Learn English with George Foreword by George Mason University Professor of Political Science, George W. Mason is a world-renowned political scientist, historian, and author. He has been a regular contributor to the New York Times, CNN, and the Wall Street Journal, and is a frequent guest on CNN and NPR. George is a professor of political science at the University of California, Los Angeles, and a professor at the Harvard Graduate School of Education. He is the author of several books, including "The Next 50 Years: A History of the United States in the Next Fifty Years" and "The Future of the U.S. in 50 Years."
00:01:04.320So you have made a career of predicting the future, and I think that you've done a better job than anyone I've met in predicting sort of the big picture movements of nations.
00:01:16.260Clearly, we're in, and I hope we can talk about this in a transition away from the post-war order, but I just want to start at the end.
00:01:26.640Where do you think the United States will be in 50 years?
00:01:30.040Well, I think the United States is withdrawing not to isolationism, but to Fortress America.
00:01:36.120It's interesting that the Mexican president called for Fortress North America.
00:07:24.080For example, lenses on satellites can see things that glass can't show them.
00:07:29.520They have acuity that can see a platoon operating.
00:07:33.640And when you reach that point, there's also massive changes in medicine.
00:07:40.720We're able to re-engineer genes, in fact.
00:07:44.880So, it's in the first stages, but not in a primitive stage.
00:07:49.040So, just as the automobile changed our life and the railroad changed our life previously and canals before that,
00:07:55.980material science, I think, is the radical innovation based on artificial intelligence having a major component to it.
00:08:03.640And all of that material science has developed for space, for survival of machines in space, particularly in telescopes.
00:08:16.000They were able to, there's a company called Prophetion that's put solar systems on satellites so they can survive and energize the satellites to maneuver.
00:08:29.560And it's a really extraordinary thing.
00:08:33.000And while we focus on Ukraine properly, we fail to understand that the reason the United States did not intervene with troops is we had a better solution.
00:08:51.920And more importantly, we finally put in something called HIMARS, which was they could launch six rockets at a time, much better than artillery because the explosive forces were great.
00:09:07.620And when there was Russian concentration, now this is, an American was always in one of them, just one American.
00:09:16.260It was Ukraine operated, but he had to put a card in to let the machine run.
00:12:05.520And they're both major foundations of the Americans' launch program.
00:12:10.820Because right now, you have to launch a lot of satellites, because you know you're going to lose a lot of them.
00:12:18.020And if you lose a lot of them, you lose a tactical advantage on the ground and a strategic capability in nuclear war.
00:12:26.460So we're emerging into a new age, which normally has a new technology.
00:12:32.700And this new technology is partly satellites, but that's really 1950s stuff emerged.
00:12:38.860But the way these satellites are made is not made from the normal metals and plastics that we had in the past.
00:12:47.540Particularly their sensors are built with material science and solar energy and extraordinary things that will be integrated into the Earth.
00:12:57.660As World War II technology became very present in the American economy in the 50s, that's what's going to happen.
00:13:05.200And I see this as one of those times where what normally happens in the United States is every 50 years we have a historical crisis.
00:13:34.880And it's a crisis of what I call hyper-egalitarianism, where saying that black slaves who really still weren't treated decently in the United States was a moral imperative.
00:13:52.200But genetic engineering of genitalia do not constitute a new class.
00:14:00.860So we've invented classes and demanded egalitarianism.
00:18:29.820But there was no Eisenhower above them, who may not have known how to engineer anything, but had enough common sense to know how to use them.
00:18:38.780And that layer was lost when the politicians sank below the level of the bureaucrats.
00:18:47.920Or more precisely, they created agencies that didn't answer to anyone and made their own laws.
00:18:54.560And the problem was not that they were corrupt or evil or anything like that.
00:18:59.520It's just they did their job and the other did their job and they contradicted each other.
00:19:03.580And there was no common sense hovering above them, saying, you can't tell everybody to stay at home forever.
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00:22:29.820Their credit card companies are ripping Americans off, and enough is enough.
00:22:34.460This is Senator Roger Marshall of Kansas.
00:22:37.140Our legislation, the Credit Card Competition Act, would help end the grip Visa and MasterCard have on us.
00:22:43.700Every time you use your credit card, they charge you a hidden fee called a swipe fee, and they've been raising it without even telling you.
00:22:52.020This hurts consumers and every small business owner.
00:22:55.380In fact, American families are paying $1,100 in hidden swipe fees each year.
00:23:01.260The fees Visa and MasterCard charge Americans are the highest in the world, double candidates and eight times more than Europe's.
00:23:08.700That's why I take an action, but I need your help to help get this passed.
00:23:13.620I'm asking you to call your senator today and demand they pass the Credit Card Competition Act.
00:23:20.560Paid for by the Merchants Payments Coalition.
00:23:22.280Not authorized by any candidate or candidates committee.
00:31:08.420If all of us lived the life we think inside, publicly, it would be a terrible place in the world.
00:31:15.840But presidents craft themselves at the moment.
00:31:19.320And if you're smart enough to craft yourself, and it takes huge discipline to do that,
00:31:26.600you can govern, but then you're used to governing based on reality.
00:31:33.380So a presidential candidate is nothing but a realist if he's going to win.
00:31:39.920And as a realist, you as president try to hide the reality a bit and appear to be a very nice guy and having only the best wishes in heart for everybody.
00:32:07.640For China to go to war with us, it has to be a war in the Pacific.
00:32:10.360We've built a string of bases around China from the Aleutian Islands all the way to Australia with the Australian Air Force on the southern flank.
00:32:23.960And there are only narrow passages through these islands.
00:32:28.200The greatest thing we did was convince the Filipinos not to go with China, but go to the United States.
00:32:34.460We now have four bases in the Philippines.
00:33:05.740So, the reality is, space notwithstanding, that's another sort of war, that the Chinese Navy, you can build as many ships as you want, but you're going through a narrow strait and we can take it out.
00:33:20.320But they're not going to go to war with us.
00:33:23.200And they may fight on the border with the Indians, which they have, and have lost.
00:33:29.320So, China has bluffed an inside strait beautifully.
00:33:34.420So, it's interesting, because I think the growing consensus is in the United States that China is too powerful to contain, that it's just inexorably going to be the leader of the world and there's something we can do about it.
00:33:49.200Yeah, well, we thought about the Russians, the Germans, the Japanese, everybody.
00:33:53.380One of our great powers is overestimating our enemy.
00:33:56.000If we overestimate our enemy, it's enormous what we can do.
00:34:02.800So, the Chinese can't lead, but there's one great threat that's buried beneath the talk about the financing and everything.
00:34:21.240The dependency on raw materials is one thing.
00:34:27.080Dependency on manufactured goods to be the basic implements of our industry is a very dangerous place to be.
00:34:35.680If you don't have control over that supply chain, if you are so dependent, not just on China, but on any country, or the world in general, for your economy to function.
00:34:46.780And for me, because I don't have any money, financial crisis doesn't bother me.
00:34:54.000To me, the essential weakness we had with the Chinese is we created China.
00:35:03.960Chinese exports to the United States, American investment in China, American businesses moving to China created this.
00:35:12.360And these businesses are, of course, under the control of the Chinese, as they should be.
00:35:18.340My fear is that if China decided to really hurt us, they'd stop shipping those goods.
00:35:25.200So, reshoring is not just a question of jobs.
00:35:27.900That's there too, but I think that's the cover.
00:35:31.140Reshoring is a question of national security.
00:35:33.060We are so dependent for so much of our equipment, our aircraft and everything else, from China and nowhere else, really.
00:35:42.860So, we are now moving rapidly into India, and we'll have later a problem with India.
00:35:48.620But one of the reasons to have a domestic-based economy is you're secure nationally.
00:36:15.540We made the Chinese dependent on the United States, excessively so, so that we're dependent on China.
00:36:21.260So, it's interesting, not surprising, the president has raised tariffs on everybody, even the Canadians hate us, and pulled back dramatically, really.
00:36:45.420The corporations are reshoring, but more important, moving to India, what they really have done, simply because their business is to make money.
00:37:30.200And we concentrated excessively on bringing China into a dependency in the United States, failing to see that we were dependent on them.
00:37:38.260So my fear about this, and the part that's never talked about is, what if the Chinese or all these countries, Vietnam, that we, what if they have coup d'etats?
00:37:48.800What if they have earthquakes, floods?
00:37:51.680What if they can't supply us with the goods we need?
00:37:55.180We are heavily dependent on a handful of countries for major resources.
00:38:00.780And it may be more expensive to build them in the United States, but national security requires that our supply chain be under our control.
00:38:09.920So I wonder if, I mean, what you're saying is so obviously true, and I think that smart people are concerned about that.
00:38:16.360And I wonder if where we find ourselves isn't also a product of our economic assumptions that, you know, capital should be free to move and that, you know, you shouldn't do anything inefficiently.
00:38:28.480And it's not, you know, it's not as efficient to make pharmaceuticals in New Jersey as it is to make them in China.
00:38:32.840So they're now made in China, but we have to have them here.
00:38:35.660Maybe our economic system changes with the realization that it hasn't actually served us very well.
00:39:04.200And the Europeans wrecked themselves, as they do periodically, and they couldn't buy anymore.
00:39:08.140And that was the first trigger of the Depression.
00:39:12.180If you become too dependent on exports, you're highly vulnerable to not being able to sell them.
00:39:19.740If you become too dependent on imports, your own economy can't function.
00:39:26.120So there has to be prudence exercised.
00:39:29.200It's not a question that we go to simply being our own country and nothing else, or we go to free trade that's untrammeled.
00:39:40.580And it has to be a kind of prudent step where we balance the economic issue.
00:39:48.600But what rendered us imprudent was the Cold War.
00:39:51.200We were so concerned with Congo not becoming communist that we would have very favorable terms and aid and everything else to these countries.
00:40:06.140And it made sense, given the Cold War and our fears about what would happen.
00:40:11.240But when the Cold War, it didn't end with the fall of communism.
00:40:14.880Cold War ended with the demonstrated failure of the Russians to take Ukraine, which they should have done in a week if they were what we were afraid of.
00:42:34.200And we don't remember Jackson telling the Supreme Court, well, if you want the Indians to stay where they are, you go keep them there where they are.
00:43:30.480Had this ever happened before in America?
00:43:32.120That there would be such a disjuncture between the prosperity we actually had, in spite of everything, and the misery that these men dedicated to their country felt.
00:43:43.840And I had a choice between picking up the waitress or going to my study and thinking about this.
00:43:53.060The waitress turned me down, as they always do, and I went to study.
00:43:58.200So, I started looking back in history.
00:44:45.820So, I was able to say, you know, years ago, in 2009, I wrote a book on the cycles, saying that, you know, the 20s are going to be hell, guys.
00:45:58.140The overwhelming likelihood is that it passed through a massive industrial processing plant, possibly, probably owned by a foreign corporation.
00:46:08.540If that's the case, then you have no way of knowing where the animal grew up, how it was raised, what it ate, what chemicals big food pumped into to increase its profits, what kind of drugs it was injected with.
00:46:19.860That's all kept secret, meaning you can never really know what you're eating.
00:50:50.020But we're at a stage that was predictable and a stage that's good because any country that can reinvent itself after 50 years just by having a few years of horrible crisis is wonderful.
00:51:06.800Look at how we adjusted ourselves after World War II to being a world power and were comfortable with it for decades and built our economy on that.
00:51:18.800But when you take a look at the way we handled it after the Civil War, what other country had a Civil War?
00:51:27.460That came back to fairly a decent, you know, okay.
00:51:31.740We re-engineered slavery through that.
00:51:37.640We made the South not just an agricultural area.
00:51:41.120And we re-engineered the world in World War II and re-engineered it again economically.
00:51:49.160And after 50 years, it's obsolete and you're trading your car regularly because you don't want your neighbors to think that you can't afford it.
00:51:58.560It is inherent in the American culture that a crisis looms where other countries would live through it and devolve and not be willing to change.
00:53:10.200But every 50 years we hold an opera that is amazing.
00:53:14.980Are you concerned that the United States will be sucked into a global conflict in the next three or four years, either in Eastern Europe, Middle East, or Asia?
00:54:30.480You remember the line of tanks lined up in Ukraine, off the mountain, out of gas, waiting for days?
00:54:38.800I think they were still using that same gas line.
00:54:43.980The point is that the Russian logistics system and its senior staff, its commanding generals, particularly the staff level, were not very creative, shall we say.
00:55:01.000They took their bearings from World War II, the mass attack by infantry, backed by armor and artillery.
00:55:09.620And they didn't understand that the massing of troops was very, very dangerous, and that there has to be a different model of warfare.
00:55:21.160So, they attacked Ukraine as if this was 1941, and they're at war.
00:55:29.160And the Ukrainians were very agile because they had great intelligence.
00:55:33.680When the president said, we're not going to give you intelligence anymore for a day, that time, the intelligence he was talking about was the intelligence for the satellites of exactly where the Russian troops were, down to the smallest number.
00:55:46.660So, the smaller Ukrainian army could mass against them and block them.
00:56:00.700But the Russians never adjusted to the fact that the war they planned to wage in Europe, which they never did, was untenable at this point.
00:56:11.320And so, Russia, unless it wants a nuclear war, and they can't have that, is not a viable power.
00:56:19.820And it's not influential in the world either.
00:56:22.880The Chinese, as I said, are blocked in by a very clever structure of islands we've built around them.
00:56:30.600It's very hard to pass through them, and especially get back in.
00:56:35.640So, a world war would indicate there would be another global power.
00:59:11.760I think Trump's ultimate plan is, and he was accused of being pro-Russian, which I thought, I think he just had vision of what was going to come out of this war, was, look, we got along with Germany after the war.
01:19:00.380And so what the British always had was a very small intelligence agency.
01:19:04.880Their view was with them, I was very limited in the capabilities they had, but very smart in making sure the information got to the people who had to have it.
01:19:18.020And it was always odd that of the five eyes, the five intelligences share everything, which is a very important entity.
01:19:29.440It's Britain, it's the United States, it's Canada.