Learn English with Treasury Secretary Tim Geithner. President Trump announced a new set of tariffs on $333 billion worth of Chinese goods at a press conference at the Treasury Department on Thursday. The move is a direct challenge to China and other major trading partners, and could have a big impact on the economy.
00:14:44.240I think with AI, with automation, with so many of these factories are going to be new.
00:14:52.160They're going to be smart factories that I think we've got all the labor force we need.
00:14:58.660And what we are doing on the other side, one of the reasons, other than my support for President Trump,
00:15:05.680that I came out from behind my desk, and, you know, I had a pretty good life.
00:15:09.640And I wanted to come out and really tell people that I was worried about an impending financial calamity,
00:15:19.480given the high levels of government spending that were leading to high levels of government debt.
00:15:24.840So what we are doing, on one side, the president is reordering trade.
00:15:30.240On the other side, we are shedding excess labor in the federal government and bringing down federal borrowings.
00:15:42.080And then on the other side, that will give us the labor that we need for the new manufacturing,
00:15:47.740and we're going to relever the private sector.
00:15:52.720So the private sector, in essence, has been in recession during the Biden years.
00:15:57.280And this is an opportunity to right-size the federal government and unleash the private sector again,
00:16:05.440because it's been hemmed down by excessive regulation, and it's been crowded out by the government.
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00:17:44.900Do you ever think, since your job is to, part of your job is to forecast, like, the effects of these policies,
00:17:50.300that you have, well, you've got probably one out of six people in this country here illegally, maybe 50 million.
00:17:57.520Illegal aliens, and the president said he wants to deport them.
00:18:00.380Then you have AI, and the projections there are massive labor market disruption.
00:18:05.860Fewer people needed. You alluded to that a minute ago.
00:18:08.820Then you have the tariffs, and, like, we can guess as to their effect, but we don't really know because we've never done it.
00:18:14.700And then you have the reaction from the rest of the world to those tariffs.
00:18:17.640Like, there's so many huge factors that are effectively unknown that are black boxes.
00:18:22.760Really? Do you ever think, like, wow, you know, it's kind of hard to know what's going to happen.
00:18:26.580Look, it is, and I always think that you can never be 100% sure, but you can stay within sight of guardrails and keep moving forward.
00:19:38.600But it would have been easy to keep pumping up the economy, borrowing a lot of money, creating a lot of government jobs.
00:19:47.520There was no controversy when we're doing all that.
00:19:51.180But you were going to end up in a calamity.
00:19:54.300If you go back and look, you look at the financial crisis in 07, 08, economy looked great right up until then.
00:20:05.720You go back and you look at the end of the dot-com bubble, and then the whole credit problem with the fraud at WorldCom, Enron, some other companies.
00:20:19.420And I think one of the things that we won't get credit for, but that this administration will have done, is avoiding a financial calamity.
00:20:30.160You know, think about it, that they've done an analysis that one of the reasons 9-11 happened, because the airlines didn't want to pay for reinforced doors.
00:20:44.760And now, you know, we've got the reinforced doors.
00:20:47.760So I look at it, we're putting on the reinforced doors before the crash.
00:20:52.800What's the scramble, the lobbying scramble by foreign governments going to be like over the next three months?
00:20:58.740Because the president said yesterday, you know, we're putting a universal tariff, you know, one standard, but then, of course, each country's adjusted according to a lot of different factors, trade deficit, currency, manipulation, regulation, and then tariffs.
00:21:08.320But, you know, this is all, as you said, a moving picture.
00:21:14.940So, like, if I pick a country, you know, Vietnam, China, I mean, I'm going to really try to bring pressure to bear on this administration to adjust those numbers.
00:21:50.280As President Trump said yesterday, best way to get around the tariffs, build your factory here.
00:21:55.340And what can we do here at Treasury to help that?
00:22:01.320We're pushing to get the tax bill done so we can guarantee the low taxes, full depreciation within the first year.
00:22:10.500We're working with Secretaries Bergman Wright on energy security, and we're working on getting the regulations down.
00:22:20.100The president, I don't know whether he talked about it yesterday or the day before, Taiwan Semi, or just semiconductor manufacturer in the world, Lee Zeldin, the EPA commissioner, is working to push through all the permits that they need because we've just gone into this regulatory morass where it takes so long to get things done in this country.
00:22:41.700So I think what will be more interesting are the individual company announcements more than the country announcements.
00:22:51.040You want to sell to Americans, you've got to make it in America.
00:23:27.240The surplus nation is in the weaker position because the Chinese business model—and, Tucker, by the way,
00:23:33.780the Chinese business model and the economy are the most unbalanced, imbalanced in the history of the modern world.
00:23:40.740We've never seen anything like this in terms of their export level relative to their GDP, relative to their population.
00:23:48.980So I think it is going to be very difficult for them to try to change the model.
00:23:55.500They're in a deflationary recession-slash-depression right now.
00:24:00.880They're trying to export their way out of it, and we can't let them do that.
00:24:04.780But I think that when you think the Chinese manufacturing system is like that old Disney movie with the brooms carrying the buckets, there's nothing you can do.
00:24:17.240Now, what could happen if you were to say, Scott, what's the dream scenario?
00:24:25.580That somehow there could be a deal where the U.S. and China, we want more manufacturing, which would mean a smaller part of the economy's consumption.
00:24:36.720The Chinese have this imbalanced economy with too much manufacturing, and actually the Chinese consumers really get the short end of the stick.
00:24:48.720So Chinese households, they're called in what's called the middle-income trap.
00:24:54.760That could we do something together to say, okay, you rebalance, you consume more, manufacture less, we are going to consume less and manufacture more, and we'll be military rivals.
00:25:13.720There'll still be an economic rivalry, but we're going to level the playing field by a lot.
00:25:18.760Now, that's not going to happen tomorrow.
00:25:21.720That's not going to happen in a month.
00:25:23.720But over the next few years, they may have to come around because I think their business model is broken.
00:25:31.060I think President Trump's broken their business model with these tariffs.
00:25:34.800So you're describing, you know, the famous scenario where if you take a bank loan, the bank is in charge.
00:25:39.220They can repossess whatever you barred against.
00:25:42.180But if you take a big enough loan, you're kind of in charge of the bank.
00:25:55.980Are you confident that there's like a clear enough channel of communication between the two governments that the details can be worked out and that nothing will go crazy in the meantime?
00:26:03.860Well, I think what gives me a lot of confidence is the relationship between President Trump and Chairman Xi.
00:26:24.180Look, the Europeans, we look back and there was a famous meeting where President Trump told the Europeans, you're insane for building Nord Stream 2.
00:27:20.580They were depending on Italy and the countries in the South to keep the euro suppressed and they were selling into China.
00:27:30.060And now China is becoming their competitor.
00:27:32.480So you said at the outset, the first example, the analogy that you used was President Reagan's first term, you know, obviously big win in 80, recession of 82, wipeout, and then like the biggest landslide in history in 84.
00:27:49.500So you're suggesting by saying that that, you know, the fruits were obvious within the first term, within four years.
00:28:21.040And I think the American people are going to hate it again.
00:28:23.560So Einstein's definition of insanity, doing the same thing again and again and expecting a different outcome.
00:28:29.600But do you think that, and this is really aimed at the people who support President Trump and who agree with you wholeheartedly that the current system was really bad and like drive across the country, you'll see how bad it has been.
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00:33:53.700You grew up in a middle-class, working-class background.
00:33:56.820You were very successful, lived in rich-person world for a long time.
00:34:01.100While this was all going on, and I just have to ask you candidly, were you ever at dinner with people who were like, wow, you know, we're doing great?
00:36:00.680Like, they don't care what's going on in Madison Avenue.
00:36:04.900They don't know what the hot new restaurant is in Paris.
00:36:08.360And that President Trump somehow has assembled this incredible coalition of Elon Musk, the richest man in the world, and those folks who were in the Rose Garden yesterday, and those people I saw at the Duquesne Arena.
00:36:52.320And I think that with what's going on, I'm going to have a better and better story to tell as we're getting our economic house and our fiscal house in order.
00:37:01.200And then I try to imagine what could go very wrong.
00:37:07.560What would we do if there were another outbreak similar to COVID?
00:37:13.940You can't worry about things like that.
00:37:16.720But, you know, I worry about a kinetic war somewhere.
00:37:23.640What would we do in the event of something that happened?
00:37:29.700And what I try to do is create the situation where I can worry a little less every day.
00:37:36.620So, I'll tell you, I came in, I was confirmed on January 28th.
00:37:42.000And during the month of January, 10-year interest rates, which is probably the most important rate in the country, mortgages are based on that, business and capital formation is based on that.
00:37:55.420I came in and that had almost spiked to 5%.
00:37:58.340And I think 5% can be an uncomfortable area for the economy, for Treasury, who has to issue a lot of bonds.
00:38:06.980And now that I've gotten in, I worry a little less, but I still worry we've got a tremendous amount of debt to roll.
00:38:18.360And I worry that we aren't going to do the smart cuts and the focus on waste, fraud, and abuse.
00:38:31.040And then on the other side, I worry that the tax bill somehow gets bogged down.
00:38:38.300We could have the largest tax increase in history.
00:38:41.500Or, you know, I worry that the normal geopolitical things, whether it's Iran, Taiwan, that something goes haywire between Russia and Ukraine.
00:38:56.060So you began your job description by saying you're a bond salesman.
00:39:01.160You're selling America's debt to the world.
00:39:03.180And I know that was like a big part of the portfolio as the transition was envisioning it, like who can make the case for American bonds to the world.
00:39:11.760How were your case, are you confident you can do that?
00:39:15.700And how is your pitch changing after yesterday?
00:39:19.600Well, as I said, right now we're in this strange betwixt and between because we are going to take in substantial tariff revenue.
00:39:30.880And what Doge is doing is substantially cutting expenses, but we're not getting credit for it right now.
00:39:38.160But I think market's starting to get a hint of it.
00:39:42.880So the 10-year bond having almost peaked at five is now through four.
00:39:51.580Way to think about it is every hundred, every basis points about a billion dollars in savings.
00:39:58.020So we've saved a hundred billion dollars.
00:40:00.700And that's probably not going to happen that quickly again, but I think that we are setting the sales for a much better fiscal time.
00:40:18.240And people don't have to say the U.S. is out of control.
00:41:04.720And I think to me, that's the exciting part, that that's been unthinkable in everybody's calculation.
00:41:11.980No one's even really seriously raised it, including Ronald Reagan, by the way.
00:41:15.060And look, I think President Reagan had a different agenda, that he ramped up defense spending and remember, oh, he's crazy, it's this, it's going to break the budget, Star Wars is crazy, he's a madman.
00:41:51.140So, you know, again, everything's easy in hindsight.
00:41:56.120But I think here, what we're doing in terms of bringing down these incredible levels of spending, but more importantly, I tell anyone who'll listen, I said, remember, DOGE is the Office of Government Efficiency.
00:42:24.580But when I see what's going on in a lot of these government agencies, it's unbelievable.
00:42:30.080And if you think, I've lived in Manhattan, I've lived in Florida, roughly state of New York, state of Florida have the same number of people.
00:44:44.120It's like, let's bring him out of the shadows and let's make this demonization stop.
00:44:51.520And, like, this young man, other than the fact he only owns one pair of pants, which he likes telling everyone, you or I would be happy if our daughter brought him home.
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00:47:03.000I don't really—how can you have this, like, pivotal entity, institution that obviously has, like, the most direct effect on markets of any, and it does seem outside of political control?
00:47:19.580Well, look, I think that I—during my confirmation hearing, and I was actually at a dinner that Jerome
00:47:32.980Powell was at last night, at my confirmation hearing, I said, you know, I'm only going to talk about the mistakes the Federal Reserve has made in the past.
00:47:42.240I won't talk about the ones they're going to make in the future, right?
00:47:45.540But I think it is important for monetary policy that they are walled off, that some of the other things they do, regulation, they got into DEI, they got into climate, I actually think that that impinges on their monetary policy and makes them vulnerable.
00:48:06.320So, I think that they should focus on monetary policy, doing the best that they can for the American economy, the American people, keeping inflation low.
00:48:18.640And then the rest, there are a lot of other banking agencies, too.
00:48:25.560So, the Fed controls the weather now, too?
00:48:30.580Well, I will tell you, there's something—the Treasury Secretary chairs something called the Financial Stability Oversight Council, and it's all the financial regulators.
00:48:41.580And I think it was two weeks before Silicon Valley Bank went under, FSOC issued a report, and guess what they said the biggest risk to the financial system was?
00:48:57.440Not that there was a large bank in California that was having a slow-motion run on its assets and that it would cause another bank failure, then another bank failure.
00:53:39.520Two, it will be a symbol to Russian leadership that the U.S. isn't abandoning Ukraine.
00:53:46.560But importantly, three, it will show the American people that we have an economic stake and that we haven't just been doing these massive grants, which has been the history of U.S. aid.
00:54:57.780So, the Russians didn't like the look of this deal because it thought that it was actually something durable for the U.S. people and the Ukrainian people.
00:55:09.560President Zelensky was in the mood to sign the deal that day.
00:55:12.840We had a spirited discussion and I said to him, you've got 50 reporters out there.
00:55:22.320I am here to show that there is no daylight between the American people, the Russian people, between Ukrainian people, between the American leadership and Ukrainian leadership.
00:55:38.580And I said, you've opened up daylight the size of the Grand Canyon.
00:55:42.900What are we going to go out and tell those people?
00:55:44.800He said, tell them I'm going to sign the deal in Munich.
00:55:48.480I said, so you're going to sign the deal when you see Vice President Vance and Secretary of State Rubio in Munich?
00:56:38.600So this is an unelected president of a client state whose bureaucrats are being paid directly by American taxpayers, including their retirement accounts are funded by us.
00:56:48.460And they have the lowest retirement age in Europe.
00:57:06.280To, like, assume a high-handed tone with American officials and berate them and sniff a lot and say, you know, it's basically acting like a crazy person.
00:57:21.540He was a performer, kind of a vaudevillian, and he was an ordinary person thrown into a fraught time, rose to the occasion, was heroic, and I think is stuck.
00:57:39.600And I think under a tremendous amount of pressure, I think that some of the government officials around him and the cabinet are very good.
00:57:50.020I think some of the people around him, he's not getting the best advice, that his advisors are not perfect.
00:57:58.240And I think if we go back to the agreement, I think one of the great things about the agreement is it makes sure that the money comes to the American people and the Ukrainian people.
00:58:11.100Because, Tucker, let me tell you what the agreement wasn't.
00:58:13.300It wasn't one of these rapacious Chinese deals where it's sign over your mines, sign over your port, or it wasn't a loan to own.
00:58:52.300I am hopeful that it was a bug, not a feature of the system, and that that's been fixed.
00:59:02.920We're expecting a Ukrainian technical team beginning of next week.
00:59:08.740And I'm hopeful we can get this thing signed and go back to a win-win situation.
00:59:15.320Because President Trump's—I didn't give you the full arc of the deal.
00:59:20.380President Trump wanted to create this deal with the Ukrainians, then be able to go to Russian leadership and show them that we do stand with the Ukrainians, but on an economic basis.
00:59:37.260And then the Russians would be incentivized to come to the table also.
00:59:43.540And so that—the sequencing has been thrown off.
00:59:53.220Are we ever going to get an audit of where all of our billions went, where all the weapons we sent, what happened to all the cash, all the pallets of $100 bills?
01:01:08.240How do you—so, because this is also—and you're just going back to the tariff announcement yesterday, and because it's like—it really is a total departure from what all of us have grown up with and our expectations.
01:01:18.400And however much you support it, it's like, it's new, and people are freaked out about it.
01:01:24.220How do you keep message discipline in an administration, in any administration, and this one specifically, how do you decide how you're going to explain this?
01:02:06.000If you didn't want to be part of it, you shouldn't be here.
01:02:10.360But do you ever say, like, you know, maybe this is someone who can reassure potential bond buyers, investors in markets, this person scares the crap out of markets, like, let's get the guy who reassures markets?
01:02:22.540Well, the one thing I will say, that no one should listen to anyone in the markets talk about the U.S. dollar other than President Trump or myself.
01:02:32.620We are the only ones who speak for this administration, the United States government, on dollar policy.
01:02:39.920I can tell you, we have a strong dollar policy, and we are putting in all of the necessary ingredients to make sure the dollar is strong over the long run.
01:02:50.700Can it go up and down on a Bloomberg terminal over the short run?
01:03:07.720But over time, if we put in solid economic fundamentals and do this transformative program, then the dollar is going to do great, and the American people are going to do great.