:09:08.320 they could use Napoleon.

00:09:10.000 He establishes

00:09:10.980 a personal dictatorship

00:09:12.020 called Consulate

00:09:12.900 and then he moves on

00:09:15.020 essentially

00:09:15.540 to become embroiled

00:09:16.860 in a series of wars

00:09:17.920 with all of the

00:09:18.800 neighbouring powers.

00:09:20.220 He fights off Britain, 0.96

00:09:22.460 he fights off Austria,

00:09:23.400 wins a battle

00:09:23.940 at Marengo

00:09:25.600 and then he assumes

00:09:27.360 to himself

00:09:27.980 the power of an emperor

00:09:29.580 more so than

00:09:30.740 that being a consul

00:09:31.840 and he justifies it

00:09:33.340 essentially by saying

00:09:34.400 that I am going

00:09:35.380 to be Caesarean,

00:09:36.460 it's a republican office.

00:09:37.800 You know,

00:09:37.960 the last time I think

00:09:38.740 you and I discussed history

00:09:39.820 we talked about

00:09:40.380 the Emperor Augustus.

00:09:41.980 Well again,

00:09:42.480 as so much of

00:09:43.300 Napoleon's history

00:09:44.180 was conscious

00:09:45.040 historical reenactment,

00:09:47.420 so too he was

00:09:48.500 assuming

00:09:49.000 the office

00:09:50.720 of Augustus

00:09:51.700 and he was having

00:09:52.340 the Pope there

00:09:52.960 to officiate

00:09:53.580 over the proceedings

00:09:54.320 and bless this

00:09:55.260 new recreation

00:09:57.360 of a Carolingian empire.

00:09:59.760 You can say

00:10:00.120 at the beginning

00:10:00.580 there were these

00:10:01.240 overtly republican

00:10:02.680 affectations

00:10:03.420 but eventually

00:10:03.980 they became dynastic,

00:10:06.060 absolutist,

00:10:07.360 monarchical

00:10:07.960 and ultimately

00:10:08.940 you can say

00:10:09.460 to the detriment

00:10:10.100 of France

00:10:10.800 and so Napoleon

00:10:12.640 goes off

00:10:13.340 in the next few years

00:10:14.200 and achieves

00:10:15.020 some remarkable

00:10:15.840 victories against

00:10:16.960 the Austrians

00:10:17.640 and the Russian

00:10:18.100 Austerlitz.

00:10:19.520 He is able

00:10:20.060 to win decisive

00:10:20.960 victories against

00:10:21.740 the Prussians

00:10:22.380 with his Marshal

00:10:23.360 Davout

00:10:23.740 at Jena

00:10:24.540 and the Battle

00:10:25.200 of Eustadt,

00:10:26.540 defeats the Russians 1.00

00:10:27.480 at Friedland,

00:10:28.440 compels them

00:10:29.000 to peace at Tilsit

00:10:29.920 and it seems

00:10:30.620 that Napoleon

00:10:31.100 is at the top

00:10:31.520 of the world.

00:10:32.560 Then Napoleon

00:10:33.140 makes a series

00:10:33.720 of unfolded errors.

00:10:34.860 You've already

00:10:35.200 mentioned the Battle

00:10:35.960 of Trafalgar.

00:10:37.500 You can't really

00:10:38.000 blame Napoleon

00:10:38.560 for that

00:10:38.940 because he wasn't

00:10:40.120 leading the fleets

00:10:42.020 nor was he an admiral

00:10:42.940 but you can blame

00:10:44.100 Napoleon

00:10:44.560 for the after effects

00:10:46.200 of that

00:10:46.660 which is that

00:10:47.420 Napoleon believed

00:10:48.200 I cannot defeat Britain 0.67

00:10:49.700 through a system

00:10:51.900 of naval interdiction

00:10:54.060 or by being able

00:10:56.040 to overcome

00:10:56.780 the maritime strength

00:10:58.040 of the British Empire.

00:10:59.180 So I'm going to cut off

00:11:00.520 the lifeblood

00:11:01.180 of the empire

00:11:01.960 which is trade

00:11:02.740 continental trade

00:11:03.900 with Europe

00:11:04.380 and that is the birth

00:11:05.900 of the continental system.

00:11:07.920 Now the horrible logic

00:11:09.060 of the continental system

00:11:10.120 for Napoleon

00:11:10.680 is that it necessitated

00:11:12.000 that Napoleon

00:11:13.260 assume control

00:11:14.360 of more and more

00:11:15.320 and more facets

00:11:16.080 not just of European territory

00:11:17.360 but more of European

00:11:18.220 political life.

00:11:19.600 It leads him

00:11:20.740 to what you can say

00:11:21.460 to be his greatest disaster

00:11:23.260 which is the invasion

00:11:24.600 of Portugal

00:11:25.120 and by extension

00:11:25.840 the invasion of Spain.

00:11:27.480 It's not enough

00:11:27.980 to depose his allies.

00:11:29.200 The justification

00:11:29.620 becomes more spurious.

00:11:31.420 You are not efficient

00:11:32.100 enough in enforcing

00:11:33.200 the British naval blockade

00:11:34.580 and in that terms

00:11:35.940 he deposes his own relatives.

00:11:38.060 He deposes his brother

00:11:39.100 Louis

00:11:39.660 who would be made

00:11:40.460 king of the Netherlands.

00:11:41.640 He deposes his brother

00:11:42.520 Jerome

00:11:42.940 who would be made

00:11:43.620 king of Westphalia

00:11:44.580 out of the territories

00:11:46.160 of Oldenburg

00:11:46.940 and North Germany

00:11:47.620 and at one point

00:11:48.400 France even has a border

00:11:49.900 into the Baltic Sea

00:11:51.760 with Denmark

00:11:52.460 and then of course

00:11:54.140 the worst impulses

00:11:55.700 of the continental system

00:11:56.820 force Napoleon

00:11:58.160 by his own logic

00:11:59.120 to invade Russia

00:12:00.540 to compel Russia

00:12:01.660 to come back

00:12:02.500 and become part

00:12:03.380 of this continental system

00:12:04.640 and after we all know

00:12:07.020 Napoleon was defeated

00:12:08.780 in Russia

00:12:10.200 what does Napoleon do?

00:12:12.460 Does Napoleon try

00:12:13.320 and make peace?

00:12:14.340 Does Napoleon try

00:12:15.040 to lessen his ambitions

00:12:16.260 as a result

00:12:17.000 of the continental system

00:12:18.000 though he continues

00:12:19.460 to fight

00:12:19.980 and even though

00:12:20.940 he has an advocate

00:12:21.720 and one of his former enemies

00:12:23.100 in the form of Metternich

00:12:24.040 in Austria

00:12:24.500 he keeps on fighting

00:12:26.280 and ultimately

00:12:27.300 he loses everything

00:12:28.520 is deposed

00:12:29.380 and is reduced merely

00:12:30.360 to the emperor

00:12:31.140 of the island

00:12:31.880 of Elba

00:12:33.120 and then

00:12:34.620 when he believes

00:12:35.540 there's tumult

00:12:36.700 among the allies

00:12:37.660 and unrest in France

00:12:39.360 he comes back

00:12:40.140 and leaves

00:12:40.860 one of the most

00:12:41.480 bizarre periods

00:12:42.500 in French history

00:12:43.280 which is the Hundred Days Campaign

00:12:44.620 which of course

00:12:45.740 we all know

00:12:46.320 is culminating

00:12:47.100 in the Battle of Waterloo

00:12:48.120 where Napoleon

00:12:49.140 is defeated

00:12:49.640 by Wellington

00:12:50.220 thereafter

00:12:51.080 he is sent off

00:12:51.860 to St Helena

00:12:52.440 and he dies

00:12:53.080 there in exile

00:12:53.800 I mean I feel like

00:12:56.820 I absolutely agree

00:12:57.740 with you

00:12:58.120 that he

00:12:58.740 he messed up

00:13:00.580 he dropped the ball

00:13:01.200 however you want to say it

00:13:02.120 that he led himself

00:13:03.380 to Elba

00:13:04.140 and then

00:13:05.220 St Helena

00:13:06.220 in all sorts of ways

00:13:07.940 it's like

00:13:08.220 he had his destiny

00:13:09.480 in his own hands

00:13:10.020 he made

00:13:10.620 unforced error

00:13:11.300 as you said

00:13:11.860 yeah

00:13:13.140 the deposing

00:13:14.540 of the Spanish

00:13:15.340 royal family

00:13:17.180 in hindsight

00:13:18.220 anyway

00:13:18.560 it's easy to say

00:13:19.160 these things

00:13:19.520 isn't it

00:13:19.780 in hindsight

00:13:20.120 I don't think it is

00:13:21.720 actually

00:13:22.040 I think

00:13:22.480 I mean that's

00:13:24.200 another sort of comparison

00:13:26.600 is like

00:13:26.980 why did

00:13:27.480 Hitler invade 0.97

00:13:28.400 the Soviet Union

00:13:29.740 in 1941

00:13:30.580 you can say

00:13:31.240 in hindsight

00:13:32.240 why did he do that

00:13:33.480 he obviously lost

00:13:34.080 but no

00:13:34.980 I think

00:13:35.420 it's not

00:13:36.720 with the benefit

00:13:37.260 of hindsight

00:13:37.800 I think it's

00:13:38.480 the result of hubris

00:13:39.480 fundamentally

00:13:40.360 that made him

00:13:41.960 forced him

00:13:43.160 into a decision

00:13:43.800 which was so

00:13:44.720 ultimately detrimental

00:13:46.740 and not just

00:13:47.240 detrimental

00:13:47.720 in terms of

00:13:48.380 his own strategic picture

00:13:49.480 and that of the legacy

00:13:50.200 of France

00:13:50.760 it was a betrayal

00:13:52.340 in terms of his own

00:13:53.640 alliances

00:13:55.220 his own ability

00:13:56.820 to show that he can

00:13:57.740 cooperate with people

00:13:59.040 I mean

00:14:00.060 let me just again

00:14:01.360 emphasize why I believe

00:14:02.360 there is so much hope

00:14:03.340 in a figure like Napoleon

00:14:04.400 after the disasters

00:14:07.180 of the worst excesses

00:14:08.560 of the French Revolution

00:14:09.380 where France was basically

00:14:11.520 in a

00:14:12.340 totalitarianism

00:14:14.400 as a concept

00:14:14.960 is rather anachronistic

00:14:16.000 to the 18th century

00:14:16.840 but especially Paris

00:14:17.940 becomes a

00:14:20.180 political hellscape

00:14:22.600 during the year

00:14:23.480 1793

00:14:24.200 1794

00:14:25.060 and the directory

00:14:27.000 you can say

00:14:27.660 is a very

00:14:28.320 weak attempt

00:14:29.400 to

00:14:30.060 lessen

00:14:31.900 the worst excesses

00:14:33.240 that have come out

00:14:34.020 as a result of that

00:14:34.840 you have the

00:14:35.620 stabilization

00:14:36.280 the currency

00:14:37.160 the replacement

00:14:38.060 of the

00:14:38.580 the assignat

00:14:39.620 with the franc

00:14:41.000 the creation of

00:14:42.000 five directors

00:14:44.020 who are supposed to

00:14:44.720 moderate one another

00:14:45.660 in terms of the

00:14:46.380 overall headship of

00:14:47.200 France

00:14:47.560 you had the

00:14:48.460 creation of a

00:14:49.360 new legislature

00:14:50.760 the council of the

00:14:51.640 500

00:14:52.100 which is supposed to

00:14:52.900 be more conservative

00:14:53.680 than the preceding

00:14:54.960 legislature

00:14:55.440 which was the

00:14:56.100 national convention

00:14:57.060 and then you enter

00:14:58.620 into that Napoleon

00:14:59.420 the problem with the

00:15:00.500 directory

00:15:00.880 is that most of its

00:15:02.320 members frankly were

00:15:03.180 corrupt

00:15:03.560 and in a war

00:15:05.720 I think it's fair to

00:15:07.180 say that what one

00:15:08.060 needs is undivided

00:15:09.100 command

00:15:09.440 and so therefore

00:15:10.860 it's natural

00:15:11.640 that someone as

00:15:12.940 ambitious

00:15:13.480 and certain

00:15:14.520 in his own

00:15:15.220 veritas

00:15:18.520 the truth of his

00:15:20.140 actions

00:15:20.560 is going to

00:15:21.840 ultimately sideline

00:15:22.880 institution like the

00:15:23.800 directory

00:15:24.180 which ultimately he

00:15:25.200 does

00:15:25.600 he's going to

00:15:26.240 impose peace

00:15:26.900 treaties of his

00:15:27.520 own volition

00:15:28.100 like we see

00:15:29.540 with the Austrians

00:15:31.460 in 1797

00:15:32.500 so therefore

00:15:33.780 it's only natural

00:15:34.660 that so many

00:15:35.360 French politicians

00:15:36.060 look to Napoleon

00:15:37.100 and the ambitious

00:15:38.700 young general

00:15:39.400 and said

00:15:40.180 this is a man

00:15:41.000 that can stabilise

00:15:42.240 any regime

00:15:43.340 in the future

00:15:43.980 because he is

00:15:44.920 popular

00:15:45.380 he is shown

00:15:46.460 to be successful

00:15:47.220 and he has

00:15:48.400 that ambition

00:15:49.700 you can say

00:15:50.580 again to

00:15:51.320 ensure the

00:15:52.180 greatness of

00:15:52.720 France

00:15:53.120 everything you

00:15:53.860 want

00:15:54.200 ostensibly

00:15:54.880 from a leader

00:15:55.540 so after

00:15:57.620 the coup

00:15:57.920 of Bruma

00:15:58.300 Napoleon

00:16:00.180 as I mentioned

00:16:00.920 completely

00:16:01.440 sidelines those

00:16:02.660 who believe

00:16:03.100 that they could

00:16:03.620 control him

00:16:04.320 I think it's

00:16:05.360 important to

00:16:05.800 emphasise that

00:16:06.340 Napoleon

00:16:06.720 from the outset

00:16:07.560 during the

00:16:08.280 consulate period

00:16:09.100 demonstrated

00:16:10.180 that he was

00:16:10.920 capable of

00:16:11.560 working with

00:16:12.300 people

00:16:12.760 so for example

00:16:14.180 one of the

00:16:15.140 great successes

00:16:15.840 of Napoleonic

00:16:17.760 politics

00:16:18.340 were the

00:16:19.200 successes of

00:16:19.820 his foreign

00:16:20.180 minister

00:16:20.460 Talleyrand

00:16:21.040 who is a

00:16:23.280 nefarious

00:16:24.400 mainstay

00:16:25.320 in French

00:16:26.400 political culture

00:16:27.360 right from

00:16:28.220 the beginning

00:16:28.580 of the French

00:16:28.980 revolution

00:16:29.380 where he's

00:16:29.940 the one

00:16:30.280 demanding

00:16:30.800 the nationalisation

00:16:31.720 of monastic

00:16:32.220 property

00:16:32.720 all the way

00:16:33.700 up until

00:16:34.260 the 1830s

00:16:36.800 so he

00:16:37.620 outlives

00:16:38.060 Napoleon

00:16:38.480 and still

00:16:39.040 continues on

00:16:39.760 incredible

00:16:41.080 life

00:16:41.560 he's an

00:16:43.020 influential

00:16:43.640 figure in

00:16:44.340 the

00:16:44.860 Orléans

00:16:45.240 government

00:16:46.320 long after

00:16:47.120 Napoleon

00:16:48.180 a mainstay

00:16:49.220 in French

00:16:49.520 politics

00:16:49.900 for 50

00:16:50.680 years

00:16:50.980 effectively

00:16:51.460 but under

00:16:54.000 a figure

00:16:54.260 like

00:16:54.500 Talleyrand

00:16:55.000 the French

00:16:57.120 revolutionary

00:16:57.560 government

00:16:58.120 demonstrates

00:16:58.800 that it

00:16:59.220 is able

00:16:59.540 to moderate

00:17:00.120 its ambitions

00:17:00.860 it's not

00:17:01.480 solely

00:17:02.100 determined

00:17:02.560 in overthrowing

00:17:04.240 all of

00:17:04.620 Europe's

00:17:04.980 monarchs

00:17:05.500 and imposing

00:17:06.360 the legacy

00:17:07.740 of the French

00:17:08.200 revolution

00:17:08.640 like

00:17:09.000 all the

00:17:10.140 precepts

00:17:10.740 of the

00:17:10.940 rights

00:17:11.140 of man

00:17:11.500 etc

00:17:11.860 onto

00:17:12.800 Europe

00:17:13.060 by right

00:17:13.460 of force

00:17:14.060 Talleyrand

00:17:15.060 is able

00:17:15.500 to say

00:17:15.920 for example

00:17:16.420 use an

00:17:17.980 alliance

00:17:18.380 with Spain

00:17:19.020 in order

00:17:19.760 to shore

00:17:20.940 up

00:17:21.300 France's

00:17:22.080 position

00:17:22.460 in Italy

00:17:23.100 which is

00:17:23.820 pivotal

00:17:24.580 given that

00:17:25.480 Napoleon

00:17:26.240 himself

00:17:26.660 had come

00:17:27.000 to power

00:17:27.440 by shaping

00:17:28.140 the power

00:17:28.620 balance

00:17:28.900 in Italy

00:17:29.300 itself

00:17:29.820 and then

00:17:30.800 you have

00:17:31.080 a process

00:17:31.480 known as

00:17:31.960 the

00:17:32.280 mediatisations

00:17:33.060 whereby

00:17:34.340 Napoleon

00:17:35.100 and Talleyrand

00:17:35.740 were able

00:17:36.220 basically

00:17:36.720 to use

00:17:38.500 the greed

00:17:39.300 of the

00:17:40.280 Russian

00:17:40.600 Tsar

00:17:41.060 Alexander

00:17:41.740 to carve

00:17:43.280 up large

00:17:43.940 sections

00:17:44.360 of Germany

00:17:45.000 and compensate

00:17:46.000 various

00:17:46.560 princes

00:17:46.960 whilst giving

00:17:47.700 France

00:17:48.120 vast amounts

00:17:48.820 of territory

00:17:49.300 on the

00:17:49.580 left bank

00:17:49.960 of the

00:17:50.200 Rhine

00:17:50.460 if anything

00:17:51.320 was to

00:17:51.740 doom

00:17:51.940 the Holy

00:17:52.320 Roman

00:17:52.560 Empire

00:17:53.020 it was

00:17:54.000 Tsar

00:17:54.440 Alexander

00:17:54.980 and Napoleon

00:17:55.560 carving up

00:17:56.400 the empire

00:17:56.920 during the

00:17:57.260 mediatisations

00:17:57.860 several years

00:17:58.980 before the

00:17:59.420 formal end

00:17:59.940 of the

00:18:00.140 Holy Roman

00:18:00.580 Empire

00:18:01.040 so as

00:18:02.500 you can

00:18:02.820 probably

00:18:03.320 see

00:18:03.700 this

00:18:04.360 demonstrates

00:18:05.640 again

00:18:06.020 that

00:18:06.280 Napoleon

00:18:06.680 is

00:18:07.060 willing

00:18:07.300 to

00:18:07.800 concede

00:18:08.460 points

00:18:09.000 of

00:18:09.140 foreign

00:18:09.340 policy

00:18:09.760 to

00:18:10.620 a

00:18:10.960 very

00:18:11.120 able

00:18:11.400 minister

00:18:11.760 in the

00:18:12.020 form

00:18:12.140 of

00:18:12.300 Talleyrand

00:18:12.760 he is

00:18:14.060 also

00:18:14.460 able

00:18:15.420 to

00:18:15.900 moderate

00:18:16.440 the

00:18:17.020 anti-clerical

00:18:18.200 nature

00:18:18.500 of the

00:18:18.680 French

00:18:18.880 Revolution

00:18:19.320 so

00:18:20.360 as a

00:18:21.520 result of

00:18:21.760 the

00:18:21.840 French

00:18:22.000 Revolution

00:18:22.440 the

00:18:23.440 religious

00:18:24.280 calendar

00:18:24.700 the

00:18:24.920 seventh

00:18:25.120 day

00:18:25.280 week

00:18:25.480 had

00:18:25.600 been

00:18:25.720 abolished

00:18:26.220 and

00:18:26.680 France

00:18:27.000 had

00:18:27.180 decided

00:18:27.520 to

00:18:27.740 assume

00:18:28.180 decimal

00:18:28.780 time

00:18:29.360 which is

00:18:30.100 the

00:18:30.240 decad

00:18:30.720 the

00:18:30.980 ten

00:18:31.200 day

00:18:31.400 week

00:18:31.740 and

00:18:32.400 the

00:18:32.640 republican

00:18:33.140 celebrations

00:18:33.880 in lieu

00:18:34.420 of all

00:18:34.800 saints

00:18:35.040 days

00:18:35.300 and

00:18:35.460 religious

00:18:35.700 celebrations

00:18:36.280 and of

00:18:37.460 course

00:18:37.620 the

00:18:37.820 abolition

00:18:38.120 of

00:18:38.360 things

00:18:38.560 like

00:18:38.760 Sunday

00:18:39.160 was

00:18:39.420 seen

00:18:39.620 as

00:18:39.780 pivotal

00:18:40.180 in terms

00:18:40.620 of being

00:18:40.840 able to

00:18:41.200 de-Christianize 0.94

00:18:41.960 France

00:18:42.460 Napoleon

00:18:43.400 does away

00:18:43.840 with all

00:18:44.180 of that

00:18:44.560 something

00:18:45.000 the

00:18:45.200 directory

00:18:45.600 had been

00:18:45.880 unable

00:18:46.240 to do

00:18:46.760 and

00:18:47.820 what he

00:18:48.800 then goes

00:18:49.160 on to

00:18:49.440 do

00:18:49.720 is

00:18:50.280 negotiate

00:18:50.980 with

00:18:51.700 the

00:18:52.080 Pope

00:18:52.260 a

00:18:52.420 concordat

00:18:53.020 which

00:18:53.940 not only

00:18:54.340 normalizes

00:18:55.040 the

00:18:55.360 political

00:18:55.600 relations

00:18:56.020 with the

00:18:56.500 papacy

00:18:56.840 in

00:18:57.040 Italy

00:18:57.320 because

00:18:57.680 the

00:18:57.980 papacy

00:19:00.980 but it

00:19:01.300 also

00:19:01.540 ensures

00:19:02.020 that

00:19:02.720 France

00:19:03.100 is seen

00:19:03.620 to be

00:19:04.200 a

00:19:04.760 catholic

00:19:05.860 power

00:19:06.340 in

00:19:07.320 the

00:19:08.100 style

00:19:08.540 of its

00:19:08.920 Gallican

00:19:09.360 forebears

00:19:10.080 like

00:19:10.380 King

00:19:10.740 Francis

00:19:11.220 or

00:19:11.560 King

00:19:11.900 Louis

00:19:12.480 XIV

00:19:13.020 who

00:19:13.760 were

00:19:13.880 determined

00:19:14.260 to assume

00:19:15.000 that

00:19:15.600 the

00:19:15.780 French

00:19:16.100 political

00:19:16.800 system

00:19:17.320 had

00:19:17.740 ultimate

00:19:18.080 power

00:19:18.420 over

00:19:18.660 the

00:19:18.780 appointment

00:19:19.060 of

00:19:19.280 bishops

00:19:19.680 not

00:19:20.280 the

00:19:20.480 destruction

00:19:20.920 of

00:19:21.140 Christianity

00:19:21.580 within

00:19:21.960 France

00:19:22.300 itself

00:19:22.660 as

00:19:22.900 had

00:19:23.040 been

00:19:23.180 the

00:19:23.340 raison

00:19:23.520 d'etre

00:19:23.840 of

00:19:24.000 the

00:19:24.080 revolution

00:19:24.480 so

00:19:25.920 then

00:19:26.380 you can

00:19:26.840 say

00:19:27.020 a

00:19:27.220 major

00:19:27.580 moderating

00:19:28.500 achievement

00:19:29.100 of a

00:19:29.760 strong

00:19:30.160 man

00:19:30.440 such as

00:19:30.940 Napoleon

00:19:31.400 and

00:19:32.080 then

00:19:32.200 you

00:19:32.320 brought

00:19:32.520 up

00:19:32.700 the

00:19:32.840 example

00:19:33.180 of

00:19:33.380 the

00:19:33.520 destruction

00:19:33.920 of

00:19:34.060 the

00:19:34.120 British

00:19:34.380 fleet

00:19:34.800 at

00:19:35.180 the

00:19:35.380 Battle

00:19:35.620 of

00:19:35.720 the

00:19:35.840 Nile

00:19:36.060 this

00:19:37.000 culminates

00:19:37.580 in

00:19:37.860 the

00:19:38.080 Peace

00:19:38.260 of

00:19:38.380 Amiens

00:19:38.660 whereby

00:19:39.740 France

00:19:40.280 and

00:19:40.460 Britain

00:19:40.740 are

00:19:41.300 at

00:19:41.440 peace

00:19:41.760 all

00:19:42.940 of a

00:19:43.160 sudden

00:19:43.420 it

00:19:44.400 was

00:19:44.520 seen

00:19:44.680 that

00:19:44.900 Napoleon

00:19:45.340 has

00:19:45.800 done

00:19:46.160 the

00:19:46.300 impossible

00:19:46.660 and

00:19:47.880 after

00:19:48.300 only a

00:19:48.640 few

00:19:48.760 years

00:19:49.000 of

00:19:49.140 coming

00:19:49.400 in

00:19:49.700 and

00:19:49.960 winning

00:19:50.280 his

00:19:50.500 decisive

00:19:50.860 victory

00:19:51.200 at

00:19:51.340 Marengo

00:19:51.820 he

00:19:53.320 is

00:19:53.520 able

00:19:53.860 to

00:19:54.620 bring

00:19:55.420 peace

00:19:55.920 to

00:19:56.060 France

00:20:00.440 situation

00:20:00.920 in

00:20:01.120 France

00:20:01.480 tried

00:20:02.240 basically

00:20:02.740 to

00:20:03.260 undermine

00:20:03.980 the

00:20:04.640 French

00:20:05.180 royalist

00:20:05.580 insurrection

00:20:06.040 in

00:20:06.260 the

00:20:06.360 Vendée

00:20:06.820 and

00:20:07.440 the

00:20:07.680 Chauhanerie

00:20:08.160 in

00:20:08.460 Brittany

00:20:08.780 and

00:20:09.020 places

00:20:09.280 like

00:20:09.580 that

00:20:09.960 and

00:20:12.620 if

00:20:12.860 you

00:20:12.960 look

00:20:13.140 at

00:20:13.240 the

00:20:13.400 terms

00:20:13.760 of

00:20:13.920 the

00:20:13.980 Peace

00:20:14.180 of

00:20:14.320 Amiens

00:20:14.600 Britain

00:20:15.300 was

00:20:16.020 prepared

00:20:16.300 to

00:20:16.540 concede

00:20:16.900 a lot

00:20:17.260 to

00:20:17.500 France

00:20:17.940 for

00:20:18.300 the

00:20:18.420 sake

00:20:18.580 of

00:20:18.720 winning

00:20:18.900 that

00:20:19.140 peace

00:20:19.520 so

00:20:20.200 for

00:20:20.340 example

00:20:20.700 the

00:20:21.300 areas

00:20:21.620 that

00:20:21.820 Britain

00:20:22.060 had

00:20:22.220 occupied

00:20:22.680 which

00:20:23.140 were

00:20:23.260 part

00:20:23.500 of

00:20:23.640 the

00:20:23.860 Dutch

00:20:24.520 or

00:20:24.800 the

00:20:25.000 Batavian

00:20:25.380 Republic

00:20:25.820 which

00:20:26.120 was

00:20:26.240 now

00:20:26.360 a

00:20:26.480 French

00:20:26.620 client

00:20:26.920 like

00:20:27.200 Cape

00:20:27.440 Town

00:20:27.740 in

00:20:28.200 particular

00:20:28.620 the

00:20:28.880 Cape

00:20:29.040 Colony

00:20:29.380 modern

00:20:29.660 day

00:20:29.860 South

00:20:30.080 Africa

00:20:30.460 was

00:20:32.420 returned

00:20:33.360 to

00:20:33.740 the

00:20:33.860 Netherlands

00:20:34.200 areas

00:20:35.640 like

00:20:35.860 Malta

00:20:36.240 which

00:20:36.620 had

00:20:36.720 been

00:20:36.840 occupied

00:20:37.260 after

00:20:37.840 Napoleon's 0.81

00:20:38.360 expedition

00:20:38.740 where

00:20:39.120 he

00:20:39.340 had

00:20:39.560 temporarily

00:20:40.100 annexed

00:20:40.660 it

00:20:40.780 only

00:20:41.020 for

00:20:41.160 the

00:20:41.260 British

00:20:41.460 to

00:20:41.640 come

00:20:41.800 in

00:20:41.920 and

00:20:42.020 then

00:20:42.160 annex

00:20:42.460 Malta

00:20:42.860 Malta

00:20:43.700 was

00:20:43.920 to

00:20:44.040 be

00:20:44.380 restored

00:20:45.620 back

00:20:46.000 to

00:20:46.140 the

00:20:46.180 Nice

00:20:46.340 Hospitale

00:20:48.000 Britain

00:20:48.820 was

00:20:49.220 prepared

00:20:49.520 to

00:20:49.720 allow

00:20:50.080 French

00:20:50.500 Louisiana

00:20:51.000 to

00:20:51.540 come

00:20:51.740 back

00:20:51.960 into

00:20:52.160 existence

00:20:52.560 all

00:20:52.820 of

00:20:52.940 these

00:20:53.120 things

00:20:53.460 which

00:20:53.640 you

00:20:53.720 can

00:20:53.840 say

00:20:54.100 would

00:20:54.760 go

00:20:55.380 well

00:20:55.580 to

00:20:55.740 normalize

00:20:56.340 relations

00:20:56.860 with

00:20:57.560 Britain

00:20:58.100 but

00:20:59.080 again

00:20:59.380 this

00:21:00.480 is

00:21:00.620 where

00:21:00.800 Napoleon

00:21:01.320 in

00:21:02.340 his

00:21:02.580 desire

00:21:03.000 basically

00:21:03.500 already

00:21:03.960 from

00:21:04.220 the

00:21:04.320 beginning

00:21:04.600 to

00:21:05.140 establish

00:21:05.600 a

00:21:05.900 de facto

00:21:06.260 continental

00:21:06.780 system

00:21:07.400 where

00:21:08.020 France

00:21:08.440 has

00:21:08.900 the

00:21:09.080 overriding

00:21:09.600 interest

00:21:10.120 in

00:21:10.340 the

00:21:10.480 continent

00:21:10.840 he

00:21:11.780 cannot

00:21:12.080 understand

00:21:12.600 how

00:21:12.800 Britain

00:21:13.060 can

00:21:13.280 have

00:21:13.440 any

00:21:13.660 interests

00:21:14.200 in

00:21:14.420 the

00:21:14.540 continent

00:21:14.920 now

00:21:15.280 that

00:21:15.420 peace

00:21:15.660 has

00:21:15.800 been

00:21:15.940 achieved

00:21:16.420 despite

00:21:17.240 the

00:21:17.500 fact

00:21:17.700 that

00:21:17.920 at

00:21:18.080 the

00:21:18.220 time

00:21:18.600 the

00:21:19.300 king

00:21:19.520 of

00:21:19.640 Great

00:21:19.820 Britain

00:21:20.060 was

00:21:20.260 also

00:21:20.500 the

00:21:20.680 elector

00:21:20.960 of

00:21:21.140 Hanover

00:21:21.560 and

00:21:22.260 so

00:21:22.400 was

00:21:22.580 actually

00:21:22.900 one

00:21:23.220 of

00:21:23.380 the

00:21:23.680 great

00:21:24.200 European

00:21:24.740 sovereigns

00:21:25.500 and

00:21:25.700 holding

00:21:26.160 a

00:21:26.360 large

00:21:26.760 section

00:21:27.120 of

00:21:27.300 Germany

00:21:27.640 which

00:21:27.880 was

00:21:27.980 only

00:21:28.160 comparable

00:21:28.620 to

00:21:28.880 places

00:21:29.160 like

00:21:29.520 Bavaria

00:21:30.360 and

00:21:30.660 Prussia

00:21:30.980 itself

00:21:31.600 and

00:21:32.600 indeed

00:21:32.860 of

00:21:33.060 course

00:21:33.240 the

00:21:33.400 notion

00:21:33.720 that

00:21:34.100 why

00:21:34.700 on

00:21:34.880 earth

00:21:35.100 would

00:21:35.240 Britain

00:21:35.500 tolerate

00:21:35.980 a

00:21:36.180 power

00:21:36.520 which

00:21:37.160 has

00:21:37.320 consolidated

00:21:38.020 control

00:21:38.700 over

00:21:39.000 the

00:21:39.140 entirety

00:21:39.540 of

00:21:39.720 the

00:21:39.840 continent

00:21:40.200 thereby

00:21:41.000 placing

00:21:41.520 Britain

00:21:41.880 in

00:21:42.240 a

00:21:42.540 position

00:21:42.840 of

00:21:43.020 existential

00:21:43.480 turmoil

00:21:44.120 which

00:21:44.920 has

00:21:45.820 been

00:21:46.000 basically

00:21:46.360 Britain's 0.60

00:21:46.800 policy

00:21:47.120 since

00:21:47.440 the

00:21:47.740 war

00:21:47.940 of

00:21:48.080 the

00:21:48.180 Spanish

00:21:48.380 succession

00:21:48.860 100

00:21:49.700 years

00:21:49.980 before

00:21:50.360 so

00:21:51.580 Napoleon

00:21:51.960 takes

00:21:52.360 that

00:21:52.580 piece

00:21:52.980 and

00:21:54.140 he

00:21:54.240 goes

00:21:54.440 a

00:21:54.560 little

00:21:54.700 bit

00:21:54.900 further

00:21:55.260 and

00:21:55.620 decides

00:21:55.940 I'm

00:21:56.200 going

00:21:56.380 to

00:21:57.200 annex

00:21:57.600 Switzerland

00:21:58.100 I'm

00:21:58.800 going

00:21:58.920 to

00:21:59.060 turn

00:21:59.280 it

00:21:59.440 into

00:21:59.620 a

00:21:59.780 client

00:22:00.040 state

00:22:00.400 the

00:22:00.600 Helvetic 1.00

00:22:01.000 Republic

00:22:01.440 even

00:22:02.680 though

00:22:03.120 and

00:22:03.680 this

00:22:03.840 is

00:22:04.020 something

00:22:04.380 which

00:22:04.600 is

00:22:04.700 really

00:22:04.880 important

00:22:05.160 to

00:22:05.320 understand

00:22:05.740 when

00:22:06.580 Talleyrand

00:22:07.060 was

00:22:07.440 negotiating

00:22:08.220 the

00:22:08.500 Treaty

00:22:08.740 of

00:22:08.920 Luneville

00:22:09.340 with

00:22:09.580 Austria

00:22:10.000 and

00:22:10.420 the

00:22:10.540 Treaty

00:22:14.920 that

00:22:15.440 this

00:22:15.880 is

00:22:16.040 the

00:22:16.200 summit

00:22:16.500 of

00:22:16.740 achievable

00:22:17.200 French

00:22:17.580 power

00:22:17.980 within

00:22:18.520 the

00:22:19.060 bounds

00:22:19.280 of

00:22:19.440 peace

00:22:19.820 that

00:22:20.980 being

00:22:21.500 France

00:22:22.120 has

00:22:22.300 achieved

00:22:22.680 what

00:22:22.940 it

00:22:23.100 wanted

00:22:23.500 in

00:22:23.740 the

00:22:23.900 Napoleonic

00:22:24.500 and

00:22:24.800 the

00:22:25.520 Revolutionary

00:22:26.120 Wars

00:22:26.500 a

00:22:28.000 new

00:22:28.380 border

00:22:28.740 where

00:22:29.340 France

00:22:29.620 was

00:22:29.780 protected

00:22:30.180 on all

00:22:30.760 sides

00:22:31.120 by

00:22:31.320 natural

00:22:31.680 frontiers

00:22:32.380 the

00:22:33.140 Pyrenees

00:22:33.760 in the

00:22:34.600 south

00:22:34.820 against

00:22:35.140 Spain

00:22:35.500 the

00:22:36.060 Alps

00:22:36.460 in the

00:22:36.880 east

00:22:37.180 against

00:22:37.560 Italy

00:22:37.980 the

00:22:39.200 Rhine

00:22:39.640 in the

00:22:40.380 north

00:22:40.700 against

00:22:41.240 Germany

00:22:41.740 and

00:22:42.660 again

00:22:42.980 you're

00:22:43.260 looking at

00:22:43.600 this

00:22:43.740 in terms

00:22:44.100 of

00:22:44.300 legacy

00:22:44.920 you're

00:22:45.240 looking at

00:22:45.500 this

00:22:45.660 in terms

00:22:46.100 of

00:22:46.380 German

00:22:47.300 nationalism

00:22:47.940 French

00:22:49.200 control

00:22:49.800 over

00:22:50.260 Belgium

00:22:50.680 over

00:22:51.540 the

00:22:52.440 left

00:22:52.760 bank

00:22:53.020 of

00:22:53.140 the

00:22:53.260 Rhine

00:22:53.600 and

00:22:54.700 potentially

00:22:55.200 over

00:22:55.520 areas

00:22:55.840 like

00:22:55.980 the

00:22:56.100 Rue

00:22:56.280 Valley

00:22:56.620 and

00:22:57.220 the

00:22:57.360 city

00:22:57.560 of

00:22:57.700 Mainz

00:22:58.180 or

00:22:58.380 Mainz

00:22:58.760 in

00:22:58.940 German

00:22:59.240 you can

00:23:00.860 understand

00:23:01.380 that had

00:23:01.860 France

00:23:02.180 been able

00:23:02.620 to

00:23:02.840 achieve

00:23:03.240 control

00:23:04.060 over

00:23:04.520 these

00:23:04.800 natural

00:23:05.300 borders

00:23:05.900 French

00:23:07.300 domination

00:23:08.060 of Europe

00:23:08.520 would have

00:23:08.780 been assured

00:23:09.300 up until

00:23:10.140 probably

00:23:10.540 this

00:23:11.080 day

00:23:11.440 given

00:23:12.060 the

00:23:12.980 wealth

00:23:13.460 of those

00:23:13.800 territories

00:23:14.300 and the

00:23:14.940 impetus

00:23:15.460 they gave

00:23:15.900 towards Prussian

00:23:16.560 and later

00:23:16.920 German

00:23:17.260 industrialization

00:23:18.320 so Talleyrand

00:23:19.900 understands this

00:23:20.740 and he understands

00:23:21.360 that any

00:23:22.040 further steps

00:23:23.300 will inevitably

00:23:24.260 lead to a

00:23:25.020 renewal of

00:23:25.420 hostilities

00:23:25.980 but Napoleon

00:23:27.200 can't help

00:23:27.740 himself

00:23:28.160 so as I

00:23:29.020 mentioned

00:23:29.320 he annexes

00:23:30.300 the Helvetic

00:23:31.260 Republic

00:23:31.680 and that's also

00:23:32.900 another point

00:23:33.740 the French

00:23:34.680 revolutionaries

00:23:35.460 in terms of

00:23:36.200 historical

00:23:36.680 reenactment

00:23:37.340 were obsessed

00:23:38.120 with renaming

00:23:38.980 historic polities

00:23:39.980 and giving them

00:23:40.900 Roman era names

00:23:42.360 so obviously

00:23:43.420 you'll be

00:23:44.000 familiar

00:23:44.320 it's not

00:23:45.320 enough to

00:23:45.600 be Switzerland

00:23:46.160 one needs

00:23:46.640 to be

00:23:46.900 Helvetia

00:23:47.540 after the

00:23:48.240 Helvetic 1.00

00:23:48.660 in the same

00:23:49.720 way that it's

00:23:50.100 not enough

00:23:50.520 to be the

00:23:50.960 Netherlands

00:23:51.260 one needs

00:23:51.720 to be

00:23:51.960 Batavia

00:23:52.400 after the

00:23:53.100 original

00:23:53.360 Batavians

00:23:54.140 there is

00:23:54.800 the

00:23:54.940 Cisalpine

00:23:55.620 Republic

00:23:56.120 which are

00:23:57.440 called

00:23:57.580 Cisalpine

00:23:58.240 Gaul

00:23:58.660 they even

00:23:59.940 tried to

00:24:00.560 rename

00:24:00.980 the Neapolitan

00:24:01.900 state

00:24:02.240 at one

00:24:02.580 point

00:24:02.820 to a

00:24:03.120 name

00:24:03.300 which is

00:24:03.560 so obscure

00:24:04.000 that it's

00:24:05.720 left me

00:24:06.580 but nevertheless

00:24:07.140 it sort of

00:24:07.700 demonstrates

00:24:08.200 that

00:24:08.520 the French

00:24:10.560 took this

00:24:11.020 process

00:24:11.560 of neoclassical

00:24:12.620 reenactment

00:24:12.960 very seriously

00:24:13.900 and they

00:24:14.500 eventually

00:24:14.880 annexed the

00:24:15.720 territories of

00:24:16.220 Piedmont

00:24:16.560 which threw

00:24:18.100 up the

00:24:18.400 whole situation

00:24:19.080 in Italy

00:24:19.560 and also

00:24:20.160 put France 0.91

00:24:21.040 on another

00:24:21.420 collision course

00:24:22.220 with Austria

00:24:23.580 as well

00:24:24.080 there are also

00:24:25.660 you can say

00:24:26.780 a series of

00:24:27.640 attempts

00:24:29.040 by the

00:24:29.520 royalists

00:24:30.000 the royalists

00:24:30.580 basically assumed

00:24:31.340 that with the

00:24:31.760 directory in

00:24:32.360 charge

00:24:32.660 they would

00:24:33.000 come back

00:24:33.340 into power

00:24:33.840 but Napoleon

00:24:34.960 has basically

00:24:35.760 undermined the

00:24:37.220 royalist

00:24:37.580 programme

00:24:37.960 by doing

00:24:39.080 a lot

00:24:39.380 of what

00:24:39.600 the royalists

00:24:40.080 wanted

00:24:40.500 essentially

00:24:41.020 and so

00:24:42.140 there was

00:24:42.620 a royalist

00:24:43.200 plot to

00:24:43.660 assassinate

00:24:44.140 Napoleon

00:24:44.540 and that

00:24:45.920 again

00:24:47.220 leads

00:24:47.500 Napoleon

00:24:47.900 down a

00:24:48.300 very dark

00:24:48.860 track

00:24:49.260 where

00:24:49.640 he

00:24:50.400 begins

00:24:51.620 to assume

00:24:52.220 consular authority

00:24:52.980 for ten years

00:24:53.720 and then

00:24:55.000 he assumes

00:24:55.580 consular authority

00:24:56.340 for life

00:24:56.920 and he does

00:24:57.560 this for a

00:24:58.040 series of

00:24:58.520 popular

00:24:58.880 plebiscites

00:24:59.560 but eventually

00:25:00.740 the royalists

00:25:02.280 antipathy

00:25:02.700 towards Napoleon

00:25:03.440 the fact that

00:25:04.380 they will never

00:25:04.920 recognise him

00:25:05.680 despite the fact

00:25:06.340 he's appealing

00:25:06.780 to the

00:25:07.060 Catholic Church

00:25:07.780 and he's appealing

00:25:08.860 to normalisation

00:25:10.660 of relations

00:25:11.200 because he is

00:25:11.920 the usurper

00:25:12.480 he is not the

00:25:13.100 rightful king of

00:25:13.740 France

00:25:14.000 the rightful king

00:25:14.600 of France

00:25:15.020 is Louis XVIII

00:25:16.200 who is still in

00:25:16.940 exile at this time

00:25:17.920 leads him to the

00:25:19.680 murder of the

00:25:20.320 Duke of Anguillen

00:25:20.940 who is a scion

00:25:23.040 of the House of

00:25:23.660 Bourbon

00:25:24.000 in fact specifically

00:25:24.940 is a member of

00:25:25.580 the French House

00:25:26.080 of Condé

00:25:26.680 and what that does

00:25:28.480 is undo all of

00:25:30.440 the goodwill

00:25:30.960 that Napoleon

00:25:31.580 and Talleyrand

00:25:32.160 have built up

00:25:32.740 among the European

00:25:33.440 powers in terms

00:25:34.440 of the mediatisations

00:25:35.500 the policies

00:25:36.920 towards Italy

00:25:37.560 and Spain

00:25:38.080 the policies

00:25:38.620 towards the

00:25:39.080 papacy

00:25:39.560 it's not enough

00:25:40.880 that Britain

00:25:41.340 feels imperilled

00:25:42.300 by the fact

00:25:42.900 that Napoleon

00:25:43.900 is willfully

00:25:44.940 annexing more

00:25:45.680 territory

00:25:46.140 in Europe

00:25:47.200 and showing

00:25:47.720 complete contempt

00:25:48.500 for a safe

00:25:49.000 example

00:25:49.400 the British

00:25:49.920 right to hold

00:25:50.460 on to Hanover

00:25:51.120 which is the

00:25:52.140 dynastic possession

00:25:52.920 of the British

00:25:53.380 monarchy

00:25:53.820 Napoleon

00:25:54.720 goes a step

00:25:55.280 further

00:25:55.620 he tries to

00:25:56.780 reconquer Haiti 0.98

00:25:57.720 which had been

00:25:58.620 taken over

00:25:59.240 during the

00:25:59.580 Haitian revolution

00:26:00.260 and what that

00:26:01.320 means is

00:26:01.820 right before

00:26:02.760 Britain had 0.97

00:26:03.320 abolished the

00:26:04.080 slave trade

00:26:04.740 Britain was 0.97

00:26:05.720 now faced

00:26:06.220 with a major

00:26:06.780 competitor

00:26:07.340 in the

00:26:08.400 sugar trade

00:26:10.500 in the

00:26:12.380 Caribbean

00:26:12.740 again you can

00:26:14.060 say that

00:26:14.620 if you are

00:26:16.120 thinking more

00:26:17.300 in terms of

00:26:17.720 long term

00:26:18.120 policy

00:26:18.660 and lasting

00:26:19.740 peace

00:26:20.240 you won't

00:26:21.220 imperil Britain 0.81

00:26:22.040 on so many

00:26:22.720 fronts

00:26:23.040 simultaneously

00:26:23.740 which ultimately

00:26:24.860 is what

00:26:25.320 forces Britain

00:26:26.180 to make a

00:26:27.120 very risky

00:26:27.620 step which is

00:26:28.260 the renewal

00:26:28.560 of hostilities

00:26:29.240 because the

00:26:30.140 British understand

00:26:30.840 that going

00:26:32.120 to war

00:26:32.400 against France

00:26:32.920 again basically

00:26:33.660 means that they

00:26:34.420 will lose

00:26:34.800 Hanover

00:26:35.260 perhaps indefinitely

00:26:36.860 and they do

00:26:37.680 up until the

00:26:38.300 restoration back

00:26:39.020 in 1814

00:26:39.680 1815

00:26:40.420 because you have

00:26:41.220 to understand

00:26:41.760 that with the

00:26:42.580 experience in

00:26:43.280 Egypt as we've

00:26:44.760 gone over

00:26:45.220 and the experience

00:26:46.080 in Haiti

00:26:46.480 and the experience

00:26:47.260 in Louisiana

00:26:47.840 it seems that

00:26:49.120 Napoleon is actually

00:26:50.060 focusing more

00:26:51.020 on anti-colonial

00:26:51.920 policy as much

00:26:53.760 as he is in

00:26:54.340 terms of

00:26:54.640 consolidating

00:26:55.260 European power

00:26:55.900 at the same

00:26:56.320 time

00:26:56.740 but the Duke

00:26:57.680 of Anguillon's

00:26:58.400 assassination

00:27:00.000 by Napoleon

00:27:00.960 which even

00:27:02.060 I believe

00:27:03.080 Josephine Bonaparte

00:27:04.260 was determined

00:27:05.720 to avoid

00:27:07.040 because even

00:27:08.020 she knew

00:27:08.580 the ramifications

00:27:10.260 of doing so

00:27:11.100 was enough

00:27:11.940 to basically

00:27:12.580 give the impression

00:27:13.580 to Europe's

00:27:14.480 ruling elite

00:27:15.440 the Austrian

00:27:16.220 emperor

00:27:16.620 the princes

00:27:17.580 of the Holy Roman

00:27:18.400 Empire

00:27:18.880 the King of Prussia

00:27:20.320 albeit that we

00:27:20.820 slightly later

00:27:21.340 but certainly

00:27:21.840 the Tsar of Russia

00:27:22.560 that Napoleon

00:27:23.720 was just a

00:27:24.340 Jacobite menace 1.00

00:27:25.200 and ultimately

00:27:26.340 you can say

00:27:26.800 in many ways

00:27:27.400 he was

00:27:27.960 he was a

00:27:28.540 Jacobite

00:27:28.960 revolutionary

00:27:29.500 emperor

00:27:29.900 who showed

00:27:31.080 ultimately

00:27:31.640 no respect

00:27:34.140 for any

00:27:35.340 country

00:27:35.820 other than

00:27:36.380 the revolutionary

00:27:37.420 manifestation

00:27:38.100 of the French

00:27:38.640 Republic

00:27:39.020 later the Empire

00:27:40.120 which again

00:27:41.120 comes back

00:27:41.620 to your point

00:27:42.200 about the

00:27:43.040 Spanish

00:27:43.440 incident

00:27:44.420 being

00:27:44.840 we can say

00:27:45.480 that in hindsight

00:27:46.060 it was a

00:27:47.740 bad decision

00:27:48.520 no I think

00:27:49.260 it's a culmination

00:27:50.080 it's a culmination

00:27:51.500 of bad decisions

00:27:53.580 whereby Napoleon

00:27:54.520 assumes his own

00:27:55.720 aura of

00:27:58.060 Caesarean

00:27:58.760 infallibility

00:27:59.460 I am Caesar

00:28:00.960 and Caesar

00:28:01.380 can do no wrong

00:28:02.380 and thereby

00:28:03.440 all of these

00:28:04.400 puffed up

00:28:05.700 corpulent

00:28:06.580 princes that I

00:28:07.620 have to deal

00:28:08.140 with

00:28:08.500 if I remove

00:28:10.260 them willy-nilly

00:28:11.260 then of course

00:28:12.660 the peoples of

00:28:14.440 Europe will love

00:28:15.040 me

00:28:15.220 they will come

00:28:15.700 to embrace

00:28:16.260 me

00:28:16.600 I will impose

00:28:18.040 upon them

00:28:18.640 the code

00:28:19.560 Napoleon

00:28:20.040 I will give

00:28:21.380 them equality

00:28:21.940 before the law

00:28:22.600 I will give

00:28:23.200 them rights

00:28:24.360 and prosperity

00:28:25.580 he doesn't seem

00:28:26.700 to understand

00:28:27.360 that having

00:28:29.460 those rights

00:28:30.140 imposed

00:28:30.880 don't seem

00:28:31.880 to be so much

00:28:32.480 as a blessing

00:28:33.080 so much as

00:28:33.760 a foreign 0.60

00:28:34.280 imposition

00:28:34.840 and indeed

00:28:35.320 a symptom

00:28:35.700 of conquest

00:28:36.480 and again

00:28:37.760 that comes

00:28:38.540 back to

00:28:38.940 Napoleon

00:28:39.360 despite all

00:28:40.220 of these

00:28:40.480 moderating

00:28:41.040 influences

00:28:41.500 that I

00:28:41.880 mentioned

00:28:42.120 during the

00:28:42.520 consulate

00:28:42.940 ultimately

00:28:43.980 Napoleon

00:28:44.460 is a scion

00:28:45.200 of the

00:28:45.480 revolution

00:28:45.880 and the

00:28:46.880 scion

00:28:47.140 of the

00:28:47.640 Jacobite

00:28:49.040 sorry

00:28:49.640 the Jacobin

00:28:50.280 not the Jacobite 0.68

00:28:51.780 the Jacobin

00:28:52.340 element

00:28:52.660 of the

00:28:52.880 revolutionaries

00:28:53.660 whereby

00:28:54.680 the presets

00:28:56.640 of the

00:28:56.860 French

00:28:57.040 revolution

00:28:57.400 are ultimately

00:28:57.960 infallible

00:28:58.580 and so

00:28:59.940 it is only

00:29:01.000 logical

00:29:01.500 that as

00:29:02.140 the French

00:29:02.540 revolution

00:29:02.980 expands

00:29:03.600 across

00:29:03.980 Europe

00:29:04.340 the peoples

00:29:05.180 of Europe

00:29:05.720 breaking

00:29:06.440 out of the

00:29:06.840 shackles

00:29:07.280 of the

00:29:07.660 chains

00:29:07.960 of feudalism

00:29:08.680 basically

00:29:09.080 is how

00:29:09.380 Napoleon

00:29:09.780 would see

00:29:10.120 it

00:29:10.300 will come

00:29:10.900 to embrace

00:29:11.560 embrace

00:29:12.280 Napoleon

00:29:12.780 as this

00:29:14.620 new

00:29:14.940 modern

00:29:15.620 Carolingian

00:29:16.960 restoration

00:29:17.760 it's funny

00:29:18.860 isn't it

00:29:19.140 what an

00:29:20.380 odd thing

00:29:20.940 it is

00:29:21.380 because it's

00:29:21.700 not

00:29:21.900 to have

00:29:23.320 a

00:29:24.520 Jacobin

00:29:25.440 emperor

00:29:26.500 right

00:29:28.420 what an

00:29:29.000 odd thing

00:29:29.540 if you

00:29:30.600 if you'd

00:29:31.080 gone to

00:29:31.460 the

00:29:31.880 Jacobin

00:29:33.080 club

00:29:33.380 and said

00:29:33.760 one of

00:29:34.140 your number

00:29:34.520 one day

00:29:34.980 will be

00:29:35.460 an

00:29:36.280 emperor

00:29:36.720 they would

00:29:38.580 have

00:29:38.840 I don't know

00:29:39.460 scoffed

00:29:39.900 laughed

00:29:40.300 been incredulous

00:29:41.520 I don't know

00:29:42.140 anyway

00:29:42.460 that's

00:29:42.740 so

00:29:43.180 keeping our

00:29:44.180 eye on

00:29:44.540 the priors

00:29:45.000 of was

00:29:45.360 Napoleon

00:29:45.800 good

00:29:46.180 for

00:29:46.400 France

00:29:46.820 you've

00:29:47.480 mentioned

00:29:47.860 loads

00:29:48.760 of

00:29:48.900 things

00:29:49.180 there

00:29:49.560 on both

00:29:50.560 sides

00:29:50.800 of the

00:29:51.040 ledger

00:29:51.320 good

00:29:51.680 things

00:29:51.980 for

00:29:52.120 France

00:29:52.360 and

00:29:52.580 terrible

00:29:52.960 things

00:29:53.560 for

00:29:53.760 France

00:29:54.120 one of

00:29:55.700 the first

00:29:56.000 things

00:29:56.260 if we could

00:29:56.780 try and go

00:29:57.400 through it

00:29:57.700 chronologically

00:29:58.700 one of the

00:30:00.420 first things

00:30:01.020 where I

00:30:02.360 questioned

00:30:02.880 my own gut

00:30:03.840 reaction

00:30:04.380 of saying

00:30:04.780 no Napoleon

00:30:05.300 is terrible

00:30:05.760 for France

00:30:06.360 one of the

00:30:07.420 first things

00:30:07.840 where I

00:30:08.040 thought to

00:30:08.280 myself

00:30:08.480 oh no

00:30:08.780 wait

00:30:09.020 that was

00:30:10.020 surely

00:30:10.960 good

00:30:11.320 though

00:30:11.560 for France

00:30:12.060 was when

00:30:14.320 the terror

00:30:16.520 ends

00:30:17.160 or when

00:30:18.300 the

00:30:18.420 Poland

00:30:18.640 was

00:30:18.800 brought

00:30:19.020 into

00:30:19.420 Paris

00:30:19.980 to put

00:30:20.420 down

00:30:20.840 a mob

00:30:22.020 in Paris

00:30:23.020 you know

00:30:23.280 the whiff of

00:30:23.720 grapeshot

00:30:24.160 that moment

00:30:24.740 that's surely

00:30:27.240 good for

00:30:27.840 France

00:30:28.300 I mean

00:30:28.640 not good

00:30:28.940 for the

00:30:29.160 people

00:30:29.340 that got

00:30:29.580 massacred

00:30:29.980 that day

00:30:30.440 but that's

00:30:32.140 good for

00:30:32.580 France

00:30:32.880 isn't it

00:30:33.180 that it

00:30:33.520 draws a line

00:30:34.240 under the

00:30:34.860 worst

00:30:35.420 violent mob

00:30:37.980 excesses

00:30:38.640 of the

00:30:38.940 Parisians

00:30:39.720 who were

00:30:41.320 the mob

00:30:41.780 well

00:30:42.680 okay

00:30:43.280 sure

00:30:44.280 well they

00:30:44.900 were

00:30:45.080 they were

00:30:45.400 pro-royalists

00:30:46.300 they were

00:30:46.520 pro-royalists

00:30:47.380 but still

00:30:49.160 what Napoleon

00:30:49.760 was doing

00:30:50.440 he was

00:30:51.280 defending

00:30:51.780 the republic

00:30:52.680 at any

00:30:53.760 means

00:30:54.140 necessary

00:30:54.680 effectively

00:30:55.260 that

00:30:56.580 that

00:30:56.960 underpins

00:30:57.660 you can say

00:30:58.120 so much

00:30:58.580 of what I

00:30:58.900 would call

00:30:59.160 his own

00:30:59.680 inherent

00:31:00.720 radicalism

00:31:01.880 throughout

00:31:02.280 the first

00:31:02.740 sort of

00:31:02.940 10 years

00:31:03.400 from 1795

00:31:04.320 when that

00:31:04.860 incident

00:31:05.160 happened

00:31:05.560 up until

00:31:05.980 his

00:31:06.320 assumption

00:31:07.620 of the

00:31:08.300 imperial

00:31:08.780 office

00:31:09.260 the office

00:31:09.680 of

00:31:09.860 France

00:31:10.320 was that

00:31:11.100 1804

00:31:12.120 1804

00:31:13.200 December

00:31:13.740 the 4th

00:31:14.060 so like

00:31:14.420 nine years

00:31:15.020 later

00:31:15.400 nine years

00:31:16.340 later

00:31:16.700 I believe

00:31:17.900 that

00:31:18.200 what Napoleon

00:31:20.140 basically

00:31:20.600 did

00:31:20.920 like I

00:31:21.540 said

00:31:21.660 there's so

00:31:22.000 much

00:31:22.300 opportunities

00:31:24.360 that Napoleon

00:31:24.980 had

00:31:25.520 because the

00:31:26.680 obvious

00:31:27.460 alternative to

00:31:28.800 Napoleon

00:31:29.120 was a

00:31:29.480 restoration

00:31:29.800 of royal

00:31:30.300 power

00:31:30.720 and in

00:31:31.640 that

00:31:31.780 incident

00:31:32.180 all of

00:31:33.980 the

00:31:34.180 moderating

00:31:34.700 influences

00:31:35.120 against

00:31:35.500 the

00:31:35.660 revolution

00:31:36.020 would have

00:31:36.620 happened

00:31:36.880 the same

00:31:37.300 way

00:31:37.620 effectively

00:31:38.120 that

00:31:38.580 they

00:31:39.420 occurred

00:31:39.700 under

00:31:39.920 Napoleon

00:31:40.440 what Napoleon

00:31:41.640 was able

00:31:42.120 to bring

00:31:42.720 to the

00:31:43.320 new

00:31:43.480 government

00:31:43.960 right from

00:31:44.980 the onset

00:31:45.420 with the

00:31:47.200 Battle of

00:31:47.640 Marengo

00:31:48.100 was a

00:31:50.320 strengthened

00:31:52.360 territorial

00:31:53.200 position

00:31:54.020 within

00:31:54.880 Europe

00:31:55.320 because

00:31:55.900 Napoleon

00:31:56.300 was not

00:31:56.740 so fussed

00:31:57.540 say for

00:31:57.820 example

00:31:58.100 about the

00:31:58.700 ancient

00:31:59.460 land rights

00:32:00.220 of the

00:32:00.500 various

00:32:00.860 German

00:32:01.260 holders

00:32:01.680 in the

00:32:01.960 left bank

00:32:02.360 of the

00:32:02.600 Rhine

00:32:02.900 or the

00:32:03.520 Austrian

00:32:03.880 Empire

00:32:04.240 in the

00:32:04.480 Netherlands

00:32:04.840 was one

00:32:05.880 of the

00:32:06.020 reasons

00:32:06.320 why

00:32:06.540 Louis

00:32:06.800 18th

00:32:07.360 became

00:32:07.580 so unpopular

00:32:08.220 when he

00:32:08.580 came back

00:32:08.940 in 1814

00:32:09.680 was that he

00:32:10.720 was seen as

00:32:11.220 giving away

00:32:11.880 that patrimony

00:32:12.780 basically of

00:32:13.620 France

00:32:14.100 my contention

00:32:15.620 has been

00:32:16.120 that Napoleon

00:32:17.080 had achieved

00:32:17.680 that patrimony

00:32:18.520 and then

00:32:19.360 seemed to do

00:32:19.920 everything in

00:32:20.440 his power

00:32:20.800 subsequently

00:32:21.380 to alienate

00:32:22.860 that patrimony

00:32:23.760 from France

00:32:24.760 having basically

00:32:25.460 already achieved

00:32:26.380 France's best

00:32:27.520 possible result

00:32:28.380 very early on

00:32:29.420 by providing

00:32:30.920 that leadership

00:32:31.660 and you can

00:32:32.720 say a

00:32:33.100 necessary

00:32:33.520 conservative

00:32:34.240 revolt

00:32:35.940 against his

00:32:37.000 predecessors

00:32:37.660 in order to

00:32:38.840 ensure some

00:32:39.580 form of

00:32:40.000 peaceful

00:32:40.480 stable

00:32:41.060 regime

00:32:41.580 and again

00:32:42.580 you can

00:32:42.880 say that

00:32:43.440 there is a

00:32:45.100 part of

00:32:45.720 many European

00:32:46.400 leaders that

00:32:47.120 would still

00:32:47.780 of course

00:32:48.140 have preferred

00:32:48.620 that the

00:32:50.060 royalty come

00:32:50.700 back

00:32:51.120 Louis XVIII

00:32:52.520 becomes king

00:32:53.180 again which

00:32:53.620 of course was

00:32:54.140 the overarching

00:32:55.260 question which

00:32:56.540 concerned Napoleon

00:32:57.300 during those

00:32:57.840 days and

00:32:58.720 compelled him

00:32:59.400 he believed

00:32:59.940 the necessity

00:33:01.900 of assuming

00:33:03.140 to himself

00:33:03.700 more grandiose

00:33:05.080 offices like

00:33:05.800 that of the

00:33:06.360 emperor of

00:33:06.980 France or

00:33:07.600 the emperor

00:33:08.020 of the French

00:33:08.600 part of the

00:33:09.880 reason he

00:33:10.280 assumed that

00:33:10.720 office was

00:33:11.600 the assumption

00:33:12.000 of equality

00:33:12.680 with his

00:33:13.480 European

00:33:13.740 neighbours

00:33:14.200 but of course

00:33:15.100 it has the

00:33:15.500 opposite effect

00:33:16.180 because it's

00:33:17.240 not equality

00:33:17.860 clearly that

00:33:18.580 when Napoleon

00:33:19.100 is seeking

00:33:19.600 or is interpreted

00:33:20.460 by say for

00:33:21.180 example the

00:33:21.660 Holy Roman

00:33:22.020 Emperor

00:33:22.320 the emperor

00:33:22.720 of Austria

00:33:23.220 it is to

00:33:26.000 be supplanted

00:33:26.660 by Napoleon

00:33:28.300 you know

00:33:29.620 they still

00:33:30.440 see him

00:33:30.860 as an

00:33:31.040 upstart

00:33:31.440 regardless

00:33:32.300 of wearing

00:33:33.300 of course

00:33:34.100 they do

00:33:34.540 because this

00:33:35.640 is might

00:33:36.320 makes right

00:33:36.900 this is I

00:33:37.800 found the

00:33:38.740 throne of

00:33:39.780 the crown

00:33:40.420 of France

00:33:40.980 in the gutter

00:33:41.880 and I picked

00:33:42.280 it up with

00:33:42.620 my sword

00:33:43.160 it's just

00:33:43.840 you know

00:33:45.080 he who was

00:33:46.180 made essentially

00:33:46.840 by military

00:33:47.340 might could be

00:33:47.880 unmade by

00:33:48.400 military might

00:33:49.160 and effectively

00:33:49.920 that is what

00:33:50.500 the European

00:33:50.900 leaders see

00:33:52.140 him as

00:33:52.540 and ultimately

00:33:53.060 that is how

00:33:53.600 he is treated

00:33:54.160 what I find

00:33:55.320 remarkable about

00:33:55.980 Napoleon

00:33:56.440 is all of

00:33:58.260 the opportunities

00:33:58.980 where he

00:34:00.760 could have

00:34:01.140 stabilised a

00:34:01.940 political system

00:34:02.720 with himself

00:34:04.380 as the emperor

00:34:05.200 effectively

00:34:05.880 or indeed

00:34:06.740 as the consul

00:34:07.540 and he seems

00:34:08.720 to surrender

00:34:10.480 all of those

00:34:11.000 opportunities

00:34:11.540 and again

00:34:12.020 we're not even

00:34:12.460 talking about

00:34:13.260 the betrayal

00:34:16.300 of the French

00:34:16.760 Revolution

00:34:17.140 as an angle

00:34:17.720 because we're

00:34:18.100 ultimately

00:34:18.380 talking about

00:34:19.140 what is good

00:34:20.140 for France

00:34:20.800 not what is

00:34:22.020 good for the

00:34:22.480 legacy of the

00:34:23.000 French Revolution

00:34:23.600 we're not

00:34:23.960 going to talk

00:34:24.320 about Marxist

00:34:25.620 critiques about

00:34:26.300 Bonapartism

00:34:27.260 and aspects

00:34:29.000 of that

00:34:29.600 and the

00:34:30.820 fear of

00:34:31.620 some sort

00:34:32.040 of military

00:34:33.000 leader

00:34:33.960 taking control

00:34:35.780 of France

00:34:36.360 I actually want

00:34:37.680 to turn it

00:34:38.100 on its head

00:34:38.600 and say

00:34:39.000 that actually

00:34:39.500 applies more

00:34:40.040 to Napoleon

00:34:40.620 as much

00:34:42.020 as anyone

00:34:42.360 else

00:34:42.800 because

00:34:43.640 Napoleon

00:34:44.700 suffers from

00:34:45.680 this great

00:34:46.360 loss of

00:34:47.660 legitimacy

00:34:48.080 from the

00:34:48.540 beginning

00:34:48.800 due to the

00:34:49.420 fact that

00:34:49.780 he took

00:34:50.100 power in

00:34:50.880 a military

00:34:51.240 coup

00:34:51.600 against the

00:34:52.400 revolution

00:34:52.820 and then

00:34:54.180 he continues

00:34:56.500 on in that

00:34:57.400 vein by

00:34:58.140 justifying the

00:34:59.080 control of the

00:34:59.760 Bonaparte all

00:35:00.360 across Europe

00:35:00.880 by simply

00:35:01.740 taking away

00:35:02.840 the thrones of

00:35:03.440 other people

00:35:03.960 like King

00:35:05.220 Ferdinand of

00:35:05.880 Spain and

00:35:06.400 giving it to

00:35:06.920 Joseph and

00:35:07.520 giving it to

00:35:08.280 his older

00:35:08.920 brother Joseph

00:35:09.500 what is

00:35:10.780 interesting is

00:35:11.300 that as

00:35:11.600 Napoleon is

00:35:12.280 aware that

00:35:13.640 he is a

00:35:14.100 usurper to

00:35:14.880 the other

00:35:15.240 European royals

00:35:16.180 in many ways

00:35:17.240 he is also

00:35:17.740 a usurper to

00:35:19.860 the French

00:35:22.860 political

00:35:23.220 establishment

00:35:23.680 domestically

00:35:24.420 Napoleon has

00:35:26.300 to own

00:35:27.180 France's

00:35:27.720 military glory

00:35:28.480 in a way

00:35:28.960 that compels

00:35:29.560 him to go

00:35:30.000 out and

00:35:30.320 personally lead

00:35:31.040 all these

00:35:31.360 campaigns

00:35:31.900 which during

00:35:32.880 this time

00:35:33.280 really should

00:35:33.660 have been

00:35:33.860 delegated to

00:35:34.580 other generals

00:35:35.200 why can't

00:35:36.160 Napoleon

00:35:36.560 delegate power

00:35:37.340 to generals

00:35:37.860 because

00:35:38.760 Napoleon

00:35:39.600 assumed power

00:35:40.700 by able to

00:35:41.900 bypass the

00:35:42.880 French government

00:35:43.440 through his

00:35:44.480 monopolization of

00:35:45.500 foreign policy

00:35:46.020 and strategy

00:35:46.600 so he couldn't

00:35:47.540 allow anyone

00:35:48.000 else to do

00:35:48.480 that

00:35:48.760 I mentioned

00:35:49.240 Marengo

00:35:49.700 the decisive

00:35:51.440 battle during

00:35:52.760 the war of

00:35:53.800 the second

00:35:54.100 coalition which

00:35:54.860 was that

00:35:55.860 victory which

00:35:56.480 leads to the

00:35:57.420 first peace

00:35:57.920 that I

00:35:58.180 mentioned

00:35:58.580 was not

00:35:59.440 Marengo

00:35:59.840 it was the

00:36:00.140 battle of

00:36:00.420 Hohenbinden

00:36:00.840 it was

00:36:02.540 commanded by

00:36:03.580 General

00:36:03.960 Jean Mareau

00:36:04.600 and the

00:36:06.100 effect of

00:36:06.580 that

00:36:06.900 basically

00:36:07.760 meant

00:36:08.260 that

00:36:08.940 Napoleon

00:36:09.360 had

00:36:09.880 a

00:36:10.420 obvious

00:36:11.080 arrival

00:36:11.600 for

00:36:11.920 political

00:36:12.200 power

00:36:12.640 in the

00:36:13.280 same way

00:36:13.620 that

00:36:13.760 Napoleon

00:36:14.200 had assumed

00:36:14.820 power

00:36:15.280 because of

00:36:15.740 his

00:36:15.860 military

00:36:16.140 excellence

00:36:16.760 why not

00:36:17.680 before it

00:36:18.440 would have

00:36:18.640 been someone

00:36:18.940 like a

00:36:19.240 Desailles

00:36:19.640 but now

00:36:20.100 it's a

00:36:20.520 Moreau

00:36:21.040 why could

00:36:22.020 he not

00:36:22.360 assume

00:36:22.740 political

00:36:23.220 power

00:36:23.500 in France

00:36:24.060 and so

00:36:24.920 inevitably

00:36:25.300 that means

00:36:25.920 that Moreau

00:36:26.520 is forming

00:36:27.060 his own

00:36:27.600 salons

00:36:28.620 and eventually

00:36:29.140 he is exiled

00:36:29.900 from France

00:36:30.660 because there

00:36:31.080 cannot be

00:36:31.600 a military

00:36:32.420 competitor

00:36:32.940 in the same

00:36:33.840 way that

00:36:34.160 France

00:36:34.520 ennobles

00:36:35.380 so many

00:36:36.400 of its

00:36:36.640 generals

00:36:36.960 and they

00:36:37.260 become

00:36:37.520 marshals

00:36:38.080 of the

00:36:38.380 empire

00:36:38.820 what do

00:36:39.860 so many

00:36:40.180 of them

00:36:40.420 do

00:36:40.760 salt

00:36:41.540 for example

00:36:42.280 wants to

00:36:43.360 supplant

00:36:44.100 Joseph

00:36:44.420 as king

00:36:44.800 of Spain

00:36:45.320 what does

00:36:46.180 Jean

00:36:46.640 Bernadotte do

00:36:47.340 he goes

00:36:48.280 off and

00:36:48.600 becomes

00:36:48.980 king of

00:36:49.400 Sweden

00:36:49.760 it's the

00:36:50.860 same

00:36:51.020 justification

00:36:51.600 you basically

00:36:52.360 open the

00:36:53.500 doors of

00:36:53.880 hell

00:36:54.160 and all

00:36:54.640 of a

00:36:54.840 sudden

00:36:55.020 any

00:36:55.500 Tom

00:36:56.080 Dick

00:36:56.280 and Harry

00:36:56.720 or whatever

00:36:57.440 can become

00:36:58.540 ruler of this

00:36:59.240 and ruler

00:36:59.640 of that

00:37:00.180 and so

00:37:01.000 they are

00:37:01.420 not just

00:37:02.120 aspiring

00:37:03.140 to overthrow

00:37:05.520 Napoleon

00:37:05.920 because he's

00:37:06.440 a usurper

00:37:06.900 but these

00:37:07.360 usurpers

00:37:07.940 are in turn

00:37:08.660 looking to

00:37:09.440 Napoleon

00:37:09.780 as an

00:37:10.120 example

00:37:10.460 why can't

00:37:11.360 we overthrow 0.69

00:37:11.800 Napoleon

00:37:12.280 I could be

00:37:13.340 king of Sweden

00:37:14.200 salt could be

00:37:14.720 king of Spain

00:37:15.340 why do we need

00:37:16.360 this man

00:37:16.820 and so

00:37:17.520 the logic

00:37:19.640 as I mentioned

00:37:20.240 with the

00:37:20.500 continental system

00:37:21.420 means more

00:37:22.520 control

00:37:23.000 I can't

00:37:24.260 rely on

00:37:24.660 any of

00:37:24.940 these

00:37:25.100 upstarts

00:37:25.720 even though

00:37:26.240 they're my

00:37:26.500 own family

00:37:27.060 like Louis

00:37:27.700 or Jerome

00:37:28.200 so I'm

00:37:29.060 going to

00:37:29.320 depose

00:37:29.720 them

00:37:30.020 thereby

00:37:30.940 there's

00:37:31.280 this whole

00:37:31.600 friction

00:37:32.080 within the

00:37:32.640 Napoleonic

00:37:33.120 system

00:37:33.520 which is

00:37:33.900 based

00:37:34.120 essentially

00:37:34.540 on this

00:37:34.800 lack of

00:37:35.120 legitimacy

00:37:35.540 that Napoleon

00:37:36.180 has

00:37:36.660 I mean

00:37:37.320 it should

00:37:37.500 be mentioned

00:37:37.880 the absurdity

00:37:38.660 of having

00:37:39.080 his older

00:37:39.920 brother

00:37:40.340 be the

00:37:41.120 junior

00:37:41.400 ruler

00:37:41.760 within

00:37:42.080 this

00:37:42.280 coalition

00:37:42.700 from the

00:37:43.140 point of

00:37:43.400 view of

00:37:43.620 primogeniture

00:37:44.240 again it's

00:37:44.720 nonsense

00:37:45.080 but such is

00:37:45.760 the whole

00:37:46.020 nature of

00:37:46.500 the Napoleonic

00:37:47.080 system

00:37:47.620 during the

00:37:48.400 period of

00:37:48.960 the

00:37:49.360 consuls

00:37:50.100 no

00:37:53.000 being king

00:37:53.580 of Spain

00:37:54.100 and Joseph

00:37:55.820 was the

00:37:56.200 older brother

00:37:56.740 so Lucien

00:37:57.720 was Napoleon

00:37:58.460 older than

00:37:59.080 Lucien

00:37:59.560 yes

00:38:00.020 the second

00:38:01.100 oldest brother

00:38:01.580 Lucien

00:38:02.520 was the

00:38:03.560 president

00:38:03.940 of the

00:38:04.340 council

00:38:04.560 of the

00:38:04.840 500

00:38:05.300 during the

00:38:06.040 coup of

00:38:06.320 Brumaire

00:38:06.660 and eventually

00:38:07.140 he was one

00:38:07.560 of the few

00:38:08.580 brothers of

00:38:09.180 Napoleon

00:38:09.560 that would

00:38:09.880 not receive

00:38:10.320 a title

00:38:10.800 even though

00:38:11.640 can I

00:38:12.340 just touch

00:38:12.780 on that

00:38:13.260 that moment

00:38:13.840 there

00:38:14.140 the

00:38:14.480 Brumaire

00:38:16.640 what's it

00:38:18.380 actually called

00:38:19.100 the coup

00:38:20.020 of Brumaire

00:38:20.520 I forget

00:38:20.980 the exact

00:38:21.380 date

00:38:21.580 yeah

00:38:21.900 that was

00:38:24.040 another thing

00:38:24.740 that pinged

00:38:25.840 off in my

00:38:26.220 mind

00:38:26.500 when I

00:38:26.700 thought

00:38:26.800 no actually

00:38:27.200 that is

00:38:27.580 good for

00:38:28.060 France

00:38:28.580 would you

00:38:29.760 agree

00:38:30.120 when Napoleon

00:38:32.100 and Lucien

00:38:32.820 did that

00:38:33.600 did away

00:38:34.980 with

00:38:35.300 really quite

00:38:36.500 a week

00:38:36.760 I think

00:38:37.040 already

00:38:37.360 in this

00:38:37.820 conversation

00:38:38.220 you called

00:38:38.660 it

00:38:38.800 a weak

00:38:40.880 body

00:38:41.580 to do away

00:38:42.840 with that

00:38:43.200 surely that's

00:38:43.760 in France's

00:38:44.500 interest

00:38:44.980 like I said

00:38:45.940 I think

00:38:46.240 the issue

00:38:47.000 is

00:38:47.480 I have

00:38:49.840 been looking

00:38:50.220 at Napoleon

00:38:50.760 as a

00:38:51.560 series of

00:38:51.940 lost

00:38:52.160 opportunities

00:38:52.800 for France

00:38:53.560 and this

00:38:55.140 actually makes

00:38:55.660 the whole

00:38:55.940 conversation

00:38:56.420 that much

00:38:56.780 more frustrating

00:38:57.420 because Napoleon

00:38:59.180 given the

00:39:01.520 political situation

00:39:02.560 of France

00:39:03.000 at the time

00:39:03.380 this is 1799

00:39:04.420 the consulate

00:39:06.920 was an

00:39:07.420 improvement

00:39:07.880 over all

00:39:09.480 of the

00:39:09.760 republican

00:39:10.240 governments

00:39:10.680 that have

00:39:10.960 preceded it

00:39:11.600 that's

00:39:12.240 inevitable

00:39:12.900 but the

00:39:13.960 point is

00:39:14.340 Napoleon

00:39:14.700 lost it

00:39:15.360 and the

00:39:15.920 point is

00:39:16.260 Napoleon

00:39:16.600 didn't have

00:39:17.260 to lose

00:39:17.880 it

00:39:18.180 as I

00:39:19.000 mentioned

00:39:19.380 with

00:39:19.780 Napoleon's 0.81

00:39:21.120 original

00:39:21.480 foreign

00:39:21.760 policy

00:39:22.100 that had

00:39:22.460 achieved

00:39:22.880 peace

00:39:23.460 but nevertheless

00:39:24.500 the

00:39:25.100 assassination

00:39:26.080 of the

00:39:26.520 Duke of

00:39:26.820 Anguillain

00:39:27.240 and Britain's

00:39:28.540 declaration

00:39:28.860 of war

00:39:29.320 precipitated

00:39:29.920 the wars

00:39:30.340 of the

00:39:30.580 third

00:39:30.780 coalition

00:39:31.280 of course

00:39:32.300 Napoleon

00:39:32.680 was lucky

00:39:33.220 and Napoleon

00:39:34.680 won

00:39:35.000 you can say

00:39:35.900 again

00:39:36.180 glorious

00:39:36.900 that's

00:39:37.340 great

00:39:37.500 for France

00:39:37.980 but again

00:39:38.400 it just

00:39:38.720 demonstrates

00:39:39.140 a pattern

00:39:39.560 Napoleon

00:39:41.240 can only

00:39:42.160 survive

00:39:42.620 so long

00:39:43.020 as he

00:39:43.220 continues

00:39:43.680 to obtain

00:39:44.200 military

00:39:44.800 victories

00:39:45.460 I mean

00:39:46.340 if you

00:39:46.820 look at

00:39:47.380 the war

00:39:47.800 of the

00:39:48.020 third

00:39:48.220 coalition

00:39:48.660 there's

00:39:49.860 no reason

00:39:51.360 essentially

00:39:51.820 why Napoleon

00:39:52.540 should have

00:39:52.960 won that

00:39:53.380 war

00:39:53.740 Napoleon

00:39:54.820 starts off

00:39:55.620 with his

00:39:56.960 camp at

00:39:57.320 Boulog

00:39:57.660 trying to

00:39:58.760 invade

00:39:59.000 Britain

00:39:59.340 and then

00:40:00.920 the Russians

00:40:02.080 and the

00:40:02.460 Austrians

00:40:02.820 have arrived

00:40:03.280 in the

00:40:03.540 heart of

00:40:03.840 Europe

00:40:04.080 there is a

00:40:06.260 famous error

00:40:07.180 I'm not sure

00:40:08.080 whether to

00:40:08.480 corroborate this

00:40:09.140 or not

00:40:09.500 but the

00:40:10.440 old logic

00:40:11.380 is that

00:40:12.000 the army

00:40:12.820 of Kutuzov

00:40:13.520 and the

00:40:14.220 army

00:40:14.460 of

00:40:14.620 von

00:40:14.780 Mack

00:40:15.080 didn't

00:40:16.740 coordinate

00:40:17.640 their efforts

00:40:18.180 because the

00:40:18.580 Russians were 0.99

00:40:19.020 using the

00:40:19.420 old Russian

00:40:20.040 calendar

00:40:20.460 rather than

00:40:21.140 the modern

00:40:22.620 Union

00:40:22.920 calendar

00:40:23.380 but nevertheless

00:40:24.780 Napoleon

00:40:26.720 is able to

00:40:27.360 win a

00:40:27.640 decisive victory

00:40:28.440 unexpectedly

00:40:29.060 in the same

00:40:31.140 way that

00:40:31.680 we see

00:40:33.520 the

00:40:34.360 war of the

00:40:35.660 fifth coalition

00:40:36.200 against Austria

00:40:36.920 Napoleon

00:40:38.400 could have

00:40:38.700 very easily

00:40:39.180 lost that

00:40:39.620 war

00:40:39.880 ultimately

00:40:41.080 the saving

00:40:41.620 grace was

00:40:42.160 that Austria

00:40:42.840 attack

00:40:43.140 prematurely

00:40:43.860 but Napoleon

00:40:45.340 had invaded

00:40:45.980 Spain

00:40:46.500 and he had

00:40:47.980 created a

00:40:48.440 situation

00:40:48.880 essentially

00:40:49.380 where he

00:40:49.940 had forced

00:40:50.800 himself to

00:40:51.480 apply garrisons

00:40:52.400 where he

00:40:52.780 didn't have

00:40:53.140 to before

00:40:53.640 the Austrians

00:40:55.260 took the

00:40:55.580 opportunity

00:40:56.020 and they

00:40:58.280 actually inflicted

00:40:59.040 upon him

00:40:59.580 his first

00:41:01.060 decisive defeat

00:41:01.800 in a decade

00:41:02.380 at the

00:41:03.760 Battle of

00:41:04.060 Essling

00:41:04.420 and Napoleon

00:41:05.900 was only able

00:41:06.720 to reprieve

00:41:08.080 himself

00:41:08.600 at the

00:41:10.000 Battle of

00:41:10.340 Wagram

00:41:10.620 and by

00:41:12.020 this time

00:41:12.400 it should

00:41:12.620 be noted

00:41:13.040 at the

00:41:14.620 beginning of

00:41:15.020 the Napoleonic

00:41:15.540 wars

00:41:16.020 Napoleon

00:41:16.460 had the

00:41:16.800 benefit

00:41:17.120 of having

00:41:18.160 tactical

00:41:18.740 innovations

00:41:19.340 over the

00:41:20.720 other coalition

00:41:21.880 powers

00:41:22.460 and the

00:41:23.940 Levy en masse

00:41:24.580 which wasn't

00:41:25.560 a Napoleonic

00:41:26.120 innovation

00:41:26.600 it was an

00:41:27.000 innovation

00:41:27.420 of

00:41:27.860 Lezac 0.88

00:41:29.240 during the

00:41:31.760 height of

00:41:32.240 the French

00:41:32.540 Revolution

00:41:33.020 the benefit

00:41:35.180 of the

00:41:35.520 Levy en masse

00:41:36.100 basically meant

00:41:36.760 that France

00:41:37.340 could assume

00:41:39.440 the mantle

00:41:39.840 of dividing

00:41:40.420 armies into

00:41:41.400 corps

00:41:41.960 you know

00:41:42.640 march divided

00:41:43.560 fight concentrated

00:41:45.020 as they achieved

00:41:46.140 at the Battle of

00:41:46.660 Ulm

00:41:46.900 encircling the

00:41:47.580 Austrian army

00:41:48.120 and destroying

00:41:48.560 it

00:41:48.800 ensuring that

00:41:49.380 you have

00:41:49.640 more manpower

00:41:50.560 at any one

00:41:51.560 given time

00:41:52.180 in order to

00:41:52.660 commit to a

00:41:53.140 battle

00:41:53.460 which is very

00:41:55.720 important

00:41:56.120 but when you

00:41:56.600 get to

00:41:56.840 somewhere like

00:41:57.200 Wagram

00:41:57.560 the Austrians

00:41:59.760 are imitating

00:42:00.420 Napoleon

00:42:00.900 they're able

00:42:01.960 to assume

00:42:02.800 one of the

00:42:03.600 largest armies

00:42:04.460 in the history

00:42:05.020 of the Austrian

00:42:05.520 empire at that

00:42:06.180 point

00:42:06.600 we're talking

00:42:07.580 about battles

00:42:08.620 in the 1790s

00:42:10.560 from 20,000

00:42:11.600 now 80,000

00:42:12.960 100,000

00:42:13.980 at Borondino

00:42:14.800 we're talking

00:42:15.280 about nearly

00:42:16.200 400,000

00:42:18.000 combatants

00:42:18.700 in the Battle

00:42:19.100 of Borondino

00:42:19.640 against Russia

00:42:20.300 perhaps more

00:42:20.820 I don't have

00:42:21.160 the exact numbers

00:42:21.860 at my disposal

00:42:23.200 Wagram

00:42:24.120 is one of the

00:42:24.580 biggest battles

00:42:25.420 that most people

00:42:26.300 even Napoleon

00:42:27.320 nerds might

00:42:28.160 not know

00:42:28.740 anything about

00:42:29.480 indeed

00:42:30.140 it's a giant

00:42:31.560 battle

00:42:32.060 wasn't it

00:42:32.680 and of course

00:42:33.720 then we have

00:42:34.160 Leipzig

00:42:34.680 the Battle of the

00:42:35.920 Nations

00:42:36.260 we're talking

00:42:36.840 about

00:42:37.200 hundreds of

00:42:39.200 thousands

00:42:39.440 over half a

00:42:40.300 million men

00:42:40.840 this is again

00:42:43.180 you can say

00:42:43.540 the necessity

00:42:44.120 of Napoleon's

00:42:45.220 constant need

00:42:46.400 to achieve

00:42:47.900 power

00:42:48.340 and consolidation

00:42:49.020 of power

00:42:49.640 through conquest

00:42:50.540 due to the

00:42:51.400 fundamental

00:42:51.740 lack of

00:42:52.160 legitimacy

00:42:52.600 and due

00:42:52.980 to the fact

00:42:53.280 that he

00:42:53.520 has decided

00:42:53.960 to own

00:42:54.520 the basis

00:42:55.520 of general

00:42:56.280 Bonaparte

00:42:56.940 basically

00:42:57.400 overriding

00:42:57.960 anything

00:42:58.460 it creates

00:42:59.820 an atmosphere

00:43:00.480 in Europe

00:43:01.080 of the

00:43:02.020 mobilisation

00:43:02.680 of popular

00:43:03.860 armies

00:43:04.440 you know

00:43:05.160 wherever it

00:43:05.540 be the

00:43:05.980 landisphere

00:43:06.900 in Prussia

00:43:08.180 the creation

00:43:09.020 of new

00:43:09.400 vast

00:43:09.900 national militias

00:43:11.180 which didn't

00:43:11.600 really exist

00:43:12.080 before

00:43:12.500 the use

00:43:13.640 of nationalism

00:43:14.360 as a tool

00:43:15.660 to be used

00:43:16.160 against

00:43:16.540 French

00:43:17.000 aggrandisement

00:43:17.840 all of

00:43:18.880 these things

00:43:19.340 that were

00:43:19.660 inconceivable

00:43:20.380 a decade

00:43:21.280 or a little

00:43:22.200 bit before

00:43:22.660 then

00:43:23.020 are now

00:43:23.760 coming to

00:43:24.180 the fore

00:43:24.560 the very

00:43:24.940 forces

00:43:25.440 of the

00:43:26.060 bourgeois

00:43:26.480 French

00:43:26.840 revolution

00:43:27.280 the consolidation

00:43:28.380 of the

00:43:29.500 unitary

00:43:29.820 state

00:43:30.180 in France

00:43:30.900 the creation

00:43:31.860 of the

00:43:32.260 département

00:43:32.920 the levée

00:43:33.760 en masse

00:43:34.280 all of

00:43:34.660 these things

00:43:35.080 are now

00:43:35.320 being used

00:43:35.740 by Napoleonic

00:43:36.580 adversaries

00:43:37.320 against

00:43:38.080 Napoleon

00:43:38.540 himself

00:43:39.100 and so

00:43:39.880 the nature

00:43:40.340 of total

00:43:40.860 war

00:43:41.180 and total

00:43:41.960 conquest

00:43:42.540 inevitably

00:43:43.360 reverberates

00:43:44.360 on Napoleon

00:43:44.900 and so

00:43:45.880 you know

00:43:46.240 go to

00:43:46.800 Prussia

00:43:47.080 you know

00:43:47.380 what was

00:43:47.860 what was

00:43:48.480 the great

00:43:48.820 sort of

00:43:49.160 saving grace

00:43:49.840 for Prussia

00:43:50.280 during the

00:43:50.680 19th century

00:43:51.340 the old

00:43:52.380 army of

00:43:52.900 Frederick the

00:43:53.360 Great

00:43:53.620 had been

00:43:54.160 able to

00:43:55.000 lapse in

00:43:56.100 stagnation

00:43:57.440 without being

00:43:58.700 tested

00:43:59.080 effectively

00:43:59.620 and then

00:44:00.460 you have

00:44:00.700 the geniuses

00:44:01.460 of

00:44:01.720 Neisenau

00:44:02.620 and Scharnhorst

00:44:03.340 coming to

00:44:04.400 radically

00:44:04.880 transform

00:44:05.560 the Prussian

00:44:06.280 state

00:44:06.660 which become

00:44:07.120 the basis

00:44:07.600 of great

00:44:08.480 power

00:44:08.820 Prussia

00:44:09.240 for the

00:44:10.020 19th century

00:44:10.820 in the

00:44:11.560 same way

00:44:11.920 that I

00:44:12.280 can look

00:44:12.600 at 1809

00:44:13.420 and say

00:44:13.820 it was

00:44:14.140 Austria's

00:44:14.820 great

00:44:15.080 lost

00:44:15.560 opportunity

00:44:16.160 to establish

00:44:17.520 a German

00:44:18.180 empire

00:44:18.700 under

00:44:19.200 Austrian

00:44:19.620 auspices

00:44:20.200 all of

00:44:21.120 these things

00:44:21.580 were effectively

00:44:22.040 very near

00:44:22.660 misses

00:44:23.060 and of course

00:44:23.960 Napoleon then

00:44:24.600 commits himself

00:44:25.260 to the

00:44:25.600 disastrous

00:44:26.040 strategy

00:44:26.640 of

00:44:27.580 invading

00:44:28.960 Russia

00:44:29.420 ostensibly

00:44:30.420 to force

00:44:30.960 him to be

00:44:31.700 Russia

00:44:32.200 to be

00:44:32.880 France's

00:44:33.400 ally again

00:44:34.000 in the

00:44:34.280 continental

00:44:34.580 system

00:44:35.140 and of

00:44:36.220 course

00:44:36.480 because that's

00:44:38.000 such a

00:44:38.300 bizarre

00:44:38.600 notion

00:44:39.140 Napoleon

00:44:40.520 ultimately

00:44:41.100 has to

00:44:41.600 lean on

00:44:41.900 other

00:44:42.180 causes

00:44:42.560 like

00:44:43.500 expanding

00:44:44.640 Poland

00:44:45.240 you know

00:44:45.740 I'm going

00:44:46.080 to lob

00:44:46.800 off the

00:44:47.260 Lithuanian

00:44:47.980 and the

00:44:48.280 Ukrainian

00:44:48.660 parts of

00:44:49.520 Russia

00:44:49.900 and I'm

00:44:50.440 going to

00:44:50.780 award them

00:44:51.200 back to

00:44:51.540 Poland

00:44:51.800 of course

00:44:52.120 the Russians

00:44:52.660 aren't going

00:44:52.980 to be very

00:44:53.260 happy with

00:44:53.680 that

00:44:53.840 they're going

00:44:54.240 to be

00:44:54.440 compelled

00:44:54.760 to be

00:44:55.000 an ally

00:44:55.400 again

00:44:55.820 so

00:44:56.880 you can

00:44:59.100 almost

00:44:59.340 forgive

00:44:59.580 all of

00:44:59.880 this

00:45:00.180 all of

00:45:01.180 these

00:45:01.620 military

00:45:02.440 blunders

00:45:03.020 the

00:45:03.380 intensification

00:45:04.540 of

00:45:04.760 warfare

00:45:05.260 the deaths

00:45:05.940 of millions

00:45:06.380 of people

00:45:07.040 which

00:45:07.900 we've seen

00:45:09.160 carnage

00:45:09.660 which wasn't

00:45:10.080 seen

00:45:10.340 really

00:45:10.620 until

00:45:10.860 since the

00:45:11.680 Thirty Years

00:45:12.220 War

00:45:12.540 during which

00:45:14.020 most people

00:45:14.480 died of

00:45:15.100 diseases

00:45:16.180 rather

00:45:16.700 and consumption

00:45:17.820 of course

00:45:18.240 that's also

00:45:18.940 the case

00:45:19.360 in the

00:45:19.880 Napoleonic

00:45:20.220 War

00:45:20.440 before the

00:45:20.860 advent

00:45:21.140 of modern

00:45:21.680 military

00:45:21.940 medicine

00:45:22.380 but

00:45:24.200 during

00:45:24.840 1813

00:45:25.560 I've

00:45:26.520 often

00:45:26.720 looked at

00:45:27.120 say for

00:45:27.360 example

00:45:27.680 the

00:45:27.960 Frankfurt

00:45:28.240 proposals

00:45:28.840 one of

00:45:30.940 the great

00:45:32.840 diplomatic

00:45:33.380 revolutions

00:45:34.000 of the

00:45:34.340 19th

00:45:34.640 century

00:45:35.020 was when

00:45:36.320 Metternich

00:45:36.720 took power

00:45:37.200 in Austria

00:45:37.760 Clemens von 0.97

00:45:39.340 Metternich

00:45:39.740 was a

00:45:40.340 chancellor

00:45:40.680 who came

00:45:41.140 to

00:45:41.460 dominate

00:45:42.200 the

00:45:42.520 post-war

00:45:42.940 period

00:45:43.380 to the

00:45:43.640 point

00:45:43.840 it was

00:45:44.060 known

00:45:44.260 as

00:45:44.420 the

00:45:44.580 Metternich

00:45:44.980 system

00:45:45.540 he was

00:45:46.440 basically

00:45:46.820 the host

00:45:47.400 of the

00:45:47.740 Congress

00:45:48.420 of Vienna

00:45:49.000 and the

00:45:50.720 Concert

00:45:51.080 of Europe

00:45:51.500 but

00:45:52.380 Metternich

00:45:52.740 came to

00:45:53.100 power

00:45:53.440 on the

00:45:54.120 basis

00:45:54.400 basically

00:45:54.880 of

00:45:55.180 acting

00:45:55.840 as

00:45:56.140 Austrius

00:45:56.580 Kissinger

00:45:56.940 and he

00:45:58.020 was going

00:45:58.420 to appease

00:45:59.180 Napoleon

00:45:59.780 a former

00:46:00.700 rapprochement

00:46:01.340 and bring

00:46:02.280 Napoleon

00:46:02.820 into the

00:46:03.260 European

00:46:03.500 political

00:46:03.860 system

00:46:04.340 normalize

00:46:05.180 the fact

00:46:05.480 that he'd

00:46:05.800 be an

00:46:06.020 emperor

00:46:06.300 and give

00:46:07.160 him

00:46:07.420 a

00:46:07.700 Habsburg

00:46:08.120 princess

00:46:08.680 and a

00:46:08.960 woman 0.99

00:46:09.160 of Mary

00:46:09.520 Louise

00:46:10.000 and so

00:46:13.480 there was a

00:46:13.840 lot riding

00:46:14.380 you can say

00:46:14.820 on Austria

00:46:15.420 and its

00:46:16.200 policy of

00:46:16.900 detente

00:46:17.280 towards

00:46:17.720 France

00:46:18.220 in terms

00:46:18.740 of using

00:46:19.240 Napoleon

00:46:19.700 as a

00:46:20.140 necessary

00:46:20.540 ball

00:46:20.780 work

00:46:21.080 against

00:46:21.480 other

00:46:22.660 major

00:46:22.900 adversaries

00:46:23.500 whether it

00:46:23.960 be

00:46:24.240 Prussia

00:46:25.340 or whether

00:46:26.020 it be

00:46:26.260 Russia

00:46:26.560 but

00:46:28.660 Napoleon

00:46:29.780 during

00:46:30.500 1813

00:46:31.300 showed

00:46:31.740 he had

00:46:32.100 no

00:46:32.240 interest

00:46:32.580 in

00:46:32.780 peace

00:46:33.140 he

00:46:34.160 only

00:46:34.400 had

00:46:34.580 interest

00:46:35.080 in

00:46:35.940 ensuring

00:46:36.640 temporary

00:46:37.140 ceasefires

00:46:37.840 for which

00:46:38.740 he could

00:46:39.060 remobilize

00:46:39.860 his forces

00:46:40.460 conscript

00:46:41.180 more young

00:46:41.700 boys

00:46:42.080 into the

00:46:42.500 army

00:46:42.860 and attain

00:46:43.900 a

00:46:44.380 turnaround

00:46:45.240 from which

00:46:45.860 he could

00:46:46.060 then defeat

00:46:46.480 his opponents

00:46:47.020 and when

00:46:49.000 Napoleon

00:46:49.440 rejected

00:46:50.300 the

00:46:50.460 Frank

00:46:50.660 proposals

00:46:51.200 by

00:46:51.540 Metternich

00:46:52.060 which

00:46:52.300 were

00:46:52.420 basically

00:46:52.780 you could

00:46:53.060 say

00:46:53.320 the

00:46:53.940 restoration

00:46:54.360 of

00:46:54.740 France

00:46:55.160 on

00:46:55.540 her

00:46:56.120 1802

00:46:58.320 boundaries

00:46:59.960 he

00:47:00.260 absolutely

00:47:00.620 should

00:47:00.980 have

00:47:01.160 accepted

00:47:01.740 that

00:47:02.040 absolutely

00:47:02.480 it was

00:47:02.780 crazy

00:47:03.160 not to

00:47:03.580 given the

00:47:03.920 situation

00:47:04.440 and again

00:47:05.760 you can

00:47:06.000 almost say

00:47:06.420 that this

00:47:06.980 actually speaks

00:47:07.520 to something

00:47:07.900 more

00:47:08.460 regarding the

00:47:09.440 whole notion

00:47:10.040 of Napoleon

00:47:10.520 was good

00:47:10.860 to France

00:47:11.200 I don't

00:47:11.640 associate

00:47:12.060 Napoleon

00:47:12.480 with France

00:47:13.160 as much

00:47:14.240 as a lot

00:47:14.600 of other

00:47:14.840 people do

00:47:15.360 Napoleon

00:47:17.080 was born

00:47:18.940 Napoleon

00:47:20.620 ne

00:47:20.920 buon

00:47:21.180 pate

00:47:21.640 the

00:47:23.540 lion

00:47:23.860 of

00:47:24.040 Naples

00:47:24.400 his

00:47:25.540 family

00:47:26.020 Carlo

00:47:26.460 the

00:47:27.240 later

00:47:28.520 Frenchified 0.95

00:47:29.160 who

00:47:29.360 became

00:47:29.660 the

00:47:30.380 Corsican

00:47:30.940 representative

00:47:31.600 at the

00:47:32.420 court

00:47:32.600 of

00:47:32.740 Versailles

00:47:33.180 Genoese

00:47:34.540 extraction

00:47:35.100 ruling

00:47:36.780 over

00:47:37.060 Corsica

00:47:37.500 which

00:47:37.800 had

00:47:37.940 always

00:47:38.480 been

00:47:38.700 a

00:47:39.040 Genoese

00:47:39.500 colony

00:47:39.900 for

00:47:40.160 hundreds

00:47:40.480 of

00:47:40.700 years

00:47:40.940 had

00:47:41.100 been

00:47:41.280 annexed

00:47:41.780 by

00:47:41.920 France

00:47:42.280 in

00:47:42.460 1768

00:47:44.380 and

00:47:46.620 what is

00:47:47.300 fascinating

00:47:47.760 is that

00:47:48.260 Napoleon

00:47:48.780 I've

00:47:51.100 discussed

00:47:51.380 this

00:47:51.580 elsewhere

00:47:51.900 but

00:47:52.120 the

00:47:52.300 logic

00:47:52.580 of

00:47:52.740 Napoleon's 0.81

00:47:53.260 campaigns

00:47:53.660 because

00:47:53.920 they were

00:47:54.160 Carolingian

00:47:54.880 they

00:47:56.160 focused

00:47:56.620 more

00:47:57.040 on

00:47:57.260 areas

00:47:57.660 like

00:47:57.860 northern

00:47:58.200 Italy

00:47:58.580 and

00:47:59.620 western

00:47:59.960 Germany

00:48:00.500 and

00:48:01.440 the

00:48:01.580 Netherlands

00:48:01.980 more so

00:48:02.900 than

00:48:03.080 France

00:48:03.380 itself

00:48:03.860 so

00:48:05.080 Napoleon's 0.81

00:48:05.740 whole

00:48:05.960 political

00:48:06.420 logic

00:48:07.060 from

00:48:07.460 the

00:48:07.700 war of

00:48:07.940 the

00:48:08.040 third

00:48:08.200 coalition

00:48:08.620 onwards

00:48:09.000 seemed

00:48:10.460 to

00:48:10.660 to

00:48:10.680 hold

00:48:11.280 hold

00:48:11.360 to

00:48:11.760 places

00:48:12.040 like

00:48:12.440 Bavaria

00:48:13.200 annexing

00:48:14.320 the

00:48:14.480 Tyrol

00:48:14.920 say

00:48:15.220 for

00:48:15.340 example

00:48:15.660 away

00:48:15.920 from

00:48:16.140 Austria

00:48:16.620 even

00:48:17.500 the

00:48:17.700 Illyrian 0.99

00:48:18.280 provinces

00:48:18.840 where

00:48:19.380 France

00:48:19.840 annexed

00:48:20.260 the

00:48:20.360 Dalmatian

00:48:20.840 coast

00:48:21.240 and

00:48:21.440 the

00:48:21.620 sententular

00:48:22.660 republics

00:48:23.360 where

00:48:23.620 France

00:48:24.360 annexed

00:48:24.780 the

00:48:24.880 Greek

00:48:25.080 islands

00:48:25.460 all of

00:48:26.080 this

00:48:26.240 sort

00:48:26.420 of

00:48:26.540 thing

00:48:26.840 eventually

00:48:28.880 France

00:48:30.380 would annex

00:48:31.040 as I

00:48:31.360 mentioned

00:48:31.800 the

00:48:32.440 Batavian

00:48:33.880 kingdom

00:48:34.360 and the

00:48:35.240 north

00:48:35.480 coast

00:48:35.880 of

00:48:36.280 Germany

00:48:37.200 it

00:48:38.020 would

00:48:38.140 also

00:48:38.420 annex

00:48:38.740 most

00:48:39.000 of

00:48:39.120 Italy

00:48:39.460 indeed

00:48:40.520 Napoleon's 0.81

00:48:41.300 desire

00:48:41.680 was

00:48:42.120 to

00:48:42.600 live

00:48:43.480 out

00:48:43.660 the

00:48:43.800 rest

00:48:44.000 of

00:48:44.120 his

00:48:44.240 days

00:48:44.540 in

00:48:44.720 Rome

00:48:45.100 in

00:48:45.880 the

00:48:46.180 former

00:48:46.560 palace

00:48:46.920 of

00:48:47.060 the

00:48:47.180 popes

00:48:47.680 so

00:48:49.000 the

00:48:49.240 whole

00:48:49.460 logic

00:48:49.840 of

00:48:50.080 this

00:48:50.260 expanding

00:48:50.840 France

00:48:51.280 ultimately

00:48:51.700 means

00:48:52.020 that

00:48:52.220 France

00:48:52.660 as a

00:48:52.980 concept

00:48:53.340 in

00:48:53.540 and

00:48:53.640 of

00:48:53.740 itself

00:48:54.060 becomes

00:48:54.420 diminished

00:48:54.920 because

00:48:55.820 it

00:48:55.960 simply

00:48:56.180 becomes

00:48:56.680 an

00:48:57.100 element

00:48:57.540 of

00:48:57.780 a

00:48:57.900 grander

00:48:58.320 imperial

00:48:58.740 superstructure

00:48:59.660 what

00:49:01.500 ultimately

00:49:01.960 does

00:49:02.220 France

00:49:02.480 become

00:49:02.960 if

00:49:03.320 Napoleon

00:49:03.820 decides

00:49:04.240 to

00:49:04.400 become

00:49:04.700 the

00:49:04.940 emperor

00:49:05.220 of

00:49:05.420 Europe

00:49:05.660 France

00:49:06.460 becomes

00:49:06.820 the

00:49:07.020 main

00:49:07.220 purveyor

00:49:07.600 of

00:49:07.800 manpower

00:49:08.440 to

00:49:08.880 the

00:49:09.020 system

00:49:09.400 in

00:49:09.980 the

00:49:10.100 same

00:49:10.280 way

00:49:10.460 say

00:49:10.660 for

00:49:10.760 example

00:49:11.040 that

00:49:11.260 Castile

00:49:11.840 did

00:49:12.140 during

00:49:12.360 the

00:49:12.500 days

00:49:12.720 of

00:49:12.840 the

00:49:12.940 Spanish

00:49:13.280 Empire

00:49:13.720 which

00:49:14.340 also

00:49:14.760 like

00:49:15.120 the

00:49:15.280 Napoleonic

00:49:15.760 Empire

00:49:16.160 had

00:49:16.520 a

00:49:16.780 transnational

00:49:17.860 dimension

00:49:18.400 to

00:49:18.700 it

00:49:18.960 so

00:49:19.800 areas

00:49:20.280 like

00:49:20.700 northern

00:49:21.140 Italy

00:49:21.580 and

00:49:22.620 western

00:49:23.140 Germany

00:49:23.680 were

00:49:24.400 more

00:49:24.680 enamored

00:49:25.020 of

00:49:25.160 Napoleon

00:49:25.580 than

00:49:26.120 areas

00:49:26.520 like

00:49:26.860 Aquitaine

00:49:27.600 Western

00:49:28.760 France

00:49:29.400 Southern

00:49:30.120 France

00:49:30.640 areas

00:49:31.260 that

00:49:31.440 still

00:49:31.640 had

00:49:31.820 strong

00:49:32.340 moral

00:49:32.860 moralist

00:49:34.340 scruples

00:49:34.860 and

00:49:35.580 were

00:49:35.680 not

00:49:35.840 going

00:49:36.040 to

00:49:36.400 abide

00:49:37.000 by

00:49:37.340 the

00:49:37.760 continued

00:49:38.420 presence

00:49:38.900 of

00:49:39.100 the

00:49:39.200 usurper

00:49:39.720 you could

00:49:40.560 almost

00:49:40.800 say

00:49:41.000 in many

00:49:41.260 ways

00:49:41.580 this

00:49:41.800 was

00:49:41.960 Napoleon's 0.81

00:49:42.400 attempt

00:49:42.640 to

00:49:42.820 get

00:49:42.980 away

00:49:43.260 from

00:49:43.540 the

00:49:43.700 whole

00:49:43.960 cause

00:49:44.620 of

00:49:44.860 legitimism

00:49:45.520 in

00:49:45.740 France

00:49:46.060 by

00:49:46.300 making

00:49:46.580 him

00:49:46.820 less

00:49:47.180 French

00:49:47.680 and

00:49:48.120 more

00:49:48.320 German

00:49:48.680 and

00:49:49.240 more

00:49:49.400 Italian

00:49:49.800 but

00:49:50.520 in

00:49:50.700 and

00:49:50.800 of

00:49:50.940 itself

00:49:51.300 he

00:49:51.620 then

00:49:51.940 engenders 1.00

00:49:52.580 German

00:49:53.220 and

00:49:53.420 Italian

00:49:53.800 nationalism

00:49:54.380 ultimately

00:49:56.020 to the

00:49:56.300 detriment

00:49:56.560 of

00:49:56.800 France

00:49:57.060 as well

00:49:57.620 because

00:49:59.140 there's

00:49:59.300 so many

00:49:59.560 things

00:49:59.780 if

00:50:00.000 we

00:50:00.220 keep

00:50:01.000 the

00:50:01.220 focus

00:50:02.360 on

00:50:02.760 the

00:50:03.200 reason

00:50:03.400 why

00:50:03.620 I

00:50:03.820 keep

00:50:04.080 mentioning

00:50:04.440 things

00:50:04.840 oh

00:50:05.040 actually

00:50:05.340 this

00:50:05.700 was

00:50:05.980 good

00:50:06.440 this

00:50:06.960 was

00:50:07.100 something

00:50:07.360 that

00:50:07.540 was

00:50:07.820 in

00:50:08.500 France's

00:50:09.540 interest

00:50:10.200 this

00:50:11.060 thing

00:50:11.840 here

00:50:12.060 this

00:50:12.220 detail

00:50:12.580 here

00:50:12.800 or

00:50:12.920 there

00:50:13.180 shows

00:50:13.920 that

00:50:14.220 Napoleon

00:50:14.840 was

00:50:15.660 good

00:50:15.880 for

00:50:16.040 France

00:50:16.340 I

00:50:16.760 keep

00:50:16.940 pointing

00:50:17.240 those

00:50:17.480 out

00:50:17.620 because

00:50:18.100 there's

00:50:19.920 so

00:50:20.100 many

00:50:20.360 that

00:50:20.540 aren't

00:50:21.020 so

00:50:21.780 to

00:50:21.980 sort

00:50:22.200 of

00:50:22.400 almost

00:50:22.800 play

00:50:23.240 devil's

00:50:23.600 advocate

00:50:23.920 point

00:50:24.500 out

00:50:24.680 a few

00:50:25.040 where

00:50:25.380 there

00:50:26.420 are

00:50:26.580 because

00:50:26.920 it

00:50:27.280 seems

00:50:27.480 that

00:50:27.620 the

00:50:27.760 ledger

00:50:28.000 is

00:50:28.140 so

00:50:28.380 heavily

00:50:28.720 weighted

00:50:29.060 towards

00:50:29.440 the

00:50:29.640 fact

00:50:29.920 that

00:50:30.800 there

00:50:30.900 wasn't

00:50:31.120 for

00:50:31.420 example

00:50:31.940 you

00:50:32.240 touched

00:50:32.580 on

00:50:32.960 you

00:50:34.080 said

00:50:34.260 just

00:50:34.480 in

00:50:34.880 passing

00:50:35.200 there

00:50:35.400 once

00:50:35.860 like

00:50:37.820 the

00:50:38.020 bloodshed

00:50:38.840 and

00:50:39.080 the

00:50:39.200 human

00:50:39.420 misery

00:50:39.800 and

00:50:40.900 I

00:50:41.000 feel

00:50:41.140 like

00:50:41.340 that

00:50:41.540 was

00:50:41.880 truly

00:50:42.740 the

00:50:42.980 first

00:50:43.180 thing

00:50:43.300 that

00:50:43.420 popped

00:50:43.580 into

00:50:43.760 my

00:50:43.940 mind

00:50:44.140 when

00:50:44.320 you

00:50:44.460 said

00:50:44.740 why

00:50:45.060 don't

00:50:45.160 we

00:50:45.280 talk

00:50:45.420 about

00:50:45.620 this

00:50:45.920 I

00:50:46.480 immediately

00:50:46.920 thought

00:50:47.300 well

00:50:47.860 a whole

00:50:48.640 generation

00:50:49.240 ruined

00:50:50.680 the

00:50:50.900 amount

00:50:51.220 of

00:50:51.540 blood

00:50:52.080 and

00:50:52.360 human

00:50:52.660 misery

00:50:53.020 the

00:50:53.240 number

00:50:53.440 of

00:50:53.600 families

00:50:53.960 ruined

00:50:54.360 that

00:50:55.300 whole

00:50:55.540 aspect

00:50:55.880 of

00:50:56.220 it

00:50:56.480 particularly

00:50:58.520 for

00:50:58.840 France

00:50:59.280 surely

00:51:00.260 that

00:51:00.680 outweighs

00:51:01.200 almost

00:51:01.560 anything

00:51:01.880 else

00:51:02.080 the

00:51:02.200 Napoleonic

00:51:02.720 Code

00:51:03.180 all

00:51:03.640 sorts

00:51:03.860 of

00:51:04.000 things

00:51:04.380 that

00:51:05.140 outweighs

00:51:05.820 everything

00:51:06.460 surely

00:51:06.920 ruining

00:51:07.620 a

00:51:08.360 generation

00:51:08.860 of

00:51:09.160 Frenchmen

00:51:09.700 you

00:51:10.960 must

00:51:11.360 say

00:51:11.800 then

00:51:12.200 that

00:51:12.720 Napoleon

00:51:13.200 if you

00:51:14.300 have to

00:51:14.520 come down

00:51:14.860 on one

00:51:15.120 side

00:51:15.320 or the

00:51:15.560 other

00:51:15.780 was

00:51:16.960 not

00:51:17.300 good

00:51:17.560 for

00:51:17.760 France

00:51:18.240 for

00:51:19.300 me

00:51:19.500 that

00:51:19.720 is

00:51:20.900 still

00:51:21.140 the

00:51:21.340 biggest

00:51:21.600 thing

00:51:22.040 although

00:51:23.280 there

00:51:23.620 are

00:51:23.880 things

00:51:24.200 we

00:51:24.340 can

00:51:24.480 point

00:51:24.700 to

00:51:25.040 certainly

00:51:26.600 there

00:51:26.860 are

00:51:26.980 some

00:51:27.200 things

00:51:27.400 you

00:51:27.480 can

00:51:27.580 point

00:51:27.740 to

00:51:27.900 that

00:51:28.020 are

00:51:28.420 good

00:51:28.700 for

00:51:28.880 France

00:51:29.380 that

00:51:31.520 one

00:51:31.880 aspect

00:51:32.360 alone

00:51:32.780 I

00:51:33.840 think

00:51:34.100 it's

00:51:34.400 a

00:51:34.680 combination

00:51:35.140 of

00:51:35.380 factors

00:51:35.820 I

00:51:36.580 haven't

00:51:38.180 looked

00:51:38.380 into

00:51:38.620 the

00:51:38.820 specifics

00:51:39.300 as to

00:51:39.760 whether

00:51:39.960 I

00:51:40.120 can

00:51:40.260 corroborate

00:51:41.000 this

00:51:41.240 which

00:51:41.440 is

00:51:41.560 the

00:51:41.680 argument

00:51:41.980 that

00:51:42.320 Napoleon

00:51:43.100 wars

00:51:43.680 and

00:51:43.900 indeed

00:51:44.100 the

00:51:44.280 actual

00:51:44.500 effects

00:51:44.800 of

00:51:44.920 the

00:51:45.020 Code

00:51:45.180 Napoleon

00:51:45.680 involving

00:51:46.680 aspects

00:51:47.180 like

00:51:47.520 primogeniture

00:51:48.640 meant

00:51:49.800 that

00:51:50.160 it

00:51:50.340 caused

00:51:50.620 a

00:51:50.840 demographic

00:51:51.360 crisis

00:51:52.100 in

00:51:52.380 France

00:51:52.700 that

00:51:52.860 it

00:51:52.940 never

00:51:53.140 recovered

00:51:53.540 from

00:51:53.860 basically

00:51:55.140 France

00:51:55.660 at the

00:51:55.860 beginning

00:51:56.040 of

00:51:56.220 the

00:51:56.320 Napoleonic

00:51:56.760 Wars

00:51:57.180 had

00:51:58.040 a

00:51:58.280 population

00:51:58.760 which

00:51:59.040 was

00:51:59.180 larger

00:51:59.460 than

00:51:59.600 the

00:51:59.700 Russian

00:51:59.940 Empire

00:52:00.400 and

00:52:02.140 then

00:52:03.120 eventually

00:52:03.620 Germany

00:52:04.400 eclipses

00:52:05.840 France

00:52:06.180 in terms

00:52:06.540 of

00:52:06.680 population

00:52:07.180 during

00:52:07.460 the

00:52:07.640 19th

00:52:08.320 century

00:52:08.620 and

00:52:08.780 that

00:52:08.900 is

00:52:09.040 key

00:52:09.260 in

00:52:09.420 terms

00:52:09.580 of

00:52:09.700 being

00:52:09.800 able

00:52:09.920 to

00:52:10.020 understand

00:52:10.420 the

00:52:10.940 relative

00:52:11.280 imbalance

00:52:11.780 between

00:52:12.100 the

00:52:12.260 two

00:52:12.400 nations

00:52:12.780 ever

00:52:13.020 since

00:52:13.480 is

00:52:14.020 that

00:52:14.160 demographic

00:52:14.640 collapse

00:52:15.160 you

00:52:17.520 unites

00:52:18.140 them

00:52:18.540 the

00:52:19.240 population

00:52:20.180 of

00:52:21.480 Germany

00:52:22.220 was

00:52:22.480 larger

00:52:22.980 when

00:52:23.560 Bismarck

00:52:24.200 launched

00:52:25.080 the

00:52:25.220 Franco-Prussian

00:52:25.760 War

00:52:26.040 in

00:52:26.200 1870

00:52:26.760 than

00:52:26.960 France

00:52:27.260 at that

00:52:27.540 point

00:52:27.800 but

00:52:28.340 it

00:52:28.480 was

00:52:28.580 still

00:52:28.780 disunited

00:52:29.400 but

00:52:29.720 back

00:52:29.900 to

00:52:30.000 your

00:52:30.120 point

00:52:30.380 it's

00:52:32.240 justifying

00:52:32.820 those

00:52:33.160 deaths

00:52:33.560 effectively

00:52:34.300 and

00:52:35.380 one

00:52:35.880 can

00:52:36.380 justify

00:52:37.020 those

00:52:37.360 deaths

00:52:37.620 in

00:52:37.800 saying

00:52:38.040 that

00:52:38.220 we

00:52:38.340 were

00:52:38.500 victorious

00:52:39.160 and

00:52:40.400 it's

00:52:42.600 the

00:52:42.700 combination

00:52:43.160 of

00:52:45.220 death

00:52:46.020 and

00:52:46.180 defeat

00:52:46.620 which

00:52:47.520 I

00:52:47.820 believe

00:52:48.100 makes

00:52:48.400 the

00:52:48.560 whole

00:52:48.780 Napoleonic

00:52:49.380 myth

00:52:49.660 again

00:52:49.980 it's

00:52:50.220 so

00:52:50.580 bizarre

00:52:52.280 and

00:52:52.580 it

00:52:52.660 can

00:52:52.760 only

00:52:53.040 basically

00:52:53.460 come

00:52:53.780 out

00:52:54.040 of

00:52:54.240 a

00:52:54.560 nationalistic

00:52:57.320 bourgeois

00:52:57.880 sense

00:52:58.220 of

00:52:58.400 ennui

00:52:58.860 which

00:52:59.180 envelops

00:52:59.680 France

00:53:00.000 during

00:53:00.260 the

00:53:00.460 1830s

00:53:01.240 and

00:53:01.340 40s

00:53:01.840 where

00:53:01.980 everyone

00:53:02.220 is

00:53:02.380 bored

00:53:02.820 with

00:53:03.140 Louis

00:53:03.500 Philippe

00:53:04.040 and

00:53:04.220 he

00:53:04.780 brings

00:53:05.080 Napoleon

00:53:05.540 back

00:53:06.000 there

00:53:06.380 is

00:53:06.560 the

00:53:06.840 burial

00:53:07.220 of

00:53:07.520 Napoleon

00:53:08.380 in

00:53:08.600 that

00:53:08.760 preposterous

00:53:09.700 marble

00:53:10.500 ornate

00:53:11.100 tomb

00:53:12.500 in

00:53:12.780 Lausanne

00:53:13.700 Vélide

00:53:14.140 and

00:53:15.360 then

00:53:15.500 you

00:53:15.620 have

00:53:15.780 the

00:53:16.180 construction

00:53:16.860 of the

00:53:17.160 Arc de

00:53:17.480 Triomphe

00:53:17.900 which

00:53:18.080 wasn't

00:53:18.360 built

00:53:18.580 during

00:53:18.740 Napoleon's 0.81

00:53:19.300 time

00:53:19.500 he only

00:53:19.820 constructed

00:53:20.240 elements

00:53:20.740 like the

00:53:21.160 Arc de

00:53:21.720 Carousel

00:53:22.340 but no

00:53:23.520 it's the

00:53:23.860 fact that

00:53:24.380 you combine

00:53:25.140 all of

00:53:25.480 these

00:53:25.700 deaths

00:53:26.080 and

00:53:26.360 ultimately

00:53:26.760 say

00:53:27.260 to what

00:53:28.280 end

00:53:28.740 and what

00:53:29.260 I find

00:53:29.620 is ultimately

00:53:30.060 so damning

00:53:30.560 about

00:53:30.780 Napoleon

00:53:31.200 is that

00:53:32.480 I

00:53:32.820 am

00:53:33.640 convinced

00:53:34.360 that

00:53:34.980 Napoleon

00:53:35.400 believed

00:53:35.840 all of

00:53:36.200 these

00:53:36.400 deaths

00:53:36.780 were

00:53:37.380 necessary

00:53:38.340 for the

00:53:39.540 sake

00:53:39.700 of his

00:53:39.960 star

00:53:40.340 in other

00:53:41.080 words

00:53:41.340 I don't

00:53:41.980 believe

00:53:42.380 that

00:53:42.640 despite

00:53:43.000 all of

00:53:43.540 Napoleon's 0.81

00:53:44.080 grandiose

00:53:44.600 affectations

00:53:45.240 about

00:53:45.600 salvation

00:53:46.880 of the

00:53:47.180 nation

00:53:47.520 and all

00:53:47.840 that

00:53:48.220 that

00:53:49.600 he ever

00:53:50.660 cared

00:53:51.120 about

00:53:51.680 the

00:53:51.900 ordinary

00:53:52.160 soldier

00:53:52.620 and I

00:53:53.720 think

00:53:53.940 the most

00:53:54.240 telling

00:53:54.480 fact

00:53:54.680 that's

00:53:55.900 monstrous

00:53:57.660 to me

00:53:58.060 that is

00:53:59.240 monstrous

00:53:59.780 isn't it

00:54:00.180 but just

00:54:00.560 think about

00:54:01.080 when we

00:54:01.860 have his

00:54:02.320 letters

00:54:03.520 after his

00:54:04.300 deposition

00:54:04.840 he basically

00:54:07.100 has assumed

00:54:07.800 a false

00:54:08.460 martyrdom

00:54:09.080 the notion

00:54:10.040 that to

00:54:10.640 die defeated

00:54:11.320 is to

00:54:11.660 die every

00:54:12.080 day

00:54:12.340 I have

00:54:12.800 assumed

00:54:13.280 a crown

00:54:14.480 of thorns

00:54:15.100 for the

00:54:15.600 crown of

00:54:15.980 France

00:54:16.360 and the

00:54:16.760 fate of

00:54:17.080 my

00:54:17.220 country

00:54:17.680 and it's

00:54:18.680 just

00:54:18.920 you were

00:54:19.460 given so

00:54:19.980 many

00:54:20.340 opportunities

00:54:21.020 to ensure

00:54:21.640 a peaceful

00:54:22.080 resolution

00:54:22.680 for France

00:54:23.280 but you

00:54:24.060 could only

00:54:24.560 opt for

00:54:25.500 total victory

00:54:26.380 or total

00:54:27.280 defeat

00:54:27.700 there was

00:54:28.140 no middle

00:54:28.540 ground

00:54:28.860 for you

00:54:29.380 you know

00:54:30.040 you could

00:54:30.440 say for

00:54:30.840 example

00:54:31.120 demonstrate

00:54:31.980 military

00:54:33.180 brilliance

00:54:33.660 during the

00:54:34.000 six days

00:54:34.400 campaign

00:54:34.940 in 1814

00:54:35.880 when you're

00:54:36.860 reduced to

00:54:37.320 only commanding

00:54:38.020 about 40,000

00:54:39.020 men again

00:54:39.640 like you

00:54:40.400 were during

00:54:40.820 the Italian

00:54:41.780 campaign days

00:54:42.660 of the

00:54:42.940 1790s

00:54:43.980 but ultimately

00:54:44.980 it doesn't

00:54:45.520 matter

00:54:45.880 because you

00:54:46.840 have been

00:54:47.140 able to

00:54:47.500 create a

00:54:47.860 political

00:54:48.080 situation

00:54:48.620 for yourself

00:54:49.300 where you're

00:54:49.940 now assailed

00:54:50.620 by forces

00:54:51.320 which are

00:54:51.620 nearly 10

00:54:52.100 times your

00:54:52.720 size

00:54:53.100 and it is

00:54:53.920 all your

00:54:54.200 fault

00:54:54.380 again another

00:54:54.860 Napoleonic

00:54:55.440 quotation

00:54:55.960 I think it

00:54:56.880 was during

00:54:57.120 the battle

00:54:57.380 of Leipzig

00:54:57.980 today all

00:54:58.720 of Europe

00:54:59.020 yesterday all

00:55:00.020 of Europe

00:55:00.260 marched with

00:55:00.940 us

00:55:01.220 today all

00:55:02.060 of Europe

00:55:02.280 marches

00:55:02.700 against us

00:55:03.500 again it's

00:55:04.580 just the

00:55:05.200 logic of

00:55:05.920 you would have

00:55:07.100 thought wouldn't

00:55:07.640 you that

00:55:08.100 conquering over

00:55:09.180 so much

00:55:09.620 territory and

00:55:10.380 putting your

00:55:10.940 family members

00:55:13.020 and all these

00:55:13.500 thrones it would

00:55:14.640 form a part of a

00:55:15.420 dynastic consolidation

00:55:16.400 wouldn't you

00:55:17.260 but it seems that

00:55:18.280 this isn't

00:55:18.740 consolidation at all

00:55:19.860 it's further

00:55:21.040 establishing a

00:55:22.460 precarious state

00:55:23.360 of affairs

00:55:23.980 from which one

00:55:25.260 day everyone

00:55:26.000 including your

00:55:26.700 most fervent

00:55:27.340 allies like

00:55:28.000 the Bavarians

00:55:28.700 decide to

00:55:29.900 turn on you

00:55:30.600 and join

00:55:32.840 forces of the

00:55:33.420 coalition

00:55:33.800 you know one

00:55:34.640 of the few

00:55:35.100 countries that

00:55:36.800 don't join

00:55:37.680 against Napoleon

00:55:38.540 one is

00:55:40.020 Saxony and

00:55:41.260 that's only

00:55:41.560 because the

00:55:42.020 French occupy 0.97

00:55:42.720 Saxony during

00:55:43.500 most of the

00:55:44.240 campaigns of

00:55:44.860 1813

00:55:45.520 but Italy

00:55:47.120 why doesn't

00:55:48.200 Italy change

00:55:49.140 hands because 0.87

00:55:49.880 it is technically

00:55:50.680 ruled over my

00:55:51.480 Napoleon who is

00:55:52.140 also king of

00:55:52.680 Italy and it

00:55:53.840 is ruled in

00:55:54.880 fact by

00:55:55.760 Eugene de

00:55:56.560 Boanet who

00:55:57.360 is by far the

00:55:58.480 most competent

00:55:59.060 of all of

00:55:59.700 Napoleon's 0.81

00:56:00.200 relatives

00:56:00.560 Eugene de

00:56:01.020 Boanet is

00:56:01.500 the son of

00:56:02.200 Josephine

00:56:02.760 so therefore

00:56:03.900 we can

00:56:04.320 understand why

00:56:05.260 that territory

00:56:06.420 in particular

00:56:06.860 but everywhere

00:56:07.280 else including

00:56:08.100 Sweden under

00:56:09.460 Jean Bernadotte

00:56:10.920 goes against

00:56:11.960 Napoleon and

00:56:12.740 again it's

00:56:13.140 just a lot

00:56:15.060 of people can

00:56:15.620 then use okay

00:56:16.280 well what does

00:56:17.020 Napoleon represent 0.98

00:56:17.860 he's the

00:56:18.340 triumph of will

00:56:19.340 yeah we go

00:56:20.240 into Nietzschean

00:56:20.900 arguments you

00:56:21.660 know a lot of

00:56:22.660 people have

00:56:23.180 tried to

00:56:23.520 extrapolate

00:56:24.100 Nietzsche's

00:56:24.620 interpretations

00:56:25.260 of Napoleon

00:56:25.880 and say well

00:56:26.540 he was the

00:56:27.380 manifestation of

00:56:28.260 true freedom

00:56:29.060 in terms of

00:56:29.860 the death of

00:56:30.480 ego that

00:56:31.480 Napoleon is

00:56:32.240 all about

00:56:32.740 the will

00:56:33.220 triumphant

00:56:33.880 and self

00:56:34.440 discipline

00:56:34.840 and he is

00:56:35.460 the the

00:56:36.020 martial man

00:56:36.780 he is the

00:56:37.240 ubermensch

00:56:37.840 he is the

00:56:39.060 counter to

00:56:39.740 slave morality

00:56:40.420 if anything I

00:56:41.720 believe is the

00:56:42.180 opposite I

00:56:42.700 believe Napoleon

00:56:43.380 was the slave

00:56:44.820 to ambition

00:56:45.500 which is all

00:56:47.300 the more obvious

00:56:47.840 and then you

00:56:48.200 can get into

00:56:48.700 the more

00:56:49.080 sort of

00:56:49.820 far

00:56:51.060 sort of

00:56:52.060 arguments

00:56:52.480 like for

00:56:52.980 say for

00:56:53.220 example

00:56:53.440 someone like

00:56:54.020 Gabriele

00:56:54.580 D'Annunzio

00:56:55.100 a Italian

00:56:57.720 poet and

00:56:58.740 soldier during

00:56:59.820 the First

00:57:00.460 World War

00:57:00.960 who later

00:57:02.060 basically becomes

00:57:02.880 you can almost

00:57:03.280 say an

00:57:03.560 antecedent

00:57:04.140 towards someone

00:57:04.600 like a

00:57:04.840 Mussolini

00:57:05.360 goes out

00:57:06.420 and says

00:57:06.820 you know

00:57:07.060 well the

00:57:08.140 Italian

00:57:09.280 involvement in

00:57:10.120 the First

00:57:10.400 World War

00:57:10.720 is a

00:57:11.000 necessary

00:57:11.400 baptism of

00:57:12.580 fire

00:57:12.900 you know

00:57:13.500 we are

00:57:13.780 basically

00:57:14.100 going to

00:57:14.520 soak our

00:57:15.020 ledges in

00:57:15.440 blood

00:57:15.740 and it

00:57:16.040 is going

00:57:16.300 to be

00:57:16.520 a glorious

00:57:16.980 thing

00:57:17.500 in that

00:57:18.300 sense

00:57:18.720 you know

00:57:19.080 France

00:57:19.580 needs to

00:57:20.220 come to

00:57:21.240 its national

00:57:22.060 culmination

00:57:22.860 through glory

00:57:23.720 and glory

00:57:24.560 inevitably means

00:57:25.340 the shedding

00:57:25.720 of blood

00:57:26.180 you can almost

00:57:26.660 say again

00:57:27.080 it's the

00:57:27.440 perfect

00:57:28.160 conversion

00:57:28.720 of Christ

00:57:29.360 you know

00:57:30.460 I'm not

00:57:31.960 going to

00:57:32.360 shed myself

00:57:33.260 and sacrifice

00:57:33.840 myself for

00:57:34.620 the sake of

00:57:35.040 salvation of

00:57:35.880 man

00:57:36.140 I'm going

00:57:36.640 to compel

00:57:37.800 the salvation

00:57:38.380 of my

00:57:38.760 nation

00:57:39.100 through the

00:57:39.560 blood of

00:57:40.040 countless

00:57:40.460 youths

00:57:41.120 effectively

00:57:41.460 which is

00:57:41.900 what Napoleon's

00:57:42.640 campaign

00:57:42.980 ultimately amounts

00:57:43.780 to

00:57:44.020 so you

00:57:46.840 mentioned

00:57:47.280 before

00:57:48.380 his star

00:57:49.240 and that's

00:57:50.840 not just

00:57:51.380 like modern

00:57:53.040 parlance

00:57:53.540 that's what

00:57:53.920 he said

00:57:54.600 he talked

00:57:55.820 about

00:57:56.220 explicitly

00:57:57.160 many times

00:57:58.080 his star

00:57:58.920 that Josephine

00:57:59.520 was one of

00:57:59.880 the rays of

00:58:00.380 his star

00:58:00.920 and all that

00:58:01.680 sort of thing

00:58:02.080 and so he

00:58:03.020 had this

00:58:03.520 I think

00:58:04.360 very clear

00:58:05.080 idea

00:58:06.620 about himself

00:58:08.120 about his

00:58:08.840 ambition

00:58:09.220 about his

00:58:09.840 place in

00:58:10.260 history

00:58:10.480 and all that

00:58:10.840 sort of thing

00:58:11.280 and earlier

00:58:12.580 on you also

00:58:13.140 mentioned the

00:58:13.680 idea that

00:58:14.000 Talleyrand

00:58:14.680 saw at a

00:58:15.380 certain point

00:58:15.800 quite early

00:58:16.320 on the

00:58:17.120 sort of

00:58:17.320 the natural

00:58:18.080 boundaries

00:58:19.220 that France

00:58:20.380 could have

00:58:20.780 had

00:58:21.220 could have

00:58:21.940 sat on

00:58:22.460 with the

00:58:24.340 Rye and

00:58:24.700 the Alps

00:58:24.980 of Pyrenees

00:58:25.540 and that

00:58:26.340 that would

00:58:27.060 have been

00:58:27.380 should have

00:58:27.760 been good

00:58:28.060 enough

00:58:28.280 but then

00:58:28.860 you've got

00:58:29.480 Napoleon

00:58:30.960 in his

00:58:31.380 concept

00:58:31.820 of his

00:58:32.220 own star

00:58:32.940 and

00:58:33.660 the fact

00:58:35.000 that there's

00:58:35.820 some sort

00:58:36.280 of deep

00:58:36.680 seated

00:58:37.340 lack of

00:58:41.060 how would you

00:58:42.580 say

00:58:42.720 of self-confidence

00:58:43.660 about his

00:58:44.200 own position

00:58:44.880 that he is

00:58:45.400 a usurper

00:58:46.140 that he has

00:58:48.160 to keep

00:58:48.520 winning

00:58:48.660 again he said

00:58:49.740 this explicitly

00:58:50.360 didn't he in

00:58:50.900 letters that

00:58:51.400 I have to keep

00:58:53.000 winning battles

00:58:53.960 if I stop

00:58:56.280 winning battles

00:58:56.780 I can't just sit

00:58:57.440 on my laurels

00:58:58.200 not forever

00:58:59.260 my power comes

00:59:00.860 from going out

00:59:03.180 and winning battles

00:59:03.980 personally

00:59:04.440 and I have to

00:59:06.140 keep doing it

00:59:06.600 so

00:59:06.840 like you're in

00:59:09.500 this unstoppable

00:59:10.160 war machine

00:59:10.940 that cannot

00:59:12.180 be stopped

00:59:12.800 in some sense

00:59:14.040 or he doesn't

00:59:14.600 want to stop

00:59:15.180 it

00:59:15.280 he can't

00:59:15.600 stop it

00:59:15.880 I don't

00:59:16.220 believe

00:59:16.480 I believe

00:59:16.980 he could

00:59:17.280 have stopped

00:59:17.640 it

00:59:17.800 but like I

00:59:18.200 said

00:59:18.400 it's

00:59:18.720 his direct

00:59:19.380 association

00:59:20.040 I mean

00:59:21.340 I think

00:59:21.720 the quote

00:59:23.100 again

00:59:23.480 is in

00:59:23.800 comparison

00:59:24.240 to other

00:59:24.660 European

00:59:25.000 leaders

00:59:25.600 when a

00:59:26.800 European

00:59:27.120 leader

00:59:27.540 loses

00:59:27.980 a war

00:59:28.460 it concerns

00:59:29.440 the fate

00:59:29.860 of a

00:59:30.360 province

00:59:30.760 or this

00:59:31.140 and that

00:59:31.560 when I

00:59:32.320 lose a

00:59:32.680 war

00:59:32.860 it's always

00:59:33.360 a fight

00:59:34.280 for my

00:59:34.580 very

00:59:34.820 existence

00:59:35.240 and

00:59:36.640 but again

00:59:37.760 I don't

00:59:38.300 believe

00:59:38.580 that is

00:59:39.560 necessarily

00:59:40.120 the case

00:59:40.840 Europe

00:59:41.800 during the

00:59:42.660 Polonic 0.96

00:59:42.960 Wars

00:59:43.340 was

00:59:43.700 mostly

00:59:44.340 exhausted

00:59:44.820 and fighting

00:59:45.300 out of

00:59:45.640 a sense

00:59:45.960 of

00:59:46.200 a sense

00:59:47.100 of

00:59:47.260 desperation

00:59:47.820 I mean

00:59:48.520 one of the

00:59:48.820 remarkable

00:59:49.160 things of

00:59:49.860 the period

00:59:50.420 during the

00:59:50.740 peace of

00:59:51.020 Armia

00:59:51.260 with Britain

00:59:51.840 is the

00:59:52.660 fact that

00:59:53.140 so many

00:59:54.080 emigres 0.99

00:59:54.520 and so

00:59:55.140 many

00:59:55.340 British

00:59:55.680 tourists

00:59:56.220 and traders

00:59:56.800 use the

00:59:57.300 opportunity

00:59:57.720 to resume

00:59:58.380 relations

00:59:58.900 essentially

00:59:59.460 again

00:59:59.880 so

01:00:00.960 I believe

01:00:02.520 that

01:00:02.800 Napoleon's 0.81

01:00:03.520 own

01:00:03.780 inextricable

01:00:04.520 political

01:00:04.980 logic

01:00:05.540 leads him

01:00:06.640 down the

01:00:07.000 path

01:00:07.420 that

01:00:08.140 military

01:00:08.780 glory

01:00:09.160 is me

01:00:09.840 and thereby

01:00:10.960 so long

01:00:12.040 as I can

01:00:12.640 associate

01:00:13.220 France

01:00:14.040 with political

01:00:14.540 glory

01:00:15.100 then my

01:00:16.240 own star

01:00:16.860 is assured

01:00:18.000 effectively

01:00:18.680 you know

01:00:19.700 basically

01:00:21.040 Ad Astra

01:00:21.680 to the

01:00:22.420 stars

01:00:22.820 I'm not

01:00:24.820 sure whether

01:00:25.140 this is

01:00:25.520 an exact

01:00:26.160 quote or

01:00:26.580 not

01:00:26.780 but again

01:00:27.200 France

01:00:27.920 will follow

01:00:28.280 me to

01:00:28.680 the moon

01:00:29.100 if I

01:00:29.980 give her

01:00:30.340 another

01:00:30.540 victory

01:00:30.940 that sort

01:00:31.400 of thing

01:00:31.740 but again

01:00:33.260 glory

01:00:33.800 the whole

01:00:34.260 notion

01:00:34.540 of glory

01:00:34.980 it's

01:00:35.740 post hoc

01:00:36.400 it's

01:00:37.240 it's

01:00:37.460 ephemeral

01:00:38.000 it's emotive

01:00:38.860 and I

01:00:39.740 think

01:00:40.060 so much

01:00:41.780 of Napoleon's

01:00:42.540 own sort of

01:00:42.980 basis of power

01:00:43.620 I think

01:00:43.900 actually

01:00:44.220 comes from

01:00:45.300 the fact

01:00:45.540 that he

01:00:45.800 himself

01:00:46.160 was an

01:00:46.460 atheist

01:00:46.760 and so

01:00:48.080 he is

01:00:48.360 looking at

01:00:48.760 this from

01:00:49.160 a very

01:00:49.920 as I

01:00:52.320 mentioned

01:00:52.660 that so

01:00:53.060 much of

01:00:53.380 the French

01:00:53.660 Revolution

01:00:53.980 is about

01:00:54.440 conscious

01:00:54.860 reenactment

01:00:55.640 when he

01:00:57.380 is looking

01:00:57.780 to say

01:00:58.120 for example

01:00:58.460 the coronation

01:00:59.280 Napoleon's 0.81

01:01:00.380 own coronation

01:01:01.060 it is

01:01:01.420 always

01:01:01.840 conscious

01:01:02.380 reenactment

01:01:02.920 I'm going

01:01:03.360 to recreate

01:01:04.120 the original

01:01:05.320 crown of

01:01:06.000 Charlemagne

01:01:06.520 I am going

01:01:08.360 to have

01:01:08.840 the Pope

01:01:09.280 bless me

01:01:09.900 not crown

01:01:10.420 me

01:01:10.700 thereby

01:01:11.100 surpassing

01:01:12.860 Charlemagne

01:01:13.380 who he

01:01:14.300 believed made

01:01:14.780 a mistake

01:01:15.180 in allowing

01:01:15.580 the Pope

01:01:15.940 to crown

01:01:16.300 himself

01:01:16.760 and thereby

01:01:17.180 he was in

01:01:17.620 some way

01:01:17.920 beholden

01:01:18.500 to the Pope

01:01:19.280 I am going

01:01:20.560 to have

01:01:20.920 David

01:01:21.320 the great

01:01:22.780 French painter

01:01:23.460 turn

01:01:24.420 Notre Dame

01:01:25.080 into a

01:01:26.160 Greco-Roman

01:01:27.020 pantheon

01:01:27.860 celebrating

01:01:29.180 the rights

01:01:29.620 of the nation

01:01:30.080 and I am

01:01:30.440 going to be

01:01:30.760 at the

01:01:30.980 centre

01:01:31.260 and I am

01:01:33.200 going to

01:01:33.560 paint my

01:01:34.260 mother

01:01:34.640 in the

01:01:35.900 wings

01:01:36.220 even though

01:01:36.860 she wasn't

01:01:37.320 there

01:01:37.540 because she

01:01:37.880 was not

01:01:38.140 prepared to

01:01:38.640 see the

01:01:38.900 glorification

01:01:39.480 of

01:01:39.800 Josephine

01:01:40.360 who she

01:01:41.220 considered

01:01:41.680 quite rightly

01:01:42.360 to be

01:01:42.600 a harlot

01:01:43.020 so that's

01:01:45.440 so much

01:01:46.520 of the

01:01:46.720 essence

01:01:47.040 of Napoleon

01:01:47.520 you can

01:01:47.820 say it's

01:01:48.600 Catholicism

01:01:49.500 without God

01:01:50.340 in so many

01:01:51.620 ways

01:01:52.040 it is

01:01:52.540 the vestments

01:01:54.800 I need to

01:01:55.640 wear that

01:01:56.100 ridiculous

01:01:57.100 get up

01:01:57.720 where I am

01:01:58.480 holding the

01:01:58.980 sceptre

01:01:59.420 I have my

01:02:00.300 Napoleonic

01:02:00.900 laurels

01:02:01.480 that grand

01:02:02.560 imperial style

01:02:03.560 circular throne

01:02:04.640 and it is

01:02:06.520 going to

01:02:06.860 impress people

01:02:07.960 that's what so

01:02:08.960 much of glory

01:02:09.600 is essentially

01:02:10.220 it's impressing

01:02:11.000 upon people

01:02:11.660 something which

01:02:12.340 is metaphysical

01:02:14.040 but it's also

01:02:15.360 unsubstantial

01:02:16.720 in the same

01:02:17.660 way that

01:02:18.200 it's important

01:02:19.340 to have

01:02:19.780 French grenadiers

01:02:20.600 dressed up

01:02:21.320 in those

01:02:21.800 tall hats

01:02:22.960 and those

01:02:23.640 epaulettes

01:02:24.520 and make them

01:02:25.560 feel again

01:02:26.180 stronger and

01:02:27.640 more powerful

01:02:28.200 than they are

01:02:28.820 the uniforms

01:02:29.640 themselves

01:02:30.220 are basically

01:02:30.960 giving

01:02:32.200 and again

01:02:33.300 the titles

01:02:33.900 the distinction

01:02:35.020 it's not enough

01:02:36.060 basically to have

01:02:36.820 a levelling effect

01:02:37.620 of like how

01:02:38.500 the communists

01:02:39.120 treated the

01:02:39.660 military in

01:02:40.100 the 1920s

01:02:40.920 and 1930s

01:02:42.020 instead we

01:02:43.140 need to

01:02:43.840 ostensibly

01:02:45.020 imbibe the

01:02:47.160 French political

01:02:47.620 system with

01:02:48.120 grandeur

01:02:48.680 and again

01:02:49.720 how can you

01:02:50.520 credit that

01:02:51.380 with anything

01:02:51.780 else but

01:02:52.200 compensating for

01:02:53.000 this lack

01:02:53.360 of legitimacy

01:02:54.020 I'm going to

01:02:57.660 make a

01:02:58.120 so and so

01:02:59.580 prince of

01:03:00.080 that and

01:03:00.500 so and so

01:03:00.960 king of

01:03:01.380 that and

01:03:01.800 so and so

01:03:02.220 king of

01:03:02.560 that and

01:03:03.120 I have

01:03:04.700 done so

01:03:05.140 through my

01:03:05.700 right of

01:03:06.760 military victory

01:03:07.480 again and

01:03:08.540 again and

01:03:09.040 again and

01:03:10.360 of course as

01:03:11.740 it was made

01:03:12.320 so it was

01:03:12.800 so easily

01:03:13.300 unmade

01:03:13.840 so the key

01:03:15.160 our question

01:03:15.860 again was

01:03:16.560 Napoleon good

01:03:17.320 for France

01:03:17.920 it does boil

01:03:19.060 down to

01:03:19.580 doesn't it

01:03:19.920 when we can

01:03:20.420 look at it

01:03:20.920 with our

01:03:21.320 God's eye

01:03:22.300 view as

01:03:23.560 the historian

01:03:24.660 centuries

01:03:25.300 later

01:03:25.700 the fact that

01:03:27.660 ultimately he

01:03:28.480 lost the fact

01:03:29.080 that ultimately

01:03:29.680 the entire

01:03:30.280 project was

01:03:31.980 a complete

01:03:32.900 failure

01:03:33.660 surely then

01:03:36.660 we can only

01:03:37.460 come to the

01:03:38.060 conclusion

01:03:38.580 that he

01:03:39.720 wasn't good

01:03:40.600 for France

01:03:41.400 I mean

01:03:41.920 you can

01:03:42.440 point to

01:03:42.860 a few

01:03:43.400 things

01:03:44.040 absolutely

01:03:45.120 I mean

01:03:45.900 like the

01:03:47.260 code Napoleon

01:03:47.940 it's obviously

01:03:48.460 not as good

01:03:48.900 as English

01:03:49.820 common law

01:03:50.260 but still

01:03:50.700 surely that

01:03:51.480 was better

01:03:52.040 than what

01:03:52.880 France had 0.75

01:03:53.360 had before

01:03:53.900 things like

01:03:54.340 this

01:03:54.560 you can

01:03:55.040 point to

01:03:55.440 that and

01:03:56.140 that was

01:03:56.600 obviously

01:03:57.380 in France's

01:03:58.440 interest

01:03:58.700 what does

01:03:58.880 the code

01:03:59.260 Napoleon

01:03:59.660 represent

01:04:00.220 it's the

01:04:01.200 corollary to

01:04:01.760 the continental

01:04:02.200 system

01:04:02.820 I mean

01:04:03.560 I hate

01:04:03.840 to sound

01:04:04.140 my fear

01:04:05.820 to people

01:04:07.260 listening

01:04:07.740 is that

01:04:08.660 it's basically

01:04:09.200 going to

01:04:09.620 sound as

01:04:10.060 if I'm

01:04:10.700 a

01:04:11.220 I have

01:04:13.980 antipathy

01:04:14.560 towards

01:04:15.160 you know

01:04:15.500 Napoleon

01:04:15.980 because I'm

01:04:16.600 representing

01:04:17.140 the position

01:04:17.960 of Pitt

01:04:19.000 or Liverpool

01:04:19.700 basically

01:04:21.500 I'm just

01:04:21.860 representing

01:04:22.400 you know

01:04:22.860 little sort

01:04:23.920 of England

01:04:24.260 Britishness

01:04:25.460 but no

01:04:25.920 I'm

01:04:26.300 I'm

01:04:27.720 enamoured

01:04:28.260 of French

01:04:28.660 culture

01:04:29.060 I love

01:04:29.780 French

01:04:30.040 history

01:04:30.380 I

01:04:30.720 am more

01:04:31.800 invested

01:04:32.220 and have

01:04:32.740 great expertise

01:04:33.400 in French

01:04:33.880 history

01:04:34.160 than I do

01:04:34.560 British

01:04:34.820 history

01:04:35.340 I

01:04:37.080 have

01:04:38.860 examined

01:04:39.320 someone

01:04:39.600 extensively

01:04:41.220 like

01:04:41.680 Louis XIV

01:04:42.420 or Charles

01:04:43.700 de Gaulle

01:04:44.140 I can

01:04:45.420 look at

01:04:46.100 the

01:04:46.200 Annales

01:04:46.540 school

01:04:46.880 and fall

01:04:47.780 in love

01:04:48.060 with a

01:04:48.420 geographical

01:04:48.840 approach

01:04:49.320 to

01:04:49.720 French

01:04:50.460 history

01:04:50.860 the idea

01:04:51.680 of the

01:04:51.900 long

01:04:52.100 durée

01:04:52.500 the enduring

01:04:53.060 systems

01:04:53.560 institutions

01:04:54.200 of France

01:04:54.960 and

01:04:56.280 I look

01:04:57.320 at Napoleon

01:04:57.800 and I

01:04:58.260 see

01:04:58.640 Napoleon

01:04:59.180 as the

01:04:59.520 antipathy

01:05:00.040 to essentially

01:05:01.020 everything that

01:05:01.600 could have

01:05:01.880 made France

01:05:02.380 great

01:05:02.700 I almost

01:05:03.900 say to

01:05:04.720 that sort

01:05:05.060 of person

01:05:06.020 you know

01:05:06.360 how can

01:05:07.380 you be

01:05:07.720 a French

01:05:08.100 nationalist

01:05:08.460 and not

01:05:08.940 hate

01:05:09.160 Napoleon

01:05:09.560 for the

01:05:10.480 heights

01:05:10.820 he brought

01:05:11.340 to you

01:05:11.680 and for

01:05:12.000 the

01:05:12.180 devastation

01:05:12.860 he also

01:05:13.320 wrought

01:05:13.800 and it

01:05:14.640 comes back

01:05:15.020 to the

01:05:15.360 question

01:05:15.980 you point

01:05:16.560 out

01:05:16.740 well

01:05:16.920 obviously

01:05:17.220 the

01:05:17.380 code

01:05:17.520 Napoleon

01:05:17.900 is a good

01:05:18.220 thing

01:05:18.400 well

01:05:18.620 ostensibly

01:05:19.600 the code

01:05:19.960 Napoleon

01:05:20.300 is a good

01:05:20.620 thing

01:05:20.800 because

01:05:21.020 there's a

01:05:21.320 standardisation

01:05:22.060 of French

01:05:23.280 law

01:05:23.620 and the

01:05:24.440 abolition

01:05:24.820 of

01:05:25.180 seigneurial

01:05:25.840 Jews

01:05:26.220 and

01:05:26.460 seigneurial

01:05:27.000 justice

01:05:27.400 which

01:05:27.780 establish

01:05:28.180 different

01:05:28.740 legal

01:05:29.880 arenas

01:05:30.440 for the

01:05:30.820 nobility

01:05:31.220 the estates

01:05:32.020 versus the 0.55

01:05:32.740 third estate

01:05:33.520 everyone else

01:05:34.220 but

01:05:35.060 it's worse

01:05:36.400 than that

01:05:36.940 it's the

01:05:37.820 idea that

01:05:38.600 we should

01:05:39.060 have a

01:05:39.560 political

01:05:39.860 system

01:05:40.360 built

01:05:40.740 around

01:05:41.500 systematisation

01:05:43.260 and harmonisation

01:05:44.320 in other

01:05:45.300 words

01:05:45.560 it's the

01:05:45.880 precursor

01:05:46.280 to the

01:05:46.480 European

01:05:46.700 Union

01:05:47.160 we have

01:05:48.460 a

01:05:48.860 political

01:05:49.420 system

01:05:49.900 which is

01:05:50.400 inaccessible

01:05:51.920 stratified

01:05:53.000 no accountability

01:05:54.320 in the form

01:05:55.240 of the

01:05:55.460 commission

01:05:55.780 and the

01:05:56.760 commission

01:05:57.060 is using

01:05:58.420 various

01:05:59.260 political

01:05:59.840 rubber stamps

01:06:00.400 like the

01:06:00.700 parliament

01:06:01.000 the

01:06:01.600 core

01:06:02.100 legislatif

01:06:03.120 in the

01:06:03.580 case of

01:06:03.880 Napoleon

01:06:04.260 and I'm

01:06:05.860 going to

01:06:06.340 push through

01:06:07.100 laws which

01:06:07.820 ensure that

01:06:08.320 there is

01:06:08.620 harmonisation

01:06:09.420 throughout all

01:06:10.300 of the

01:06:10.500 countries of

01:06:10.980 Europe

01:06:11.260 irrespective of

01:06:12.400 what their

01:06:12.700 respective

01:06:13.060 parliaments

01:06:13.620 and political

01:06:14.240 institutions

01:06:14.740 want

01:06:15.160 effectively

01:06:15.680 it is the

01:06:16.740 origin of

01:06:17.220 that

01:06:17.460 in the

01:06:18.160 same way

01:06:18.520 that the

01:06:18.960 continental

01:06:19.600 system

01:06:20.200 is the

01:06:21.000 imposition

01:06:21.500 from on

01:06:21.960 high

01:06:22.280 of a

01:06:23.200 integrated

01:06:23.900 political

01:06:24.500 and economic

01:06:25.100 system

01:06:25.640 one that's

01:06:26.600 based around

01:06:27.280 antipathy

01:06:27.900 towards

01:06:28.520 Britain

01:06:29.900 you can

01:06:30.380 say

01:06:30.540 the

01:06:30.700 modern

01:06:30.960 continental

01:06:31.380 system

01:06:31.940 is

01:06:32.200 sanctions

01:06:32.500 against

01:06:32.860 Russia

01:06:33.220 it's

01:06:34.120 the

01:06:34.240 same

01:06:34.440 thing

01:06:34.680 it's

01:06:34.820 the

01:06:34.920 same

01:06:35.080 logic

01:06:35.460 yeah

01:06:37.760 so I mean

01:06:38.680 in that

01:06:39.760 case

01:06:40.000 well we're

01:06:40.760 absolutely

01:06:41.020 on the

01:06:41.400 same

01:06:41.620 page

01:06:42.020 essentially

01:06:42.540 that

01:06:43.460 Napoleon

01:06:43.860 was

01:06:44.340 a

01:06:44.700 disaster

01:06:45.280 ultimately

01:06:47.000 for

01:06:48.040 France

01:06:48.320 would

01:06:49.120 you say

01:06:50.040 I mean

01:06:51.060 even

01:06:51.360 calling up

01:06:53.080 issues

01:06:53.380 with

01:06:53.600 the

01:06:53.820 Napoleon

01:06:54.020 would

01:06:54.420 you

01:06:54.540 say

01:06:54.780 there

01:06:55.040 is

01:06:55.340 anything

01:06:56.360 or

01:06:56.560 what

01:06:56.680 are

01:06:56.740 the

01:06:56.840 things

01:06:57.140 that

01:06:57.400 pop

01:06:57.680 into

01:06:57.880 your

01:06:58.100 mind

01:06:58.440 that

01:06:58.660 Napoleon

01:06:59.040 did

01:06:59.420 or

01:06:59.580 achieved

01:07:00.040 that

01:07:00.940 were

01:07:01.260 good

01:07:01.500 for

01:07:01.660 France

01:07:01.920 do you think

01:07:02.200 there's

01:07:02.360 anything

01:07:02.780 anything

01:07:03.740 that endured

01:07:04.560 let's say

01:07:05.280 well

01:07:05.820 ironically

01:07:06.460 one of the most

01:07:07.000 enduring

01:07:07.360 things was

01:07:08.080 the 1801

01:07:08.880 Concordat

01:07:09.700 with the

01:07:10.500 Catholic

01:07:10.760 Church

01:07:11.280 okay

01:07:11.780 it basically

01:07:12.540 ensured

01:07:13.120 he made his

01:07:13.580 son king of

01:07:14.260 Rome

01:07:14.520 didn't he

01:07:14.920 at some

01:07:15.260 point

01:07:15.420 yes

01:07:15.880 after having

01:07:17.240 deposed

01:07:17.660 the Pope

01:07:18.860 from Rome

01:07:19.180 he did

01:07:19.500 have contempt

01:07:20.340 really

01:07:20.700 didn't he

01:07:21.180 for

01:07:21.500 Christianity

01:07:23.580 he literally

01:07:24.320 locked the

01:07:24.780 Pope up

01:07:25.300 right

01:07:25.620 he

01:07:26.720 I think

01:07:28.280 it was during

01:07:29.720 the fifth

01:07:30.000 coalition war

01:07:30.780 in 1809

01:07:31.600 he was in

01:07:32.080 Vienna

01:07:32.360 having occupied

01:07:33.060 the city

01:07:33.620 and he

01:07:35.060 took it

01:07:35.800 upon himself

01:07:36.300 to declare

01:07:37.180 that

01:07:37.520 I have

01:07:38.300 rescinded

01:07:38.920 the donation

01:07:39.460 of Pepin

01:07:40.060 which was

01:07:40.940 this

01:07:41.240 ancient

01:07:41.980 legal guarantee

01:07:43.160 by

01:07:44.180 Charlemagne's

01:07:45.240 father

01:07:46.020 or grandfather

01:07:46.840 to guarantee

01:07:48.100 the temporal

01:07:48.960 status

01:07:49.400 of the

01:07:49.640 papal

01:07:49.940 states

01:07:50.460 so I

01:07:51.500 as the

01:07:51.840 new

01:07:52.280 Charlemagne

01:07:53.380 the new

01:07:54.200 Carolingian

01:07:54.880 emperor

01:07:55.220 I'm going

01:07:55.560 to dispossess

01:07:56.320 the Pope

01:07:56.840 and I

01:07:57.660 do so

01:07:58.040 because I

01:07:58.440 am the

01:07:58.660 new

01:07:58.840 Charlemagne

01:07:59.400 who says

01:08:00.040 so I

01:08:00.340 say so

01:08:00.900 and I'm

01:08:02.320 going to

01:08:02.620 lock him

01:08:03.340 up

01:08:03.580 and I'm

01:08:04.620 going to

01:08:04.900 exist

01:08:05.200 excommunicate

01:08:06.080 effectively

01:08:07.640 but regardless

01:08:08.280 of that

01:08:08.740 the legal

01:08:10.040 structure

01:08:10.920 of the

01:08:11.240 1801

01:08:11.760 Concordat

01:08:12.600 existed

01:08:13.340 until the

01:08:14.220 Dreyfus

01:08:15.140 Affair

01:08:15.540 and the

01:08:17.200 imposed

01:08:18.260 secularization

01:08:18.960 of France

01:08:19.580 in 1904

01:08:20.280 and 1905

01:08:21.080 and 1906

01:08:21.900 so that

01:08:23.740 is one

01:08:24.740 credible

01:08:25.320 legacy

01:08:25.700 you know

01:08:26.060 the code

01:08:26.340 Napoleon

01:08:26.720 is obvious

01:08:27.620 in terms

01:08:28.400 of its

01:08:28.660 endurance

01:08:29.040 and legacy

01:08:29.580 the abolition

01:08:30.580 of feudalism

01:08:31.440 which

01:08:32.340 the French

01:08:34.760 belief in

01:08:35.500 feudalism

01:08:36.440 as bad

01:08:36.980 is axiomatic

01:08:38.520 in reality

01:08:39.720 feudalism

01:08:40.400 in France

01:08:40.920 had more

01:08:41.840 or less

01:08:42.100 effectively

01:08:42.520 been

01:08:42.920 terminated

01:08:44.420 in any

01:08:44.760 meaningful

01:08:45.160 sense

01:08:45.740 by the

01:08:46.500 time we

01:08:46.800 get to

01:08:47.040 the

01:08:47.140 French

01:08:47.340 Revolution

01:08:47.840 and so

01:08:48.920 you can

01:08:49.180 say that

01:08:49.600 it became

01:08:49.980 more of

01:08:50.320 an ideological

01:08:51.040 supposition

01:08:51.780 that feudalism

01:08:52.520 is bad

01:08:52.920 and feudalism

01:08:53.900 needs to be

01:08:54.280 destroyed

01:08:54.620 everywhere

01:08:54.980 in Europe

01:08:55.520 rather than

01:08:56.440 that having

01:08:56.860 any sort

01:08:57.300 of grandiose

01:08:58.000 tangible

01:08:58.400 results

01:08:59.060 but again

01:09:00.380 one of the

01:09:02.080 ironic

01:09:02.420 effects

01:09:02.840 if you

01:09:03.280 establish

01:09:03.880 equality

01:09:04.360 before the

01:09:04.900 law

01:09:05.180 and you're

01:09:06.040 also trying

01:09:06.580 to establish

01:09:07.040 a

01:09:07.220 domestic

01:09:07.540 system

01:09:07.920 of

01:09:08.080 political

01:09:08.340 power

01:09:08.820 you're

01:09:09.440 basically

01:09:09.760 also

01:09:10.040 establishing

01:09:10.520 the

01:09:10.820 basis

01:09:11.140 of

01:09:11.460 well

01:09:11.760 if

01:09:12.420 everyone

01:09:12.720 is

01:09:12.880 supposed

01:09:13.020 to be

01:09:13.500 legally

01:09:15.000 equal

01:09:15.460 why are

01:09:16.560 you emperor

01:09:16.980 of the

01:09:17.260 French

01:09:17.580 and you're

01:09:18.240 emperor

01:09:18.480 of the

01:09:18.680 French

01:09:18.920 because

01:09:19.340 you're

01:09:20.420 a general

01:09:20.780 and you

01:09:21.140 command

01:09:21.440 armies

01:09:21.980 effectively

01:09:22.540 again

01:09:22.980 it's just

01:09:23.520 pure

01:09:24.520 might makes

01:09:25.180 right

01:09:25.460 you can adorn

01:09:26.080 it with

01:09:26.460 all of this

01:09:27.040 grandiose

01:09:28.160 imperial

01:09:28.680 splendor

01:09:29.540 and all

01:09:29.840 these

01:09:30.120 incredible

01:09:30.520 paintings

01:09:31.100 and there

01:09:33.640 was one

01:09:33.920 thing again

01:09:34.380 which I was

01:09:34.900 thinking about

01:09:35.680 that the

01:09:36.700 constant wars

01:09:37.540 meant that

01:09:38.100 France was 0.89

01:09:38.640 in many ways

01:09:39.180 destitute

01:09:39.780 during Napoleon

01:09:41.400 its time

01:09:41.960 you know

01:09:42.260 you can look

01:09:42.660 during the

01:09:43.140 economically

01:09:43.740 destitute

01:09:45.240 it was

01:09:46.620 cut off

01:09:47.180 and Napoleon's

01:09:48.260 solution to

01:09:48.740 this was

01:09:49.180 loot

01:09:49.660 in a way

01:09:51.280 we were

01:09:51.540 some sort

01:09:51.840 of Mongolian

01:09:52.620 Khan

01:09:53.220 you're going

01:09:54.340 over and

01:09:54.820 I'm going

01:09:55.120 to take

01:09:55.560 the horses

01:09:56.260 of Saint

01:09:56.700 Mark

01:09:57.020 and I'm

01:09:57.340 going to

01:09:57.600 put them

01:09:57.900 in Louve

01:09:58.380 which I

01:09:58.700 have renamed

01:09:59.160 the

01:09:59.680 Musée

01:10:00.080 Napoleon

01:10:00.580 because of

01:10:02.580 course I

01:10:02.940 have

01:10:03.260 that is

01:10:05.640 again a

01:10:06.360 basis of

01:10:07.020 Napoleon's 0.81

01:10:07.720 necessity

01:10:08.200 for further

01:10:08.680 conquest

01:10:09.080 it's not

01:10:09.840 just to

01:10:11.060 expand

01:10:11.520 France

01:10:11.940 and to

01:10:12.180 expand

01:10:12.580 ideas of

01:10:13.880 the French

01:10:14.080 Revolution

01:10:14.480 it's also

01:10:14.860 to get

01:10:15.200 rich by

01:10:15.920 seizing the

01:10:16.980 wealth and

01:10:17.400 the property

01:10:17.820 of other

01:10:18.180 people

01:10:18.500 effectively

01:10:19.020 and subordinating

01:10:20.260 them to

01:10:20.620 France

01:10:21.020 so as a

01:10:22.900 result of

01:10:23.280 that

01:10:23.580 France

01:10:24.100 doesn't have

01:10:24.860 a great

01:10:25.340 building

01:10:25.760 program

01:10:26.280 during the

01:10:27.160 time of

01:10:28.060 Napoleon

01:10:28.980 say for

01:10:29.840 example

01:10:30.100 comparable

01:10:30.620 with

01:10:31.040 Louis XIV

01:10:31.720 or even

01:10:33.060 someone like

01:10:33.760 Catherine de

01:10:34.360 Medici

01:10:34.720 who was

01:10:35.480 responsible for

01:10:36.080 building the

01:10:36.580 original Louvre

01:10:37.300 and so

01:10:38.240 ironically

01:10:38.680 people associate

01:10:40.920 the building

01:10:42.680 legacy of

01:10:43.320 someone like

01:10:43.700 a Louis

01:10:44.000 Philippe

01:10:44.580 and the

01:10:44.940 Arc de

01:10:45.260 Triomphe

01:10:45.780 as Napoleon

01:10:46.800 having built

01:10:47.400 it when in

01:10:47.800 reality it was

01:10:48.640 post hoc

01:10:49.700 like so much

01:10:50.500 with Napoleonic

01:10:51.300 myth

01:10:51.680 it's

01:10:52.480 we are so

01:10:54.040 we are

01:10:54.500 distanced from

01:10:55.140 the original

01:10:55.520 memory of the

01:10:56.180 devastation that

01:10:56.920 wrought and

01:10:57.480 the constant

01:10:58.000 need for

01:10:58.700 conscripts to

01:10:59.540 churn into 0.85

01:11:00.080 the Napoleonic

01:11:00.680 meat grinder

01:11:01.260 that we can

01:11:02.200 now look at

01:11:02.740 the Napoleonic

01:11:03.260 myth as

01:11:03.640 something

01:11:03.880 beautiful and

01:11:04.680 wonderful and

01:11:05.540 you know

01:11:06.400 you know

01:11:07.320 Chevaliers

01:11:09.440 and Curassiers

01:11:10.500 you know in

01:11:11.360 Moscow and

01:11:12.020 all that sort

01:11:12.560 of thing and

01:11:13.160 again another

01:11:13.960 very telling

01:11:14.580 quote regarding

01:11:15.520 Napoleon

01:11:15.900 I should have

01:11:16.300 died in

01:11:16.680 Moscow

01:11:17.000 it was almost

01:11:18.780 as if by

01:11:19.560 the end of

01:11:20.420 his time

01:11:21.340 as emperor

01:11:21.880 he had

01:11:23.100 become I

01:11:23.560 think we

01:11:23.860 all understand

01:11:24.360 he had

01:11:24.600 become

01:11:24.800 prematurely

01:11:25.460 old through

01:11:26.660 overexertion

01:11:27.600 and through

01:11:28.160 a series of

01:11:28.740 injuries like

01:11:29.280 Alexandre the

01:11:29.820 Great became

01:11:30.900 prematurely old

01:11:32.120 in his 30s

01:11:33.200 Napoleon was

01:11:33.820 basically mentally

01:11:35.560 and physically

01:11:36.160 in his 60s

01:11:36.960 when he was

01:11:37.260 in his 40s

01:11:38.080 and the

01:11:40.220 effect of this

01:11:40.700 meant you can

01:11:41.160 almost say that

01:11:41.800 Napoleon like

01:11:42.540 Alexandre the

01:11:43.160 Great and

01:11:44.680 his will to

01:11:45.380 say for example

01:11:45.920 find the

01:11:46.880 elusive

01:11:47.880 sea

01:11:50.220 corridor

01:11:50.640 that would

01:11:51.020 take him

01:11:51.340 all the

01:11:51.540 way back

01:11:52.020 to

01:11:52.420 Macedon

01:11:53.440 and to

01:11:54.880 go back

01:11:55.340 by finding

01:11:55.960 basically the

01:11:57.400 end of the

01:11:57.860 world at

01:11:58.260 the end of

01:11:58.620 India etc

01:11:59.320 Napoleon

01:12:01.320 almost becomes

01:12:02.300 a figure of

01:12:03.400 tragic Greek 1.00

01:12:04.540 dimensions

01:12:05.180 he becomes a

01:12:06.860 Greek hero

01:12:07.460 there's nothing

01:12:08.060 Christian about

01:12:08.720 this at all

01:12:09.320 it becomes

01:12:10.440 a tale of

01:12:12.020 hubris

01:12:12.500 it's like

01:12:13.520 I may be

01:12:15.120 wrong on this

01:12:15.660 but the

01:12:16.220 Greek god 0.73

01:12:16.600 Phaeton

01:12:17.000 who takes

01:12:18.380 over the

01:12:19.260 chariot of

01:12:19.980 Helios

01:12:20.480 which causes

01:12:21.060 the sun

01:12:21.580 to go around

01:12:22.280 the earth

01:12:22.820 and instead

01:12:23.660 of riding

01:12:24.400 it successfully

01:12:25.080 he crashes

01:12:25.620 it into

01:12:26.140 the land

01:12:27.800 and creates

01:12:28.280 the Sahara

01:12:28.800 desert as

01:12:29.380 a result

01:12:29.700 of that

01:12:30.200 so much

01:12:31.640 so in

01:12:31.940 terms of

01:12:32.220 aspiring to

01:12:32.900 a star

01:12:33.320 again

01:12:33.620 you talk

01:12:34.040 about

01:12:34.240 figures

01:12:34.480 like

01:12:34.660 Icarus

01:12:35.200 the man

01:12:35.940 who flew

01:12:36.400 too high

01:12:37.080 then burns

01:12:38.040 then drops

01:12:38.500 to the sea

01:12:38.920 and dies

01:12:39.600 really if

01:12:41.320 you look

01:12:41.600 at Napoleon

01:12:42.060 it almost

01:12:42.460 seems that

01:12:42.940 his own

01:12:43.320 conceit

01:12:43.840 becomes

01:12:44.320 something

01:12:44.740 like an

01:12:45.100 Icarus

01:12:45.500 figure

01:12:45.820 like a

01:12:46.460 figure

01:12:46.640 of tragic

01:12:47.240 Greek

01:12:47.560 dimensions

01:12:48.080 but of course

01:12:48.960 as your

01:12:49.420 hubris

01:12:50.000 grows

01:12:50.340 and as

01:12:50.620 your

01:12:50.740 delusion

01:12:51.120 grows

01:12:51.660 inevitably

01:12:52.760 your

01:12:53.680 effectiveness

01:12:54.160 as a

01:12:54.640 political

01:12:55.000 leader

01:12:55.560 are going

01:12:56.400 to be

01:12:56.660 very

01:12:56.880 conducive

01:12:57.380 to that

01:12:57.680 sort

01:12:57.880 of

01:12:58.000 mentality

01:12:58.500 in the

01:12:59.580 same

01:12:59.760 way

01:12:59.940 that

01:13:00.180 Ney

01:13:00.620 during

01:13:01.260 the

01:13:01.440 battle

01:13:01.680 of

01:13:01.860 Waterloo

01:13:02.380 was

01:13:02.980 determined

01:13:03.400 to die

01:13:03.980 during

01:13:04.320 battle

01:13:04.680 and had

01:13:05.140 I think

01:13:05.500 over a dozen

01:13:06.240 horses

01:13:06.620 shot from

01:13:07.120 under him

01:13:07.620 during the

01:13:08.040 course

01:13:08.240 of the

01:13:08.440 battle

01:13:08.760 as if

01:13:09.540 he had

01:13:09.780 a death

01:13:10.100 wish

01:13:10.440 and his

01:13:11.260 dramatic

01:13:11.620 charge

01:13:12.140 against

01:13:12.480 the

01:13:12.780 British

01:13:13.760 square

01:13:14.180 formations

01:13:14.800 again

01:13:15.240 which was

01:13:15.560 completely

01:13:15.880 doomed

01:13:16.320 it seems

01:13:16.840 that

01:13:17.120 the late

01:13:18.700 Napoleonic

01:13:19.320 empire

01:13:19.660 has this

01:13:20.700 horror

01:13:21.920 of apocalyptic

01:13:23.000 Greek

01:13:23.620 proportions

01:13:24.160 in the

01:13:24.720 end

01:13:25.120 and

01:13:26.120 that is

01:13:27.020 not the

01:13:27.320 sort of

01:13:27.580 thing

01:13:27.780 you want

01:13:28.120 in the

01:13:28.360 ruler

01:13:28.580 who has

01:13:29.080 the best

01:13:29.560 interests

01:13:30.260 of

01:13:31.300 the people

01:13:32.340 in mind

01:13:32.900 especially

01:13:33.360 during

01:13:33.820 the pivotal

01:13:34.940 years of

01:13:35.380 1813

01:13:35.960 where you

01:13:37.120 have a

01:13:37.420 political

01:13:37.700 advocate

01:13:38.080 in the

01:13:38.500 form of

01:13:38.800 a

01:13:38.900 Metanish

01:13:39.420 and again

01:13:40.560 who

01:13:40.940 ultimately

01:13:41.900 tries to

01:13:42.460 come to

01:13:42.800 save

01:13:43.020 France

01:13:43.500 it is

01:13:44.060 the man

01:13:44.940 who is

01:13:45.580 bemoaned

01:13:46.920 as this

01:13:47.260 great

01:13:47.480 nefarious

01:13:48.100 betrayer

01:13:48.900 and corrupt

01:13:49.980 cripple 1.00

01:13:53.260 which is

01:13:53.720 Talleyrand

01:13:54.300 Talleyrand

01:13:55.720 is the one

01:13:56.200 negotiating

01:13:56.840 France's

01:13:57.480 position

01:13:57.900 in the

01:13:58.380 concert

01:13:58.760 of Europe

01:13:59.280 and the

01:14:00.180 Congress

01:14:00.540 of Vienna

01:14:01.100 and then

01:14:01.800 oh no

01:14:02.140 Napoleon's 0.81

01:14:02.780 come back

01:14:03.220 from Elba

01:14:03.780 now all of

01:14:04.440 my work

01:14:04.900 has been

01:14:05.260 undone

01:14:05.720 and I'm

01:14:06.060 going to

01:14:06.260 have to

01:14:06.500 cede

01:14:06.680 more

01:14:06.920 territories

01:14:07.440 I really

01:14:09.080 must do

01:14:09.740 an epoch

01:14:10.520 on Talleyrand

01:14:11.380 I've

01:14:11.600 meant to

01:14:12.020 for years

01:14:12.780 but I

01:14:13.000 really

01:14:13.120 must do

01:14:13.400 that

01:14:13.560 so

01:14:14.580 when we

01:14:15.560 look at

01:14:15.900 France

01:14:16.240 post

01:14:16.780 Napoleon

01:14:17.280 I mean

01:14:17.620 post

01:14:18.020 hundred

01:14:18.540 days

01:14:19.000 he's

01:14:19.460 in

01:14:20.260 St Helena

01:14:21.000 or he's

01:14:21.400 dead

01:14:21.660 the rest

01:14:24.320 of the

01:14:24.540 19th century

01:14:25.360 we've got

01:14:27.400 the restoration

01:14:28.100 of the

01:14:30.220 Bourbons

01:14:30.660 right

01:14:31.280 but then

01:14:31.680 that doesn't

01:14:32.180 last all

01:14:32.680 that long

01:14:33.320 and then

01:14:34.500 we've got

01:14:34.800 various

01:14:35.240 republics

01:14:35.960 and even

01:14:36.300 to this

01:14:36.600 day

01:14:36.800 as you

01:14:37.020 say

01:14:37.200 I mean

01:14:37.480 I think

01:14:38.340 the

01:14:38.580 French

01:14:38.820 demographic

01:14:39.380 was

01:14:41.620 terribly

01:14:42.320 terribly

01:14:42.900 wounded

01:14:45.960 by

01:14:46.400 World

01:14:46.860 War

01:14:47.020 I

01:14:47.320 but even

01:14:48.420 before that

01:14:48.900 the Napoleonic

01:14:49.680 era

01:14:50.320 you know

01:14:50.560 it's a hundred

01:14:51.020 years before

01:14:51.620 but still

01:14:52.280 on a demographic

01:14:54.140 level

01:14:54.720 it wounded

01:14:56.140 France

01:14:56.960 right

01:14:58.240 you would

01:14:58.820 say

01:14:59.100 I don't think

01:15:00.180 it's an exaggeration

01:15:00.900 to say

01:15:01.260 that a

01:15:02.260 generation

01:15:02.860 of men

01:15:04.500 folk

01:15:04.800 was sort of

01:15:05.200 smashed

01:15:05.540 or very

01:15:05.940 nearly

01:15:06.240 something like

01:15:06.840 that

01:15:07.160 but do you

01:15:08.420 think

01:15:08.800 and this is pure

01:15:09.820 sort of

01:15:10.840 alternative history

01:15:11.820 speculation

01:15:12.460 and stuff

01:15:12.940 but do you

01:15:13.660 think

01:15:13.920 imagine

01:15:14.560 the campaign

01:15:16.320 of 1812

01:15:17.160 had been

01:15:17.540 successful

01:15:18.120 so to say

01:15:19.380 and imagine

01:15:20.720 Napoleon

01:15:22.260 had lived

01:15:23.200 to a fairly

01:15:24.040 decent old age

01:15:24.980 and he'd

01:15:25.320 kept

01:15:25.680 imagine

01:15:27.820 eventually

01:15:28.500 he was

01:15:28.980 victorious

01:15:30.020 in Spain

01:15:30.500 and Portugal

01:15:30.960 and just

01:15:32.240 imagine

01:15:32.520 the whole

01:15:32.780 project

01:15:33.120 wasn't a

01:15:33.680 failure

01:15:33.980 and he'd

01:15:35.120 lived out

01:15:35.560 his days

01:15:36.340 like a

01:15:37.260 Charlemagne

01:15:37.740 would we

01:15:40.040 then

01:15:40.480 do you

01:15:41.000 think

01:15:41.220 would history

01:15:41.860 would people

01:15:43.800 like us

01:15:44.400 200 years

01:15:45.180 later

01:15:45.620 say

01:15:48.420 it was

01:15:48.740 still

01:15:49.080 he was

01:15:49.720 still

01:15:49.920 basically

01:15:50.360 a complete

01:15:51.080 a catastrophe

01:15:52.380 for France

01:15:53.300 despite

01:15:54.260 still

01:15:54.820 the millions

01:15:55.460 of men

01:15:56.040 that will

01:15:56.340 have died

01:15:56.800 the millions

01:15:57.780 of families

01:15:58.380 that went

01:15:58.840 through the

01:15:59.220 misery

01:15:59.540 and etc

01:16:00.160 etc

01:16:00.540 do you

01:16:01.300 think

01:16:01.440 it's

01:16:01.620 really

01:16:03.040 mainly

01:16:03.420 because

01:16:03.860 the whole

01:16:04.780 project

01:16:05.280 was a

01:16:06.140 failure

01:16:06.460 that we

01:16:07.040 view him

01:16:09.580 this way

01:16:10.080 was the

01:16:14.200 glory worth it

01:16:15.020 I suppose

01:16:15.400 I'm asking

01:16:15.820 to my answer

01:16:17.260 to my answer

01:16:17.280 again

01:16:17.720 it's

01:16:18.020 the fact

01:16:19.940 that the

01:16:20.200 failure

01:16:20.460 was complete

01:16:21.320 and the

01:16:21.900 fact that

01:16:22.160 the failure

01:16:22.540 was avoidable

01:16:23.300 is my

01:16:24.080 issue

01:16:24.320 I mean

01:16:24.560 if we're

01:16:25.200 going to

01:16:25.440 go into

01:16:25.720 alternative

01:16:26.360 history

01:16:26.980 it's an

01:16:27.500 interesting

01:16:27.720 question

01:16:28.220 okay what

01:16:29.360 would a

01:16:29.640 victory in

01:16:30.360 Russia look

01:16:31.460 like

01:16:31.860 you have

01:16:33.540 the Tsar 0.65

01:16:34.380 kowtowing

01:16:35.060 to Napoleon

01:16:36.000 and saying

01:16:36.440 please don't

01:16:36.980 hurt me

01:16:37.320 I will do

01:16:37.820 anything for

01:16:38.460 you

01:16:38.720 well that

01:16:39.660 wasn't going

01:16:40.080 to happen

01:16:40.480 because Russia

01:16:41.420 had learnt

01:16:41.780 its lesson

01:16:42.220 by then

01:16:42.740 and had

01:16:43.040 greater

01:16:43.360 strategic

01:16:43.800 depth

01:16:44.200 so what

01:16:46.320 would a

01:16:46.620 victory

01:16:47.000 realistically

01:16:47.940 look like

01:16:48.560 in Russia

01:16:49.080 had Napoleon

01:16:50.000 okay

01:16:50.580 victory would

01:16:52.740 have looked

01:16:53.080 like Napoleon

01:16:54.040 not going

01:16:54.720 as far as

01:16:55.240 Borodino

01:16:55.760 and deciding

01:16:57.720 to carve

01:16:58.320 off western

01:16:59.220 Russia

01:16:59.700 and give it

01:17:00.320 to Poland

01:17:01.020 that feasibly

01:17:03.220 to my mind

01:17:03.860 is the best

01:17:04.580 you could have

01:17:04.940 got because

01:17:05.400 the further

01:17:05.900 the Grand

01:17:06.380 Armée

01:17:06.720 marches

01:17:07.140 into Russia

01:17:07.700 the more

01:17:08.540 devastation

01:17:09.140 is raw

01:17:09.440 people think

01:17:10.060 about the

01:17:10.620 retreat

01:17:11.500 from Moscow

01:17:12.260 no it

01:17:13.340 was the

01:17:13.600 march

01:17:13.980 through the

01:17:14.360 Pripyat

01:17:14.780 marches

01:17:15.340 that killed

01:17:16.020 more people

01:17:16.720 than the

01:17:17.220 exile from

01:17:18.120 Moscow

01:17:19.300 should have

01:17:20.740 never gone

01:17:21.080 beyond Smolensk

01:17:21.860 or something

01:17:22.260 well you

01:17:23.120 shouldn't

01:17:23.280 have even

01:17:23.440 gone to

01:17:23.760 Smolensk

01:17:24.320 really you

01:17:25.140 shouldn't

01:17:25.340 have gone

01:17:25.880 past

01:17:26.160 Vilnius

01:17:27.240 the capital

01:17:28.460 of Lithuania

01:17:29.120 go that

01:17:29.860 far

01:17:30.100 don't go

01:17:30.440 past

01:17:30.700 Minsk

01:17:31.300 you know

01:17:32.580 consolidate

01:17:33.580 a larger

01:17:34.540 Poland

01:17:34.920 but you

01:17:35.400 still have

01:17:35.840 a hostile

01:17:36.760 Russia

01:17:37.260 that's not

01:17:38.560 going to

01:17:38.840 treat you

01:17:39.180 any well

01:17:39.600 if we're

01:17:40.360 in the

01:17:40.540 realms of

01:17:40.880 fantasy

01:17:41.160 imagine

01:17:41.520 he'd

01:17:41.840 follow

01:17:42.160 Alexander

01:17:43.080 to the

01:17:43.500 ends of

01:17:43.860 the earth

01:17:44.260 to Siberia

01:17:45.320 and eventually

01:17:46.000 wiped him

01:17:46.460 out

01:17:46.660 just imagine

01:17:47.260 somehow

01:17:47.680 and somehow

01:17:49.840 we'd beaten

01:17:50.360 Wellington

01:17:50.840 in Spain

01:17:51.540 well like I

01:17:52.720 said I

01:17:53.080 mean

01:17:53.260 it would have

01:17:55.900 been predicated

01:17:56.600 around what

01:17:57.440 modern Europe

01:17:58.780 is trying to

01:17:59.300 do which is

01:17:59.900 the destruction

01:18:00.460 of Russian

01:18:01.480 civilization

01:18:02.080 and Russian

01:18:02.520 identity

01:18:02.980 and

01:18:04.240 realistically

01:18:05.520 the only way

01:18:06.200 Napoleon could

01:18:06.800 have done that

01:18:07.340 is by appeal

01:18:08.160 to Swedish

01:18:09.880 to Swedish

01:18:09.900 and Portuguese

01:18:10.960 and Ottomans

01:18:12.280 to seize

01:18:13.840 all the territory

01:18:14.500 that had been

01:18:15.060 taken from them

01:18:16.060 in the preceding

01:18:16.720 century

01:18:17.180 but even then

01:18:18.140 that wouldn't

01:18:18.460 have destroyed

01:18:18.900 Russia

01:18:19.340 that would have

01:18:20.100 simply made

01:18:20.640 Russia

01:18:21.000 relatively the

01:18:22.300 same size

01:18:22.940 of what she

01:18:23.380 is today

01:18:23.960 it was still

01:18:24.920 formidable

01:18:25.340 in the future

01:18:26.020 but ultimately

01:18:27.080 the idea

01:18:27.840 would have been

01:18:28.300 to give

01:18:28.660 Napoleon

01:18:29.080 enough time

01:18:29.860 to construct

01:18:31.040 a fleet

01:18:31.520 or allow

01:18:32.920 for the

01:18:33.440 trade interdiction

01:18:35.700 to bear fruits

01:18:36.820 and force

01:18:37.360 Britain

01:18:37.680 to make

01:18:38.060 peace

01:18:38.520 again

01:18:40.480 that's another

01:18:41.380 great question

01:18:42.160 even if

01:18:43.160 Napoleon

01:18:43.860 had arrived

01:18:44.360 in London

01:18:44.860 there's another

01:18:45.920 tragic element

01:18:46.720 to it

01:18:47.180 which is

01:18:47.920 as so much

01:18:48.580 of the

01:18:48.860 Napoleonic

01:18:49.380 political

01:18:49.920 system

01:18:50.340 was built

01:18:50.800 around

01:18:51.300 harnessing

01:18:52.520 all of

01:18:52.880 Europe's

01:18:53.280 might

01:18:53.600 and severing

01:18:54.600 British trade

01:18:55.280 from the

01:18:55.580 continent

01:18:55.940 okay

01:18:57.280 let's assume

01:18:58.300 Napoleon

01:18:58.800 took over

01:18:59.360 London

01:18:59.780 then

01:19:01.400 the reason

01:19:02.260 for your

01:19:02.580 empire

01:19:02.940 existing

01:19:03.560 has ceased

01:19:04.940 to be

01:19:05.620 your empire

01:19:06.460 is simply

01:19:06.860 there in fact

01:19:07.580 and has no

01:19:08.060 enemies anymore

01:19:08.920 and of course

01:19:10.240 as we know

01:19:10.760 when an empire

01:19:11.480 is basically

01:19:12.100 left without

01:19:12.760 you know

01:19:13.140 a reason

01:19:13.600 to exist

01:19:14.260 it can

01:19:15.700 eventually

01:19:16.280 lapse

01:19:16.840 into complacency

01:19:18.040 and in the

01:19:19.080 case of Napoleon

01:19:19.780 why I bring up

01:19:20.660 the examples

01:19:21.240 of German

01:19:21.920 British

01:19:22.300 and Italian

01:19:23.360 and Spanish

01:19:23.980 nationalism

01:19:24.560 so importantly

01:19:25.680 is the fact

01:19:27.460 that even

01:19:28.800 if you try

01:19:29.280 to create

01:19:29.820 a empire

01:19:30.680 of Europe

01:19:31.060 which is

01:19:32.080 ultimately

01:19:32.400 the Napoleonic

01:19:33.000 trajectory

01:19:33.440 the way

01:19:34.600 Napoleon

01:19:35.080 governed

01:19:35.560 dictatorially

01:19:36.840 unilaterally

01:19:38.960 without

01:19:40.060 consulting

01:19:40.920 anyone

01:19:41.260 even members

01:19:41.940 of his

01:19:42.420 smaller

01:19:43.640 ever growing

01:19:44.280 smaller circle

01:19:45.080 and his own

01:19:45.520 family

01:19:45.960 the fact

01:19:46.880 that he

01:19:47.160 would be

01:19:47.560 willing

01:19:47.800 to demean

01:19:49.440 his highest

01:19:50.280 ranking generals

01:19:51.040 in front of

01:19:51.620 their own men

01:19:52.200 thereby causing

01:19:53.020 loss of morale

01:19:54.480 and things like

01:19:55.060 that

01:19:55.460 inevitably

01:19:56.920 I believe

01:19:58.220 that Napoleon's 0.57

01:19:58.900 empire would

01:19:59.420 have collapsed

01:20:00.000 after his

01:20:00.700 death

01:20:01.000 given the

01:20:02.740 tides of

01:20:03.160 nationalism

01:20:03.660 and given

01:20:04.360 the whole

01:20:04.720 impetus

01:20:05.140 the French

01:20:05.580 Revolution

01:20:06.040 you will

01:20:07.120 instead have

01:20:07.800 a situation

01:20:08.380 like we

01:20:08.680 saw with

01:20:08.940 Alexander

01:20:09.360 you might

01:20:10.680 have local

01:20:11.240 rulers

01:20:11.580 or you

01:20:12.060 might have

01:20:12.440 the

01:20:12.960 marshals

01:20:14.400 turning into

01:20:14.960 the

01:20:15.100 diodoshi

01:20:15.640 the successors

01:20:17.200 or after

01:20:17.780 Charlemagne

01:20:18.340 I mean

01:20:19.120 Louis

01:20:19.600 his own

01:20:21.160 children

01:20:21.640 deposed him

01:20:22.300 didn't last

01:20:23.540 long after

01:20:24.040 Charlemagne

01:20:24.440 it was

01:20:25.100 only 50

01:20:26.400 years

01:20:26.860 after

01:20:27.620 Charlemagne

01:20:28.180 was made

01:20:28.600 emperor

01:20:28.940 that his

01:20:29.340 empire

01:20:29.660 began to

01:20:30.300 collapse

01:20:30.660 and divide

01:20:31.240 and even

01:20:32.160 then I think

01:20:32.820 we would

01:20:33.200 perhaps look

01:20:33.800 at this

01:20:34.140 and say

01:20:34.580 that

01:20:34.980 Napoleon

01:20:36.180 was a

01:20:36.860 great

01:20:37.260 military

01:20:37.620 conqueror

01:20:38.220 in the

01:20:38.480 same way

01:20:38.840 that we

01:20:39.220 perhaps

01:20:40.680 again we

01:20:41.580 can look

01:20:41.900 at him

01:20:42.180 more like

01:20:42.520 a

01:20:42.640 Charlemagne

01:20:43.060 figure

01:20:43.400 and there's

01:20:44.980 a greater

01:20:45.660 reverence to

01:20:46.340 him of

01:20:46.700 course

01:20:47.040 by that

01:20:47.460 extension

01:20:47.900 but

01:20:48.900 ultimately

01:20:49.380 even then

01:20:50.960 his legacy

01:20:52.140 for France

01:20:52.880 we still

01:20:54.300 have to

01:20:54.640 have various

01:20:55.560 inverted

01:20:55.900 question marks

01:20:56.580 as to

01:20:56.960 how good

01:20:57.940 that legacy

01:20:58.520 would have

01:20:58.920 been

01:20:59.240 a legacy

01:21:00.240 of conquest

01:21:00.840 but like

01:21:01.360 I said

01:21:01.800 what

01:21:03.080 distances

01:21:03.960 Napoleon

01:21:04.580 from the

01:21:04.980 beginning

01:21:05.340 of the

01:21:06.060 consulate

01:21:06.460 versus

01:21:06.800 late

01:21:07.120 empire

01:21:07.480 Napoleon

01:21:07.940 is that

01:21:09.080 the empire

01:21:09.640 becomes

01:21:10.120 less

01:21:10.460 distinctly

01:21:11.020 French

01:21:11.500 and France

01:21:12.640 only becomes

01:21:13.220 a component

01:21:13.680 of that

01:21:14.280 is it

01:21:15.040 better to

01:21:15.460 have a

01:21:15.940 greater

01:21:16.680 consolidated

01:21:17.500 unitary

01:21:18.340 monolingual

01:21:20.500 France

01:21:21.080 or to

01:21:22.280 have a

01:21:22.560 Napoleonic

01:21:23.040 empire

01:21:23.500 in which

01:21:24.540 France

01:21:24.820 is lost

01:21:25.420 again

01:21:26.460 it's so

01:21:27.120 much so

01:21:27.600 that

01:21:27.880 France

01:21:28.520 is only

01:21:29.060 an aspect

01:21:29.760 of Napoleon's

01:21:30.600 ambitions

01:21:31.020 because his

01:21:31.660 ambition is

01:21:32.120 limitless

01:21:32.680 effectively

01:21:33.360 in the same

01:21:34.720 way that

01:21:35.140 you know

01:21:35.500 one question

01:21:36.760 which I

01:21:37.120 think is

01:21:37.740 interesting to

01:21:39.940 consider

01:21:40.280 are we

01:21:41.280 better off

01:21:42.000 or worse

01:21:42.480 off having

01:21:42.920 the British

01:21:43.300 empire

01:21:43.740 ultimately

01:21:44.760 in France

01:21:47.120 of course

01:21:47.580 the issue

01:21:48.020 would have

01:21:48.300 been more

01:21:48.680 pronounced

01:21:49.120 because they

01:21:49.720 would have

01:21:49.940 been all

01:21:50.280 of France's

01:21:50.800 neighbours

01:21:51.100 and so

01:21:51.820 the reality

01:21:52.300 of empire

01:21:52.820 would have

01:21:53.120 been even

01:21:53.460 stronger to

01:21:54.100 France than

01:21:54.580 it is for

01:21:55.060 us

01:21:55.420 so

01:21:56.660 yes

01:21:58.280 everywhere I

01:21:58.840 look at

01:21:59.120 it

01:21:59.360 I

01:22:00.620 I'm reminded

01:22:03.980 of you know

01:22:04.640 all those

01:22:05.240 derogatory

01:22:06.700 almost cartoonish

01:22:08.460 not just

01:22:09.160 almost literal

01:22:10.000 cartoons of

01:22:10.720 Napoleon

01:22:11.120 you know

01:22:12.020 Boney the

01:22:13.400 Ogre

01:22:13.800 you know

01:22:14.700 Boney the

01:22:15.120 Monster

01:22:15.500 and all

01:22:16.560 that sort

01:22:16.880 of thing

01:22:17.260 and I

01:22:18.060 think in

01:22:18.360 terms of

01:22:18.680 someone who

01:22:19.160 was a

01:22:19.500 slave to

01:22:19.980 his own

01:22:20.280 ambition

01:22:20.680 in terms

01:22:21.700 of in

01:22:22.100 contrast to

01:22:22.900 Nietzsche

01:22:23.300 as being

01:22:23.720 liberty as

01:22:24.480 the death

01:22:24.800 of ego

01:22:25.160 a man

01:22:25.580 who was

01:22:25.960 ego

01:22:27.140 incarnate

01:22:27.800 I think

01:22:28.940 there is

01:22:29.180 something

01:22:29.480 primordial

01:22:30.400 and disturbing

01:22:31.160 about the

01:22:32.260 whole notion

01:22:32.800 of that

01:22:33.800 sort of

01:22:34.160 man

01:22:34.520 being able

01:22:35.440 to assume

01:22:35.940 total power

01:22:36.740 without

01:22:37.380 limitations

01:22:38.000 because as

01:22:39.140 I've described

01:22:39.700 Napoleon

01:22:40.360 with

01:22:40.600 limitations

01:22:41.140 worked

01:22:42.340 better

01:22:42.740 when

01:22:43.200 Napoleon

01:22:43.560 had to

01:22:44.140 cooperate

01:22:44.860 and establish

01:22:45.520 consensus

01:22:46.060 and he

01:22:46.900 represented

01:22:47.400 a clear

01:22:48.060 backing

01:22:49.040 from the

01:22:50.000 French

01:22:50.180 political

01:22:50.500 class

01:22:50.920 and he

01:22:51.080 was willing

01:22:51.380 to negotiate

01:22:52.120 with other

01:22:52.540 European

01:22:52.880 rulers

01:22:53.320 but Napoleon

01:22:54.940 alone

01:22:55.380 is something

01:22:56.860 terrible to

01:22:57.700 behold

01:22:58.120 as all

01:22:58.760 Europe did

01:22:59.220 in the

01:22:59.460 1810s

01:23:00.300 Do you

01:23:02.100 think it

01:23:02.420 would have

01:23:02.820 been

01:23:03.240 ideal

01:23:05.720 after the

01:23:07.760 war of

01:23:08.000 the

01:23:08.160 second

01:23:08.580 coalition

01:23:08.960 would have

01:23:09.200 been

01:23:09.300 after the

01:23:09.720 peace of

01:23:10.020 Amiens

01:23:10.260 that you

01:23:10.480 mentioned

01:23:10.920 after

01:23:12.480 Marengo

01:23:14.180 he's done

01:23:15.980 the northern

01:23:16.440 Italy thing

01:23:17.260 he's entered

01:23:18.300 Vienna

01:23:18.780 left Vienna

01:23:19.700 that period

01:23:21.900 if he could

01:23:24.080 have

01:23:24.320 somehow

01:23:25.760 stopped

01:23:27.160 there

01:23:27.300 I know

01:23:27.560 he wouldn't

01:23:28.060 have done

01:23:28.420 it wasn't

01:23:28.900 as we've

01:23:29.780 said

01:23:29.940 it wasn't

01:23:30.600 in his

01:23:30.900 nature

01:23:31.200 to sort

01:23:31.560 of stop

01:23:32.040 in inverted

01:23:32.700 commas

01:23:32.960 there

01:23:33.200 but

01:23:33.440 if he

01:23:34.200 could

01:23:34.320 have

01:23:34.500 stopped

01:23:36.940 himself

01:23:37.400 from

01:23:37.640 further

01:23:38.220 military

01:23:39.200 conquests

01:23:39.900 and

01:23:40.380 started

01:23:41.040 trying

01:23:41.360 to

01:23:41.740 play

01:23:43.080 ball

01:23:43.500 with

01:23:44.040 the

01:23:44.160 rest

01:23:44.360 of

01:23:44.480 the

01:23:44.580 world

01:23:44.980 if

01:23:47.200 he'd

01:23:48.020 done

01:23:48.220 that

01:23:48.620 do you

01:23:49.660 think

01:23:49.840 maybe

01:23:50.260 then

01:23:51.120 his

01:23:53.260 memory

01:23:53.880 his

01:23:54.140 legacy

01:23:54.540 his

01:23:55.080 place

01:23:55.360 in

01:23:55.520 history

01:23:55.960 and

01:23:59.180 his

01:24:00.720 ability

01:24:02.580 to make

01:24:03.120 France

01:24:04.020 great

01:24:05.040 again

01:24:05.440 I think

01:24:06.360 his legacy

01:24:07.080 to answer

01:24:07.500 your question

01:24:07.820 I think

01:24:08.200 his legacy

01:24:08.880 if that

01:24:10.100 had

01:24:10.240 happened

01:24:10.640 because

01:24:11.840 it would

01:24:12.080 have

01:24:12.180 literally

01:24:12.460 been

01:24:12.940 a

01:24:13.460 destabilizing

01:24:14.520 republic

01:24:14.980 he comes

01:24:16.120 in

01:24:16.440 wins

01:24:17.060 one

01:24:17.340 victory

01:24:17.780 his

01:24:18.180 general

01:24:18.420 also

01:24:19.000 wins

01:24:19.300 Hohenlinden

01:24:19.800 comes

01:24:20.520 back

01:24:20.940 and uses

01:24:21.720 Talleyrand

01:24:22.220 to secure

01:24:22.700 peace

01:24:23.100 and alliances

01:24:23.600 with all

01:24:24.080 other European

01:24:24.620 nations

01:24:25.220 that I

01:24:26.000 don't

01:24:26.220 continue

01:24:26.600 to

01:24:26.820 expand

01:24:27.240 I

01:24:28.380 work

01:24:28.680 within

01:24:29.000 the

01:24:29.320 bounds

01:24:29.740 of

01:24:29.880 international

01:24:30.300 diplomacy

01:24:30.860 and I

01:24:31.900 have

01:24:32.080 to try

01:24:32.440 a

01:24:32.680 very

01:24:33.160 delicate

01:24:33.540 balancing

01:24:34.060 act

01:24:34.400 to ensure

01:24:34.800 Britain

01:24:35.260 doesn't

01:24:36.360 feel

01:24:36.660 threatened

01:24:37.120 and thereby

01:24:38.220 have the

01:24:39.080 situation

01:24:39.500 where Britain

01:24:39.900 declared war

01:24:40.400 in 1803

01:24:41.040 because that

01:24:41.860 would have

01:24:42.380 been a very

01:24:42.740 difficult thing

01:24:43.340 to achieve

01:24:43.740 regardless

01:24:44.160 but Napoleon

01:24:44.760 was the

01:24:45.060 worst person

01:24:45.580 to have

01:24:45.900 for that

01:24:46.200 if

01:24:47.920 that had

01:24:48.760 been the

01:24:49.020 case

01:24:49.400 Napoleon

01:24:49.880 I think

01:24:50.180 would have

01:24:50.380 been

01:24:50.500 looked on

01:24:50.980 kind of

01:24:51.440 like

01:24:51.740 how

01:24:52.760 monarchists

01:24:54.140 and

01:24:54.460 Catholics

01:24:54.840 look at

01:24:55.200 Francisco

01:24:55.580 Franco

01:24:55.980 as in

01:24:58.500 someone who

01:24:59.080 comes in

01:24:59.780 and restores

01:25:00.780 order

01:25:01.180 and peace

01:25:02.320 effectively

01:25:03.220 and I think

01:25:04.800 a champion

01:25:05.800 and a hero

01:25:06.400 a champion

01:25:07.020 and a hero

01:25:07.600 and a nationalist

01:25:08.380 could genuinely

01:25:08.940 look up to him

01:25:09.640 as a shining star

01:25:11.400 yes

01:25:11.680 yes I mean

01:25:11.960 in the same

01:25:12.380 again

01:25:12.920 to look

01:25:13.200 at my

01:25:13.360 Franco

01:25:13.600 it's

01:25:13.760 embarrassing

01:25:14.160 people

01:25:15.080 in Franco's

01:25:16.840 instance

01:25:17.100 were frustrated

01:25:17.760 because

01:25:18.160 Franco

01:25:18.560 basically

01:25:20.020 eliminated

01:25:20.720 a political

01:25:21.360 faction

01:25:21.820 known as

01:25:22.240 Carlism

01:25:22.700 which were

01:25:23.120 the equivalent

01:25:23.700 to like

01:25:24.020 the Bourbon

01:25:24.520 legitimist

01:25:25.120 monarchists

01:25:25.580 in France

01:25:26.020 and he

01:25:27.600 also

01:25:28.020 basically

01:25:29.540 designated

01:25:30.240 a junior

01:25:30.940 prince

01:25:31.420 who was

01:25:31.680 later

01:25:31.840 Juan

01:25:32.140 Carlos

01:25:32.620 to become

01:25:34.160 his successor

01:25:34.640 of King

01:25:35.040 of Spain

01:25:35.480 so that

01:25:36.820 didn't

01:25:37.740 appease

01:25:38.180 anyone

01:25:38.420 really

01:25:38.800 he was

01:25:39.980 basically

01:25:40.320 a general

01:25:40.880 ruling as

01:25:41.720 regent

01:25:42.160 over Spain

01:25:42.800 very similar

01:25:44.400 to how

01:25:44.700 Napoleon

01:25:45.140 would have

01:25:45.440 ruled

01:25:45.660 as a

01:25:46.020 conservative

01:25:46.480 consul

01:25:46.900 over France

01:25:47.400 so if

01:25:47.980 Napoleon

01:25:48.380 had stayed

01:25:48.920 as simply

01:25:49.680 first consul

01:25:51.020 he never

01:25:52.500 went for

01:25:52.820 the full

01:25:53.400 blown

01:25:53.720 imperial

01:25:54.340 crown

01:25:55.660 indeed

01:25:56.940 there could

01:25:57.280 have been

01:25:57.500 an opportunity

01:25:58.700 to have

01:26:00.060 a French

01:26:01.060 prince

01:26:01.580 succeed him

01:26:02.480 at some

01:26:02.800 point

01:26:03.220 when he

01:26:04.480 died

01:26:04.880 again

01:26:06.020 we're talking

01:26:06.440 into hypotheticals

01:26:07.480 but I think

01:26:08.580 counterfactuals

01:26:09.660 are very important

01:26:10.300 in understanding

01:26:10.900 history

01:26:11.340 because

01:26:11.740 not just

01:26:14.920 they're fun

01:26:15.300 you have to

01:26:15.680 understand

01:26:16.100 that

01:26:16.480 people at

01:26:18.020 various points

01:26:18.520 in history

01:26:18.980 are facing

01:26:20.100 a series

01:26:20.620 of possibilities

01:26:21.380 ahead of

01:26:22.060 them

01:26:22.260 and it

01:26:23.760 is

01:26:24.240 I would

01:26:26.020 say

01:26:26.240 stupid 0.75

01:26:27.100 and

01:26:27.580 deterministic

01:26:28.460 to say

01:26:29.280 that the

01:26:29.600 things that

01:26:29.940 happened

01:26:30.220 are the

01:26:30.500 only things

01:26:30.980 that could 0.68

01:26:31.280 have

01:26:31.420 happened

01:26:31.740 but I

01:26:33.100 think

01:26:33.460 that

01:26:34.300 Franco

01:26:34.740 example

01:26:35.220 in terms

01:26:35.920 of the

01:26:36.400 consul

01:26:37.120 Bonaparte

01:26:38.460 would have

01:26:39.680 been a

01:26:39.940 much better

01:26:40.600 trajectory

01:26:41.120 for France

01:26:41.680 to follow

01:26:42.060 on from

01:26:42.640 than

01:26:43.120 Boney

01:26:46.200 the

01:26:46.400 ogre

01:26:46.760 becoming

01:26:47.380 emperor

01:26:48.500 of Europe

01:26:48.940 which is

01:26:49.740 ultimately

01:26:50.400 the timeline

01:26:50.920 that France

01:26:51.360 went down

01:26:51.840 and him

01:26:53.020 never having

01:26:53.600 the self

01:26:55.580 awareness

01:26:55.900 to realise

01:26:56.480 that he

01:26:56.920 was in many

01:26:57.360 ways the

01:26:57.680 author of

01:26:58.060 his own

01:26:58.300 destruction

01:26:58.780 instead he

01:26:59.540 had to

01:26:59.780 blame everyone

01:27:00.360 for betraying

01:27:01.020 him

01:27:01.260 of course

01:27:02.480 if you're

01:27:03.640 going to

01:27:03.900 rule as a

01:27:04.320 educator

01:27:04.700 it's kind

01:27:05.160 of like

01:27:05.440 Henry II

01:27:06.100 who I know

01:27:06.620 you've also

01:27:07.020 covered

01:27:07.460 amassing all

01:27:08.980 power to

01:27:09.400 yourself

01:27:09.860 no wonder

01:27:10.620 your younger

01:27:11.500 sons who

01:27:12.240 expect a share

01:27:13.020 in the feudal

01:27:13.520 power going

01:27:14.020 to rebel

01:27:14.380 against you

01:27:15.060 such is the

01:27:16.280 logic of

01:27:16.680 power

01:27:16.980 you have a

01:27:17.720 weak starting

01:27:18.380 point and yet

01:27:19.240 you assume

01:27:19.960 that you can

01:27:21.300 dictate to

01:27:22.620 everyone whether

01:27:23.240 they be

01:27:23.600 paupers or

01:27:24.240 kings as if 0.94

01:27:25.060 they are

01:27:25.340 simply soldiers

01:27:26.440 in your

01:27:26.860 army

01:27:27.220 no doubt

01:27:28.220 you're going

01:27:28.580 to have

01:27:28.780 betrayals

01:27:29.320 as eventually

01:27:29.860 everyone

01:27:30.400 effectively did

01:27:31.080 to Napoleon

01:27:31.640 except

01:27:32.440 some

01:27:32.920 poor old

01:27:34.240 sword like

01:27:34.740 Koulancourt

01:27:35.380 it's

01:27:38.120 interesting

01:27:38.380 I'm glad

01:27:39.020 we're

01:27:39.360 essentially

01:27:40.120 of the

01:27:40.460 same

01:27:40.660 mind

01:27:41.040 that

01:27:41.520 he

01:27:41.780 ultimately

01:27:43.360 wasn't

01:27:44.940 good

01:27:45.260 for

01:27:46.440 France

01:27:46.880 any other

01:27:48.280 sort of

01:27:48.640 thoughts

01:27:49.200 or any

01:27:49.460 other big

01:27:49.840 sort of

01:27:50.160 themes

01:27:50.560 that we

01:27:51.460 haven't

01:27:51.740 covered

01:27:52.020 that you

01:27:52.300 think

01:27:52.540 are

01:27:52.720 vitally

01:27:55.000 important

01:27:55.280 to our

01:27:56.340 view

01:27:57.040 I think

01:27:58.380 again

01:27:58.760 a lot

01:27:59.060 of

01:27:59.200 people

01:27:59.560 I think

01:28:01.960 will be

01:28:02.280 frustrated

01:28:02.800 with my

01:28:03.240 view

01:28:03.500 because

01:28:03.780 it seems

01:28:04.200 to be

01:28:04.460 an

01:28:04.600 admonition

01:28:05.020 against

01:28:05.360 the

01:28:05.520 great

01:28:05.760 man

01:28:06.220 as in

01:28:08.020 the

01:28:08.160 notion

01:28:08.500 that

01:28:08.960 we

01:28:09.700 should

01:28:09.900 look

01:28:10.060 to

01:28:10.200 heroes

01:28:10.440 in

01:28:10.740 history

01:28:10.760 He wasn't

01:28:10.820 that great

01:28:11.140 wasn't

01:28:11.360 he died

01:28:11.780 in prison

01:28:12.340 you can't

01:28:13.720 be great

01:28:14.160 if you die

01:28:14.680 in prison

01:28:15.140 really

01:28:15.960 can you

01:28:16.420 well

01:28:17.540 I guess

01:28:18.520 it's all

01:28:19.080 about

01:28:19.320 context

01:28:19.840 really

01:28:20.180 but

01:28:20.440 even

01:28:21.480 looking

01:28:22.100 at

01:28:22.240 the whole

01:28:24.660 notion

01:28:25.320 of a

01:28:25.560 great

01:28:25.740 man

01:28:26.060 take

01:28:26.900 Carlisle

01:28:27.320 for

01:28:27.520 instance

01:28:28.040 the

01:28:29.760 issue

01:28:30.220 that

01:28:30.440 Carlisle

01:28:31.460 had

01:28:31.720 with

01:28:31.860 Napoleon

01:28:32.240 was

01:28:32.460 actually

01:28:32.680 the

01:28:32.860 issue

01:28:33.040 which

01:28:33.220 I'm

01:28:33.400 praising

01:28:33.700 him

01:28:33.960 for

01:28:34.240 which

01:28:35.120 is

01:28:35.240 that

01:28:35.380 he

01:28:35.540 believed

01:28:36.040 that

01:28:36.240 Napoleon

01:28:36.620 would

01:28:36.800 have

01:28:36.880 been

01:28:36.980 a

01:28:37.100 greater

01:28:37.320 man

01:28:37.780 had

01:28:38.420 he

01:28:38.560 been

01:28:38.760 a

01:28:38.940 pure

01:28:39.200 embodiment

01:28:39.840 of that

01:28:40.160 Jacobin

01:28:40.620 spirit

01:28:41.080 without

01:28:41.700 the

01:28:42.240 pseudo

01:28:43.100 political

01:28:43.940 Catholic

01:28:44.480 elements

01:28:44.980 that I've

01:28:45.420 been

01:28:45.580 mentioning

01:28:46.000 essentially

01:28:46.860 in

01:28:47.600 in other

01:28:47.780 in other

01:28:47.800 words

01:28:48.000 had he

01:28:48.300 been

01:28:48.500 a

01:28:48.760 pure

01:28:49.200 spirit

01:28:49.820 embodying

01:28:50.420 a

01:28:50.580 certain

01:28:50.980 emancipated

01:28:52.400 ideology

01:28:52.960 free from

01:28:53.620 the

01:28:53.760 constraints

01:28:54.140 of

01:28:54.280 historical

01:28:54.660 context

01:28:55.180 and imposing

01:28:55.680 that on

01:28:56.040 Europe

01:28:56.260 in many

01:28:56.680 ways

01:28:56.940 had he

01:28:57.280 been

01:28:57.420 more

01:28:57.620 terrible

01:28:58.000 he would

01:28:58.380 have

01:28:58.480 been

01:28:58.620 greater

01:28:59.080 had he

01:28:59.740 been a

01:29:00.060 Robespierre

01:29:00.780 that was

01:29:01.140 good

01:29:01.480 at

01:29:01.740 battles

01:29:02.200 yes

01:29:02.580 effectively

01:29:03.060 that

01:29:03.580 would

01:29:04.420 have

01:29:04.540 been

01:29:04.760 the

01:29:05.460 Carlisle

01:29:06.500 in

01:29:06.660 great

01:29:06.880 man

01:29:07.120 because

01:29:07.420 then

01:29:07.600 in

01:29:07.720 a

01:29:07.800 historical

01:29:08.200 sense

01:29:08.640 we can

01:29:08.920 basically

01:29:09.280 say

01:29:09.680 that

01:29:10.000 Napoleon

01:29:11.660 determined

01:29:12.260 history

01:29:12.880 in that

01:29:13.680 sense

01:29:14.120 but really

01:29:15.140 I mean

01:29:15.480 if you

01:29:15.780 look at

01:29:16.220 ideologically

01:29:17.540 the way

01:29:17.960 Napoleon

01:29:18.380 determined

01:29:18.800 history

01:29:19.340 the

01:29:20.600 Napoleon

01:29:21.040 horseback

01:29:21.780 the

01:29:21.940 revolution

01:29:22.320 on

01:29:22.540 horseback

01:29:23.140 it

01:29:23.800 seems

01:29:24.040 that

01:29:24.220 again

01:29:24.580 he

01:29:24.940 was

01:29:25.520 the

01:29:27.200 after

01:29:27.540 effects

01:29:27.960 of what

01:29:28.280 had

01:29:28.400 actually

01:29:28.640 occurred

01:29:29.020 in

01:29:29.160 the

01:29:29.280 French

01:29:29.480 Revolution

01:29:29.960 and

01:29:31.160 Europe

01:29:31.420 basically

01:29:31.900 had to

01:29:32.260 deal

01:29:32.460 with

01:29:32.620 that

01:29:32.780 legacy

01:29:33.180 when

01:29:33.480 he

01:29:33.700 ultimately

01:29:34.720 went

01:29:35.220 and

01:29:36.560 they

01:29:38.920 resorted

01:29:39.420 to

01:29:39.640 something

01:29:39.860 called

01:29:40.340 monarchy

01:29:40.980 of the

01:29:41.280 right

01:29:41.600 i.e.

01:29:42.100 restoration

01:29:42.440 of something

01:29:43.020 akin to

01:29:43.600 divine

01:29:43.920 right

01:29:44.180 of kings

01:29:44.640 after he

01:29:45.220 had

01:29:45.360 gone

01:29:45.660 but of

01:29:47.060 course

01:29:47.380 ultimately

01:29:49.500 what I believe

01:29:49.980 to be the

01:29:50.320 failure of that

01:29:50.820 system

01:29:51.180 is that

01:29:51.700 nationalism

01:29:52.660 was such a

01:29:53.500 potent force

01:29:54.140 by now

01:29:54.560 because of

01:29:55.000 Napoleon

01:29:55.380 and

01:29:56.540 sometimes

01:29:57.060 it seems

01:29:57.660 that the

01:29:58.180 Austrians

01:29:58.600 and the

01:29:58.920 Prussians 0.98

01:29:59.260 were prepared

01:29:59.680 to lean

01:30:00.400 on the

01:30:00.660 forces of

01:30:01.120 nationalism

01:30:01.500 to get

01:30:01.940 what they

01:30:02.180 wanted

01:30:02.640 in their

01:30:03.660 own

01:30:03.980 ways

01:30:04.700 in their

01:30:05.040 own

01:30:05.240 spheres

01:30:05.620 but

01:30:06.660 Metinish

01:30:07.560 was deluded

01:30:08.200 really to

01:30:08.700 think that

01:30:09.100 he could

01:30:09.540 gloss over

01:30:10.680 that through

01:30:11.100 a regime

01:30:11.780 of strict

01:30:12.600 monitoring

01:30:13.080 and censorship

01:30:14.840 effectively

01:30:17.320 and also

01:30:19.520 another legacy

01:30:20.820 of Napoleon

01:30:21.340 is this

01:30:21.840 schizophrenic

01:30:22.660 French

01:30:22.940 identity

01:30:23.440 which is

01:30:25.040 lurching

01:30:26.080 towards

01:30:26.580 Catholic

01:30:27.140 conservative

01:30:27.860 monarchists

01:30:28.540 and

01:30:29.640 Robesperian

01:30:30.480 Republican

01:30:30.960 and

01:30:33.080 I think

01:30:34.320 if you

01:30:34.520 look at

01:30:34.780 Napoleon

01:30:35.160 again

01:30:35.540 his

01:30:36.060 failure

01:30:36.600 ensured

01:30:37.900 that

01:30:38.220 split

01:30:38.620 within

01:30:38.920 France

01:30:39.500 that

01:30:40.240 schizophrenic

01:30:40.860 identity

01:30:41.340 and it

01:30:42.460 required

01:30:42.840 someone like

01:30:43.380 a de Gaulle

01:30:43.960 which you

01:30:44.760 can say

01:30:45.040 ultimately

01:30:45.540 had a

01:30:45.880 much worse

01:30:46.460 starting point

01:30:47.480 than Napoleon

01:30:48.040 working off

01:30:48.940 1940 after

01:30:49.920 France's

01:30:50.400 capitulation

01:30:51.300 at the

01:30:51.640 Peace of

01:30:52.060 Compiègne

01:30:52.500 you know

01:30:54.260 de Gaulle

01:30:54.700 the whole

01:30:55.580 project of

01:30:56.120 his Fifth

01:30:56.540 Republic

01:30:56.940 was to

01:30:58.840 reconcile

01:31:00.520 the French

01:31:02.200 left

01:31:02.640 to

01:31:03.740 you can

01:31:04.160 almost say

01:31:04.800 bourgeois

01:31:05.580 capitalism

01:31:06.280 and the

01:31:06.920 French society

01:31:07.540 is then

01:31:07.920 constituted

01:31:08.660 and to

01:31:09.660 reconcile

01:31:10.300 Action

01:31:10.820 Francaise

01:31:11.400 and the

01:31:11.860 monarchists

01:31:12.420 to the

01:31:12.800 notion of

01:31:13.160 the

01:31:13.280 Republic

01:31:13.640 and in

01:31:15.000 many

01:31:15.180 senses

01:31:15.520 I would

01:31:15.820 say up

01:31:16.080 until now

01:31:16.660 de Gaulle

01:31:17.020 was successful

01:31:17.640 in that

01:31:18.140 he created

01:31:18.940 a system

01:31:19.420 that didn't

01:31:20.800 really inspire

01:31:21.920 the hearts

01:31:22.380 of anyone

01:31:22.840 but ultimately

01:31:23.580 they rounded

01:31:24.180 around the

01:31:24.660 notion of

01:31:25.180 this is

01:31:26.000 France

01:31:26.460 and it

01:31:28.500 may not be

01:31:29.020 the ideal

01:31:29.520 political

01:31:29.860 situation

01:31:30.420 de Gaulle

01:31:30.780 by inclination

01:31:32.080 and by

01:31:32.560 education

01:31:33.300 by his own

01:31:33.940 dynastic

01:31:34.380 family history

01:31:35.020 was a

01:31:36.040 monarchist

01:31:36.500 a Catholic

01:31:36.940 legitimist

01:31:37.560 and yet

01:31:37.820 he's the

01:31:38.200 one who's

01:31:39.140 reconciling

01:31:40.220 the whole

01:31:40.540 republican

01:31:40.980 identity

01:31:41.480 for the

01:31:41.940 right in

01:31:42.380 France

01:31:42.820 in the

01:31:43.960 case of

01:31:44.260 Napoleon

01:31:44.640 like I

01:31:45.160 said

01:31:45.380 what do

01:31:45.720 you have

01:31:46.140 because of

01:31:47.080 the whole

01:31:47.300 nature of

01:31:47.760 his rule

01:31:48.100 and the

01:31:48.760 total failure

01:31:51.280 of it

01:31:51.760 it leads

01:31:52.760 to this

01:31:53.140 schizophrenic

01:31:53.860 identity

01:31:54.320 that de Gaulle

01:31:54.940 basically has

01:31:55.680 to plaster

01:31:57.100 over with

01:31:58.220 this facsimile

01:31:59.680 of the

01:31:59.980 fifth republic

01:32:00.540 which as we

01:32:01.500 see with all

01:32:01.940 French political

01:32:02.440 systems

01:32:03.000 even that

01:32:03.740 now is

01:32:04.140 dying

01:32:04.520 whereas

01:32:05.600 Napoleon

01:32:06.280 as a

01:32:07.980 Franco

01:32:08.300 figure

01:32:09.140 could have

01:32:10.200 perhaps again

01:32:10.980 ultimately

01:32:11.740 reconciled the

01:32:12.780 worst excesses

01:32:13.620 of the

01:32:13.860 French

01:32:14.040 revolution

01:32:14.460 and you

01:32:15.440 can say

01:32:15.740 the left's

01:32:16.240 phobias

01:32:16.680 about the

01:32:17.260 elements of

01:32:18.100 the

01:32:18.400 ancien

01:32:18.720 regime

01:32:19.260 etc

01:32:19.860 so

01:32:21.200 Napoleon

01:32:21.560 had so

01:32:22.200 many

01:32:22.420 opportunities

01:32:22.980 that other

01:32:24.220 figures

01:32:24.760 in less

01:32:26.300 advantageous

01:32:26.840 positions

01:32:27.300 were able

01:32:28.320 to manipulate

01:32:29.400 better

01:32:29.980 like a

01:32:30.820 de Gaulle

01:32:31.140 that's why

01:32:32.240 I say for

01:32:32.540 example I can

01:32:33.020 look at

01:32:33.220 de Gaulle

01:32:33.440 and have so

01:32:33.900 much admiration

01:32:34.580 for him

01:32:35.200 and look at

01:32:35.960 Napoleon

01:32:36.320 and say

01:32:36.820 you're basically

01:32:37.380 someone who

01:32:38.940 screwed up so

01:32:40.280 many opportunities

01:32:40.960 that were given

01:32:41.500 to you

01:32:41.960 and ironically

01:32:44.100 they come from

01:32:44.880 a very similar

01:32:45.620 position

01:32:46.940 intellectually

01:32:47.520 or sort

01:32:48.000 of a form

01:32:48.940 of grandiose

01:32:50.180 egotistical

01:32:50.840 posturing

01:32:51.480 I've compared

01:32:53.580 de Gaulle

01:32:54.440 for example

01:32:55.000 to the

01:32:56.840 anti-hero

01:32:57.960 of crime

01:32:58.380 and punishment

01:32:58.880 partly because

01:33:00.920 the whole

01:33:01.920 basis of

01:33:02.380 crime and

01:33:02.700 punishment

01:33:03.000 is that you

01:33:03.560 justify the

01:33:04.300 crime

01:33:04.720 given that

01:33:05.600 you are

01:33:06.000 endowed

01:33:06.560 with a

01:33:06.920 greater

01:33:07.120 intellect

01:33:07.680 or abilities

01:33:08.240 that allow

01:33:08.820 you to

01:33:09.140 supersede

01:33:09.580 the laws

01:33:09.960 of men

01:33:10.380 effectively

01:33:10.940 that's

01:33:11.800 Napoleon

01:33:12.240 as so

01:33:13.240 much as

01:33:13.560 it is

01:33:13.780 de Gaulle

01:33:14.120 also

01:33:14.600 what right

01:33:15.680 did de Gaulle

01:33:16.100 have in

01:33:16.580 1940

01:33:17.180 as a

01:33:18.020 junior

01:33:18.520 minister

01:33:19.060 of defence

01:33:19.660 to declare

01:33:20.160 that he

01:33:20.540 was the

01:33:21.060 voice of

01:33:21.840 the French

01:33:22.200 people

01:33:22.620 when the

01:33:23.260 legally

01:33:23.480 constituted

01:33:24.060 government

01:33:24.340 was a

01:33:24.620 Vichy

01:33:24.980 but he

01:33:25.720 managed

01:33:26.140 and he

01:33:26.340 turned that

01:33:26.740 position

01:33:27.180 into

01:33:27.680 something

01:33:28.680 of almost

01:33:29.240 perpetual

01:33:29.960 veneration

01:33:32.200 you know

01:33:32.880 General Charles

01:33:33.840 de Gaulle

01:33:34.180 as the

01:33:34.620 first president

01:33:35.260 of the

01:33:35.520 fifth republic

01:33:36.180 whereas Napoleon

01:33:37.120 has achieved

01:33:37.580 the opposite

01:33:38.000 yeah very

01:33:39.900 very interesting

01:33:40.600 yeah very

01:33:41.920 very interesting

01:33:42.560 I mean

01:33:43.920 we should

01:33:45.280 draw it to

01:33:45.680 an end

01:33:46.100 there but

01:33:47.020 there's so

01:33:47.340 much more

01:33:47.740 that could 0.68

01:33:48.120 be said

01:33:48.500 I mean

01:33:48.740 this sort

01:33:49.300 of conversation

01:33:49.940 could go

01:33:51.100 on and on

01:33:51.660 and on

01:33:51.900 and on

01:33:52.760 it's great

01:33:53.840 I mean

01:33:54.240 yeah

01:33:56.640 just to

01:33:58.080 finish off

01:33:58.500 to just

01:33:58.820 say one

01:33:59.160 more thing

01:33:59.540 the point

01:34:01.180 you've made

01:34:01.540 a number

01:34:01.840 of times

01:34:02.260 here is

01:34:02.680 that

01:34:03.100 Napoleon

01:34:04.080 had so

01:34:05.640 many

01:34:05.900 opportunities

01:34:06.400 that it

01:34:06.900 seems that

01:34:07.420 just he

01:34:08.480 personally

01:34:09.400 a personal

01:34:12.020 decision

01:34:12.420 purely

01:34:13.020 born out

01:34:13.740 of his

01:34:14.020 own

01:34:14.260 mind

01:34:14.720 was the

01:34:16.700 wrong

01:34:16.920 thing

01:34:17.260 it was

01:34:17.580 just the

01:34:17.860 wrong

01:34:18.060 thing

01:34:18.300 to do

01:34:18.720 but not

01:34:20.620 just even

01:34:21.020 the big

01:34:21.320 ones like

01:34:21.620 the decision

01:34:22.100 to march

01:34:23.740 into Russia

01:34:24.400 in 1812

01:34:25.000 or the

01:34:25.300 decision

01:34:25.580 not to

01:34:26.000 accept

01:34:26.300 some sort

01:34:27.620 of Austrian

01:34:28.620 brokered peace

01:34:29.380 afterwards

01:34:29.780 or to

01:34:31.140 depose the

01:34:32.480 Spanish monarchy

01:34:33.760 in the way

01:34:34.320 he did

01:34:34.840 or the

01:34:35.440 decision

01:34:36.400 to try

01:34:36.740 and invade

01:34:37.020 Portugal

01:34:37.320 at all

01:34:37.660 there's just

01:34:39.240 some of the

01:34:39.540 big obvious

01:34:39.940 ones

01:34:40.160 but when you

01:34:40.980 look at

01:34:41.360 in detail

01:34:42.040 Napoleon's 0.81

01:34:42.580 career

01:34:42.900 he seems

01:34:45.200 to do it

01:34:45.520 all the

01:34:45.840 time

01:34:46.240 kind of

01:34:47.080 all the

01:34:47.360 time

01:34:47.720 again

01:34:48.760 in hindsight

01:34:49.220 you look

01:34:49.700 and think

01:34:49.980 that wasn't

01:34:53.540 a good

01:34:53.820 idea

01:34:54.200 that wasn't

01:34:54.880 going to

01:34:55.780 bode well

01:34:56.220 and sort

01:34:56.760 of

01:34:57.460 not just

01:34:58.580 a hindsight

01:34:58.940 thing

01:34:59.280 but how

01:34:59.640 did you

01:34:59.920 not see

01:35:00.340 it

01:35:00.520 at the

01:35:00.760 time

01:35:01.080 it's

01:35:01.880 kind

01:35:02.060 of

01:35:02.180 obvious

01:35:02.520 that

01:35:02.800 was

01:35:03.100 a

01:35:04.240 flawed

01:35:04.620 idea

01:35:05.180 so I

01:35:08.340 suppose

01:35:08.540 we've

01:35:08.960 made that

01:35:09.940 point

01:35:10.220 enough

01:35:10.660 but

01:35:10.940 yeah

01:35:12.080 I agree

01:35:12.740 I absolutely

01:35:13.480 agree

01:35:13.760 was there

01:35:14.980 anything else

01:35:15.520 at all

01:35:15.880 no just

01:35:17.300 to emphasize

01:35:18.600 your point

01:35:19.240 that these

01:35:21.040 aren't a few

01:35:21.520 isolated examples

01:35:22.620 that you can

01:35:23.100 point to

01:35:23.660 a great

01:35:24.080 what ifs

01:35:24.720 no this is

01:35:25.400 granular

01:35:26.180 this is the

01:35:27.040 whole basis

01:35:27.960 of the

01:35:28.920 Napoleonic

01:35:29.400 system

01:35:29.960 entails

01:35:31.760 this sort

01:35:32.240 of doom

01:35:33.080 driven logic

01:35:33.900 effectively

01:35:34.740 so you

01:35:36.520 can look

01:35:36.900 at it

01:35:37.100 as a

01:35:37.300 Greek

01:35:37.480 tragedy

01:35:37.920 and again

01:35:38.600 I hate

01:35:39.040 to use

01:35:39.560 historical

01:35:40.060 determinism

01:35:40.820 but like

01:35:41.200 I said

01:35:41.500 it's the

01:35:41.860 basis

01:35:42.840 of the

01:35:43.280 usurpation

01:35:43.940 seems to

01:35:45.180 engender

01:35:45.640 this sort

01:35:46.100 of

01:35:46.260 willingness

01:35:46.580 to

01:35:47.020 continually

01:35:47.840 usurp

01:35:48.480 and usurp

01:35:49.360 and usurp

01:35:50.120 and depose

01:35:50.940 and reorient

01:35:51.960 the whole

01:35:52.400 political

01:35:52.660 system

01:35:53.040 in Europe

01:35:53.500 until you

01:35:54.420 yourself

01:35:54.880 have

01:35:55.200 created

01:35:56.180 forces

01:35:56.680 which are

01:35:57.060 so inexorable

01:35:57.960 that you

01:35:58.480 yourself

01:35:58.860 are ultimately

01:35:59.420 deposed

01:36:00.140 the

01:36:01.980 hubris

01:36:02.340 that's the

01:36:02.700 perfect word

01:36:03.200 isn't it

01:36:03.500 really

01:36:03.700 the hubris

01:36:04.820 okay

01:36:05.680 if you let

01:36:06.400 people know

01:36:06.940 about your

01:36:07.660 channel

01:36:07.920 I'm sure

01:36:08.260 most people

01:36:08.920 watching this

01:36:09.380 are already

01:36:09.700 aware

01:36:09.980 but it's

01:36:10.860 giving you

01:36:11.080 an opportunity

01:36:11.440 to mention

01:36:12.620 it

01:36:12.900 just

01:36:13.620 apostolic

01:36:15.100 majesty

01:36:15.440 on youtube

01:36:15.920 I have

01:36:16.420 a

01:36:16.680 eclectic

01:36:17.780 range

01:36:18.360 of

01:36:18.680 various

01:36:19.360 topics

01:36:19.800 a lot

01:36:20.240 of

01:36:20.360 modern

01:36:20.580 history

01:36:20.960 but a lot

01:36:21.340 of

01:36:21.460 medieval

01:36:21.760 history

01:36:22.260 so

01:36:22.660 other than

01:36:24.080 that

01:36:24.220 just

01:36:24.480 thank you

01:36:25.140 again

01:36:25.480 Bo

01:36:25.940 and Lotus

01:36:27.060 Eaters

01:36:27.420 for having

01:36:27.760 me on

01:36:28.020 it's been

01:36:28.300 a wonderful

01:36:29.440 time

01:36:29.840 and a

01:36:31.020 very important

01:36:31.580 topic I think

01:36:32.300 in terms of

01:36:32.780 just understanding

01:36:33.440 the whole nature

01:36:34.080 of the

01:36:34.760 French Revolution

01:36:35.820 and Napoleon

01:36:36.900 and the whole

01:36:37.400 nature of power

01:36:38.040 during that time

01:36:38.680 I think it's

01:36:39.180 an important

01:36:39.700 discussion to have

01:36:40.460 especially as we're

01:36:41.260 recording this on

01:36:41.880 Bastille Day

01:36:42.500 thank you

01:36:43.460 thank you for your

01:36:44.100 time and we're

01:36:44.580 honoured to do

01:36:45.460 your face reveal

01:36:46.320 essentially

01:36:47.000 so okay

01:36:49.420 I hope you all

01:36:50.240 enjoyed that out

01:36:50.860 there

01:36:51.300 hopefully we'll get

01:36:52.720 AM back

01:36:53.280 sometime soon

01:36:54.080 I really do

01:36:55.100 genuinely enjoy

01:36:55.940 chatting with you

01:36:57.340 whenever we can

01:36:58.520 so let us know

01:37:00.160 in the comments

01:37:00.520 your thoughts and

01:37:01.060 feelings and until

01:37:01.940 next time

01:37:02.480 take care

The Podcast of the Lotus Eaters - July 16, 2025

Was Napoleon Good for France？

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