Heather Conley is a writer and academic who has written extensively about the death of merit in American colleges and universities. She is a frequent contributor to the New York Times and has been a frequent guest on CNN and NPR. In this episode, Heather talks about what it means to be a Jew in America's elite universities, and how the anti-Semitism on campus is a symptom of the deep-rooted racism and anti-Americanism that is the root cause of the problem.
00:24:31.960The answer is yes. And Dr. Gay, at Harvard, does calling for the genocide of Jews violate Harvard's rules of bullying and harassment, yes or no?
00:25:58.680Those presidents did not call for the genocide of Jews.
00:26:01.640And I would think that you guys, as some of the most important free speech advocates on the planet,
00:26:09.480would join me in saying that those who deplore the universities, who deplore the restrictions on free thinking and diversity of opinion there,
00:26:22.600should not take the low road and use the same double standards that the universities have used against conservatives to silence anti-Israel speech.
00:26:33.560The exchange that was seen as very damning to those three college presidents from MIT, Penn and Harvard,
00:26:43.720was, in my view, slightly demagogic because Congressman Elise Stefanik kept asking them,
00:26:52.440is calling for the genocide of Jews against your codes of conduct?
00:26:58.280Well, nobody has called for, literally, for the genocide of Jews on American campus.
00:27:03.640Even if they had, you know, I still think the answer should have been the same.
00:27:08.440But she was translating the calls of intifada, which is, you know, let's be generous here,
00:27:16.200has possibly a trace of ambiguity to it.
00:27:20.680You know, maybe it's all in bad faith, but I'm willing to accept that it is possible to have a non-genocidal meaning of intifada.
00:27:29.800So the question itself was a little bit demagogic.
00:27:34.040But I think the answers were correct, which is that whether hate, so-called hate speech,
00:27:43.720and again, I think you guys would agree with me that the very term hate speech is a concoction.
00:27:50.840It is a stratagem to get around the First Amendment.
00:27:54.760Hate speech should not be treated any differently than any other kind of speech.
00:27:58.740It is constitutionally protected, at least under the American First Amendment.
00:28:04.100I know that you guys, sadly, have much more speech-restrictive laws there.
00:28:09.220But the presidents were right that speech should be punishable or banned ahead of the fact,
00:28:17.700only to the extent it turns into conduct or harassment specifically targeted at an individual.
00:28:26.260So yes, this hearing should have brought down the university presidents,
00:28:31.780but not because of their answers in that one highly viral exchange.
00:28:37.700What should have brought them down was their shameless duplicity
00:28:42.820in alleging that their universities honored free expression,
00:28:47.060which is why they would not be punishing the so-called calls for genocide, which again, never happened.
00:28:56.820But they were right to say they shouldn't punish speech.
00:29:00.500They were wrong to say that they have in every other situation not punished speech, because they have.
00:29:06.660I mean, we now have the, I hope, well-known case now of Amy Wax, the University of Pennsylvania law professor,
00:29:14.020who has been facing for the last year the most excruciating kangaroo court phony process to try and strip her of tenure,
00:29:24.980simply because she has publicly talked about the terrible consequences of racial preferences,
00:29:31.780the academic mismatch, which I alluded to earlier, and she has opposed mass open borders, uh, immigration.
00:29:39.300She's being thrown out if they can get away with it, though now it may be more difficult.
00:29:45.220So the idea that these schools are bastions of expression, that, that was virtually test perjury
00:29:51.460before the hearing and should have resulted in their, in their firing.
00:29:55.780Well, Heather, I'm glad you made that point because I've been saying much the same thing.
00:29:59.380And likewise with protests here in London, where you have people calling for jihad and,
00:30:05.380and, and all sorts of other things. My view is that, look, if you want to make the argument that
00:30:10.500the purpose of university is for people to explore crazy ideas, young people are going to have them.
00:30:16.180We have freedom of speech in the US protected under the First Amendment.
00:30:19.780You can say also all of those things. And I am a big fan of all of those statements.
00:30:24.500And I fully support that. The problem is for the last seven years or however long it's been,
00:30:28.980if I asked you where you're from, that was a microaggression and it was offensive.
00:30:33.460Now you're saying you're being asked a hypothetical question, which is would calling for the murder
00:30:38.020of Jews be harassment? And you're saying, no, we believe in free speech. Well, you don't believe
00:30:42.740in free speech. You're lying and you're hypocritical. And likewise here in the UK, I mean, you are right.
00:30:47.940We have more restrictive rules. And in fact, calling for jihad is against the law in this country.
00:30:54.020Maybe it shouldn't be. And we can have that argument when you stop arresting people for
00:30:58.100being transphobic on Twitter because they say a man is a man, right? We can have all of those
00:31:02.820arguments and we can stick to all those principles. The issue here is the utter and vile hypocrisy and
00:31:08.900complete inconsistency that we are seeing. And that is something that has to be defeated, surely.
00:31:15.300Right. Right. But again, the answer is not to use the same double standards. And, you know,
00:31:21.140it's now it's in kind of this vertiginous infinite regress where now you have supporters of the campus
00:31:28.020left accusing the dissident donors who are trying to, you know, use this moment to bring the university
00:31:40.260back to a more sane course, but some of whom sadly have been calling for preemptive bans on anti-Israel speech.
00:31:49.220So now you have the campus left. There was a trustee at the University of Pennsylvania who snidely after a, uh,
00:31:57.540interim vote of confidence in the, in the pen president who subsequently was
00:32:01.780defenestrated, um, but, you know, blaming the dissident donors for double standards.
00:32:07.940So both sides are now playing it. And I just think the, the people who are committed to,
00:32:14.980to sound university governance and the transmission of knowledge should take the high road. And,
00:32:20.020and, you know, the thing is we want to know what these ideas are. It is, it is incredibly clarifying
00:32:28.340to have heard the chans of entifada, entifada and glory to our martyrs from students. Don't we want to
00:32:34.260know that that's their thinking? What would banning that do? They would still be thinking this. And the
00:32:40.420reason they're thinking it is because that's what they're being taught on college campuses. So the,
00:32:46.740you want to get the, if you want to call it, Hey, call it, Hey, you want to get it out there
00:32:52.660so you can combat it, you know, and, and these calls now, I just see the, the dissident donors and
00:32:59.060the dissident alumni, they are walking into a trap because they've been going around asking for
00:33:07.060adding antisemitism to the diversity, equity and inclusion modules. And guess what? The campus
00:33:14.660bureaucracy is only too happy to comply. It expands the DEI remit. It gives them more power. And of course,
00:33:23.060what inevitably is added, they say, Oh yeah, we'll now got a commission on fighting hate, but guess
00:33:30.100what? We also have to fight Islamophobia and we have to fight racism because we have to fight all
00:33:34.020kinds of hate. And so it's just, it's just walking into the trap that will give them more power. Now,
00:33:40.660the only thing that is good about this, and I'm really looking forward to it, what we are about to see,
00:33:48.340I think, Constantine and Francis, because of this push for campus antisemitism training,
00:33:56.260I think we may be seeing a crack up in the academic left, because let's just imagine what
00:34:04.340is the antisemitism training going to look like? Is it going to say that chanting from the river to the
00:34:12.260sea, Palestinian must, Palestine must be free is antisemitism. Is it going to say that
00:34:18.020Israel saying that Israel is a settler colonialist genocidal state is antisemitism? You may not say
00:34:25.620that. Well, for the large part of the campus left, that's not antisemitic. That's basic fact.
00:34:32.740That's simply describing the world. And so how much longer right now you have the radical left on
00:34:40.580campuses, although I should take out radical because they're simply the left. I mean, there's nothing
00:34:44.660radical. They're closer to the mainstream than one would assume. They're sitting on their hands.
00:34:50.900They're quietly kind of putting up with being impugned by the democratic establishment, by Senator
00:34:56.660Chuck Schumer, who's calling them antisemites. They're willing to, for now, hold their tongues,
00:35:02.660but at some point, they're not going to put up with it any longer. And the DEI bureaucrats that are
00:35:08.260being tasked with doing this antisemitism training, many of them are very left-wing as well,
00:35:14.260and they are much more on the pro-Hamas, anti-Zionist side. So how they're going to be
00:35:20.500doing the antisemitism training, I don't know. It's going to be a very interesting moment.
00:35:27.780I'd love to be there. In fact, I'd love to record it.
00:35:30.500Yeah, I'd love to be there and film it. That would make for amazing content. Millions of
00:35:34.580views on YouTube, guaranteed. But Heather, I suppose what you're really leading to,
00:35:38.820and this is of course the subject of your latest book, When Race Trumps Merit, is the DEI bureaucracy
00:35:44.500needs to be dismantled. We all know it. We all understand it. It is the route through which all of
00:35:49.620these terrible ideas are being smuggled in, and it's affecting real-world stuff. I don't know if you
00:35:55.780saw, I'm sure you would have seen this piece recently written about how complex systems won't
00:36:00.820survive the competence crisis. It's essentially about the fact that if you keep hiring people
00:36:08.500for reasons other than them being good at their job, you're going to end up in a dark place very
00:36:13.380quickly. I put it to you now, there's never been more understanding of the need to do all this than
00:36:18.500now. Really? I don't know. I mean, I find when I talk about my book, I'm often asked,
00:36:24.580we'll make the case for merit. I think really, are we that far gone that we've just lost
00:36:33.060understanding that striving for excellence is what drives civilization forward and that things
00:36:42.500matter? It matters. Here in the United States, we actually now have diversity criteria being
00:36:50.020introduced into the hiring of air traffic controllers. So it doesn't matter if you're able to
00:36:56.260handle complex systems mentally and do these incredibly difficult calculations of the flight
00:37:02.900incoming vectors of airplanes that are 6,000 ton killing machines. But what matters is if you're
00:37:12.500underrepresented minority or female. Everything changed very quickly in 2013 when the Obama administration
00:37:18.340embarked on a plan to diversify the ranks of air traffic controllers. Obama's FAA chief at the time
00:37:24.820announced that he intended to transform the agency, which includes air traffic control,
00:37:29.380into a quote, more diverse workplace. As part of that plan, air traffic controllers no longer needed
00:37:35.060to take a more demanding cognitive assessment before being hired. Instead, all they needed was a high
00:37:39.860school diploma and the ability to speak English and apparently to do very basic math that like a
00:37:44.980third grader could do. All the tests were dumbed down to the point of being absurd and pointless.
00:37:51.620Now, the result over the past decade has been exactly what you would expect, even if you haven't
00:37:56.420heard about this. The number of air traffic controllers who are not white men has significantly increased,
00:38:03.540while the number of white men has decreased. That was the whole idea, according to the FAA.
00:38:07.700This is what they tell us. Coincidentally, so have the number of near collisions involving commercial
00:38:13.620airlines. Those have increased significantly. According to a database maintained by NASA,
00:38:19.780which relies on data self-reported by pilots, the number of near misses has more than doubled
00:38:24.500over the past 10 years. In just the past year, there have been more than 300 near misses involving
00:38:30.500commercial airlines, averaging more than five per week. And just to emphasize that point again,
00:38:35.860they diversify the FAA and near misses immediately doubled. Now, correlation does not prove causation,
00:38:45.540but it can point towards it. And in this case, there is a giant glowing sign pointing in that
00:38:51.380direction. Of course, only a handful of these incidents receive any major media attention,
00:38:55.940so it's easy to underestimate the scale of the problem. No matter what social media platforms you
00:39:00.900frequent, you don't really hear a lot about a lot of this. And that's why, in a moment,
00:39:04.980I'm going to go through some of the near misses that have gotten very little coverage. But I'll
00:39:08.340start with an incident that did get some attention from the national news media because it helps put
00:39:11.940the broader problem into some context. So this incident happened in July when air traffic controllers
00:39:17.620put two aircraft, an Allegiant air passenger plane and a Gulfstream jet on a collision course shortly
00:39:22.660after the Allegiant plane had taken off from Fort Lauderdale, Hollywood International Airport.
00:39:28.260And here's how that all played out. Watch. The FAA and NTSB are investigating a very close call
00:39:35.140on the skies over South Florida, an Allegiant Airlines plane and a private jet forced to take
00:39:41.300evasive action to avoid a collision at 23,000 feet. Here's Tom Costello.
00:39:46.900Allegiant Air 485 had just taken off from Fort Lauderdale, headed for Lexington, Kentucky. When
00:39:53.780it happened, the pilot forced to make a sudden extreme climb 600 feet in seconds to avoid another
00:40:00.900plane, throwing flight attendants to the floor and terrifying passengers, including Jerrica Thacker
00:40:06.900and her family flying to Kentucky after a Caribbean cruise. It was honestly the scariest thing I've ever
00:40:13.300been through. It felt like when you go on the top of a roller coaster and you go straight down from
00:40:17.780the highest point. The FAA says it happened when controllers put the Allegiant flight and a Gulfstream
00:40:23.460business jet on intersecting routes both at 23,000 feet. Climb, climb. That's when both planes collision
00:40:31.380avoidance warnings known as TCAS activated, ordering the Allegiant pilot to immediately climb
00:40:37.300and the Gulfstream pilot to descend. If not for TCAS, these airplanes would have gotten very,
00:40:42.100very, very, very close or have potentially collided. We don't understand that it matters
00:40:47.540that we are now watering down our medical licensing exams because too many Blacks are not doing well on
00:40:54.820them and that we don't think that there's actual knowledge. But, you know, you have, in fact,
00:41:01.700the discourse in the United States has been so profoundly nihilistic and willing to tear everything down.
00:41:12.580So there's not anything that is not now being challenged. The idea of excellence, the idea of
00:41:18.340competence, the idea of rationality, all of these things are being said by a very large portion of the
00:41:27.300the professional class to merely be covers for white supremacy. And what I find so disturbing
00:41:36.500is that our gatekeepers go along with it. So you have the editors of Lancet in Britain,
00:41:43.620of the Scientific American, of Science, of the Journal of the American Medical Association, JAMA here,
00:41:49.620that have all put out, you know, whole issues dedicated to the issue of race, so-called racism
00:41:56.100and science. You have the the heads of science and math organizations saying that science itself
00:42:03.060is racist. That's preposterous. It is not. Science is a universal language. It's not about scientists.
00:42:11.540It's about the scientific method. It's not about whether this or that scientist is black or Asian
00:42:18.180or Jewish or female or trans. It's about the language that they are speaking, which is that
00:42:24.980of rationality. And it is about the miracle of the scientific method and the way to test hypotheses
00:42:33.540through blind, randomized, controlled experiments, one of the great truth-seeking methods developed in
00:42:40.740human history. And yet, there we are, willing to tear down scientific merit. And exactly, the idea
00:42:49.940that our complex systems are going to survive. I mean, I'm noticing in the United States, just getting
00:42:56.580through to any customer service agent is increasingly difficult. You get stuck in these endless
00:43:02.820computer voice loops, and you can't get out of them. And when you do, you get people who are
00:43:09.700completely incompetent. It feels like we are living through a rise in incompetence and mediocrity that
00:43:17.620is going to really start pulling down our quality of life and eventually will threaten lives.
00:43:24.740And those are all great points, and it will threaten lives. It will also mean a rise in racism,
00:43:31.220because if you get people in positions and they don't merit being there, or they've only been
00:43:37.140there because of a diversity drive, then people are going to come in and go, do you know what,
00:43:41.620do I want the black doctor? Which is an awful thing to think.
00:43:44.660Absolutely. I mean, yes. It is perfectly rational if you know the extent of racial preferences. And in the
00:43:53.940United States, in medical schools, here's what goes on. We have something known as the MCATs,
00:43:59.860Medical College Admissions Test. These are objective, color-blind, standardized, computer-graded
00:44:05.300exams to get into medical schools. Blacks, college seniors, these are the people in their last year of
00:44:15.140college, applying to medical schools, they are being admitted with MCAT scores so low that they
00:44:23.140would be automatically disqualifying if presented by a white or an Asian college senior. And when they
00:44:31.220get into medical school, having been catapulted into a school for which they're not competitively
00:44:39.380qualified, so a black college senior who may be qualified, say, for and do perfectly well
00:44:45.940at North, I don't know, New Hampshire Medical University, Medical University of the University of
00:44:53.140North Hampshire, and would do well there because he would have the same qualifications as his peers.
00:44:58.740He is inevitably admitted to Harvard, where again, there's over a standard deviation
00:45:05.220of his academic skills between his academic skills and that of his non-preferred peers.
00:45:10.420He does very poorly. He's at the bottom of his class. What happens? Do we fail him out? No,
00:45:17.540we pass him on. We pass him on again and again and again. Medical schools, hospitals are under enormous
00:45:26.740pressure to hire black doctors. In the last three years, there's been a spate of blacks who've been
00:45:32.900put to the head of medical schools. Now, again, without racial preferences, you would think, okay,
00:45:40.420fine, good for that. But we know the combination of knowing both the pressure for diversity and the
00:45:48.340extent of the academic skills gap, which is huge in this country, huge. The chances are very great
00:45:56.740that they're only there because of their race and that the black doctor that may have walked through
00:46:01.460the emergency room doors after you've been brought in after a near fatal car crash is also there because
00:46:08.100of his race, not his qualifications. I would say the only thing I disagree with your statement,
00:46:12.980Francis, is it's not in the hypothetical. It's not in the future. There have been grounds for doubting
00:46:22.180the objective qualifications of blacks for 30 years. There was a law professor at the Yale Medical
00:46:29.220School named Stephen Carter who wrote a book in the 1990s called Reflections of an Affirmative Action Baby.
00:46:36.180Carter is black. And he wrote about the psychological discomfort of him as a black man, never knowing
00:46:46.260whether he was chosen because he was the best person for the job or because he was the best black.
00:46:53.940And that is a doubt that should hang over any self-aware black person who knows the extent of racial
00:47:04.820preferences in our society. And it's the same for me. I mean, I don't give a damn. I find gender
00:47:10.900preferences completely nauseating. I really don't care if there's a single female on any governing body,
00:47:20.340any institution, any science research lab. I don't give a damn if they're all male, as long as they're the
00:47:26.020most qualified. But I know for a fact that I have been put on panels or chosen to do this or write that
00:47:33.540because I'm a female. I think it's completely ludicrous and irrelevant.
00:47:40.500You're right. I guess the question is, Heather, I mean, what do we do from here? Where can we go?
00:47:48.180Is there a way to have this conversation constructively or are we too far down that particular path?
00:47:55.620Well, in the United States, I think that people have to stop being scared of being called a racist.
00:48:03.380It doesn't scare me. We are living in this country, a huge race hustle. It is an amazing thing where you
00:48:10.900have leaders of institutions who would rather cop to the specious charge of institutional racism than explain
00:48:21.060that the reason that they don't have 13 percent blacks in their institution, if it's a meritocratic
00:48:26.580institution, is because of the skills gaps and that there's not enough competitively qualified blacks in
00:48:32.580the pipeline. They know this. I mean, they've got to know this to be a fact. And yet every piece of
00:48:39.140of institutional verbiage is always, woe is me, we have got to work on our institutional racism and
00:48:49.940finally become an equitable institution. It's BS. They are equitable institutions. The reality in America
00:48:58.500is black privilege, not white privilege. If you are a straight white male today,
00:49:06.500you are at the bottom of the totem pole. You are not going to get your first choice of medical school,
00:49:13.060no matter if you've got the medical college admissions test MCAT scores at the absolute top.
00:49:19.700If you have extraordinary recommendations from your molecular biology professor in college,
00:49:26.820you will not get into your top choice of medical schools, if any. And I've been told
00:49:32.980many times by parents about this. Their kids get waitlisted. And if you're a white male
00:49:40.420vying for a job to head a cancer research lab and you have an extraordinary record of research in
00:49:49.620oncology, you will not get chosen because our federal government doles out its research money at this point
00:49:57.380for cancer, for Alzheimer's research on the basis of race and gender, not on the basis of merit.
00:50:03.940So we have to stop copying to phony racism and capitulating to the race hustle.
00:50:11.940But we also have to get the facts out there about just how large the academic skills gap is. I can
00:50:18.900give them to you right now, but I, you know, I, if you want me, I won't because it's a, you know,
00:50:23.460it's an American scale of, of, um, I'll just say this 66% of black 12th graders in the United States.
00:50:30.66012th grade is our final year of high school before college. 66% of black 12th graders do not possess
00:50:37.060even partial mastery of what's defined as basic 12th grade math defined as doing arithmetic
00:50:44.500or reading a graph. And the number of 12th grade blacks who are advanced in math is too small to
00:50:52.740show up statistically on a national sample. What that means is you can have diversity or you can
00:50:58.340have meritocracy in an institution. You cannot have both because they're the number of qualified blacks
00:51:06.820in the pipeline is not there. So any institution that is trumpeting the fact that it is devoted to
00:51:13.380diversity is telling you so to voce that it is cast aside meritocracy. So what we have to do is stop
00:51:21.700apologizing for Western civilization. There's not a single civilization that has not committed the same
00:51:31.140sins that the West has is now under in the dock for having committed at much higher levels of
00:51:38.100egregiousness as, uh, you know, Nigel, Nigel Biggar and his great book on anti on colonialism that came
00:51:45.860out this year. I think he's an Oxford Don of religious studies pointed out, uh, that Britain had to occupy
00:51:54.420Lagos in the 19th century to get it to stop engaging in the slave trade. Britain was among the first states
00:52:04.180in the history of the world to abolish the slave trade and then to abolish slavery. And it then led
00:52:11.140the world in suppressing both of those, as I said, from Brazil across Africa to Malaysia. That was
00:52:17.220extraordinary. No other state had done that before. Uh, no other states had done that before, certainly
00:52:22.580not in Africa, certainly not in Asia, nor in among the indigenous peoples of North America. That was
00:52:28.740extraordinary. And, and we carried on doing that for until the end of the empire in the 1960s. And
00:52:35.460in the 1820s and 30s, the slave trade department in the British foreign office was the largest unit.
00:52:42.500Um, and in the 1830s or the 40s, thereabouts, 13% of the total manpower of the Royal Navy was devoted
00:52:50.820to, um, um, into, in, to stopping, uh, slave ships leaving West Africa for the Americas. Uh, just
00:53:01.780stopping that quite apart from stopping slavery elsewhere. Britain used its Navy in the 19th century
00:53:08.500to blockade the Western coast of Africa to try and stop the slave trade. The Africans were
00:53:15.380gung ho on continuing this as long as they could get away with. So yes, of course, the West has,
00:53:24.020has engaged in the horrible travesty of slavery. It has engaged in conquest. It has engaged in
00:53:32.820cruelties. The people that it has conquered have been by and large, even worse.
00:53:39.860So yeah. Yeah, go ahead. You make a lot of great points there. Uh, many of which I agree with.
00:53:46.260Actually, the one thing I would maybe want to clarify a little bit, your point about there's no
00:53:51.460black privilege, it's white privilege is a little bit. I think it's not untrue in the context
00:53:57.700specifically that we're talking about when it comes to being hired for a job or when it comes to
00:54:04.420being given a place at college, uh, a straight white man is definitely going to be disadvantaged as
00:54:09.220compared to a straight white woman, by the way, or, or a black person or whatever.
00:54:13.700However, I think your point about the academic gap is what actually many of these people mean when
00:54:21.460they talk about white privilege and it's, and they're completely wrong to call it white privilege
00:54:25.860because it's not about being white. It's about the socioeconomic circumstances from which you come.
00:54:30.980And the sad truth of America is that a lot of black people in America grow up in terrible
00:54:36.740circumstances, go to a terrible school, get a terrible education. And that is why that gap
00:54:42.420exists. The fact that people then try to correct that by putting this person in a position to fail
00:54:47.380at a, at an elite college is, is it shouldn't happen and it's wrong. But I think we ought to also
00:54:52.900include that piece in the conversation as well. Wouldn't you agree?
00:54:55.380Well, absolutely. Good points, Constantine. Um, however, uh,
00:55:02.820I would, I would disagree with one of your premises, which is that when people talk about
00:55:09.380white privilege, they are alluding to implicitly the skills gap. No, they're not. You're, you're
00:55:16.020giving them way too much credit. They, they're, they will actually deny that the skills gap exists.
00:55:22.100Uh, it is completely off stage. All of our journalistic writing here about the challenge
00:55:28.260to racial preferences, otherwise known as affirmative action in colleges is exclusively
00:55:34.180couched in terms of colleges are excluding blacks. If there's, if there's not proportional representation
00:55:41.780in the student body, it's somewhere, somewhere, uh, there is some inequity and exclusion going on.
00:55:48.100So that aspect of it, of the actual empirical gaps is, is really, really off stage that having been
00:55:59.940said, let me address your other points though, about why those exist. And yes, there is clearly
00:56:10.500different levels of privilege and opportunity. There's no question, but I would say this,
00:56:16.980that the focus right now, I think has to be more on personal responsibility, what parents can do
00:56:25.940for their children. You know, I, I've, I've twice now in the last couple of weeks have been
00:56:30.660interrogated by a European when I'm talking about the battle between race and merit, who's asked me, well,
00:56:37.700what about poverty in the United States? You know, there was a Hungarian of all people recently. And then,
00:56:43.700and then in Norwegian, well, you're very unequal in the United States. You've got this poverty problem.
00:56:48.980Well, our poverty problem in the United States is overwhelmingly a problem of illegitimacy of out