00:02:01.400He earned his B.A. in 1950 and a Ph.D. in 1954.
00:02:04.900He wrote a 400-page essay titled, The Meaning of History, Reflections on Spengler, Tony B., and Kant.
00:02:11.600It was so long that Harvard had to implement a new word count limit in his response.
00:02:16.600His academic career, he joined the Harvard faculty in 1954, became a professor of government in 1962 and associate director of Department of Government and Center for International Affairs in 1957.
00:02:27.040He went on to direct Harvard's Defense Studies program from 1959 to 1969.
00:02:32.020Then he served as a consultant on security matters to various U.S. agencies, including National Security Council, the State Department, and the Arms Control and Disarmament Agency from 1955 to 1968.
00:02:42.540During the administrations of Eisenhower, Kennedy, and Johnson, in 1957, he wrote a book called Nuclear Weapons and Foreign Policy.
00:02:50.600When he wrote this book, he was only 33, 34 years old.
00:02:53.540His foreign policy, when he came down to nuking everybody, whenever I was like, we've got to retaliate, he was not for it.
00:02:58.140Massive retaliation policy opposed Secretary of State John Foster Dulles' policy of nuclear massive retaliation, advocating instead for flexible response,
00:03:07.200which meant more of a combination of tactical nuclear weapons, conventional forces, and weapons technology development according to strategy needs.
00:03:14.120His influence on Kennedy, he wrote a book called The Necessity for Choice, warned of a missile gap between the Soviet Union and the U.S.,
00:03:20.960and influenced the activities of the Kennedy administration.
00:03:23.680Here's how he increased his influence politically, his ascendants.
00:03:26.080Kissinger's reputation as political scientist led to his role as an advisor to New York Governor Republican Presidential Aspirant Nelson Rockefeller,
00:03:33.260heir to Rockefeller family fortune and moderate Republican, and in 1968, he was appointed by President Nixon to become his National Security Advisor.
00:03:41.380Leading to the National Security Council, Nixon then elevated Kissinger to Secretary of State, but allowed him to retain his former role, an unprecedented move.
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00:04:40.720And Kissinger maintained, in these roles, after the Watergate scandal brought down Nixon and led to the presidency of Gerald Ford,
00:04:47.840Kissinger served as head of National Security Council from 1969 to 1975, and as Secretary of State from September 1973 to January 20th of 1977.
00:04:55.640There's a lot of things you can talk about, especially with foreign policy.
00:06:12.140Well, China is still communism, and they're winning, and now they're getting bigger, and they've got so much control on other industries.
00:06:16.980Some of that has to do with Kissinger and Nixon.
00:06:19.160When it comes down to Vietnam War, this guy was a key negotiator in preventing and finishing up the war, which could have gotten even uglier.
00:06:25.860When it comes down to Vietnam negotiations, Henry Kissinger was one of the lead voices for ending the war.
00:06:32.700Kissinger led secret negotiations with North Vietnamese representatives beginning in 1969.
00:06:37.360These talks were aimed at finding a diplomatic solution to end the war.
00:06:41.300Paris Peace Accord, his efforts culminated in the Paris Peace Accords in 1973, which officially ended U.S. involvement in the Vietnam War.
00:06:49.180Courts called for the withdrawal of U.S. forces, the return of prisoners of war, and a ceasefire in Vietnam.
00:06:55.000Kissinger was instrumental in shaping the Vietnamization policy, which involved gradually withdrawing American troops and transferring combat responsibilities to South Vietnamese forces.
00:07:04.920This was a very big deal back then because it was so political.
00:07:07.640Soldiers were coming back, they had bad experiences.
00:07:10.180This policy was part of a broader strategy to disengage the U.S. from the war while attempting to maintain a non-communist government in South Vietnam.
00:07:17.800Bombing campaigns during the negotiations, Kissinger supported escalating bombing campaigns in North Vietnam, especially during controversial Christmas bombing in December of 72.
00:07:27.500These actions were aimed at pressuring North Vietnam to agree to terms favorable to the U.S.
00:07:32.720You got to know, like this goes back to the quote where he says,
00:07:35.280A country that demands moral perfection in its foreign policy will achieve neither perfection nor security.
00:07:41.840He approved of that because he's saying it's not possible for us to have it if we're not willing to get a little bit dirty.
00:07:47.380In 1973, there was a controversy with his Nobel Prize.
00:07:50.020He was awarded the Nobel Prize jointly with Le Duc Toho, the North Vietnamese negotiator, for their efforts to negotiate peace.
00:07:55.500However, the award was controversial as the ceasefire quickly collapsed and Le Duc Toho declined the prize, stating that true peace had not yet been achieved.
00:08:04.420Here's his involvement when it comes down to the petrodollar.
00:08:06.840By the 60s, a surplus of U.S. dollar caused by foreign aid, military spending, and foreign investment threatened the system.
00:08:14.060The U.S. did not have enough gold to cover the volume of dollar in worldwide circulation at the rate of $35 per ounce.
00:08:21.360As a result, the dollar was overvalued.
00:08:23.920Several measures were attempted to support the dollar and sustain Bretton Woods, foreign investment disincentives,
00:08:28.320restrictions on foreign lending, efforts to stem the outflow of the dollar, international monetary reform, and cooperation with other countries.
00:08:35.340Meanwhile, traders and foreign exchanges markets, believing that the dollar's overvaluation would one day compel the U.S. government to devalue it,
00:08:43.320proved increasingly inclined to sell dollars.
00:08:46.920This resulted in periodic runs on the dollar.
00:08:49.520The Federal Reserve and a group of economists developed a plan, and Kissinger executed it.
00:08:53.620He made a visit to meet the king of Saudi Arabia in 1974 as the biggest oil producer worldwide in order to convince him to go forward with the petrodollar system.
00:09:01.920Saudi Arabia accepted to denominate its oil in U.S. dollars only and convince other OPEC countries by the same idea the oil revenues will reinvest it in U.S. treasuries.
00:09:12.960U.S. will offer full military security to Saudi Arabia.
00:09:16.740This is obviously a very big negotiation, dear.
00:09:19.040You're convincing everybody this piece of paper is worth the same thing as gold standard.
00:09:59.220The issues are much too important for the Chilean voters to be left to decide for themselves.
00:10:04.300Kissinger urged President Nixon to overthrow the democratically elected Atlantic government in Chile because his model effect can be insidious.
00:10:12.300According to documents posted by the National Security Archive, this involvement included support for a military coup that brought General Augusto Pinochet to power, a move criticized for his disregard for democratic principles and human rights.
00:10:26.080This is election interference, but again, it goes back to his quote, a country that demands moral perfection in its foreign policy will achieve neither perfection nor security.
00:10:34.640And he also said the illegal will do immediately, but the unconstitutional will take a little longer.
00:10:40.240This one has to do more about him imposing himself and saying, no, communism is the enemy.
00:10:45.860We're not going to tolerate it, whether it's in America or in another country.
00:10:49.180So, you know, many times the question becomes, was this guy a hero or a villain?
00:10:52.560I mean, there's an argument for both sides.
00:10:54.240This is the type of guy that, you know how you know a person that they're convinced they know what's right and they don't care what you think.
00:10:59.640This is not somebody that's asking you what you think.
00:11:02.220This is a person that knows what they think and they're sticking to their guns.
00:11:06.400This could be somebody that you want on your team, not as an opponent or as an enemy.
00:11:10.060There's many things that he was able to do that helped America and hurt a lot of other countries.